Xi - mariateresasierra.files.wordpress.com · A V111131S VS31131 Vj2IVW L6 ODIX9W 'olauanD ui sly2% pue alndsm uawom :ap!isrifiapuaD pue sa!wouoinv snoua9!pui a34sniaapuaD Joj saffiruls

Xi►npas pue OD!lsnj 2u!puewaa

NOCINO1 CINV "A3S1I3i M3N "MVM3N CINV .N3CIWVD "NDIMSNMIll M3N

SS32Id AllSiHAINI1 Pi3911U

[11

21343I5 13HDVI1

All C131143

1--

eppawv u!iel u! samielnid le2a1 pue uawom snoua2!pul

Almnpas pue aDqsni 2u!puewa4

978-o-8135-8793-6

978-o-8135-8792-9

978-o-8135-8795-o

978-o-8135-8794-3 978-o-8135-9069-1

Cataloging-in-Publication data is available from the Library of Congress.

A British Cataloging-in-Publication record for this book is available

from the British Library.

This collection copyright O 2017 by Rutgers, The State University

Individual chapters copyright O 2017 in the names of their authors

Ali rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,

electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without

written permission from the publisher. Please contact Rutgers University Press,

1o6 Somerset Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901. The only exception to this

prohibition is "fair use" as defined by U.S. copyright law.

The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library

Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.

www.rutgersuniversitypress.org

Manufactured in the United States of America

Preface

Introduction. Demanc

Indigenous Women al RACHEL SIEDER

Ger Media

Inte

1 Between Community The Case of Inés Fern

ROSALVA AÍDA Hl

2 Domestic Violente an

The Political Dilemma Indigenous Women's

ADRIANA TERVEN

3 Between Participation Neoliberal Governmei

RACHEL SIEDER

Indigenous A for

4 Indigenous Autonomi(

Dispute Security and MARÍA TERESA SII

A

V111131S VS31131 Vj2IVW

L6 ODIX9W 'olauanD ui sly2% pue alndsm uawom :ap!isrifiapuaD pue sa!wouoinv snoua9!pui

a34sniaapuaD Joj

saffiruls pue sa►wouolny snoua!pui

omi 12IVd

113C13IS 13HDV2I

L

eiewalenD 'ogueualsepliamp luatuwanoo iwacilloaN pue 9DgsniaapuaD :aDualo!A pue uoqedpwed uaamlas

SVNI1VS N3A1131 VNVIIICIV

IS

(IWVD) aw01-1 s,uawom snoua2!pui uelezianD ayi jo ewwalm ieDmiod 9t.u_

:aD!lsrlf o1 ssaDav pue aDualo!A agsawou

01111SVD Z3CINVNII3H VCIJV VA1VS021

6Z pnop ueDpawv-Jalui ayi aiojaq zapu9waj sául jo 9seD atu

:uogeWmi ieuo!lewalui pue apgsni Xi.!unwwoD uaaismag •

SWJON leuogewalui

pue me] alels 2uRe!paw

HT pue JapuaD

3N10 111Vd

WCHIS 13HDVII

1 eDP91-LIV 1191-1 U! S°!1!ie-Inicl ie2ai pue uawom snouakm!

Dcwripas pue ansrif 2u!puewaci •uo!pnponui

!!A wnfaid

SINi_LNOD

BDII9111V jo saiel

llo•saId

•z66I-g' ruenr; paituad lo; aaded Jo 9311911M

illeDTI9U1V 9111 Jo swauzaalnbaa a

•me; aqlphIcloa •s•f; /Coz; sito o1 uondaaxa /quo aqj ioE

ssazd Aqsaanyun saa2arra laR11103 anotwisn `xualsÁs Tenapaaa pue alelo;

Sueaul Áue io uno; km u; paz;

pa

smalane nam ;o sauleu aq;

Állsaaiqun OTEIS 9tu,

aiquffene s; nooq siga .ao; pa

.ssaduoD ;o illeaqn atp luan

1-E

£-1

o-'

6-;

9-:

vi CONTENTS

This book started life when a g and comadres decided we wante experiences and places where w Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia. women are framing their demar ent organizational contexts and t forms of legality. Our hope was t amplify those claims through ou could make. Building on our sharl devised a joint project, Women

220 Legal Pluralism, as part of a colla' y Estudios Superiores en Antro' many of us are fortunate to be

242 Chr. Michelsen Institute in Berl researcher and part of an inspiri thanks are due to CIESAS and par García Acosta and Agustín Escot project and commitment to collz Gloppen, director of Bergen's Cer Tonnessen provided input and st

265 Central to our exchanges w Norwegian Research Council (prc work, together with a series of y and representatives from organi grateful to the Council for their at the Hotel 'l'aselotzin, the first E the organization MaseualsivamE space and tare that Doña Rufi the perfect environment to liste In Mexico City, a workshop wit helped us reflect on the challeni on the ethics of engagement, accc

5 Gender Inequality, Indigenous Justice, and the Intercultural State: The Case of Chimborazo, Ecuador 120

EMMA CERVONE AND CRISTINA CUCURÍ

6 "Let Us Walk Together": Chachawarmi Complementarity and Indigenous Autonomies in Bolivia 150

ANA CECILIA ARTEAGA BOHRT

7 Participate, Make Visible, Propose: The Wager of lndigenous Women in the Organizational Process of the Regional lndigenous Council of Cauca (CRIC) 173

LEONOR LOZANO SUÁREZ

PART THREE

Women's Alternatives in the Face of Racism and Dispossession

8 Voices within Silences: lndigenous Women, Security, and Rights in the Mountain Region of Guerrero

197

MARIANA MORA

9 Grievances and Crevices of Resistance: Maya Women Defy Goldcorp

MORNA MACLEOD

10 Intersectional Violente: Triqui Women Confront Racism, the State, and Male Leadership

NATALIA DE MARINIS

PART FOUR

Methodological Perspectives

11 Methodological Routes: Toward a Critical and Collaborative Legal Anthropology

ROSALVA AÍDA HERNÁNDEZ CASTILLO AND ADRIANA TERVEN SALINAS

Notes on Contributors 289

índex 291

leqm •seapz s‘ualuom azu naq o1 paluem Áaq,z, •uzlaauz e 01 • • • uopez -Telliz:1143-Ra mai; anpuluasazdaz alcuza; e pauouuuns [sappoqure amod ÁlzununuoD • • apppue;uy ;o pulpa aql • • • olepm omand luan ueuzom icq ~=03 azuzia e ;o asuran azu panca /Caqi uaqm

•ucspedzaueuza pue Aauale ;o suopdaDuoa lsuzzuza; malsam uzoi; laupszp sy#1.1 snoua2zpuz pue aazisnl jeumuuloa ;o uozsTA 2upezaqjj e az alnqz.nuoa uaLuom Saapamd izan]. •saidoad Izaql ;o slq2z.1 ampalloa aq1 qlzm pauzmualuj ale slgñiz iapual ùaluom snouaIzpuT suliquoa osie 21 'ajwspNuT uop. -edzawed s‘ualuom pazapuai angq qazzon `mallanD uz WHod Álzununnop azp 1nocte sanpeneu aTE111 3!uoula2aq suomanb osie uzialuaaap spy aun ames

9111 le •1191.110N1 ;o uozsmaxa paumsaid izalp kuouolne snouazpuz ;o sama -ziadxa i(menbszp uno 1e111 sasinoasjp lspez pue muojoa luaquoa spueuzap s‘uatuom ànmadszad iapual e Onann (nda& n!apsnl) MUT snouaIzpuT uo sasinoaszp 2upialuaDap Ag •S2112II S,1191.110M aloulaul ol iapio uz 1i pueimpun

paau alll sauzpapun pue uozssaIddo ajuma; ;o aminu papnilsuoa Cjjeznjjno pue Temxauma 91.12 sul2q0zq szsztpue ¿Cul Sallifenbauz .131)114 azzu4ouloxi uopeuzpioqns S,1191110M ;o sluzpuelslapun ialaqq o1 lse.nuoa uI *uopnlpsuz jeununuoanall1 Timm iapio jumozepled palooi Ajdaap e uzl.z.zaquoa uaqm aDej Áaql sa2119II21-13 9112 2ulluanal Szapeaj uazuom uzpuels1no ;o dnaz e Jo 2(101 -Dafazi aqj suilutilm osie ij lupll!ep pue suzolsna izaql -zzIssnaszp uaqm sunejduloa pue SO31.12/19.0 S,1191.110M JO 931.1E3UIIIIIS Tulum ni. sazoiclxa 1x01 ami `laalazd queasal anzlezocielloa e uo pasen •03pcazi Aiezoduzaluoa ui suogrupsuz snoua2zpuz aputuajciwa lsom aqi. ;o auo ui uopedjapied izaql lo; aaeds e palean pue aapsni Japual passnaszp meg azazianD ;o alels jo amod Mzumuuloa aql uz ualuom Ágazazim ssaaaid ag1 sluaumaop Ialdetp szqi

V21113IS VS31131 VJUVW

oppcaw 'a.lanang ui slq2!li

pue Xi.!InDas aisidsm uawom

appsni lapuag pue sa!wouovv snoua2!pui

98 MARÍA TERESA SIERRA

are we going to do with the woman who committed that kind of crime? What would you do? As women, how do you understand this case? Several of us participated. (Carmen Ramírez, justice promoter, San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero)

This is how Carmen Ramírez, a Me'phaa woman from Pueblo Hidalgo, munici-pality of San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero, narrated her involvement with the Regional Coordination of Communal Authorities (Coordinadora Regional de Autoridades Comunitarias—CRAC), when they decided to seek women's help with serious cases involving female detainees. This occurred shortly after the CRAC's decision to take on the task of administering justice and not just to provide security for the communities.' With direct and forceful words, Carmen recalled these events and recounted the reasons why women become involved in the institution from its inception. The need to respond to a complex issue related to the death of a newborn baby led to women's active participation in the comunitaria's justice and security institutions.2

Some of the crimes the CRAC authorities confronted were not easily assessed from an exclusively male standpoint; by inviting women to participate in the task of administering justice, they opened alternatives to ensure that crimes committed by women were judged taking into account the context that led them to commit the crime. It has been far from easy to earn a place in this hypermasculine institution, where gender ideologies naturalizing women's subordination prevail. Nonetheless, women have not hesitated to respond to authorities' request for support in justice-related tasks, thus revealing their strong identification with the autonomous justice and security system itself.

Why do women devote themselves to the comunitaria even if male domi-nance prevails? How were they able to open a space for women's participation in an institution that has traditionally excluded them from collective decision making? How do they conceptualize gender violence, and in what sense does the discourse of rights provide them with alternatives to confront subordina-tion? To what extent do women's trajectories in the comunitaria reveal the ten-sions between gender rights and collectives' rights? And, finally, what kind of security and justice constructs do these women elaborate, and what are their connections to the cultural and political imaginaries of indigenous people's autonomy?

In this chapter, I place the agency of indigenous women at the center of my analysis. My examination of this emblematic, pluri-ethnic experience of indigenous autonomy in Mexico pays close attention to language and cul-tural styles, analyzing the forms and local meanings of gender violence and women's responses to this. In their practice women continuously dispute male-established notions of rights, justice, and security within the institution. Their appeals to communal justice have opened new venues to vent their grievances

INDIGENOUS AUT

without necessarily challenging understand the commitment of taking into account the econo] characterizes indigenous comm demands become legible only cultural traditions in which the) have been defining what "gooi forms of life with greater digna: eral views of gender justice (Mo sectional standpoint (Crenshaw women's subordinations—gench experience them. Speaking of ir implies reconstructing the imag

Given the Community Polic jurisdiction and de facto autor spaces for gender rights endorse a whole (Santos 2010). This invol to destabilizing patriarchal order enous law—the so-called usos y c

By examining this experien arisen in other parts of Mexico a 2009; Sieder and McNeish 201 and the chapters in the presea Arteaga), it is possible to identi emerging in the context of ind chapter is based on the results female justice promoters of the (2007-2011). It is structured as collaborative work I did to sur nitaria. 1 then focus on two asp agency regarding the promotioi these women, the justice promo to identify indigenous women's relation to gender violence, righ ation was to establish the fram CRAC. Second, I analyze the exr highlight what it means for won and the challenge they face throl sonal experience in this collabo indigenous women's rights and highlight the political and cultt within an emblematic experienc

-o3ocaw ui Átuouolne snoualIpuy ;o aauauadxa Dpewaiquia ue uumm palDnnsuo3 appsní iapua2 jo aDue31Jw2Is TeinunD pun le3mod 9111 10114111 01 11.1M 1 II2-19A0 •93llS11( GIununuoD uo sweqap pue s2nl1z S,U9LIIONt snoua2;pul 2uissn0sTp ol uognqInuo3 sl; pue ->pom 0ml-eine-pa sp4; u; 9Duapaclxa Ieuos -tad /Cut uo pauaz I `Állemd •ssa3a1d snp woq2no1ql aDe; ¿Coq; a2uall-eq3 91.2 pue uaptunsu; sw; caI 411otpne ue autopaq uatuotv■ 10; sueaw 1; 1eqm 210;q2111 o; _tapio u; sialotuald aonsnl 0M4 ;o samapladxa aq; azÁreup ; ‘puo3as 'DM 9i44 ultmm epua2e aapsni iapua e -10j VO.Maille.11 9111 qs1tgelsa o; sem. uoqe -mena sw; Jo une aCTI "93psnl SSaD3E pue 511011 ÒD1.19TOIA zapual o; uopept qa-q; pue aDTIBA0p4 Jo suapnusuoa tein;InD s‘uawom snouaTpui 41luap; (oppsoitbia) uogewena Á.10ledpi4led e In S19401110.1d appsni aq; ùawom asan jo watua2dua atll s‘uatuom jo uolloulatd aq; lalpie43z Áoua2u s‘uatuom ;o swewop ;uwamp moqs 1B144 spadse om; uo sn3o; uaq; I •nmnlIu -ntuod aq; uIq4TM uopezwello s‘uawom poddns o; pq3 ; 'pon& aApelogeHoD 0142 uo uomaliat ;9;1(4 u 141Im u0aq I :smono; su pampuns sI lI •(noz-Looz) o31xalA; `wannp;2 ùpi1e3k7 sun tres w 3d-DvID 9141 Jo sialatuoid aapsni ajuma; T.illm padopAap ; tpreasw an12eioqeifo3 e Jo sunsai 0144 uo poseq si 1aldeq3 suu .sassaJoid snowoumne s‘apcload snoualIpu; Jo 4Xalu03 ano u; 2w2Jauta appsrÍ Japua2 Jo suizo; 3110ads ;o svw; aq; 4;2iap; o; amssod si 1; `(eIea11y pue òuezol `;103113 pue auonIdD LCg nturpor n'asad aq; UI staldeg3

9111Pou2z zioz ussaueD pue zapupuiali 9ooz IWIJ zI•gz waNDW pue 19P9IS 6o eila!s E.•Doz Tm); pue 2uun caplaurv ui2e7 pue o3Ix0w Jo sped 101440 UI uaspie aAeq Tem sass03wd relluus 141;Ak an2omp uI aauauadxa TI; 2uI14muxa

•suompen amea2umpun se unas—saupunisod fi sosn pallen-os aqT-mei snoua -2;pu; ;o suopou 1sHepuassa Im2ualleq3 01 pue _tapio ieqatepqed 2tuzlime2sap o; sainqu4uo3 Tm; E„a2paimoun ;o 401039„ cae SOA1OAllI SIg1 •(0I0Z so4ues) apqm e se uonninsw aq; tequalod Lllo;edpuetna ue aszopua sng4u Japual .10j sayeds dn uado O4 spoua s‘uawom snoua2;pu; `kuououte ope; ap pue uo113;psi.m[ S9SIDIaX9 Will uoprwlsm ue se ssauanlywn s,a3Hod ÁlTurnuolop aq; uanID

•spta4uo3 agpads 111 an0A9 Áa111 saueulfterin 01412u14Dn14SUODaz saildun MIBSS9Datl woJazaq; suOls s‘uatuom snoua2;pm Jo 114nleadS •uaq; armapadxa uatuom moq woidxa o; pu-e-4;3;mi1a `ssep `zapu4-suopeuyp1oqns s‘uawom ;o -191DRIElp anquinum3 0144 waumpop o; (1661 mensuw3) modpuels Teuowas

cae puewap pue (zooz pvezeu pue xnatu(Tow) 9311911 iapua2 j0 SMalA lela -qll alualleq3 suonou tpris •a3ualoTA ssa; pue /(11141p Jalead num a;;; ;o SUIIOj SOAJOAUI IlDlliM 'Wall 01 Slieaal „Illaunuan pool„ Teqm -11-;u1;ap uaaq anal UOU!OM S1940111e1ed asan; utqlm .paufeIs are Áaq; q3;14m ui suompw; Teinuno pue s3uueuz(p am40a1to3 aq; jo lxawoa 0142 uT Apio aguIa; awo3aq spuewap s‘uawom 'ami; awes 0144 4y .ozamanD Jo samuntinuoD snoualIpuy sazpapelutp 2e141 Áurenbaul TelDos pue 110lleZlle1101e111 D1111011039 0141 lunome out; 2upre1 1nog4TM uawom ozpsalAT pue ‘Ines,eN 'euqd,a1N Jo watu4Imwo3 0141 puemapun 04 amssoduu 1apu4 paqsymelsa 0144 21.0u0Timp Áll14essa30u lnoimm

66 Dusni 213CIN3D CINV S3IWONOIFIV

SaalreA9112 11an4 21.19A 01. SallTI9A MG

110141 'uopnlpsu; aq; uumm 4;in2 atnui awdsIp Áisnonuquo3 uatuav

pue aDuants. zapua2 ;o etqueaul pue 4-eOue-; o; uopualle as(

aouapadxa ourtpa-prqd òpewalcu .1011103 aq; lp uawom snoualq3u;

s‘aidoad snoualypu; Jo sattewleu 1914; ale ;m'A& pue `weioquia uau ;o pum 4014M `Álleutj `puv ¿511401I -1104 0144 TBOAO1 0142 LIT I

--ealpiogns TuouuoD 01 sanIleunu

saop OSUOS 1BLIM ui pue `9DI.19TOIA

umspap a111.3911°3 11-104 1.119111 POP uopedppind s‘uaulonn aaeds e -Tutop 1.19A0 1711IMUTILLIOD al1

•uasu walsÁs Áumpas pue a3l4sr

laq-canal crup Salcet paleta

02 puodsal paleusaq 20U anee

s‘uautom lwznentleu s0I2oioap; slip u! aueid e Una 01 ME@ Wall -11

Tem ixaluoD 0141 limo= ola! 2upi Teq; wnsua o1 samTetune pauad aTedmped 011191110M 2up pum ÁtT Ausea loa atan& paluaquoo sam.

,•uoy ui 110lleili3llied °ATIZO S,119LU0M 0:

anss; xardwoo e o; puodsoi o1 pan panlonul aurepaq1191.1.10M Á14M ST101

uatunD Spion& !Tamo; pue nanp

pue appsni luptalsurq

aql nue nipoqs pampa) cm, •sz

S,I19LTIOM )190S o1 pappap ÁO ap TeuoIlag wopewpiooD) samm aq; -tptm 21191.1.1aVIOALII 1914 palea

--muna; òIrepu-i ()mond ww; ueu

ùyi4e3v smi ues Ìwoutald 00 manas ¿aseo su142 puelszapun n ¿ampo JO pum 2B141 pawwwoo

V1111311

•oalxaw Ui Áluoucnne snou4Ipu; Jo aouanadxa 39.-elualqula ue unnIm palannsuoa aapsn( Iapu4 ;o aar.reauTul!s Ten-tuna pue manllod aq; p0;;Ifflp.i o; luye ; Herano •aopsnl ÁlTunululoa uo sanqap pue maluom snouabm luIssnasua uopncnnuoa sp 'non& anneiocielloa sun ui aauaTiadxa ieuos zad Ául uo loaual ; `Áitsuid •ssaaald sup inoOnonl; aae; Áaq; auariella aq; pus

uopnipsu; syq; Ui Ál-noivne us aumaaq o; 119LUOM .10j sueaul 1; leLIAA 101;q1;11 o; _Tapio ui szalotuard 9Dp.snl onn; Jo saauaTiadxa al; azÁmue ; 'pumas •Dv-HD aq; uin;pik upua2e aailsnf Japual e lo; VIOM9111Bij nsilcielsa 01 sem uoin -1-Ifen9 Sp.11 j0 aire aqs '9311S114 SS93DB pue S11.12.1.1 '931.1910TA 19~ 01 uopeial natp pue aauenapl Jo suopannsuoa ;anilina s‘uau.lom snoualIpu; Ápluap; (odysoen!c;) uopumena kioiedIaipred e ui Sialouloid aansni aq; ùatuom asan; Jo luaulal-eua aq; Isnj miau!~ jo uonoulaid aq; 1.1;p.real ÁDua2e s‘uaulom Jo suyeulop lualamp moqs ;en; slaadse om; uo snao; ualp ; 'inannu -nuloa aq; unnutn uogezwello s‘ualuom lioddns o; pm ; ypom anile_Toguiloa au; uo uopaapaz Janq -e ;41.1" uT2aq I :smollo; se painpruis si pI -(noz–Zooz) oapcazi òzazianD ùpneay sun ues Ui Dd-Dv-ID jo sialowald aansril alcuza; ql!M padopAap ; L'amasa; amialoqulloo e Jo musa! au; uo paseq si Jaldeqa sigZ •sassaaald snowouolne s‘aidoad snouaI;pu! Jo pcaluoa 9141 ui IuOiawa aansn( zapu4 Jo suizo; 3UpacIS j0 siren Ápluap; aicussod si 11 `(-0eavy pue òuezcr; ÌinanD pue auomaD Áci atunIon ;t'asad 9TIT ui sialideip pue tzioz EssaaeD pue zapueuiaH RAM Izioz us!aNazi pue iapaIs 600z eliaTs 600z upa); pue luel) eapaulv unei pue oaIxaw jo slped _Tatuo UI uasne atm; 1-eq; sassaaold .repuus ;pm& an2omp u; amapladxa sin; -triuIuzexa

•suompen ane4u-e-qaun se unas—saiquonsod fi sosn pallen-os snoua Jo suonou lsfrenuassa 114uall-eqa OI pue _mazo ieuarepned 2IizIpgclsap ol

saumpluoa Te-1n £„4papwoun Jo naloaa„ us samonui suLL •((moz scnues) aloqm ss uonnlIlsui alp lenualod kimedpueula Ue asiopua sIq2p zapu4 .1o; saaeds dn uado sluma sfflaulom snou4;pu; `Áinouolne ope; ap pue uonaIpspnl SaSI3.19X9 1911p uoprilpsui un se ssauanbuin s‘amod ÁlTaiulu_Top aq; uamp

•sixaluoa aupads u; anona Áa-in saneuT2eul; 941 2upannsuoaai salldlui Áll.ressaaau annazaill s110;.1 s‘ualuom snoua$ipu;Jo lumeads aDuanadxa ualuom moq azoffixa pue-4aiufla `ssep Ìapu4—suoteuIpzogns s‘ualzoM Jo ialaareqa @Ag.-mi-turna aq; luatunaop o; (16 6; melisuaID) luTodpuels M11011395

pueulap pue (zooz .1ABZEI pue xnath(iow) 9311S11.1 lapua2 Jo SMaIATE10 -ffl; aluaifeip suopou qans -aaualoIn ssa; pue ÁpulIpla;eal q;;Án Jo SL11.1Oj S9AIOAUI 1.13ILIM 'van; o; SIMOUI Jualulean poca, Ter4m 2uTupp uaaq Meg uaulom sialaulexed asaq; uumm .parpul!s ate Áaq; qamm 11i suompuil ie iliia pue sainzeu p ampanoa aq; ;o pcaluoa aq; ui /Culo aiciOal auloaaq spueleap s‘uatuom 'aun; ames an w -cuananD Jo san-un-m.1111w snoual!pu; saznalaen-qa 10111 Álitenbau; maos pue uopezneuIlieul nii0u0D9 aqi lunome onn tríele; lng;rm .1191110M oznsaw pue Ines,eN `Rclld,azilo 1119111ILULUOD aq; pUe;s_Tapan o; amssodun s; 1; unzo iapua2 paqspqmsa aq; IuOualluip Álliessaaau 1noqiim

S9311E/19.0 .1.19111. 1119A S911119A ziagz •uonmnsul 91.11 Timm -ffleul aindsfp ÁIsnonunuoa uau1( pue aouaioln Japua2 Jo s2uurea -Ina pue 92EnIum o; uopune aauapadxa anima-In-O òpeulai ialuaa ni. ;e uaulom snoualipt

s‘alcload snoualipui ;o sapeu0 .naq; 9.1.8 pue àl-aloqe-ra ;o pup; Teto& 'Álleuu `puv ¿s1.10!. -tia; 9111 lea/10.1 purnluinuod atp u --euIploqns luaquoa ol sanneuzz saop 9S119S pue '93119101 uoIspap annamoa 1.110.1j 1119111, uonecippied s‘uaulom .10j aaeds -uuop areul p119A9 vlInvunwoo

-;;asy; ulalsÁs Ámmaas pue aap -Liffeanai srm; `s>ise; paie

puodsai paTensaq 1011 9AP s‘uaulom lumeinTeu sal2oloac sun u; 3301d e urea Op Ásea mal; 1er4; pcaluoa aq; lunoaae op1; 111 mi; arnsua o; sannemane paul aludpnied o; 1191110M 2uppku; Áq dicen ice azam pawaquoa sal

¡su ui uonedmped antas S,119U110M anss; xaiduloa e o; puodsai op r pamonu; au.repaq uauioM /(11M. su uaulieD iniaato; pue paz

isnl 1ou pue aailsn[ 2upalsu al; Ine Ánioqs pannaao sun, dial; spatuom naas oI pappap ap reuo0a1; atopeutpzooD) san

11.191119ATOAUI 1911 pal iaiunuz òllepTH omand azor; ui

'ffeneav sin? ues `.1aloulaid yezaÁas ¿asna sin; puelsiapur ¿,9111113 j0 pup; Tem paupuul

VTAIE 66 nasní )13CIN310 CINV S3IWONOISIV SliON3DIGNI

100 MARÍA TERESA SIERRA INDIGENOUS AU

Collaborative Research to Promote Gender Justice: Methodological Notes

In March 2007, three women and four men were elected by a regional assembly to participate in the administration of justice at the highest level of the comu-

nitaria, the Regional Coordination of Community Authorities (CRAC) in San Luis Acatlán, at that time the organization's only Casa de Justicia or House of Justice. Carmen Ramírez Aburto, Teófila Rodríguez, and Catalina Rodríguez fol-lowed in the footsteps of Felicitas Martínez, the first female coordinator of the comunitaria, all of them Me'phaa women. It was in this context that the CRAC's coordinators, men and women, asked me to support women's organization within the institution.4 The background to this proposal was the initiative of a group of women who in 2005 had created a commission to defend women's rights. The chance to support this process was an extraordinary opportunity for me, since it converged with my own research interests on gender justice in the comunitaria. We discussed the importance of developing a collabora-tive project that began by identifying the problems experienced by women in their communities and then went on to organize workshops about their rights. I wanted to avoid imposing an external gender agenda, but at the same time to tale into account advances in national and international normative frameworks conceived to guarantee a life free of violence for women.5 I agree with Macleod (2011: 174), who emphasizes the need to pay attention to the manner in which these topics are addressed in order to avoid partial views of the problems experienced by indigenous women. It was therefore essential to distance ourselves from the vertical workshop styles with which women's rights and topics related to gender violence in indigenous regions tend to be promoted, which usually impose a liberal gender agenda without taking into account the cultural and social contexts of women in the communities. We decided to move in two directions: first, to create a group of promoters who would be trained about gender rights and who would actively collaborate in the participatory evaluation;6 and second, to promote women's organiza-tion in their communities and workshops to be conducted by the promoters themselves. Although men were not the main actors, several of them actively contributed to this process and, most importantly, the CRAC's authorities sup-ported our efforts, which was essential for carrying out the workshops in the communities.

I have analyzed this process in other documents and in a video (Sierra 2013a), all of them resulting from the collaborative research project undertaken with the justice promoters.? This chapter is based on the information derived from this collaboration and highlights what this experience reveals about debates surrounding community justice and security from the viewpoint of indigenous women and their efforts to act on them.

Discussing C' Access to Just

One of the main goals of the women's own standpoint, wh they followed to address their The interest was to identify th that influence women's possil end, we conducted a participz model of popular education.8

The evaluation was a ve, tions and outlooks on commu: I examine here some of the pr( workshops, highlighting the d) talk about their problems. Th tral to this endeavor.9 The eva] founding communities: the Na ity of San Luis Acatlán, and the the municipality of Malinalter munity: one for the evaluation final workshop was carried ou in San Luis Acatlán specifical regional coordinators and con well as community police offic

The evaluation focused o the promoters: customs, rights oasis for reconstructing unde: vulnerable condition, allowing having rights and access to ji of the results is beyond the sc 2009), but in order to exempli one of the communities, the ej

Evaluation Buenavista, SI

We arrived at the Buenavista ( 31, 2009, to conduct the first local authority (the comisario), port, and showed us the spac, ground floor of the comisaría, v of the mountains on the other

sATunimuoD 0111 alaqm oped uado àpTs "amo atp uo suyelunom am ;o

mayn IelnDepads u pue ams auo uo suunnoo qTym ̀vposTwoD am jo wou pum:4

0111 uo upo" a2le! e :illympe am "o; parnaso" aoeds 0111 sn pamoqs pue `pod

-dns siq paymuuon Àumpadsa" sn patqaDal oqm ̀(oyosiwoo otp) Álpomne yeDol

atp am;aq samasmo paluasad aAk «daqs)pom Tszu 9112 pnpuo3 o2 `600z z(renuej uo (ripsynoD) mapenbpeaq 4'1nm-urna msTneuang am Te panyue aitA

siumsng peg :uypeay sin? ues èlspteuang ap opTia le dogs pom pue uopeniena

delsTneuana ;o onfa a11i SapTunumlo3 am ;o auo

ui ma11 donsypom 0111 luasaid I `s3Tureuilp aql ickmdulaxa "apio m ̀(600z enaTs pue ̀ozIos aas) "Muga sial ;o ado3s a11l puoÁaq si sunsal am ;o

uopemasad paiyelap v 'tu axil "o; meam appsnl SS933E pire S1101.1 2uTimq

Teqm uo paga" oJ pue S931.1EA91.11 it;puapT sn 21.upskolle ùompuo3 anmauTrin

e ui uamom aDed Tem saDTped pue empuelszapun 2uparu2suopal "o; sTseq

am papp‘ad sanss! asawaDpsnl SS9DOE pue `smo2sn3 :szaiouzazd am

Imm passnDsTp ilisnoTnad sadol ppon amm uo pasnDo; uopenTena 0111 -s'ampo appod kuunurmoD SE nom

SE `S9MI0111.11.E !sed zo sioTpunoD aqi `szapuemumOD pue szolempiooD Teuoda" 'Si 0112 Tem Sappomne sd"prillunmoD 0111 I0j ÁTIEnpads uyITEDV sine 'IBS u!

siapenbpeaq syas am Ie `600z òT tprew uo mo paineD SEM d01.1SVOM IBUU

y c•surisai alp ssn3syp "amoue pue llasiy uopenyeAa am .10j auo :LITTunul

-11103 113B9 u! pozTudio 9.19M Sd011S,1.10M OMI *Dadalteullysi Jo AmedT3Tunul aun u! ùoDum Tap zrus emes Jo Tuaupplas reqd,aw am pue ùppeDv sima "res Jo

-tedmunui atp UI èlsyneuang jo illTununuo3 Tises,eN alp :sapyunurmo3 2uIpunoj

s‘opm►ilmoa am ;o omT a! re papreD SEM U0p.E11.1EA9 0111 6•10AE9pU9 SI111. 011"111

-UO3 SEM sialoulad am ;o UOTI.EdíDIVEd 9AI13E ny •m'amad nom mo CM 'TM

02 SUOpU3A.1921.1I S,1191.UOM payenpom letal S3TIUBT.14 0111. 21111.1.12111.011.1 `sdoqs"pom

0111 lupnp passaippe sanssT yenuaD pue sampaDoid Jo amos alai! aulmexa

àcampo-main am jo 93UEA919I 9441 U0AI) "ant ic1111111111.1103 uo snoopno pue suop

-isod S,1191.UOM 1.3nnsuopai o1 ÁEM ampnpad A.19A e SEM TIOI1.2111EA9 9111

8•.1011.E311139 zeindod Jo Tapoul

e uo paseq snDo; ppual e 1111M uopenTena ilIoTedppled u papnpuo3 aM 'pu°

sup QT, •03psnf ÁlTununuoD IIIISS933E "o; sapqmssod s‘uamom aDuanum Tem

uopemploqns Iapual jo suoparulsuo3 yernunD 0111 kmuapt 01 SEM isaTalu!

•p9AIOALIT 93115111 pue sud!" ;o suopou ati1 pue àla111 ssaippe o1 pamollo; ¿Com

smed 11DILIM `1TIBA9I9.1 1SOLU 9.19M 5O3TIEA9.4 1.13111M `TuTodpuels TIMO S,119LTIOM

0111 mop PanoDs-Tp o1 SEM pafad aA1Jeiocrello3 am ;o s'ea LIVEW 0111 j0 9U0

uopergena Aiolecippied y :aapsnj ssaaav matuom, pue S1tai2n; SeuolsnD luissnasm

•u ;o luTodmaTA 01J mal; Álpn

lnoqe s'ea/km aDuapadxa sT

panpap uopeunomT 0111 uo

unepapun pafald l'amasa"

enaTs) oapIA e pue smat

alp ui sdowpom 0111 lAO 2T" -dns sappomne s‘sv-us ar.p. `,

Ál9A11.30 11.191.11 j0 IE19A9S `sao:

s'alomad am /Cc! papnpuoo

-EZI1.10.10 S,119U1OM alomad

u! aimoquuo3 ÁTampe pinon,

oqm malomad jo dnad e a. aM •s0plummuo3 arp tr! 1_19I

muT 2upTe1 momym upuaIe

aq pual suodm snoua2m

s‘ualuom tpulm ITTIm salAls c

IBIluassa aloImaip sem TI •u Jo SMOTA ieiized InOAC OJ IapJ

am OJ uopuape i(ed 01 paal

9911E 5•1191110AA _10j ODU9TOIA

9AUEUIIOU IEUOIl.EU.191.111 pue

ames am lE Tnq èpuaIe zapa

"pm lnoqe sdoqs>pom az-Tm

uatuom paDuapadxa sayal --moquuo3 e T_TTidoianap Jo a

appsnf "apua2 uo slsammT

ÁlTunpoddo zUeuTwomixa ui

SJI9U1OM pua;ap oi UOTSSIIIII1

j0 9/111E111M 9111 SEM IESOdOIC

UOIIMIUd-10 s‘uatuom poddi s‘sylp alp Tem 1X91UO3 Sin]. 1

9111;o IoTempIooD arma; "si]

- Zan9upOg euquies pue 'z

;o asnoH "o eppsnf ap eses

ues u! (Mil) saIITionInY A.

-nuioa 9141 j019A01 1S91.12I1l 9111

Ámuasse !moda" u Aq papap

SOJON IC311:

91.01110M

101 3Dasni 113CIN3D GNV s31w6N0ine S110N3DICINI dl


INDIGENOUS

assemblies tale place. While we waited to be received, the comisario was hear-ing the complaint of a woman who accused her husband of taking the docu-ment that allowed her to receive her monthly payments from the government's antipoverty program, Oportunidades.'2 As is typical in this community, the conversation between the authority and the women took place in the Tu'un Savi (Mixteco) language. In fact this case reflected precisely-the subject of the workshop, so we decided to invite the woman to the two-day meeting, to which she agreed.

Buenavista is a Na'savi community, head of one of the most organized eji-dos in the Mountain region, with considerable participation in the Community Police. This community was also the birthplace of renowned leaders of indig-enous organizations such as the Consejo Guerrerense soo Años de Resistencia Indígena (Guerrero Council soo Years of Indigenous Resistance) and the Community Police itself, which is indicative of a long-standing organizational tradition. The workshop was attended by twenty-two women from the com-munity of Buenavista and from nearby communities belonging to the ejido. We were surprised by the presence of five men from different communities, three of them comisarios from Jicamaltepec, Cerro Zapote, and Llano Silleta, members of the Buenavista ejido, who participated in the entire workshop, in contrast to the Buenavista comisario, who was not present. They had apparently turned up to accompany their wives and to find out which topics we would cover. We interpreted their presence as indicative of male caution, but it was also reveal-ing of masculine control, which sought to keep watch over what women say. We initially feared that their presence would affect the workshop dynamics, and in a way it did create a bias in terms of the emphasis given to some points over others; however, I was surprised at the women's forcefulness and their deter-mination not to be censored and to speak their mind. In the end, the men's participation enriched the discussions and allowed their viewpoints to be known regarding topics of great relevance to both women and men, although the women's standpoint prevailed. Most of the participants were not Spanish speakers, which meant that the promoters had to transiate to Tu'un Savi and make efforts to generate trust in the dialogue. The workshop lasted two days, time enough to facilitate communication and the participation of both women and men. After discussing the general issues that make women's life difficult in the communities—problems related to health, education, lack of income, poor roads, and so on'3—they identified three important topics to be examined in depth: (i) bad customs, (2) men do not allow women to participate, and (3) justice benefits men.

I examine here the topic of "bad customs" because it refers to women's principal concerns regarding their personal integrity within the family and the community. Three aspects of "bad customs" were underscored: (i) men think they can have many women, (2) bad customs such as witchcraft, and (3) gossip

between the families and a issues for women and men,

Men think they can hay than one family, sometimes ried to only one woman. A Casa de Justicia of San Luis , tions against husbands for i abandoning their families a conjunction with domestic whose complaint we had he vulnerabilities and forms of these are concomitant witl experienced by families in one of them a newborn. Sku threatened to kick her out he spent time with another for their children, thus forci] made her decide to present fact that her husband took t through the Oportunidades benefits for her five children

In other words, it was e five children to provide for to the authorities and eventi explained her case in Tu'un ation and the defenselessnes to Paula—"don't know how t this case, Martina wanted h to return the Oportunidade; plained to the local comisaric and later to the comisario of solve her problem. It was in were aware of her case and her husband that had gone munities' authorities for the plight, they suggested that sl-in San Luis Acatlán, an idea tl ers. The next day, Martina fir bring about significant chang sure on her husband to refa insistence on arguing that fo For Apolonia, a justice prorr

iyaffl moun 1,110P I-19WOM„ sueatu osje Slqp `Jaioulatd appsnf e èmoiody Jod

„•tuolsnD peq„ u s! „uautom Iafflo avell 03 110114 lo; Tetil 2u!n91u uo aDualsIsm

s,uatuom sufejdxa sffli 'mg Imeausnu mol; umual o3 pueqsnq 1aq uo anos

-said eal11az91nd leal 311 pu) q ùoperffls Jaq u! s4u1143 luenurdIs moqe

lou pjp sffli afflim •Dm 3131 01 05E3 Jaq -nom z(Beug efflpezi Wep pcau aqi, •S.10

-1011101d 1191110M affl Áq palioddns Állualls sem 311131 cap! 1111 Itylleny sun tres u!

sialrenbpeaq affl 01 lu111idum3 Jaq a)Jel ans 111133 pa3sa22ns /Cali `10!jd

1011 01 ssauamsuodsamn .natll uaAJD •uopaeu! 11043 Jo; safflImune ,samunul

-11103 ffloq 9ulzT3l31z3 ÁnDaJIpu! sutil `paqs!undun auo2 peq 31143 pueqsnq 1013

Ág pafflunuoJ sasnqe ;o iaqumu 021e! e pauopuatu pue 08E3 1a13 3o 9111M11 aJam

domsniom affl 311 luasaid uaw affl leffl 9ui3sa1alu1 sem 3J -mamad mq amos

01 palle; p1113 Áa41 mq 'Teas s‘omfa affl èlsIneuang ;o omnspuoo affl 0l Iam! pue

`san aqs @Jato& èdertIj Tu ;o Álmnunuon affl u! oymtuod 111301 343 01 pafflejd

-U103 Ápearie peq aqs •uaumpop uopenupuap! sapepmmiodo affl anual 03

pue ualpfflp .1aq _lo; Áuouffle iCed o1 pueqsnq Jaq pamem EllnIEW '05E3 5I41

111 „•SMIII 110133 MOLD1 1,1.1op Santas-cuan puajap o1 mon moun 3,uop„--e1ned

r.ru1o3311—otim an!! uatuom Áci paDuapadxa ssaussajasuajap affl pue uouu

-rnIs Jaq ;o neads O3 szalotuald affl pa! tpfflm `pses un,ru, u! 05E3 Iaq paffluidxa

aqs domsyom affl 2upinG •sis 143TM 11 ateqs o1 ÁllenluaAa pue sammturre 313103

1fflejdra1o3 1014 luasard o1 eunnim parmuotu 31143 Jo; aplAwd o1 uatinfflo 9A5

1431M upumm pauopueqe 110 SE Áqssanau 3IL10U030 SEM 1! Spiom Jafflo tq

•uamfflp 0.ATJ 101410; sluauaq

qsep affl Iaq Ifflicuap Áqapffl `tueiald Ávanodnue sapep!unvodo affl Onoiffl

lioddns 1110111UIOAO 031014 2um13ua luaumoop affl nom. pueqsnq 1314 311143 pu;

0143 SEM OLWSIWOD E1SIAEL1011g 0111 01 jUIENIU103 Jaq masaid 01 appap 1aq num

mío& mg .stiofflpuo3 Jrnamp AI9A 9AII 01 1aq stup ùa1p3ffl3 .naffl Io;

2Lninno1d monqm Álmnunuop affl apIsmo ueumm Iafflotre tfflm au.ffl mads 013

allqm 'asumí ,smej-ui 134 SEM 143!13m 'atuoti 11043 ;o ano 1011 ypp! o3 paualeaup

pue .1014 paleallsmi ÁfflrelsuoD puegsnq Pies aqs -umqmau e tuatll ;o auo

ùafflfflp upws anu ven euumm1 •afflumumon u! safflum; /Cq panuaTiadxa

suompuoD jeuTlietu affl pue uopeunuop aleux 1431M luequmatiop are asaffl

Ipasodxa 91E ualuom snou4mu! 133114M 01 aDuagnA suizo; pue saufflgenumn

;o uyeip affl samilsnffl-3313;o omns!mod affl 311 n'en p1114 am lumidulon asoqm

U11UIOM 91.11—ELIWEW JO 0SE3 0141 •1uatu3ea1lsnu amatuop 1431M uoununfuon

uaqo ùalpfflp ..naffl io; apyloid pue safflure; .naffl 9U1uopueg1

uatu 1411m Op 01 seq JureidtuoD umw affl `Áfflapuu1 spueqsnq isuyee suou

-esnme ;o pealsuj 31d03 5141 01 palma,' 01E 11911E3V SIn7 ues ;o epusnj ap useD

agá 311 Dim affl 'peal 311133 S9SE3 affl ;o Jaqumu y -untuom auo /quo 01 pap

-111111 Á-Repujo Onoque `Áliununuon ames atp u! saufflawos `Áfflue; atm 1111143

910111 qqm tiaut puu o3 junsn s! 3j •uatuom Átrmu anal 11E3 Áa131 num Ilajk

•uoIssnDsm Átillua! e 03 pa! tpfflm ùatu pue uatuom Jo; sanss!

alemap AI0A o3 10501 sunod asau •1191110Ak 9uOU10 pUE saffltue; affl uaamlaq

£01 3D119-11U34N3D C1NV S31WON0111V

dIssa (£) pue `15e1313331m SI

num. umu (1) :palopsJapun

affl pue Mine; affl ufflqm

s‘uatuom 01 S10J01 11 asrrep

(£) pue àmdpund o1 uatm

pafflurexa aq o3 sa!dol 3111131

àtuopu! ;o ye! ùopennpa

unDupp al!l s‘uaumm anual

uatuom ffloq ;o uopedpIlim

Sicep 0M3 palsej doqsniom

pUE !nes un,ni, o3 amisuen

tismeds 1011 010M sluedmp

Onofflie ùatu pue uatuom

aq o3 slfflodmaln natu pa]

s‘uau1 affl `pua affl u! •puni

-Jalap 11043 puE SS9LIIIIJO3IC

10/10 S1LITOd 011105 01 110/10

u! pue Sznumuicp dotisypom

am -ÁPS 1191.110M 104M ION) 14

-IB0A01 OS411 sum 3! mq ùonr

0AA •0/103 pjnom 0M saidol

pauml Álluamdde p1114 Áaqi

35e131103 u! `doqsniom afflu

siaffluatu `maffls men nue '

aam Safflumuumo lualauy

am •omfa atll 03 9uJ9uoJaq

-11103 0141 UJOIJ 1191UOM 0M1

reuopezmdio Ifflpuels-Iuo

3131 pue (anuels!saI snouz

epuals!sau ap souy ooS 081.

-hm! ;o slapea! paumoual

ÁlmnultuoD affl u! uonedpy

-!fa pazIudlo lsotu affl Jo at

143113m o3 'fflIaatu Áep-oml

affl ;o paíqns affl ÁlaspaJd

affl u! apeld nool ual

affl `ÁlmmutuoD sm u! 1113

muatuu1ano2 0111 mol; 831101

-n3op affl luynel ;o pueqsm

-maq SEM OMPS1U1OD 9143 `pan


rights" and that authorities "don't administer justice right and benefit men." Although Martina did not actually know her rights, the fact that she presented her complaint to the authorities and dared to malee her case public in the workshop revealed her courage in seeking a solution to her situation, which triggered the women's support.

Another issue discussed was the bad custom of "bewitching" women who "meddle in other people's affairs by supporting other women." This tends to happen when women, such as the promoters themselves, accompany other women victims of violence to present a complaint and as a result are the object of gossip. "Bewitching" (echar brujo) is a deep-rooted practice in these commu-nities that functions as a mechanism of internal control and dissuasion. This explains the promoters' proposal that they be officially recognized by the com-munity's assembly in order to avoid being harassed. As an example, Apolonia recounted the time when a neighbor threw rocks at her house because she had accompanied his wife to the authorities. Paula also narrated the harassment she suffered after accompanying a neighbor who had been beaten: "they told us, who are you, you're not authorities [to get involved] . . . they drove by in a pickup truck, shouting at Paty, Apolonia, and me: Those women are busybod-ies!" These recurring complaints reflect the fact that women who dare accom-pany other women victims of violence are highly vulnerable if they do not have the support of communal authorities.

Gossip was also a priority in discussions in both communities, identified as a "bad custom" that severely harms families because it usually aims at slander-ing women, creating mistrust and violence. The issue of gossip led to intense participation by both men and women to discuss what Enedina called chismerío ("tittle-tattle") about women who go out to participate, as can be observed in the following interaction between Bonifacio and Apolonia:

B: [Men] give them freedom . . . and the women don't appreciate it because other men come and they start speaking nicely to them and then they go off somewhere [with them].

A: I have to speak up here, part of what Bonifacio says is right and part is wrong. What he's saying, well it depends on the woman if your husband gives you the freedom to go to meetings. . . But it depends on you, one thing is freedom, another is licentiousness . . . it depends on you . . you have to respect your husband if there's good love and care, you have to respect him.

Here women's "bad behavior" is identified as licentiousness, which makes people speak badly of them. This kind of gossip disqualifying women who leave the confines of their homes to participate in community affairs elicited a firm response from Apolonia, who is not only a midwife, but also since 2011 the coor-dinator of the Indigenous Women's Home (CAMI)4 in San Luis Acatlán and as

INDIGENOUS AU1

such has personally experiencel Apolonia's discursive style, a expresses her refusal to be inti refutation of Bonifacio's staten-

The elements identified a concern to women and revea demobilize them. They led to were very interested in lookin suggested developing worksho But they especially insisted on accompany other women, sub: justice promoters elected in

comisario when dealing with wc

I will not examine here in Buenavista—women's partic firmed the obstacles and gens assemblies and in their access when mediating disputes.'5 Th desire to stop being mistreate, gender roles. They reveal the despite the criticism dare to although they do demand reco from being harassed. The mer vigilance, but also a certain wi Na'savi woman observed durin it's not my fault there aren't ar

One of the central aims of 1 and Santa Cruz—was to discus definitions, we were interested surprising to observe how soma as duties, like one Na'savi wo: was "to prepare the food for h men who were present said tl-when he's drunk," a statemer although it did evoke some lau rights became evident, empha the fact that demanding right; that the women promoters haN in communities.

For Rosa, a woman who r

practice of rights is differentiai have to have courage. We have

sullp „gag]. smoun Ápoqou MOIDI or 9Aetj 9M •a2eirlOD 9Aelj 01 aneq am '21.wedpn.red Jo pIenu ale am„ uapua2 Áq palmlualamp s! su& Jo ampeid 3141 `zrup cures u; doqsniom mil ui paredpuied oqm uewom e 'ESOB 10d

•saTuunwulag ut sdolisniom umo uatil 10j rewaurepun; paulan 9ABL1 SI91OLLIald L191.110M 9111 1E41 uoTpupsw e Sapnp unoal2au iqclum bou saop su& 1w-1:mutual:nemr pm atil ssans o1 ..lapio u! 2uIpuelszapun onslloq e Ituz!smichua `wapIna atue3aq slt& s‘uautom ;o DIclol 3111 uo niom o1 paau attr •Iaurine; autos anona pm 1i Onoque ùaulonn atrl tITspd..ms ooj bou seM legó watuams e „51LITLIp s‘aq uaqm ptreqsnq qDra; wIT1 s‘ueu.lom "e„ 1e111 pies luasaid aiam oqm uatu atri jo auo auqm „Ixreqsnq 1311 pue unnup poo; atll atuclazd or„ sem TOri in iE11r pes oqm ursIneuartg wat; uewonn jABS,BN 900 9)III Saunp se pan-parad aM reqm g1TM sur2u pasnjuo3 1191.UOM 911.10S M011 aniascio ()I IturspIclins sem 1j •Cuweaul IEE1X913.103 2uT4Twap; u; palsalaw! anM 9AA suomuPP treql zatnen z,•surlu jo suouda3uo3 s‘ualuom ssnDsIp o1 sum—ztup crups pue msTneuang—saTuunutwoo grog ui sdollsypom Jo sane ja111193 aqr Jo au0

9,„•tum1 zo; Átre j,uame aptil une; MIT loa s,1; bnq `sdoqsnionnTuum osre uays;„ 'uogenrena aqj 2upuip panpsqo trewom Tnes,eN e sy •sluTeidutop symuom or ualsq ob ssateugum uTuuaD e osje inq àDueilbk areill S1391191 sdaqsniom mil uj uopecipp.red s‘uaw aqr, •passunq .2u;aq wat; dan ol Ámulassu s,Áuununuo3 atll wat; uoTut4opar puewap op Onotrire Sapuomne agl 01 sloqq2Tau uaql Átredwomu o1 alep wspurn aq1 audsap otim Szaptuald uatuom Áq pai(eid aja' TerwaD aml [canal /Can" •sapzu mapu4 paqsuquisa 2Tuop.sanb inaqum pappueTs zo paluausnu 2upq dogs o1 ausap s‘uawonn alo3siapun alaq passnDsIp stip-No.1d 3111 5,•sarnds;p 2upu!paul uaqm uatu zone; o1 pual sapuomne asnepaq àousnl o1 SS9DDE _19111 uj pue sallqwasse Álrunurwoo uj umuom paam suoIsnpxa .zapua pue sapelsqo mil p3111.111 -1103 tpoq lappsn( ol SS933E jo )1Dej pue uopedpp.red s‘uatuonn—msTneuang Ui darrsvom paz/ reue sulawald logro apq auTurexa lott ¡Hm ;

•sanss; s‘uatuom qu/sn lulluap uaqm mins/tuna

Tupo; mil poddns prnoD own Áuuntuulop Alano uj papaia sprowald apTisnl arewa; anuq or resodad e 'clIcialanap Apuanbasqns `1191110M impo Átredwome oqm umuom jo uoundepai nutrid paau 3111 uo pals;sw Állepadsa Áaql

s‘uautom uo ¡quo bou pue dIssoI uo sdomsniom 11;cloianap palsans 1119111 jo jaranas Ilusa' e sy •9Ai2E11191-je 10j 2upTooi u; parsalaw! t(.19/1 919M oqm ùatuom uott.re uoTssnDsTp asuartu ue ol pa; Áaq,l, •Tilaqr azqmoulap or taje Tem Tozw03 Twain! j0 SUISEIEL1391.L1 je9A91 pue 1191110M 01 1.1.1931103 1ua12 ;o are dotisvom mil u! „sworsn3 peq„ se paupuam swawaTa atm,

•luatualms s‘openuoll Jo uopeuqat 1311 pue mmn jo rtuod trp.uls ato'; parepwrpuT aq oj mina' 1311 sassaidxa 9145 113MM Uy .191.111E1.11 9Apetlilljfe pue paup e àp(ls an!sinDmp s‘muoTodV" smanal osje uopawaw! atu, •d!ssO jo pum sTql paDuauadxa Áueuosiad seq tpns

SOl 3D119112134N3D ONV S3IWONOIIIV SVION33ICINI

Se pue upprepy sp-r; ues u.; pi(HAp

-1003 aqb Hoz amus osje 1nq àum 11.1I4 e 13943I19 sumre Áuummuoz anea; own uatuom uplurenbsIp d sana!' iprqm `ssausnopuan se

01 9/1211 110/1. '91E3 pue ano; po noic • • • noÁ uo spuadap u • • s auo `noil uo spuadap li in • - pueqsnq mol(;; umuom 3111 w

si ved pue &CES Opej

a icolp, uaqr pue waqi oj ARDIT asnepaq r! arepadde 2,uop uat

muorody pu u; paniasqo aq ueo se àTecIpplit ol.zawspla paffeD empaua je11M SSt asuawi ob pa; disso jo anss; 311 -ppums be sube kensn 1i asneo se patuwarn SamununuoD qwq 1

anutpou op ¿CatIr JT aiquiaurrtn /Cu -1.1.1033e arep otim1191.1.10M ni.p. 23 -poq(snq are umuom asou e ui Aq anon Áaqr • • • [panionu; mor Áaql„ :ualuaq uaaq peq otin watussereq at1 pareueu osre ej

peq aqs asneDaq asnoq 19q 1e sy muoTody àidurexa LIR sy •passw -atoo atIT pazTuoDal Állepujo sun •uoIsensslp pue Tozwo3 jeu -nunuop asaql ui aDTpard palooa pa(qo mil are lunar e se pue bujt 191110 ÁuEcitil033•0 SaAWST1191.11 S.

01 spual surr „•uawom Jallo 1.1 OITM UO IIOA& „21rw32!nn3q„ Jo tilo

tpurnn ùopenus 1014 or uouruos aql ui Dynnd 95E3 Iaq anew pawasazd mis 1atI1 pu; atp. STO „•uauu wauaq pue ri& a3usni

VU113

106 MARÍA TERESA SIERRA INDIGENOUS A

that the progress made to int security is also reflected at have reached positions of ar the significance of this proa

Rethinking ( from the Pe]

1•

Women's participation in th is especially important becar, confronts state power and ir and justice (Sierra 2013b), w Although women's organizal that they are occupying pos indigenous law, something 1

gender justice within autonc testimonies of some of the y the CRAC, I am interested in collective spaces open up to timones of two women leadi a mark on the institution: Fe differences in their trajector various faces of gender sub( and a critical view of locally as justice promoters has allo which is also one of the aci. the participatory evaluation on women's rights.

because of ignorance or fear. How far will things go, even if they see us beaten because we have no rights? Women aren't allowed to go out, they don't have the right to, men do." The need to differentiate women's rights and duties as part of their domestic unit from their needs in terms of personal integrity also became evident. At the Santa Cruz workshop women stressed the importance of supporting their husbands' commitments to communal activities, revealing notions of complementary between gender roles as members of a domestic unit; such is the case, for example, with feeding detainees undergoing reeducation (a task related to the comunitaria justice system), accompanying their husbands in the rituals and ceremonies that are part of their responsibilities as authori-ties, providing food during community assemblies, and so on. The issue of sin-gle or abandoned women and their difficulties in complying with community commitments such as financial contributions was also discussed. Many other problems related to violence, abandonment, alcoholism, and debts motivated heated discussions.

The methodology we used to analyze the problems was very productive to motivate women to participate and proved central to generating trust and interest, eliciting qualitative information that would have otherwise been very difficult to obtain. The model was based on a tree diagram that provided a metaphor for analyzing problems by identifying the causes (the tree's roots) and the consequences (the branches) related to them (see Corzo, Cruz, and Sierra 2009). A fundamental achievement of the workshops was the production of local knowledge in a dialogical manner framed in the women's own language and cultural styles.

In short, the workshops conducted in the two communities generated highly valuable materials from an emic perspective that uncovered women's feelings regarding fundamental problems that affect their integrity. They also revealed that meanings are contextual and embedded in cultural models that define gender roles, as is the case with the notions of duties and rights dis-tributed by sex. This also points to the multiple subordinations experienced by women, which determine the way they live, the grievances they identify, and the solutions they seek. Those grievances and solutions cannot be viewed from an a priori standpoint of gender subordination without taking into account the worldviews and structural marginalization that characterize the lives of indigenous women, intersecting issues of gender, class, and ethnicity. Undoubtedly, these contexts aggravate the exclusions and obstacles women face to gain access to justice and confront gender violence, thus revealing the severe insufficiencies of community justice. Nevertheless, for the women and men present in the workshops, talking about their problems, analyzing them, and identifying some alternatives to facilitate access to justice have had a lib-erating effect that has to be underlined. There is still much work to be done to ensure that women's rights become central to the communitarian system and

Felicitas Martínez: Betting or

As emphasized aboye, wom( inception, as a women's cor supporting the CRAC, and h However, it was not until Fel

administration of justice an Assembly. According to Felic dinator of the Regional Secta

Only in February 2006 wr

that there were women invisible to justice. . . YE

assisting with security, bt

ralle asneaaq àapsnf ralsnquipe lou pip Aaip lnq 'Munaas glIM 2upsIssu linea! uaillom paaualiadxa /Clan aran& araip SaA • • • •aapsrif ol amsyku;

aiam iCalp Inq 'epenuntuoa axil u; suopieduroa ualuom aran& araql aroJag -aapsrlf 2uptals!uctupu ken ueulom e sena gooz kiennaj ui Áluo

ìralsi(s aapsnj pue Árimaas ieuolag axil ;o .101.Eutp -.loop se paluTodde UEL110m 1SIU axil 'zauwew selTaTTaa o2 ruipro33y •igqinassy teuo!Iall ain u! sropuIprooa Dv-113 se papara pue aapsrif ;o uoperlspnuipe axil u; papnpuT keuu arana Aaql 1EgI gooz /U-migad plun Tau SEM TT `ranamoH 8,•uopez!udro spaurom 2upoword `Sooz u; rale! pue `DV/3 042 2uTuoddns `666; ui lsru snoiren uo Ilipliom uoIssiurtuoa s‘uatuom e se `110pd0mi

811 oouis M.107/1111WOO aill ui paludTapied 9AELI IlaLTIOM `9AOCIE paZTSELTdula sy

110U/OM Jof aapsni jualaffici n uo ftuppg :zaup.any sonallaj

slgril s‘uaulom uo uopaallar !cappa pue teuosiad e yeds o2 panzas uopenTena zuoyedppied aql

àsTmann •pafoid anperoqulloa aip ;o S11191.119A9143E aip ;o 9110 OSIE Si qaTilm

ùopninsu! 041 u! alai 4041 klliduze ol Tuatp pamolle seq sraptuoid aapsnf se

uopedppred 11aqi •siapoui iapu4/xas palnlpsui ilueao! ;o maln Teapim u pue `n!Jr9Tuniuod axil ol luaunnnuroa 11041 'uopeurprocins rapual Jo sane; snopen

041 lupuonuoa Tii OBinoD 119111 TE9A91 ¿Catp Sapopafeil ryaql 111 saauaramp

041 alTdsac! •zaquiell uaurrep pue zauprew selpqad :uopninsu! 0141 uo yeux e ip! ami! IVIMUTIU.109 0141111 saauaTiadxa asown s'apea! U91110m OM1 JO saprourp sal aql uo sIsAleue ¿Cul aseq l -uopedppred 1104101 dn uado saaeds angaanoa

08041 se aae; Áaql suoTsual rapua2 041 2ir11q211q1n! 111 palsaralu; tue ; 041 Timm 2(1;1011ln-e ;o suorpsod o2 pamodde uamom 041;o amos ;o saTuouipsal

041 2unqurexa Ag •suopa;psTinf snoua2Tpu; snourouolne unium aapsrif rapua2

Inoge suoIssnasIp ro; suopealldur! daap sexi Tem 2upparnos `nne! snoua21pu; ;o airpeu aTureu4 aip si-Banal ÁlTioinne ;o suopisod 2uplcInDpo are i(aip letp. pe; Aran 041 'neam hits Si vidvvuni.uod alp u; uonezurello sfflaulom Onaquif •ramod TeTpreuled pa ooi Affiaap 2t1uopsanb apqm '(qCioz unals) aapsnl pue

Álpnaas ;o Tapacu awoula2awalunoa e sluainaidull pue iamod ams sluaquoa

1 1121 uopninsu; ue aauanuuT ol ldulane iTaip jo asireaaq lueliodiu; Állepadsa si vTimunwoo aill Timm aapsnf ;o uoperlsmulpe 0141 u; uopecippred s‘uaulam

uatuom snoualtpu; Jo ampadstad oqj 1.1.10.1j

Ánimas pue aapsnj knununuog lupiumaH

•sialouloid aapsnf se sanels 11041 pue ssaaord snp ;o amen-4;s axil alensnIp uppeav sin? ues ui DyaD aip le illpoinne ;o suomsod paipear meg

orpn ualuom ;o saauapadxa 91u lana! Álumuluroa le papauar 081E s; Mimas

pue aapsnf ;o Ápoq leuoT2ai aip 01u; uaulom aie.dalul op apeux ssar2ord aquein

pire walsÁs uepeuunuuul0D

01 auop aq yonn Timm hits

_cm e peq ami; aapsnf 01 ssooc

`111041 IuTzilyeue Suiamoid nal

pue uaulom 041 io; `ssaTaipian

ilfreanar snip 'aDuaTolA la

uaulom sapelsqo pue suoIsni

•ÁlpTuma pue `ssup 'iapua2

axil 97191.3EiE4p Tem uopezTp

olu! lupye1 lnoglinn uol2euip pamaTA aq loutrea suopnios pr

‘kmuap! A041 S9DUEA34 041

paDU9I.19dX9 suopeuIpioqns a pue sapnp ;o sua!

1e41 siapoui 1eITI2111D 111 pappG

orle Áaqi, •Áyirralul IT0inpann s,uauzoM paranoaun 1E1l1 anp

paieiaual samuntuuloa oto4

aIerilue! unno spaulom 041 u; uopanpoid axil sem sdoilsyon

pue truD òziop aas) main

(slooi maz2 axil) sasnea arp

e pappsoid my. urerIew 901

Atan uaaq asytualpo 9Ae14 pin

pue Tsrul Iupeiaual 01 leilu

anpa&po1d klan. SEM suialqa

payenpoul slqap pue 'iusqoq

zaino Auew •passnasTp osre s

h!ununnoa 41TM IuTE(Tduloa

-TrIs ;0 anss; atu, •o os pue 't

-uoipne se sapumsuodsai .11

spueqsnq .!1;ilueduloaa

11oTteonppai Iinarapun saai

•1!un apsauoap e ;o siaqulaul

ruiieanaz SapTimpe

aauelloduri 0122 passaps liar;

osie ÁlOalu; reuosiad ;o sur

se sapnp pue S,11911.10i

ami! 2,uop Áaql Ino a 01 r uayeaq sn aas j; liana 'o

LOI 3DIlS11( 2134N3D ONV 83iwoNcanv SIION391C1N1

all the Assembly has to authorize it, if the assembly doesn't elect you, you're not in the decision making, because decisions are made by the justice board, .. . but it isn't easy, you don't have the full support of your male colleagues, it's a minority, it's an everyday struggle between the women and their male colleagues. [Women's participation] makes a big difference because there's more trust with the women, there are closer relations because women value you more. We are there to listen to both versions . . to see who is in error, not only to support women.'9

Felicitas emphasized women's daily struggle to address issues that concern them in a space dominated by men, such as the CRAC. Their participation entails new ways of administering justice, which implies earning the trust of the women involved in complaints or offenses so they feel free to state their griev-ances, without however losing sight of errors they may have committed. In her testimony, Felicitas emphasizes that rather than tipping the scales of justice in favor of women, this is about exercising justice in a way that considers the ver-sions of men and women.

Felicitas Martínez is a thirty-six-year-old Me'phaa woman from the com-munity of Potrerillo Cuapinole, San Luis Acatlán, and currently the single mother of a five-year-old girl. She was able to study law at the University of Guerrero in Chilpancingo due to enormous personal efforts, making her an exceptional case in the context of the women in the comunitaria. Through the Guerrero Coordination of Indigenous Women—a regional organization of indigenous women—she has long participated in organizational processes related to the defense of indigenous rights in Guerrero, and of indigenous women's rights in particular.2° Aboye all, Felicitas stands out for her eloquence and self-confidence when speaking to any audience, both within and outside her region. She has significant experience in regional, national, and international indigenous women's organizations, which has considerably broadened her perspectives and has given her access to knowl-edge about women's rights. For that reason, her interest in participating in local processes rooted in her own region and to promote women's involvement is par-ticularly noteworthy. In her position as regional coordinator at the headquarters for San Luis Acatlán, she had to devote her efforts to the justice-related tasks of the CRAC, which implied an almost complete commitment in terms of her avail-ability and time. Felicitas is the only woman to have been appointed coordinator for three different periods (one year in 2006, a few months in late 2010, and five months in 2012), which reflects both her commitment and her local legitimacy.

But what type of justice do women exercise, and to what extent does it reveal gender sensitivities that contribute to more adequate justice for women? Felicitas's following testimony offers some glimpses:

We had the case [at the CRAC] of a Mixteca woman from Tlacochistla-huaca, her husband always got home drunk, insulted her, beat her...,

and the worst thing we not her partner's, a two-man admits that he did her in the face twice," ti him again. I told the wo her love and attention, knew he wasn't going t. everything, but he's not

This case highlights Felicita to understand not only the also its effects on the chile everyday dramas experienc cases require the personal women, in the face of diffici trying to determine how to year-old child.

Felicitas's experience a

tional commitment that is r in positions of authority ar dramas, but the ways they pr sense that women tend to al (Arteaga 2013). This also exp women detainees' health wl of the crime committed. It personally check on the wor center to be cared for, as I wl time, the experience of admi especially women's, strongl' to listen to people's drama: the spaces of community ju

strategies.22 In that respect, to vent my feelings but I ker that didn't help unburden rr complex situations every day greater because many situar not very different from prob.

The tendency to seek n. something that is very clear (including some of the wom the parents of the young cc

payment for the "damage"

108 MARÍA TERESA SIERRA INDIGENOUS

•pald333e uno are aleprew ;o asIwoid 344 zo „a2ewep„ aqI io; luawSed 9AIOAUI 1E14 suopmos pale14o2au—pamosu! aidnoo 2L111.0Á aun jo sluand 342

Suensn—luaulaade ue o4 awon sapred alp j! :(uawom 9114 jo autos luIpnpuT)

sioleuIp.mo3 Jamo aql 02 os lou lnq Sennad 011 IB913 Sion s! 4041 1T-tila-Lizos 'ocie.' ;o SOSE3 uf slluzlt n! sal suopnios paiepaau naas o4 ADuapual

•paDuapadxa se4 HasIaT4 atis swamoid Ulaij luala;;Ip Á-19A lou sawpawos ate pue aDuaio!s asiosu! suopenlis Suew asneDaq Jalead

sdelpad sI pechai aul pue `Symq!suodsal lead e s! Sep AI9A9 suopenns xaldwoo

Alas lins& 9u4leap Suipllad 1D9;;9 UI Ez“•PUTUI Ául uapmqun din 1,LIPIP 11elT1

Tnq 4aU1a4uJ 341 04 a pinom I àpTsu! 2umili3na 4da14 14nq sluuaa; ÁU1 luan 04

ponles& l DynD atp uI sem I uailm„ sices sel3II93 `Padsar lelp 114 e•sa03lens Tes!sins umo notp doiasap uawom 3141 Inq àDpsnl SEuntuwoD ;o sands 344 u1142Im passnDsTp lou sI walp uo Dmaqqap pue seweip s‘aidoad 04 ualsll 04

2uTABq ;o uapinq ieuopoula 314,4, •1113144 sloaDe `s,uawom Sllepadsa SaTuowpsal s‘aldoad u!_reati pue aDpsnf 2upaismulpe ;o aDuapadxa 342 'aulp

awes 341 •suoisemo masas uo ssaum 02 ame sem I se 'lo; pateo n OI .1941103

unen alp 0I wal41 3>1e11 `21.10SS933U uauss `pue uawom 341 uo ->paqD Álleuosiad 04 sioieuIpiooD afma; 342 io; U0WW03 310;31344 sI 11 •panywwoD 3111U3 342;O

ssamielaz `93U9101A JO SILIUDIA uaaq 9AULT Á3111 119IIM Unen ,saaurelap U3UIOM

10j 111..1E3 u! 4sala114 ,szoleuTpiooD alcuza; 3141 suyeIdxa osie spu •(Cioz Orapv)

aspDadsiad Dpsuo4 alow e wat; swamozd quoidde 04 pual uau_lons Ter42 anuas

3144 u! `1apua2 Sq paDuanuu! n 04 waas 1113141 ssaDad S341 sSem 341 lnq Seweip

SepSiasa midoad o4 pasodxa Auenba asmoa ;o 310 Slpoulne ;o suomsod u!

uawom pue uaw glog •41!M Jun 04 Ssea silesme 40U SI Tem luawlIwuloD muol -owa snowioua uu saudw! 31n2u Álporme Lie So aDuapadxa s‘seipuad

:p11143 plo-Ie3S -0m1 O 2up1I4 ;o amedeD s! ouss auoatuos aleDnpaai 02 Asou aunzualap o4 lu!Sil

paIldw! 3S03 IninDpied 5144 UI 43I4m Suoperms unDuHp ;o 330; alp u! 'riamos&

pue U3111 4104 `sioleuIpIooD 3141 ;o 1119U19AIOALII fOLIOSI9c1 3411 alplbal 53503

asaru •aDllappl Dpsawop 211I.19j111.S 1191110M Sq paDuapadxa seweip SepSzasa

3144 sieasai sullmad SuopDaual as344 42nonly •pmp 341 uo sp3u3 si.! 0510

lnq 3141;o luawleanscul s‘uew 3141;o anss! 3144 Sluo 40U puelszapun ol

1dwa11e1314 Uf 191140W pue LIBUTOM "O SE 11193UO3 S,SMI3If9d STIONLOILI 3SO3 sngy

,,„•ialpe; Ton S,34 lnq ùp.pruasa

3s411o; s1a41e; asneDag ¿zape; lag SE 1314 aso' 01 1140 1,115EM 34 main4

no/1 J! [nos :41Im ami oi] 1aq 4313; nos pIp Sus& ùopuane pue aso' 1aq

anee 345 `wow ].nos tp!As auu SEM 341„ ùmuom atll PI02 I •LifelB tum

le nooi 4,upIp pue laillow 1314 01 asola les 44 3141 „àDIAsi. 330; 342 u! _lag

paddels /quo I IDIR4 134 4,ump I„ 31414114 pu) 341041 sTuupe ueul

3141 au1 pf01 345 pire 131401 pante]. I •4 pI0-1036-oml e S,Jauved 134 lou

`sin sem 40141 1010nep e per.' 3145 10141 sem mes 3M 2up42 ISIOM 341 pue

601 3Dasní 11301■13D ONV s3iworvoInv SliON3DIGNI

• • 1314 leaq '134 pannsu

-epsnpoDeLL wau UELLION

:sa!

¿uawom10; aDpsn( alenbape

11 saop 4U31x3 1014m ol pue

'ilDewpOol Tem tau pue wat.

9AU puE `0I0Z 31E1111 ST.DUOW

loleuipiooD paymodde uaaq a,

-nem 13143o suiza]. u! luawlyw

;o 514501 pa101a1-a3psnl atp Ol slapenbpeaq 341 10 ioleulpioi

Si luawas'osuI S,U3UIOM

TenoT u! lupedppled u! 2s3131

Imoun 01 553330 1314 119/112

14D14m SuopezIudio spawoni

u! a3uap3dxa luezmul!s se4

Aue Iulnuads uaum aDuapui

'He asoqy 0,:1E1n3p1ed u! 51145

snoua24Du! ;o asua;ap 342 01 pi

seo 345—uaw0m snouabDul j

uopeuipiooD alauanD 344 1411

u! aseo muopdaDxa 110134

uf wananD ;o SlIslasiun 3141

134101u 414s 3141 ÁlluannD

-11103 3142 wau uewom unid,

-13A. 342 siap!suoD 1041 Sem e

u! aDusrif ;o saieDs 3144 2u!dd!

1314 UI •pa21!wwo3 3A011 /Cm

-A3f1d JI3141 3102S o4 331j pa; A

3114;o lsnil 344 Li!uslua saudu

uopedpplud 1i941, 'Dm 31

U1331103 40111 SOTISSI ssaippe

61113wom poddns

tpoq ualsll 04 31341 31E

I3SOID ate 31341 ùawom

M e sanew [uopedpluel

341 uaasnaq affinns /lel]

,nos ;o lioddns un; aip an

3141 Áq apew 310 swnspa

`noi( paja 4,usaop Amwass

Felicitas has been quite firm in questioning such arrangements in cases of rape, thus criticizing long-standing practices in community justice.

In spite of the personal costs for a woman participating in a male space such as the CRAC, because of the gossip involved and the implications for their spouses, the deep commitment of women like Felicitas to their position of authority is remarkable: "I am proud of my people for participating in the CRAC, but let me tell you it isn't easy being in this system as a woman. I would like to see more women participating. . . [There have been] 16 years of the Community Police, there has been bloodshed, harassment, detentions . . . it hasn't been easy being an authority. My knowledge, what I've learned about justice, I owe it to the CRAC. . . . I still have a very big challenge, my dream of preparing new women leaders who are convinced of this project.n24 With these words, Felicitas synthesized the collective and personal dimensions that involve her in the comunitaria project, disputing her place as a woman, proud to be a member of the institution, and at the same time aware of what confronting the state has meant in political terms. She thus reveals the links that tie her to the collective process, stressing her personal growth in the administration of justice but aboye all her commitment to promote women's participation in the institution, which remains one of her main long-term projects.

Carmen Ramírez Aburto: The Strength of Commitment

Finally, I examine the testimony of Carmen Ramírez Aburto, perhaps the most emblematic woman in the comunitaria, whose presence has marked the institution since its inception. Although Carmen had little formal education-she completed only fourth grade of elementary school—she participated in different organizations such as the Rural Association of Collective Interest, but especially in the comunitaria, to which she devoted eight years of her life, sac-rificing even her family, as she emphasized in several interviews and conversa-tions. A Me'phaa woman born in Pueblo Hidalgo, Carmen has four daughters and one son and currently lives with her partner, after spending several years as a single mother. Not only was her participation in the comunitaria vital in the beginning when she was part of the women's commission to support the CRAC, conceiving ideas for reeducation; she has also participated in protection, detention, and security tasks without being assigned to a specific position to that end. Carmen's courage was tested on several occasions during operation to detain people together with community policemen.

I know what it mean to be in an operation,... no commander is going to deceive me telling me how an operation is done. . . . We arrived there

we went to look for the individual who had killed [the person], he was under some trash, there were banana leaves covering him, there he was and we had to surround him from a distance, each of us with our

weapons, and he carne ot shot Commander Luis. H

and shot in the COMME behind. . . I've been in

With courage and resolve, Community Police. She is in security tasks, which are usu her audacity and her deep accounts that demonstrate 11, cessfully detaining a prisoner rienced when her two-year-4 dudes at the comunitaria, sh that in those difficult momet tutional support from her co praising the CRAC's solidarit pain. Later, Carmen was elec women—Catalina Rodríguez opportunity to share in and a the comunitaria during that pi Carmen in particular kept goi ing in the complex assignmer neously fulfilling her duties as and cleaning tasks at the CR the security and health of wc monetary support from local police and on several occasior tor, she participated in tours t cation to ensure that they we and to address justice-relatec nessed and accompanied all when, in a regional assembl) authorities were dismissed, ti them were never proven, and than on the men. Similar case ous times within the CRAC w

the women this was a very tot bias in the comunitaria, since than men. Beyond the fact of Carmen's testimony of what ti

Because of a mistake cc detainee] ended up with u


[uaamiaq] luatuaaee atp pa dsat 1,upIp i(aw 'su tplm dn papua [aawelap

atp] Simemp.moa .tauno; alp ÁcT pauTunuoa aneispu e ;o asnuaag

:raq .10] preaw aatrapadxa jetp letim ;o Áuouipsal spatuieD

2u-quo:nal u! paisarapp are i 'pan! aapsnlm alp ;o pe; atp puoiCag •uatu uetp

pansTund pue papaquoa Ápapls atow are uatuom aaws ̀inmpunwoo 041 u! selq

npua2 ;o aidurexa ratpoue sT p pue `molq tOnol klOA e SBM spp uawom atp

_toa •esspusTp ,sappoipne 9142 LIT lupinsat motipm Dv-up aqj umpm sawp sno

-pen je pannaao 9A11IT suopesnaae ssaTpunad ;o SOSeD IBITIUTS •uaul atp uo ump

OS 910[1.1 ùatuom 9LT] uo 139119 919A95 e pet! Á91.1] pire ùanald 1@n9L1 919M U.19tn

lsweIe pie' suopesnaae atu, •papnpu! U91110m atp `passpuspa atam sapporpne

Dylp Te.19A9S SelI1eal0H Jo illIUMUU103 942 u! rliquiasse IBLIOTIal e LIT ùatim

paspdms Ápear2 seM T ùoseat srq rod •sItp ;o He pawedwome pue passau

-pm Álleuosrad f '3V-21D 3141 oI pawasald sanea 109m91-93T]sni ssarppe 01 pue

93U9j119S patp pappluma /Cana uaqm palepqn aram Áaq1 11141 amsua 01 uopea

-npaat uY saamelap ;o uopenps 3142 uo dn mono; cal sil-Tm u! paledlapred aqs `Job

-ewptooa se alai 1314 ui •llaszaq II paredwd Llana SU0ISB330 le19A9S UO pue amod

icITUI1111L1103 941_10] poca; app‘atd cal siopuan layeLLI TBDOT -mor; poddns Álmauout

paureno aqs •popad Tem. 2ulinp saammap U9WOM JO !pican pue Állmaas ami

aajuwen Sj.10]]9 apew pue srapenbpeaq ato] sajsel lumeap pue

t'atiploj o2 uopuane asola Talud osle aqs •Jamour e se sapnp Jan Ajsnoau

-epnuus apqm 'aun]. atp le uuopad oT pum ¿katp swatutdIsse xaiduloa axp u! CUT

-judTapred pue i(ep i(i9A9 uppsnj ap esep 041 1.40 Ida)! mnapied u! uawreD

• yom s‘uatuom alp amasqo cal Állepadsa pue popad retp Immp minpunuma atp

Te uoperlswiume aapsn( ;o ssaaord atol iluedwome pue u! areqs Ápunpoddo

941 peo 1 Loo kreruqad u!---epieD BIU991 pue zan2ppoll eulleleD—uaurom

ratiTO 0M2 tipm 10413102 rolempl000 Teuo!20r papap seM uatareD `raw! •Iped

134 9U103.19A0 cal zaq _ro; TuIluassa `poddns pue Ápieppos s3vH3 atol 9ulsrerd

uT aleusaq bou saop aqs `Teto! Jo asrreaaq !sanleapoa 1014 U10.1] poddns Teuopro

-psw pue jeuopoura apiezapisuoa pamaaal 014s swautow pnagpp OSOMI u! jetp

sapaTmompe uatarej -2upudpIlred panupwp aqs `n!nuTuniuoa 3141 le sapnp

rata 2uTuuopad seM aqs allqm paTp rapOnep pro-real(oml raq uaqm p3Duap

-adxa aqs Mili:en 941 Ialre Liana •adeasa peq oqm I9U0SLICT e .r.ITLITelap Ápipssaa

-0115 Llana Àmdalm reaTsÁtid umo zati pansp aqs motj alepsuourap IeLIl swnome

manas are araqI •uopmpsw 041 01 wawmuuma daap zaq pue Áhpepne Jaq

tpoq 9uggeanar cuaut /(4 ÁlanTsmaxa paupopad Apensn are qamm `snsei. ilp.maas

u! paiedppred seq oqm UOUJOM ma; ;o auo pe; u! si aqs •aapod Álluntuuma

041 ;o ped se aauapadxa 1014 paTeneu uaturep àniosat pue aIemoa tipm

s,woperado Onol e u2 uaaq and • • • •pupqa4

mor; unq uo padumf T pue ùopaapp mapueumma 041 u! 1045 pue

1W 1414 paqquaI `qserl atp ;o mo auxea `dn 101 3H •sp-ri JapuetutuoD 2045

aneo pinom ato ¿pean uaaq 1,upeq p -num T 3111BD aq pue Suodeam

mo 414M sn ;o qua àpuelsIp

aq araip %mi lupanoo sanea

seM 34 '[uosiad 341] paum peto

atatp panpie am • • •auop s!

11401 s! r3pueunuo3 ou • •

1.191119311(

suopezado lupnp SUOISEDDO Te.19P

oT UOT1TS0d DUT39dS e 01 paldIsse

ùogamoid uY paledTapied osTe se

atp poddns oI uoIssTwuroa miau

uY Tepn Elyvvinnuoa atp uoped

sreal fal9A9S luTpuads 19UB `19•111

sza29nep mo; seq uautreo

-BS..19AUO0 pue SM9TA1911.1T Te19A9S

-OBS `0111 1014 JO SIB9Á 1IT2T9 palon

lnq 1531414 anpaajjoD jo uopep

uT paledmped aqs--Tootps Arel

—uopeonpa !mulo; app-T pet! U91

atp. payew seto aDuasald asopm

0142 8de41ad òpnqy zaptue

juauinui,

•spa[atd u1a2-2T.

atp u! UOTI.BdTDIVIed S,119U10/v\ 01.0

;o uope.psImutpu atp u! tptvtad

01 1014 012 Tem snup 0141 STe9A91 S

•III1110.1]UO3 TetIM JO a.reMe 9111T'

e aq oh pnoad ùutuom e se 93e1,

9ATOAUT 11142 suoIsuatuTp Teuosra

aszp tipm pz„•aroid supo pa

;o urealp Aut 'alune-tia IN Alar

lnoqe patina! and Tewn à2pain

2! • • • suopunap luatusserey

3111 ;o s_reaC 91 [uaaq aneto arar

pinom i •ffewom e se tualsÁs 114

042 u! 9ul2edplied ro; aidoad

uoppod palp 02 sepaTiad ami t

10; suopendup atol pue panv

aaeds areur e III •LITI.BCIT3I1Ied 1

•aapsní Ápunt

àdet ;o sasea u! swatualuene

111 3Dasní 2130N3D CINV S3IWONOI1IV SI1ONADICINI


the Public Prosecutor's Office [and the comunitaria] and they took on the

case, which was already there [at the Public Prosecutor's Office]. The family put pressure on us. They had a big problem with me. On July 7 [2007], [the Assembly] raid "we want the women out." . . . Women's par-ticipation [in the justice board] was dismantled, I don't know what hap-pened to the councilors. Why does that happen? Because we're women! The comisarios, the policemen have made many mistakes and no one says anything. Oh, but with the women it's different: out with the women! I was really hurt. . At that moment I told myself that I would never return to the CRAC: I lost a child, I abandoned my daughters, all of it to support the people, and all of this happened.26

In the end, Carmen was a victim of conflicts between different factions within the CRAC, which in her case meant disregarding her commitment to the institu-tion. Because of that, when I accompanied the female justice promoters to pres-ent the work we had been developing to the recently appointed CRAC authorities in April 2010, they were all deeply hurt when the new regional coordinators requested to see their justice promoter IDs: "We want to know who appointed you as justice promoters. Where are your credentials?" More than an under-standable caution as authorities, this was an unfriendly gesture (to say the least) directed against all of us, myself included, resorting to unnecessary formalities in order to disqualify the women's work and emphasize the new power relations within the CRAC. Although the new coordinators later attempted to attenuate this unfortunate action, it left a deep mark and points to the offenses faced by women when trying to legitimize their work in the institution.27

In spite of everything, Carmen is still a very important figure for the comu-

nitaria. Her experience has been central for elaborating alternative proposals for women, especially in the field of reeducation and community security.28 In

this respect, she made the following assessment of the role of female justice promoters:

Maybe we weren't able to make that much progress [as promoters] because there was a lot of gossip, and the gossip sometimes makes us believe that we're weak. There were several things that damaged us [including] slander and gossip. But that doesn't mean we're going to give up, on the contrary, we have to make an effort . as justice promoters. That's why it's so important for there to be more women [at the CRAC board of justice]. . . . Because we have to fight for a space where women can take care of women's cases. Yes, we need more women to look after the female detainees.29

In spite of the difficulties female justice promoters have had in consolidating themselves as a group, Carmen is very clear about the reasons why women's

INDIGENOUS

presence in the various tasks o

have two female delegates fro policemen, there have to be fer manders . . . because I have dz spects a female detainee, as wo I think the proposal of appoini to go to the communities . . . what's missing [in the CRAC].' women's participation at all lev Her critical outlook derives fro tal in generating changes witl community police officers as ex rience of women like Carmen. l the roles and tasks of the con. even though this intervention

In short, committed femal internal critique, exposing thc continuing to defend the coma female promoters do not have e-

promote women's participatior with frequent setbacks, signifii gender identities they assert al identities of their peoples, with tution would be impossible.

Conclusions: from the Persp

This chapter has analyzed the ri main objective was to support i rights within the Community leged vantage point for understz justice, revealing the intimate also their commitments to an in with Charles Hale (2008)3' abc research and its implications fol a deeper understanding of fun involved. I have been following Guerrero for many years (Sierra with the female justice promot( space to which I have had acces ties involved in the comunitaria':

ing •sig2p s‘ualuom "o; sanuan uado oT spoua S‘inAnnunuloa 3144 pamoAu! salí

-1X9IdUJOD 3144 a/119319d 04 31.11 pamoue gen II aSSaaac peg Mal 1 aalgM ol aaeds

Tuenu.dIs lsoul 3141 uaaq Alpalgnopun sun sialourad appsnl alcuza; aqi. gwit

>gom ¿MI Inq `(3Emz `gEroz -̀enoz òioz `600z clials) sna21. /Cuan io; alananD

u! malsÁs kignDas pue aagsnl TuMzuIOD 3111 ILIIMO1101 11990 9/1E14 1 "panjonul

molau jopos 3142 04 ltrenaial sanss! teluaumpun; ;o 214puels.mpun "adaap u

sumad 1! asne3ag 4palmoun ieDI2oiodonI2ue "o; suogendug sil pue t'amasa"

animoge14w ;o 3401 aAg.3npad Áj14O1g 3141 moge ,E(gooz) aiBH sajieli3 114m

3312B I .zklIII2Ip magl papuoge sexi 113141 uognmsul uu 04 s1uami.Imu1o3 nalp °su

lnq 'san Imp. ;o etump icepkiana pue amixal aimugu! 3141 higuanal à3gsnl

Iumaas uaqm ase; uau.lom smaigald allí 2ufpue2siapun "o; lulod aItilueo pala!

-Ingd u pap!Aad halad stgy .0.13uanD ;o amod K2IunuuoD 3141 ugglm s2g2!"

13191132 10j spuemap 113144111 1.191.110M snou32Ipu! poddns 02 sem angDafgo Tau

asaqm loa[ad 1101E3531 an14mogno3 j0 musa" atg pazicigue Tal Ialdelp spu

uaumm snoualipui jo ampadszad 3112 11.101j pue amjsrif 21.quuapan :suoIsnpuog

•amssodum ag pInom uagrg

-IISU!3142 u! uatuom su affinns "Iain 1.13!qm 1no142Im `sajdoad 11314 2;o sappuap1

ang3ago3 aip 04 palma" icialerugu! 3101313141 3113 passu zCatp. sagguap! 19131132

any •paraid s‘vmimunwoo 3142 1.1!q3pria Á14ireagm2Is Sypeglas luanban gnm

1.1a/ka Aumiyeaq 3nu14uo3 Aaig 43/( puy •uogedp!ped spaluom alomad

Állualsisuo3 01 U13111 SAA014E Tem alepueUl !nos E 9/1B141.01.1 op malomad a[eula;

•aluls 3144 mal; sjuang lsuree 439(a1d kunuama atp pua;ap 2u!nuguo3

la( pue main apm3x3 Tem saginbau! 13p1132 3144 luIsodxa ànbupa !13u192"1

ue padoianap @AMI vpiovunwod 3144111 mapral alettla; pan-mimo° 'VOUS III

•pazim1493! Taz( lou s1 uoguanialu! sp.p. 0110141 119Aa

`3n433ds1ad Iarmal E ulog malsÁs uupm1unwuwo3 3142 ;o sy[sel pue sato" 3144

2umu3pa1 91E uaulom 413144 WT13E1d Ononp s! II •uaul.rSj ay' uatuOM;o a3uag

-adxa 344 ¿V" pala2u333p uaaq 513143[BuT Aiamsniaxa se s'am)po amad Á2unurluo3

;o (1eu14eun paipai Aldaap 314y •Dylp 3144 upwm salucti3 2upa1aua2 u! im

-uaulepun; uaaq sug pue 33uap9dx3 umo "ag mau sangap ->magno rE3I1II3 .19H

•tualsÁs 4.113as pire 93145111IEU11111.1103 3111;o S19/191 NE 2E 110I1EdI3I41Ed 5,1191.110M

;o aauepodur! 3142 passadxa Aman uauunD 0E„•[3v21D atll 2ups1ui sjetim

sjetn. `sianjo amod alcuza; act o4 aneg maig • • • sa141untutuo3 alp 04 01 04

aneg ams • • • .4u-e21odiu! s1 saTelaiap alcuza; luguTodde ;o Iesodad 3144 'num

•pasnge aaurelap a-mula; u aas 02 sil spm" T! uamom sE àaumap alcuza; u spads

- 31511) umnamod ti ;l aalle 4,treo I pue `m3ig2nep anBq I asnuDag • • • mapueul

-11103 31BUI9j aq 03 atmq 3.131.g `maawo 33!Tod alcuza; n o4 9A1314 ̀uaulamod

arcul are amip axil lsnj •ÁlIumutuo3 143133 mal; saldaiap alma; om1 anug

04 s! lesodad 1110„ q-eguassa s1 minvunmod a14T;o snsul snopen alg u! amasad

£11 3Du_sní1130N3D GNV s34worvoinv SrI0N3DIONI

s‘uatuolv■ it.qm suoseal aip lnoge

2upepllosuo3 uI paq 3AE14 mamo

1311E )1001 01 uamom 310111 1)331

1.13LUOM alaqm aDeds e "o; 41428

awn axil Te] uaulom 310W ag

•malomad aogsn1 se • • • popa

3.4 31,3M UE911.1 misa°

sn p4gulep Tel144 slum 1e13A,

sn sanau satugamos d!sso2

[s'alomad se] ssa1 ald ganu

appsn[ aicula; ;o ajos 3142 ;o 41.131u

m 9,•/Iyunaas ÁIlunumz03 pur uogl

smodad angelualle 2u14mog1ia .

-nuiod 914110; 0111.4 11.1E1.10dUli

¿,•uognil4sul alp

pase; sasuano 314 slupd pul

alunuaur o1 paldulanu 131:84 mole]

suo!2etal laMOd M9L1 3141 azlseidula

sap.11eugo; z(lessaaauun OI Impos

(Tsea! 3141 Ces 02) am4sa2 zcipuapjun

-"apun ue uer.p. alow „¿siuguapan

pamoddu 014M moini o4 Tr.renn aly„

moTeuIpioop feu431 mau at141 1131

sappotprre Dv-aD palupdde ÁguaDa

-sald o1 s'alomad aogslif afetua; al -rugsu! 3141 OT luau11lultuo3 "aq 1.1!

umnm suogae; luatamp Uaomiag

9,•pauadde

;o He SialOnep /Cm pauopuegB

PInom 12E42 nasAul No111110111

3142 14IInn Tilo :linia;;g1) 5,4 uz

auo ou pue saylsp.0 Áuum 3191

j1.101110M. 01,3M 3sne33g ¿uaddum

-deg 2134M mou?j 1,uop I `paguei

spatugm • • • „•n° uatuom

/gni •alu lp.pn -mamad lp

3111 'Lampo moinDasald Oftqn,

3144 uo nom. Áaql pue [opmunut

V21113IS

114 MARÍA TERESA SIERRA INDIGENOUS Al

particularly I have had the privilege of getting to know incredible women who shared with me not only their lives but also their decisions to support other women who do not know that "they have rights," as Paula Silva stated. The idea of not having rights, together with the coupling of "rights and duties," was in fact a subtext that emerged in the discussions we had with the promoters of justice, the women involved in the research.

Gaining access to indigenous women's own notions of gender violence, rights, and justice constituted the main research challenge. In this respect the evaluation (diagnóstico) motivated women in the communities to participate in the workshops, sharing sensitive and complex issues that involved their per-sonal lives. Instead of starting from abstract concepts regarding gender roles and legally established rights, we ensured that the women themselves named the problems that were relevant to them, taking into account their own con-texts and worldviews. A wide range of issues was brought forward that revealed multiple subordinations: the marginalization and structural inequality of indig-enous communities has a direct effect on the way women experience gender subordination. From an intersectional perspective gender violence cannot be understood in isolation from other social and cultural determinants that affect women's lives. In the face of problems such as mistreatment, abandonment by men, bad customs such as gossip and slander, and the fact that men can have other women, our analysis tried to identify the meaning of those grievances for women, reconstruct the ways in which they affected their dignity, and put into relief the actions women proposed to confront them. For example, rather than discussing forms of domestic violence, they emphasized the importance of hav-ing the support of other women when taking their complaints to the authori-ties, hence the importance of obtaining formal recognition as female justice promoters from the local community assembly. This type of concrete action, where the personal dimension is linked to collective action, can have a greater impact on reducing gender violence than appealing to abstract rights that are unattainable in the context of indigenous communities.

A cultural gender policy defined from the perspective of indigenous women necessarily will have to link the material and cultural dimensions of life (Hernández 2010; Mejía loto) when speaking of rights. Indigenous women's expectations cannot be separated from social reproduction and access to resources that restrict them or the cultural models that define their worldviews. Notions of "good treatment" for women in the comunitaria include a critique of "bad customs"—gossip, violence, and abuse—and, most important, creating spaces for women's participation, without necessarily challenging male hege-mony. Women's desires and aspirations develop in their cultural and social contexts. Mahmood's (2008) misgivings about judging women's expectations in the context of non-Western cultures are important references for the discus-sion of indigenous women's grievances and demands.32 It is a matter not just

of "vernacularizing" gender needs, but rather of identifyii demand rights. If we are to cc ing national and internationa we need to understand the before imposing external age] In the case of indigenous wc being part of a grassroots insi as indigenous peoples and th( is what the justice promoters

The research discussed i lytical elements. First, indigc ticipation in the CRAC point the history of the comunitari justice and security model. I

encountered, women have be CRAC's security and justice s gies that subordinate them. the women of the comunitaria their rights as women to del under constant attack by the women's role in addressing s( In their role as members of t ers, or justice promoters, wo also explains why their gend their collective identities. Th tem has significantly enriche ence does not guarantee acce about important changes bec women's demands. Women a dispensing justice and condu holistic model of justice cent( emotional dimensions. This a health, and violence as a nec( rights, an issue that was recu] the subject, women in the CR/ indigenous women have done Fourth, the improvements ac] munitarian security and just in the context of an emblem Women's participation as au indigenous justice regarding

s‘uaillom pue ueuing glog 13adsal (41 spoija aip 2u1pidal aapsn1 snouahauT

jo repualod ilioledpuewa aq2 02 sluTod sappogwe se uopedppred s‘ualuom

•oapcaw Jo saidoad snoua!pu! uoprupsw Dimunitua jo lxaluoa atp ui

loe/alai /44upads9 are `palTuw 113g1e `wals/Cs aapsnf pue /C1priaas ue-pelwnw

-11103 9111111 03119Sald S,119U1OM 3111 Oriarip pana-upe swaulanaidug 9111 `qpnod

-(600z poapew pue 43paIs) slxaluoa waiamp u! auop aAeg uawom snoualgau4

laipo se `211lleag Jo eap! ue aapaeld u! 1nd aneg Dim aill u! uawom `palqns alp

uo 2uppallaz lnotmhysdotisypom am Iupnp ulaurpal sem lutp. anss! ue `s1.1,0T4

sfflawom snoual!puT luTssnasTp .10j waza;a4 k1eSS939U e se aDuatoTA pue 'mien

àapsrif uaampq dIgsuopeTaz asop alp sieanal osTe slgy •suo!suawyp Teuopowa

pue Tea!sÁgd 521 ging U1 /Cpoq s‘uewom atp uo pazawaa aapsnf Jo ppm apsylog

e UOI1OU1 uT las saapaeid 1la11y .uopeanpaal 2upanpuoa pue aapsnl r.l!suadsTia

Jo apcls wazamp e paanpozw! osie aner4 sappoipne uawom •spueulap s‘uaulom

lamo 2u!ss91ppe are uawom 1-e111 pe; atp Jo asnuaag sallega luepodup lnoge

1.111nolg seq 111ng `/C2Triba 1apua glIm aapsnlol SS933E aalueieril lou saop 03U0

-saul oiow magj, .Tapow aapsn( snou92!pu1 9111 pagapua /CRue3giu2Is seq wal

-sÁs Ind11111.111U,100 0111 Ul IlOpedIDIVELI S,1101.110M `piTin •sappuap! W111391103110111

01 palma' /Cialelupun are uawom se sappuapi ropuol nom /114m sufeidxa osie

gamm 3141 uy aaeid .gatp patina 9AE11 1191110M Szalowald aaps111 .10 Si°

-pueunuoa SioTeugmooa àamululoa spawom Jo siagulaul se alai iTalp UI

•enlosar louuea uatu 1Bg1 sanssT aapsn1 pue /C1pnaas funssazppe u1 aTal s‘ualuom

414211nlIg waisAs 3141;o sawreu/(p Azar ni alejs 3141 Áci )pene welsuoa Japun

s1 yeLp uoprupsul UE j0 slg1u 3AI1331103 3141 puajap 01 U3UIOM Se Sil& 1191j1

upeullmogns ;o euzwallp agl pan /CIsnonupuoa mInvunwoo 3111;o uawom agi

S1caluo3 Jamo u1 uawom snoua2IPIII ̀puoaas u19il aiewpiogns Tem

-oToapT iapua2 311 aapaatd u! 2aluOIsanb `Luals/Cs aapsnf pue /luimos sjyaD

amm u! lewlrew ups ipqm Saaeds uodo 01 aule uaaq meg U91110M `palawnoaua

anug /Calp sapelsgo pue sapinamp 3142 ;o ands uI •Tapow Áginaas pue aapsnt

aip pagapua aneg /13111 gamm ul s(eM 9111 pue minpunwoo 3111 Jo kens04 941

1nag2nau2 paceid aA-aq /(9141 aTaz wepodluT alp 01 luTod DyaD aip u! uoped-pp

-red Jo sapols04 nalp pue ÁDU4E s‘uawom snoua2TpuT IsiTd •swawaTa 1eap/C1

-ene /Can jo laquinu u patea/val seq zaldega s1g1 u1 passnasIp gareasaz 341

•mogs sawoulpsal pue aatlapadxa ,splowaid aapsnl 9142 1.-egivx si

sriu, •uawom su s111211 ITaT41 9AI9D1103 01 /ClingIssod 941 pue saidoad snou*pul se

suozpog mau 411M walp pap!Aald seqwip uopmpsw S100ISSad e j0 Ved luIaq

saigonuT ilipessaaau sgp `nyrmunwoo 3141 ul U3UIOM SIDOU4IPLII j0 asea 3t4 ui

•auunD Tepos io; sapmssod 341 Japupg reg1 sepuale Teuzapca 2uTsodu.IT alinaq

vcaluoD 'upo' nalp. UI S9DUBA91.11 j0 03U-831p-121S 3111 puelsiapun o1 paall aM

`93U910IA 1SWIde 1.19LUOM j0 uopaalazd 34110; smuT Teuopeupuppue Teuopeu 2111

-1oluoid pun aauaToTA 1apua2 Iwanpal 01 ainquwoa 04 ale am 'su& pueulap

ol amssod 1l anew ro iapurg Tegl suompuoa 3141 luyouap! ;o Iagial lnCj Spaau

Traen ow! 1113142 aleTsuep ol (9ooz Anaw) su,T2I4 Japual j0

4501 loa lama' e si n zE•spuelua

-snasIp 3142.10j Sa311919j9.1 1LIMIOC

suopepadxa spaulom Ii..02141n1 11

legos pue Teinuna 11344 u! doF

..31314 aleto lulluallega /CITICSSa3

1.1I1e91D `111E1I0dUII lsow `pue-1

anbppa e apnpu! nynnuntuod 31

"SMaIAIDLIOM 49141 augap 2e142 sin

02 SS9DDE pue uopanpoidaz rel

SU3UIOM snoual!pul '5110p Jo 2u

jo suoIsuawtp Teinlina pue Teprz

snou4llaui jo anpaadsiad 941

•apumun

ate len] 5lg2I4 papsge 01 2u1p9

191ea1f H 3/1011 UO3 `110113e 3/41331

'U0I1DE 313131103 j0 ad/C2 5041 •/Cp

9apsn1 ajuma; se uopuzIoaal Jet

-pogine 942 0l sugelduloa 103141

-ABLI j0 apuevodurl alp pazIsegdt

uelp iagle4 àidurexa loa •wagl 1

mg1 ind pue `/Inulip 19142 papa;

10; SaDUBA9I11 asom JO IUIUE9LU

DABL1 LIBD u9111 2041 13ej 3111 pue

/Cg wawuopueqe `waupeapswi !

pape 1eT41 swewupalap reinuna

aq 101111eD 93119.101A 49pu4 3/1113∎ zapu3f aauapadxa uawom /lem

J!Txu Jo Álllenbaul Teirpanns pat

paTuanal 2er42 piemio; IgInael se,

-UO3 UMO 11342 111110DDe

paureu safgaswa11 U3UJOM 0141 11

sam iapual fulp1efal sldaauoa

-pd 11342 paigoiw! 2eip sanssl

ul aledppied o1 sapTunumloa 311

padsai sup u2 •aluallega paz

`93119101A 13IDU4 j0 SUOITOLI UM1

jo sialowaid 3144 1.11Tm 1304 am st

u! sem „Sapnp pue sl112!4„ ;o 211

eopagy •paiels ems eined se „S:

pulo poddns ol suoTspap 11344

ogm uawom aig!panuT moun 04

511 3Dusnf 2J34N3D GNV S3IWON0111V

VU)131

116 MARIA TERESA SIERRA

rights. Fifth, advances at the level of regional justice need to be more consistent in order to guarantee women's participation at the local level including com-munity justice. There is still much to be done at this level to ensure women's access to adequate justice, as the women themselves expressed during the workshops. In both spaces (regional and communal), deeply rooted patriarchal customs, which tend to favor men, prevail in the exercise of authority. One of the biggest challenges faced by the female justice promoters is consolidating their place in the CRAC's regional system while creating spaces for women's participation in local power structures.

New obstacles have arisen due to the increase in violence and threats to the comunitaria's territory from external factors, such as drug cartels, mining companies, and new forms of state control at the national and local levels. But the principal challenge is due to the internal conflicts that are fragmenting the system, as part of this cumulative process of violence and insecurity, which once again brings into relief the dilemma of women's place. It remains to be seen whether indigenous women's participation will be consolidated or dimin-ished in the context of the new challenges faced by the indigenous peoples of Guerrero.

NOTES

I. The Community Police force was formally created on October 15, 1995, to combat the insecurity and violence that plagued the communities, while the state's inac-tion fostered impunity. Twenty-seven communities from three Na'savi, Me'phaa, and Mestizo municipalities from the Coastal-Mountain region of Guerrero joined forces to create security patrols. In February 1998, they decided to stop handing over detainees to the Public Prosecutor's Office, and to create their own institution for the administration of justice—the Regional Coordination of Communal Authorities (CRAC). Hence the Regional System of Community Security, Justice, and Reeducation was born (see Sierra 2o13b).

2. The term comunitaria is used here to refer to the community security and justice system as a whole, in other words, both the Community Police (security forces) and the CRAC (administration of justice), known collectively by their Spanish acronym as "CRAC-PC."

3. For Santos, "ecology of knowledge" implies making visible and giving value to other knowledge unknown to hegemonic, Western knowledge; here I use the term to refer to the various forms of signifying rights and gender.

4. The project was called indigenous Women and Access to Justice: The Women of the Community Police of Guerrero, sponsored at first by the Tides-Angélica Foundation (December 2008—December 2010) and later by the collective project that gave rise to this book.

5. See especially the General Law on Women's Access to a Life Free of Violence (2007). Available in English at http://www.summit-americas.org/brief/docs/Law_on_access_ to_a_life_free_violence.pdf.

6. In total, eight women participated as justice promoters, several of whom had con-siderable organizational experience, including Felicitas Martínez, Catalina García,

INDIGENOUS Al

Carmen Ramírez, Apolonia Galindo. I would like to than ment. Úrsula Hernández als, ing (mid-2o15), in a context different interna] and exter function as such.

7. Some of the project's in (Hernández and Sierra 20o! a book in progress on the ( Sierra 2009).

8. 1 would like to thank Imek Chiapas, whole contributio tion and the workshops.

9. Part of these dynamics can 1 effort (Sierra 2o13a).

lo. The initial workshops took later conducted a second p May 2011.

u. El Ejido is a rural property recognized by the Mexican Guerrero includes severa] c( (https://es.wikipedia.org/wil

12. Oportunidades is a federal hold, who receive a certain they have enrolled in school

13. A central aspect of the eval communities, which led to environment. This revealed fields of health, education, a

14. CAMI was established in San the Commission for the Dev( of Health.

15. The dynamics generated in t (Sierra zo13a).

16. Intervention translated frorr

17. During the workshop at Sant adequate justice for women gossip (see Corzo, Cruz, and

18. In 2005, the women's board held in Pueblo Hidalgo, San

19. Interview by the author, jun,

20. Felicitas Martínez's life story

21. Interview by the author duri

22. Ana Cecilia Arteaga also un( styles of administering justic alternative strategies appliec

23. Interview by the author, Juno

noz 'm aun( 'Imane ata Áq mamalui

•(Sioz eleapv) sasea luIssaippe U91.1M palldde sal2alens ang.euzane ata pue suoqouza ;o aloe ata ninawed u! `Dvg3 ni. uf aaqsnI2utualslumpe jo salÁls 8,1.191.110M S921143E1E113 lety uolsIr aqs!pq aq; sazoaszapun °sic dea1IV e!IP93 euy

"Hoz òi aun( `sia;ouzoid;o luqa9üu e $uunp zoq;ne aq; Áq ma!Aza1u1

.(gooz) zaqaups pue ò!ana èsoulds9 ut panneu Si kzols api s‘zaupzez; senagaj

.noz òi aun( `zoqlne 5q; Áq mamalui

•uppeay sir! ues `01ep94 omand u! piaq Ámulassv leuol2ag e u! 'aun; ata io; paqs!pqmsa seM pzeoq s‘uauzom aq; `Sooz u; •81

.(600z auals pue `znza òzzop aas) d!ss0 pus `s;q2p naq; 2u!smaxa sapelsqo luaulleansm ùaumm .1o; aaqsn( alenbape Jo >pm aq; :passnaslp azam saldo; 'no; ‘uclaum iap zrup elues ;e doqsyom ata 9uunU *Z;

.enas eined Áq !nes un ,ny man paleisuen uoquamalui •91

•(eeroz ezzals) anoqe p9unifuaux oap!Á aq; ul papzoDaz azam saaeds asala uf paleiaua2 sa!tueu/Cp aqd Si *

.1-111e9H JO ;pquoiaaS ata pus (ICID) saldoad snoua9Ipui;o;uomdolanau aq; lo; uo!ssmulop ata. Áq pal ie.zapa; ata Jo 1.ted se iioz ul trypeay san ues ul paqsqqelsa sem likyD

.(600z enals pue `zrua òzzoD aas) nzom pue ùoneanpa `11neaq Jo spiau aq; u! salauapgap 919A9S pue saqmeas leqaleuz aulama paleanaz snid, luauluonnua aq; pue °ni;o suoinpuoa lenuanns aq; uo UC:9391jal e o; pa! qafqto SaljEurulzlzza ata u; pape; suzamoid ineux aq; 4puapf o; sem uopeniena aq; jo laadse lenuaa y •£1

Tongas uf pallowa anal Áaq; ualpaqa so xaqurnu aq; 2u!pzoaae Áauotu Jo lunowe umiaa e anlaDal 014M `pioq -asnoq Jo speaq alcuza; atuoau!-mo! poddns o; mellad mapa; e si sapemu n'iodo 'ZI

-(opga/pamMlo.u!padpilm-sa//:sduq) onfy ala jo aiwarLas ueueile ata Áq panun salnununcoa manas sapnlau! walianD Jo aseo al.I1 u! pue ÁnjUa lela! e s! °Kg. aqd .me; umade ueapcaw aq; Áq paz1u2o09z szalem pue 'pum `;salo; e sapnpul pue asn almnd io; iluadald ienu e si op!fj 13 'II

•oz ÁeW panuquoa qa!qm `tmeasaz anl;elogelloa ata ;o ascfid pumas e palanpuoa iale!

aM Slinsaz aq; uo paseq 600z /CRIN Ázenuef mon and );ooj sdogs?NoM leqpn al' •01

.(eCioz enals) polla amleJoqulloa aq1 tIOq pannsal leq; °ama ata uf uaas aq uea sametthp asaxa ;o ped .6

•sdoqsnzom 341 pue uop -uniena aq; azgetualsÁs pue alenipe; laquaa azam suollnquwoa asollm SedelqD u! uoqepossy )1114710,nj uzo[; òzzop aaauef pus zni eplaun nucta o; ang pinom

(600z auals °sic aas) uauzom ata qnm ;Jalad qazeasaz anqazogelioa aq; uo ssailoid ut nooq e pus `(eCioz enals) uoqedpazed 8,11911.1om uo oap!Á e `(600z aun pus zapueuzaH) °Impon leuogeutIo;u1 ue aze slanpazd kzeIpatwalul sjaalazd ata Jo amos 'Z

.qans se uoqaun; pasean SEq szalouloid aapsni jo dnoxl aq; Szope; leuzalxa pue icuzalu! wazamp anp uoqnmsut leunumwa ata Áq paauaqadxa s!sqa Jo Dcawoa e u! `(9naz-pm)

-wm ;o aun; alp. luels!sse IpleaSal e se paledlawed °sic zapuctuaH einsza •uauz -dolaAap sjoalazd ni. o; watuntuuma nata lo; He mata nueq; anli pinom 1 •opulieD eu!paua pus òuquazold ems clima òpigiod sátii òppPld elJoiody ‘zaisuleu uatuieD

Lit 3D11911.1134N39 GNV S3IWON0111V

ùsazeD eulleleD `zauspuysi sun: -UO3 pm; woqm ;o tezanas 'san

—ssame—uo—mci/saopnaqqrlio.1 *(Zooz) 9D119101A j0 991d 9jrj 5 C

01. 011 aiVe Tela laa(azd ampaIl uoqepunod ealiáluV-saPPI, atll 041;O 1191110M gni, :aaqsnj 01 SI

laja; uzza; ata asn 10104 la2r _Tamo o; amen Iups12 pue alqls!

se IIIÁUOIDELISIlledS nata Áq Ña, pue (saazo; Ánunaas) amod k111.1 aaqsrif pus knInaas Átuntutuo:

uoqeanpan pue àaasnj 'Muna saqqotanv ieununnop ;o uoqc 10j uoannisu! UMO nata aleatz 1950 2ulpusil dois pappap paulo[ otazz9nD ;o uo!2az we; ènqd,aw InesieN aana 11.10E -Deul s‘ams atll allqm Samurn 1.&111103 o; '9661 `Si Jama° ut

'ZZ

"IZ

*OZ

'6I

'8

jo sardoad snou4TpuI aql -uump Io paispilosuop aq II aq ol suremal 1f •aaaid s‘ua

`Ái.i.m39suI pus 33113 341 lunuau1lau 915 Tan SI.3

tng "SIOA91 icaoi pue IBTIOpel

11.1WILU Irup SE 1135

SIE9ILI1 pus 93119101A LIT

s‘uoulom ioj saascis 2upeal -(Iii.epliosuop si szaiotuoid

jo alzo •Ánionine jo osiam.

jewniii:ed paloos iCidoop

9111 2ulinp passaidxa sama S,L1911110M aIFSUO 01 13/101 SIE

41103 2uTprtpuT 19Aa; yeaon z

luaisTsuoa alow aq ol paau

Macleod, M. 2011. Nietas del PI mayas. Guatemala: FLACSO

Mahmood, S. 2008. "Teoría femi renacimiento islámico en desde los márgenes, edited by Ediciones Cátedra.

Mejía, S. 2010. "Los derechos de feminismo indígena desde resistencia, 453-502.

Merry, S. E. 2006. Human Rights Justice. Chicago: University

Molyneux, M., and S. Razavi. 20 University Press.

Sánchez, E. 2012. El proceso de a comunitaria en la Costa-Mon

Santos, B. 2010. La globalizacit emancipación. Bogotá: Univ∎

Sieder, R., and M. Macleod. 200 Rey. Desacatos y: 51-72.

Sieder, R., and J. McNeish, eds. African Perspectives. New Yo

Sieder, R., and M. T. Sierra. 2010 working paper. Bergen, Noi

Sierra, M. T. 2009. "Las mujeres la interculturalidad y los de

- 201o. "Indigenous Justic Mexico." NACLA Report of tl

- 2o13a. "Abriendo brecha. I Mexico City: CIESAS. http:// fXgSALowd-BXZDHWQ.

- 2013b. "Desafiando al E experiencia de la policía c Violencias contemporáneas, 159-193. Mexico City: PLACE

- 20130. "Indigenous Wome Mexico." In Gender Justice a edited by Rachel Sieder and

Speed, Sh., R. A. Hernández, ano Politics in Chiapas. Austin: U


24. Ibid.

25. Interview by the author, April 18, 2008.

26. Interview by the author, July 21, 2011.

27. In the end the justice promoters received formal approval to continue with their activities in the Regional Assembly held in Jolotichán, San Luis Acatián (September ro, 2010).

28. Reeducation is the last phase of the process of justice administration in the comunitaria: through social labor, detainees are expected to make up for the harm they caused.

29. Interview by the author, July 21, 2011.

3o. Women's roundtable at the sixteenth anniversary of CRAC in Paraje Montero, October 15, 2011.

31. See also Leyva, Burguete, and Speed 2008.

32. Mahmood's (2008) research on Muslim women reveals that their notions of griev-ance, dignity, and autonomy differ radically from the liberal views of gender equality proposed by Western feminists, whose categories of emancipation and agency are questioned for their colonial gaze.

REFERENCES

Arteaga Bóhrt, A. C. 2013. "'Todas somos la semilla.' Ser mujer en la policía comunitaria de Guerrero. Ideologías de género, participación política y seguridad." Master's thesis, CIESAS, Mexico City.

Canaval, B. 2008. "Mujeres de la Montaña de Guerrero. Nuevas actoras sociales." In Hernández, Etnografías e historias de resistencia, 361-414.

Corzo, J., I. Cruz, and M. T. Sierra. 2009. "Diagnóstico participativo con enfoque de género en dos comunidades de la policía comunitaria de Guerrero." Unpublished manuscript.

Crenshaw, K. 1991. "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence Against Women of Color." Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1241-1299.

Espinosa, G., L. Dircio, and M. Sánchez, eds. 2008. La Coordinadora Guerrerense de Mujeres Indígenas. Mexico City: UAM-X.

Flores, J. 2007. Reinventando la democracia. El sistema de Policía Comunitaria y las luchas indias en el estado de Guerrero. Mexico City: Plaza y Valdés.

Foro Internacional de Mujeres Indígenas (FIMI). 2006. Mairin Iwanka Raya: Mujeres Indígenas confrontan la violencia. New York: FIMI.

Hale, C., ed. 2008. Engaging Contradictions. Theory, Politics and Method of Activist Scholarship. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Hernández, R. A., ed. 2008. Etnografías e historias de resistencia. Mexico City: PUEG-UNAM/ CIESAS. . 2010. Etnografías e Historias de resistencias. Mujeres indígenas, procesos organizativos y

nuevas identidades políticas. Mexico City: CIESAS. Hernández, R. A., and A. Canessa, eds. 2012. Género, complementariedades y exclusiones en

Mesoamérica y los Andes. Copenhagen: IWGIA. Hernández, U., and M. T. Sierra. 2009. "Mirada desde las mujeres. Historia y participación

de las mujeres en la Comunitaria." Brochure. http://www.policiacomunitaria.org. Lang, Miriam, and Anna Kucia, eds. 2009. Mujeres indígenas y justicia ancestral. Quito:

UNIFEM. Leyva, X., A. Burguete, and S. Speed. 2008. Gobernar en la diversidad. Experiencias indígenas

desde América Latina. Hacia la investigación de co-labor. Mexico City: CIESAS.

-sexaj, jo ÁlIsIamun :uusnv -socinup u! samioci !minina puv JapuaD :umuom luainssm •gooz -undals pue `zapueuiaH "U 'lis 'PagdS

'413911now auoÁ maN 18-9S 11spNavsi tupí pus lapals Iatpug Áq 139199 `sanpaactsJaci uvaufy puv uvayamy play puv aaysnf JapuaD uI „'opIxaw

lusquinld 182a1 pue s4g912I lapua9 -aausnj .1o; lql¡j uaulom seoua2Ipui„ DEioz---

SVSUID-OSDVId oaIxaw -£61-69 'lapas g pue ‘zapuluIaH y -1 'unas 'I IN Mi palpa `svaupaodualuoa sv!auaio!A •opvlsy fi svualipu! smayslif ui „'oiailanD ap eumunuma upIlod eI ap upuauadxa eI ua pepunlas Á uppsnj -saualiew sol apsap °pulsa ¡u opueuesaa„ -q£Ioz -----

'1;11V1HCIZXS-PmaIVS23,13 ZDNNII1f1=1sqlSWIajmia91=n¿qaieivvuloa-aqnlnokwil:duil "SVSUID :,(113 colxaI41 -oap1A .•manan0 ap eple4untuoa ujaHod eI ap saia(nux sur' -eqaalq opuauqy„

•E-17£ uaqopo-Iaquialdas Skayainy dio fo VIDYN .•opIxaysi alananD Jo anod knumuulop dijy :ales alp saauj aalsn1 snoua2Ipub, 'oioz

sowansaa „•solpaiap sol Á purmeInqualawl UI apsap sempadszad -uue4unuloa uppsnf el aloe seuallpul sanfrau ser'„ -600z w 'euais

alnlllsul uasiaimAT .11.13 :ÁenuoN ùalzag -laded 2upuom IWJ •Dayausy upv7 u! aapsn¡ol ssaaay s‘uawom snoua9!pul 'oloz 'auals y W pue 'zapas

•aapallnog apoA maN -sampadslaj unamfy puv uvayauly uyvi •samianzid len puv amsni JapuaD •ioz 'spa 11s!aNazi •1 pus ".8 ìapals

a£ solvavsaci •nay ,•e¡emaienD 119 CÁBUI 1.19ISIAO2US03 Á olpaiap àlauaD„ '600z -poapew W pue 'zapas

'VSTI—umulalop ap leuopeN ap pup¡siamun :91.o2og -uopvdpunula vi fi uo!aviCal vi ap sounuva sonanu sol •oqoalap iap ulkanziivqoil 197 •oroz Solues

.wyin :ÁTID oalxaw .wauanD ap vuvluow-v4soD vl ua vumunuma viagod vi ap uo!avada vi fi vagiiod popnuapi ni ap uo!aannsuoa ap osapoid ig 'ZIOZ `zaqaups

-SSalj ÁnSI9AILIci

popo :piojx0 -svA8- puv luatudoianau àagsnf JapuaD •ooz inezug s pue '-w `xnauÁlow •ssam aualqj ;o Áuslatqua :o2eapID 'aapsnf

!van ojo! Aun ivuopruJapaupvisuau :aauaio!A dapuaD puv unumii •gooz s `Ánaw -zoS-£5b ̀v!auals!sai

ap svmojspi a solfa48oun `zapueuiaH uI “•leplsaaau B1 apsap C11925PUI OLUS1.1111193

un ap thapanusuoa uri -uutunanD ap sunquu satafnul sel ap somaalap soi„ 'oroz s ègaw -alpalep sauompa

:elauareA azz-S91`zapueuxaH ePIV pue zeneN-zaiens -14 palpa ̀sauaZIpzu soi apsap vayalicl fi vi.way •owspkwal la opuvziuoioasaa ua °pimpis! olualulpuuar ¡a anos sauopcaual suunliv -lla9p ¡tipos aluale ¡a Á ulsnumaj epoaj,,, •ooz s `poounlew

:BIutualunD 'sofimu sala fnuí ap sainnuina-oainiod solían.' :no cap swopvald Wani iap svlaw 'Hoz 'w `poapnw

611 3Dasnf 1134N3D ONV 931WON0.111V SI1ON1DICINI

'SVS3I3 0apcaw svu*pu! sv!auayadxg .pvp!aiamp vi u

:o4n0 •ansaauv maysnf fi svuagipu -2z0.epicipnwompnod."~//:(

uwed¡anied Á eumsqj •salafnul SU

ua saumniaxa fi sapnpayvklawaidwor,

fi sonpvz!urtaw sosaawd `svualipu! sal

/1/11VNI1-93fld :ÁI1D oaixaw • mauajsp

•dpismiogas ls!npaylo sa!

sala/kik :vfivy miumti u!.!!vik '900

sv!pu! ottani S'191 fi v!..okunwoD via!iod

sala/kik ap asualamanD vaopvu!pdooD • 66w-ibzi :(9)

9011910.1A pue sagnod Ámuapi `Ámul •duasnueul paqsqqndun „•alananl alaual ap anbopla 1103 onpudp¡uu<

•7117-I 1.q „'S9WpOS Sa1010B MAXIM '0I9.1.

`gsaqi. malseTAT „•pepun2as Á eagq ap uuelmnuloa elaqod eI ua Iaínul

ale Áaua2e pue uouedpueula jo Ámenba iapual ;o smaln ielaqq atp. -/kap2 ;o suopou _una Iegj S1B9A91

òlaluow aIeled ul DVID ;o Áies

'pasnea Áaql uuuq dn :ourmunuwa ag. In uonuusmulpe 90

laqulaidas) uppeav sn-ri uus `llega luya anupuoa OI ienaidde Ie

Xi - mariateresasierra.files.wordpress.com · A V111131S VS31131 Vj2IVW L6 ODIX9W 'olauanD ui sly2% pue alndsm uawom :ap!isrifiapuaD pue sa!wouoinv snoua9!pui a34sniaapuaD Joj saffiruls

Documents