X ROMULIANA GAMZIGRADdocshare04.docshare.tips/files/29247/292473229.pdf · MIROSLAV LAZIC PREHISORIC SETTLEMENTS AND NECROPOLES AT GAMZIGRAD AND IN ITS SURROUNDINGS The picturesque

X ROMULIANA GAMZIGRAD

IVANA POPOVIC

MAJA ZIVIC

MIROSLAV LAZIC

MIODRAG SLADIC

SOFIJA PETKOVIC

DRAGOSLAV SREJOVIC

MILKA CANAK-MEDIC

BRANA STOJKOVIC-PAVELKA

DORDE JANKOVIC

ALEKSANDAR V. POPOVIC

·. "\_.-: ..

FELJX\? . ROMVLI .:AN~· ...

FELIX ROMULIANA- GAMZIGRAD

INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY, Belgrade INSTITUTE FOR THEOLOGICAL RESEARCH,

Monographs No 49 FACULTY OF ORTHODOX THEOLOGY, University of Belgrade

PUBLISHED BY

INSTITCTE OF ARCI IAEOLOGY, Belgrade STITUTE FOR T HEOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Faculty of Orthodox Theology, University of Belgrade

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. ~~·· . .

FE L JXG ROMVLI ···ANA·

FELIX ROMULIANA - GAMZIGRAD

AUTHORS

lvana Popovic, Maja Zivic, Miroslav Lazic, Miodrag Sladic, Sofija Petkovic,

Dragoslav Srejovic, Milka Canak-Medic, Brana Stojkovic-Pavelka,

Dorde Jankovic, Aleksandar V. Popovic

EDITOR

lvana Popovic

BELGRADE 2011

7 IVANA POPOVI(:

FOREWORD

Transformation of one multi-layered settlement: anonymous settlements at Gamzigrad - Felix Romuliana - Romulianum- Romuliana - anonymous settlements at Gamzigrad

11

MAJA ZIVI(:

Gamzigrad: name, position and economic potential

15 MAJA ZI VI(:

History of archaeological investigations and consenration-restoration works at Gam zigrad

21

MIROSLAV LAZ!(:

Prehistoric settlements and necropoles at Gamzigrad and in its surroundin gs

29 MIODRAG SLADJ(:

Gamzigrad in the protohistory

33 SOFIJA PETKOVI (:

Roman Gamzigrad before the imperial palace

43 DRAGOSLAV SRE) OVIC:

Imperial palace

49 M ILKA CANAK-MEDIC:, BRANA STO)KOVIC:-PAVELKA

Architecture and spatiaJ structure of the imperiaJ palace

107 MAJA zrvrc

Artistic achievements in the imperial palace

141 IVANA POPOVlC

Sacred-funerary complex at Magura

159 DRAGOSLAV SREJOVIC

Diva Romula, Divus Galerius

167 SOFI)A PETKOVlC

Romuliana in the time after the palace

201

DORDE )ANKOVIC

Gamzigrad in the Middle Ages

213

ALEKSANDAR V. POPOVIC

Written sources on Galerius

221

SOURCES

222

BIBLI OGRAPHY

MIROSLAV LAZIC

PREHISORIC SETTLEMENTS AND NECROPOLES

AT GAMZIGRAD AND IN ITS SURROUNDINGS

The picturesque valley of the Crna Reka river, surro unded by ancient volcanic mo untains

which transform into wooded hills, ro ll ing meadows and fertile fields, had always offered to

its prehisto ric inhabitants everything they needed: guara nteed harvest, rich pastures for

their flocks, diverse game, va luable copper, silver and gold ores, as well as thermal mineral

springs to achieve th e vitality and enhance their pagan spiri tuality. Because of th at it was the

homeland of many ancient Balkan peoples who accomplished there magni fice nt cultural

progress- motivated by favo rable natural environment of this area and by close connectio ns

with their neighbors. The Gam zigrad palace FELIX ROMULI ANA is situated in the heart of

the Crna Reka region, so it is no wonder that many traces of d iverse prehistoric communities

have been discovered in its vicini ty (Map 1).

The first evidence of the Gamzigrad inhabitants fro m the pre-Roman times have been

discovered in the 1960s and 1970s - by chance or in the course of investiga tions of the

Roman palace. These were the fragments of differen t pottery vessels accompanied by the

gro und sto ne tools and rare bronze objects.1 The information that there are important pre­

historic sites in the vicinity of Gamzigrad palace pro m pted academician Dragoslav Srejovic

to start the archaeological excavatio ns of these sites in the final decades of th e 20th century.

In the period between 1989 and 1997 few sites were investigated , including the Bro nze Age

necropolis o n the Magura hill near the Gamzigrad palace (Map 1/19), mult ilayered prehis­

toric settlement at Banjska Stena near Gamzigradska Banja (Map1/ 19), Eneolithic settlement

o n the Beligovo hill near Gamzigradska Banja (Map 1/8), rock-shelter dwelling place near

Gamzigradska Banja, dating from the Bro nze Age (Map 1/10), Bronze and Early Iron Age

settlem ent in the area called Miletov Bunar near Rimski Majdan (Map 1/2 L) and Bronze Age

settlem ent in the village Zvezdan (Map 1 /1 8).

The archaeological materia l gathered in this phase of investigation indicated entirely

new evidence about the distant past of Timocka Krajina. The most impo rtant was the co n­

clusion that necro polis at Magura and settlement at Banjska Stena had been established in

the Bronze Age period by the bearers o f distinct (so far unknown) culture, which achieved its

complete development in Timocka Krajina.

It has been id entified as Gamzigrad culture J _ Cpej01m l1 1983 A, 19-2 1.

21

..... y

MIROSLAV LAZIC:

Eneolithic settlements Bronze age sites Iron age sites

MAP 4. Prehistoric sites in Timocka Krajina

and defined as a distinct phenomenon in the prehistory of

Serbia.2 The new phase of investigations commenced in 2001

with comprehensive site-surveying of the immediate vicinity

of the Late Roman palace, when over 30 sites from different

prehistoric periods have been discovered and precisely

mapped (Map 1).3

Despite the fact that many prehistoric sites have been in­

vestigated and detailed archaeological prospection of the Gamzi­

grad vicinity has been carried out, the traces of Neolithic cul­

tures have not been confirmed so far in that area. However,

considering that Neolithic settlements (Proto-Starcevo, Star­

cevo and Vinca cultures) have been discovered at Bor and

Knjazevac, it is reasonable to assume that such settlements did

exist also in the vicinity of Gamzigrad during the 6th and sth

millennia, as the environmental conditions there were favor­

able for the development of the early farming cultures.4

The earliest prehistoric settlements documented at Gam­

zigrad date from the advanced Eneolithic period (Copper Age).

22

The beginning of this period, during the 4th millennium BC,

witnessed the final rise of the Pal eo- Balkan farmers, who faced

with devastating effect of the development of early copper

metallurgy on their traditional economy and also under

increasing pressure of the first Indo-Europeans arriving from

the south Russian steppes achieved the distinctive cultural

unity. In other words, in order to preserve the endangered

ancestors' heritage and to survive, the united farmers from

Oltenia in the north to Albania and Pelagonija in the south,

established widely distributed complex of related cultures

known in archaeology as Bubanj-Salkuta-Krivodol. Thus unit­

ed, the Paleobalkan peasants created their own world based on

2 _ Cpejos1Jh, !Ia3un 1997; ila3Hn 1998.

3 Unpublished. Documentation in the Ccntcr for Archaeological Investiga­tions of the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade and the Office for Protection of Cultural Monuments of the republic of Serbia in Belgrade.

4 )oBaHoB~Ih 6. 2004, 33-55; Cna,'\Hn, )oiJaJJonHn 1997, 167-175.

PREHISORIC SETTLEMENTS AND NECROPOLES AT GAMZIGRAD AND IN ITS SURROUNDINGS

FIGURE 11. Site Banjska Stena

spiritual experiences, inherited from their ancestors- skillful

farmers and master craftsmen. In the fertile river valleys and

the Balkans hilly terrains they produced around the middle of

the 4th millennium the supreme artistic and artisan objects­

lavishly decorated pottery, often with gilded surfaces, magnif­

icently made anthropomorphic figurines, variously modeled

ritual vases and the like.5

The settlements of the population of the Bubanj-Salkuta­

Krivodol cultural complex have been discovered in the vicini­

ty of Gamzigrad at the sites Beligovo and Banjska Stena in the

immediate vicinity of Gamzigradska Banja (Map 1/8, 9). These

were rather small settlements established at inaccessible eleva­

tions along the right bank of Crna Reka. As the investigations

at Beligovo revealed, the houses were of rectangular plan, with

stone foundations and walls made of logs and wattle plastered

with daub. The pottery was made of refined clay with addition

of fine sand. The prevailing shapes are various bowls and pyri­

form amphoras with roughened outer surface. The tools made

23

of animal bones have also been found. 6 Similar situation was

encountered also at Banjska Stena, where the remains of mod­

est settlement from the same period have been discovered in

the lowest layers. The inaccessibility of these settlements, the

character of the impoverished dwelling places and the accom­

panying archaeological finds reveal that in the vicinity of Gamzi­

grad in the end of the 4th millennium BC lived the last off­

springs of the bearers of this cultural complex, who disappeared

completely in the complex and dynamic ethnocultural mix­

tures of the ensuing period.

In the beginning of the yd millennium BC the Cotofeni

culture was established in Oltenia, northwest Bulgaria and east

Serbia. The pottery of that population is recognizable for the

ornaments executed by incision, band impression and the

5- Tasic 1979,87-114.

6_ HHKOITMii, l)ypw111h 1997,79-88

1 y MIROSLAV LAZIC

FIGURE 12. Group of funerary structures at Magura

FIGURE 13. Funerary structure at Magura

series of the button-like appliques. They were accompanied in

east Serbia by communities of the Kostolac culture, originat­

ing from the Danube Basin and the Morava Valley. These two

different ethnocultural groups achieved in eastern Serbia

complete unity and established joint settlements discovered in

the [ron Gates, in the vicin ity of Majdanpek and near Bor. In

their generally inaccessible settlements was found the pottery

decorated in the Cotofeni culture style, but with techn iques

and motifs characteristic of the pottery decoration of the

Kostolac culture?

In the vicinity of Gamzigrad the joint settlements of the

members of Cotofeni and Kostolac culture has been d iscov­

ered at the Banjska Stena hill near Gamzigradska Banja (Fig.

11 ). The investigations of this settlement, however, did not

yield enough informations about its size and characteristics.

There was found just pottery, which, according to the method

of production and decoration, does not differ from the con­

temporary pottery from other regions of the east Serbia.

Somewhat later pottery from Banjska Stena, decorated with

cord impressions, confirm that still another wave of immigrants

from the east followed in this region of the Danube Basin by

the end of 3rd millennium. The archaeological finds from east

Serbia and the neighboring regions do not, however, offer

enough data about the end of that dark and unstable period.8

Nevertheless, we know that after many tumultuous centuries

the complete and unhindered development of the prehistoric

communities in that region started only in the Bronze Age.9

24

The flrst more detailed information about the Bronze Age

in Timocka Krajina was reached in the 1980s after the excava­

tions at site Trnjane near Brestovacka Banja, where around

twenty circular structures made of stone and with pottery urns

in the center have been investigated. The settlement has also

been discovered in the immediate vicinity of this necropolis. 10

Few years later, funerary structures made of broken stone with

urns in the center (Figs. 12, 13) have also been investigated on

the hill Magura- one kilometer to the east of FELIX ROMU­

LIANA palace and under the layers from the antique period

(Map 1/19). The results of excavations at Trnjane and at Magura

made possible attribution of the Bronze Age sites in Timocka

Krajina to the Gamzigrad culture, dated to the period from the

18th to the 13th centuries BC. The bearers of this culture were

recognized as stock-breeders, farmers and metallurgists who

established close contacts with their contemporaries in the

Morava Valley, Banat and OlteniaY

i\11any settlements of the Gamzigrad culture have been en­

countered in the immediate vicinity of the Gamzigrad palace

and test excavations have been carried out at some of them.

7- Tac111:l 1997, 81-82; Tawh 2004, 91- 99.

8_ Roman, Dodd-Opritescu, Janos 1992 , 57.

9- Cpejos111:l, Jla311h 1997, 235-236.

10 _ Jovanovic B., )ankovic 1996, I 85- 201.

n _ Cpejon11h, J!a311n 1997, 225- 247; J!a311h 1998, 147-158.

PREHISORIC SETTLE.MENTS AND NECROPOLES AT GAMZIGRAD AND I~ ITS SURROCI'\DINGS

The spacious settlements were distributed over the gentle

slopes along the banks of smaller waterways, near the springs

and along the banks of the Crn i Timok river (Map 1). The sin­

gle fortified settlement with walls and wooden palisades had

been established at Banjska Stena- an important strategic point

controlling the approach to the large and fertile valley in the

lower course of the Crna Reka (Map 1/9).

The aboveground houses of the Gamzigrad culture, of rec­

tangular plan and built of wattle and daub, have been discov­

ered in the area of vi llage Zvezdan (Map 1/18, 21). The pottery

was made of clay with admixture of fine sand and fired to the

brown and gray nuances. Massive pots for storing provisions

and preparing food, decorated with the applied molded bands,

predominate by quantity and size among the various pottery

shapes. There were also large polished bowls with two anti­

thetically modeled handles, as well as the beakers with one or

two arched hand les. The pottery of higher quality had been

imported from the Danube Basin, as it is confirmed by the ves­

sels from Banjska Stena originating from the territory of the

Vatin culture in Banat and the Verbicioara III culture in Oltenia

and northwest Bulgaria. In addition to the pottery there were

also found stone tools (chipped stone blades, ground stone axes,

whetstones, etc.), as well as the tools made of horns and animal

bones (mallets, awls, perforators and the like). Despite the fact

that there were also discovered the traces of processing the sul­

phide copper ore (characteristic vessels, slag, copper granules),

it is conspicuous that there were no objects made of bronze.

In contrast to the settlements dispersed in the lower zones,

the necropoles of the Gamzigrad group are located on the

dominant hills. The necropolis next to the sacred complex

from the antique times was investigated at the Magura hill (Map

1/19, plan 1), and another necropolis (completely destroyed)

was situated couple hundred meters to the north - near the

tetrapylon (Map 1/20). These are large cemeteries of cremated

individuals with pottery urns containing remains of the

deceased and grave offerings buried in the center of fune rary

structures of circular shape consisting of carefully arranged

broken stones. Few tens of such structures, 1.50 to 3.50 meters

in diameter and with more than 80 urns, have been discovered

at Magura (plan I). The grave offerings in the burials are infre­

quent. Most often two-handled beakers and clay spindle

whorls have been found. The objects made of bronze - o ne

spearhead and one damaged arrowhead have been found in

just two burials. Within the funerary structures were also dis-

25

covered the traces of the funerary rituals. Many scattered pot­

tery fragments bear witness to the intentional ( ritual) breaking

of the vessels, and flat stones with incised spirals and netlike

motifs found by the urns indicate the religious and mythologi­

cal notions concerning the afterlife of the dead .12

The members of the Gamzigrad culture established close

contacts with the inhabitants of the su rrou nding areas and that

made possible the precise dating of this culture. The imported

pottery originating from the Danube Basin and Oltenia, as

well as the pottery imitating the products of the Vatin culture,

Verbicioara Ill and ParaCin culture, are dated in the first half

of the 2nd millennium BC. Gamzigrad culture experienced

fascinating progress during that period. ln the rich and dense­

ly populated Timocka Krajina emerged distinctive forms of

material and spiritual culture, evident on the pottery and re­

cognizable in the funerary practice. Certain vessels (amphoras

with distinctive handles) are encountered also in the north­

west Bulgaria allowing for the assumption that Gamzigrad cul­

ture was present also in that area where it made the symbiosis

with the Verbicioara III culture, whose home terri tories were in

the south and southwest Romania.13 The forcible intrusion of

the channeled pottery peoples from the north interrupted in the

beginning of the 13th century BC (Br D/Ha AI) the development

of the traditional Bronze Age cultures in the Danube Valley

and the central Balkans. In one of the latest graves at Magura

has been found a spearhead dating from that period, indicating

the period of armed conflicts with the intruders. The outcome

of these dramatic events is well-known. The settlements of the

Gamzigrad culture perished in conflagrations including even

the fortification at Banjska Stena, whose strong palisades did

not withstand the attacks of the co nquerors. The newcomers

founded their own settlements on the burnt ruins of the pre­

vious settlements. It is confirmed by the characteristic chan­

neled pottery of brown calor and battle ax:e (celt) cast of bronze

from the site Miletov Bunar and also by the similar pottery of

the newcomers collected in the course of site surveying.14

After this tumultuous period, next few centuries witnessed

the progress of the Early Iron Age cultures in east Serbia. As this

period is not sufficiently studied in Timocka Krajina, general

12_ CpejoBHn, lla3Hn 1997, 232-233; lla3Hn 1998.

13 - Berciu 1961, 123-161.

14 - CJraAHh, Py)J.{Hn 2001, 159-160.

PREHISORIC SETTLEMENTS A01D NECROPOLES AT GAMZJGRAD A01D IN ITS SURROU01DINGS

The spacious settlements were distributed over the gentle

slopes along the banks of smaller waterways, near the springs

and along the banks of the Crni Timok river (Map 1 ). The sin­

gle fortified settlement with walls and wooden palisades had

been established at Banjska Stena- an important strategic point

controlling the approach to the large and fertile valley in the

lower course of the Crna Reka (Map 119).

The aboveground houses of the Gamzigrad culture, of rec­

tangular plan and built of wattle and daub, have been discov­

ered in the area of village Zvezdan (Map 1/18, 21 ). The pottery

was made of clay with admixture of fine sand and fired to the

brown and gray nuances. Massive pots for storing provisions

and preparing food, decorated with the applied molded bands,

predominate by quantity and size among the various pottery

shapes. There were also large polished bowls with two anti­

thetically modeled handles, as well as the beakers with one or

two arched handles. The pottery of higher quality had been

imported from the Danube Basin, as it is confirmed by the ves­

sels from Banjska Stena originating from the territory of the

Vatin culture in Ban at and the Verbicioara Jil cu lture in Oltenia

and northwest Bulgaria. In addition to the pottery there were

also found stone tools (chipped stone blades, ground stone axes,

whetstones, etc.), as well as the tools made of horns and animal

bones (mallets, awls, perforators and the like). Despite the fact

that there were also discovered the traces of processing the sul­

phide copper ore (characteristic vessels, slag, copper gran ules),

it is conspicuous that there were no objects made of bronze.

In contrast to the settlements dispersed in the lower zones,

the necropoles of the Gamzigrad group are located on the

dominant hills. The necropolis next to the sacred complex

from the antique times was investigated at the Magura hill (Map

1/19, plan l ), and another necropolis (completely destroyed)

was situated couple hundred meters to the north - near the

tetrapylon (Map 1/20). These are large cemeteries of cremated

individuals with pottery urns containing remains of the

deceased and grave offerings buried in the center of funerary

structures of circular shape consisting of carefully arranged

broken stones. Few tens of such structures, 1.50 to 3.50 meters

in diameter and with more than 80 urns, have been discovered

at Magura (plan 1). The grave offerings in the burials are infre­

quent. Most often two-handled beakers and clay spindle

whorls have been found. The objects made of bronze - one

spearhead and one damaged arrowhead have been found in

just 1:\vo burials. Within the funerary structures were also dis-

25

covered the traces of the funerary rituals. Many scattered pot­

tery fragments bear witness to the intentional (ritual) breaking

of the vessels, and flat stones with incised spirals and netlike

motifs found by the urns indicate the religious and mythologi­

cal notions concerning the afterlife of the deadP

The members of the Gamzigrad culture established close

contacts with the inhabitants of the surrounding areas and that

made possible the precise dating of this culture. The imported

pottery originating from the Danube Basin and Oltenia, as

well as the pottery imitating the products of the Vatin culture,

Verbicioara III and ParaCin culture, are dated in the first half

of the 2nd millennium BC. Gamzigrad culture experienced

fascinating progress during that period. In the rich and dense­

ly populated Timocka Krajina emerged distinctive forms of

material and spiritual cu lture, evident on the pottery and re­

cognizable in the funerary practice. Certain vessels (amphoras

with distinctive handles) are encountered also in the north­

west Bulgaria allowing for the assumptio n that Gamzigrad cul­

ture was present also in that area where it made the symbiosis

with the Verbicioara III culture, whose home territories were in

the south and southwest Romania.13 The forcible intrusion of

the channeled pottery peoples from the north interrupted in the

beginning of the 13th century BC (Br D/Ha Al) the development

of the traditional Bronze Age cultures in the Danube Valley

and the central Balkans. In one of the latest graves at Magura

has been found a spearhead dating from that period, indicating

the period of armed conflicts with the intruders. The outcome

of these dramatic events is well-known. The settlements of the

Gamzigrad culture perished in conflagratio ns including even

the fortification at Banjska Stena, whose strong palisades did

not withstand the attacks of the conquerors. The newcomers

founded their own settlements on the burnt ruins of the pre­

vious settlements. It is confirmed by the characteristic chan­

neled pottery of brown color and battle axe (celt) cast of bronze

from the site Miletov Bunar and also by the similar pottery of

the newcomers collected in the course of site surveying.14

After this tumultuous period, next few centuries witnessed

the progress of the Early Iron Age cultures in east Serbia. As this

period is not sufficiently studied in Timocka Krajina, general

12 _ CpcjoBHfl, Jla3Hfl 1997, 232-233; Jla3Hfl 1998.

13 - Bcrciu 196 1, 123-161.

14 - CJJaliHh, Py)Kill12001 , 159-160.

.... _r

.\11 ROSLAV LAZI C

.. +

+ N

' I . mcmon " 1+--4=4 t IHI d consecration '" "' ·als at Magura t t ·nside and aroun Prehtstonc . · graves PLAN I 26

PREHISORIC SETTLEMENTS Af\D NECROPOLES AT GAlvlZIGRAD Af\D TN ITS SURROUNDlf\GS

conclusions could be drawn only on the basis of investigations in the Iron Gates and in the vicinity of Bor, as well as on the basis of scarce archaeological finds from the prehistoric layers of the Gamzigrad fortification or those found by chance in its vicinity. 15

Investigations in the Iron Gates and Kljuc region revealed that more freq uent use of iron resulted in dynamic ethno -cul­tural integrations, so on the pottery from those regions, dating from the beginning of the Early Iron Age, could be recognized characteristics originating from Pannonia and the Morava Valley (Kalakaca cultural horizon) as well as from Romania (Ostrov group). The complete cultural unity in the territory of east Serbia was achieved some time later, in the gth and 7th centu­

ries BC, vvhen the Basarabi style in pottery decoration pre­vailed over vast area from the south Russia in the east to the Alpine regions in the west.16 The pottery decorated in that way has been found within the Gamzigrad fortification and at few more sites in its vicinity (Map 1). The prevailing shapes are shallow bowls with inverted and facetted rims, conical cups with

27

one handle and polished beakers decorated by channeling or

with series of stamped motifs of horizontal letter S. From the same period also dates a fragment of double-looped fibula with spherical nodules (knots) on the bow.17

Although detailed analysis of the pottery from the sites dating from somewhat later phases of the Early Iron Age has not been performed, it is almost certain that the surroundings of the Gamzigrad palace has been inhabited from the 6th to the end of the 4th century BC by the bearers of the post­Basarabi style, which is recognizable for its distinctive pottery decoration (tremolo). These were the Triballi - strong Paleo­Balkan tribe mentioned in the writings of antique historians

and geographers.18 The famo us campaign of Alexander the Great in the Danube Va lley in the year 335 BC and his encounter with the Celtic envoys indicate rapid decl ine of the Triballi, because only few decades later the Celts will absolute­ly dominate the expanses of Pannonia, middle Danube Basin and central Balkans, thus marking the end of Early Iron Age in this areas.

•5- Bacan P. 1997.

J6 _ Bacan P. 1997,93-94.

17- CpejoBHii 1983 A, 20, c11 . 12 a-g.

18_ Papazoglu 1969, 11 -68; Cpcjo13Hh 1983A, 20.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Age of Spirituality 1979

Cata logue in: Age of Spirituality. Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seven th Century

(ed. K. Weitzmann), New York 1979, cat. 83, 90.

Azevedo de 1959

M. Cagiano de Azevedo, Admiranda Palatia, I palazzi imperiali e le residence tetrarchiche,

Bolletino del Centra di studi per la storia dell' architettura 14, 1959, 3-15.

Azevedo de 1970 M. Cagiano de Azevedo, Policromia e polimateria nelle opere d'arte della tarda antichita e dell' a lto

medioevo, Felix Ravenna. Rivista di an tichita ravennati christiane e byzantine fasc. I (Cl), Ravenna, 1970,223- 259.

Baratte 1993 F. Baratte, La vaisselle d'argent en Gaule dans I'Antiquite tardive, Paris 1993.

Balty 1969

J. Ch. Balty, Apamee 1965 - 1968, Colloque Apamee de Syrie, Bruxelles 1969.

Barnes 1982 T. D. Barnes, The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine, Cambridge Mass, London 1982.

Bechert 1971

T. Bechert, Romische Lagentore und ih re Bauinschriften, Boner ]ahrbucher der Rheinischen

Landesmuseums in Bonn 171, Bonn 1971, 210- 285.

Berchem 1954 D. van Berchem, Recherches sur la chronologie des enceintes de Syrie et de Mesoportamie,

Syria XXXI, Paris 1954.

Berciu 1961 D. Berciu , Die Verbicioara-Kultur. Vorbericht i.iber eine neue, in Rumanien entdeckte

bronzezeitliche Kultur, Dacia V, Bucure§ti 1961 , 123-16 1.

222

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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234

The book was published with a support of the Ministry

of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia (project numbers 177007, 177032, 147034, 14704 1),

Ministry of Culture, Media and Information Society of the Republic of Serbia and Ministry of Religions

and Diaspora of the Republic of Serbia

Serbian edition of this book has received at the

55th International Book Fair in Belgrade (October 2010)

the plaque of the Ministry of Science and Technological

Development for special contribution in the scientific-research

work in the field of humanities.

C IP - KaTa/IOrM3auwja y ny6m1Kauwjw Hapo.:~Ha 5u5nwoTeKa Cp5wje, £eo rpa.u

904 "652"( 497.1 1 )(082)

FELl X Romuliana - Garnzigrad I authors Ivana Popovic ... [i dr. ] ; urednik Ivana Popovic; I translation Mirjana Vukmanovic ; pho tographs Nebojsa Boric, Vladim ir Popovic, Br anislav Strugar ; site plans Aleksandar Kapuran; drawings :'v1 ilovan Ristic, Aleksandar Kapuran ]. - Belgr ade : Institute of Archaeology : l~aculty of O rthodox Theology Un iversity, Institu te for Theological Research ; Zajccar : Diocese of Timok, 20 11 (Beograd :

Glasnik) . - 234 str. : ilustr. ; 29 cm

Tekst stampan dvostubacno. - Ti raz 600. - St r. 7-9: Foreword I lvana PopoviC. - 1'\apomene i bibliografske reference uz tekst. - Bibliografija: st r. 221 - 234 .

ISBN 978-86-80093-73-4 (IA)

ISBN 978-86-7405-102-3 (ITR)

I. Popovic, lvana, 1955- layrop] lypenHw K] [ayTop JJ.OII.antor TeKcral a) Apxeo/IOlUKa H3/133H lUT3, ptH1CKa - ra~13Hrpan- 35opHHl.\11

b) Apxeo/lotuKw Ha/la3w, p11MCKH- f aM311rpa.'l - 35optutuw c) PO.\i}'IIHjaHa- 35opHHttH COBISS.SR-ID 186547724

ISBN 978-86-7405- 102-3 ( ITR)