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Work, Life and Leisure

Cities in the ContemporaryWorld

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Main Topics

I. General Aspects about the Cities

Social Condition of Calcutta city basedon the novel written by Durgacharan Ray

Historical period- Development of thecities

Characteristics of the Cities

Metropolis

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II. London City in 18th century

Earliest Industrial cities in England

Formation of City Population structure of London city

Gareth Stedman Jones’s opinion aboutLondon

Five different types of Industries

Marginal groups

Accommodation facility

Cleaning of London City

Transportation in London City

Social Life in the London City

Political Life in the London City

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III. Bombay City

Formation of Bombay City

Bombay- the prime city Work in the Bombay city

Accommodation facility in Bombay City

Expansion of Bombay City

IV. Cities and the Challenges of the

Environment

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Social condition of Calcutta city in19th century based on

Durgacharan Ray Novel“Debganer Martye Aagaman In 1880, he wrote a novel “Debganer

Martye Aagaman (The God visit Earth)

Through his novel he had tried to depictthe social condition of the Calcutta city in19th century.

During that time Calcutta was the centerof Education, Job opportunities, tradeand commerce.

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Positive Aspects Negative Aspects

Train and Ships

Factories andBridges

Monuments

Shops with widerange of commodities

Centre of trade and

commerce Centre of Job

opportunities andEducation

Cheats and Thieves Grinding Poverty

Poor quality housing

Discriminationsbased on Caste,Gender and Religion

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Historical process caused forthe formation of Modern Cities

Modern Cities were developed before200 years back.

Different historical periods had shaped

the Modern cities like1. Industrial Capitalism

2. Colonialism

3. Democratic Ideas

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Characteristics of the Cities

Most of the ancient cities were developedon the bank of the river valleys (Ur,Nippur and Mohenjodaro

Cities were often the centres of Political

power, administrative network, trade andindustry, religious institution andintellectual activity.

Cities are very greatly in size andcomplexity.

Metropolis are the centres of political andeconomic function for an entire region

and very large population.

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Metropolis & Urbanization

A large, densely populated city of acountry or state, often the capital of theregion

Development of a city or town

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Earliest Industrial cities inEngland The Leeds and Manchester were the

earliest Industrial cities in England.

It attracted large number of migrants to

the textile mills set up in the 18th century In 1851- more than three- quarters of

adults were lived in the Manchester city.

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Gareth Stedman Jones and hisopinion about London city

He was a great historian he had statedthat the 19th century London city was

1. The city of clerks and shopkeepers

2. Small masters and skilled artisans

3. Semi skilled and sweated outworkers

4. Soldiers and servants

5. Casual labourers and street sellers

6. The city of Beggers

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Five industries developed inLondon City in 19th century

1. Clothing and Footwear

2. Wood and Furniture

3. Metals and Engineering

4. Printing and Stationary

5. Precision products like surgicalinstruments, watches and objects of

precious metals

(During the First World War Londonhad produced motor cars and electrical

goods)

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Marginal Groups in London

1. Criminals: As London grew, crimes flourished. In 1870- 20,000 criminals were lived in London The police were worried about the Law and

order Philanthropist were worried about public

morality Industrialist wanted a hard working and orderly

labour force So population of criminals was counted, their

activities were watched and ways of life wereinvestigated.

In an attempt to discipline the population, the

authorities imposed high penalties for crimesand offered work to those who were considered

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2. Woman:

As a result of the technological

development the women gradually losttheir industrial jobs and were forced towork within household.

Large number of women used theirhomes to increase their family incomeby taking in lodgers or through suchactivities as tailoring, washing andmatchbox making

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3. Child Labour

Large number of children were pushed

into low paid work often by their parents. Andrew Mearns, a clergyman wrote

“The Bitter Cry Outcast London in 1880

showed why crime was more profitablethan low wages work.

The Compulsory Elementary Education

Act in 1870 and Factory Act in 1902, thatchildren were kept out of industrial work

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What was the reason theIndustrialist started to provide the

accommodation for the Migrants Initially the Factory or Workshop owners

did not provided the house to the

migrants. The individual land owners put up

cheap, unsafe tenements were provided

for the new arrivals. In 1887, Charles Booth conducted the

first social survey and he pointed out

that needed 400,000 rooms for to

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After a period of time the industrialistsstarts to provide the accommodation

because of certain reasons1. One room houses seen as serious

threat to public health because it was

overcrowded, badly ventilated andlacked sanitation)

2. Worried about fire hazards

3. Fear of social disorder, especially afterthe Russian revolution in 1917.

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Which are the major steps hadinitiated for the Cleaning of London

city Created decongest localities, open green

spaces, reduced pollution and sustained

the landscape of the city. Large blocks Apartments were made.

Green Belt around the London City.

Ebenezer Howard an architect andplanner developed the principle ofGarden City

A pleasant space full of plants and trees,where people would both live and work

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He believed that it would help for toproduce the better quality citizens

Raymond Unwin and Barry Parkerdesigned the garden city of NewEarswick with common garden space,

beautiful views. Between the two world war period

millions of houses were constructed in

London, most of them were single familycottage

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Transportation faculty in Londoncity

The first section of the Underground in the Worldopened on 10 January 1863 between Paddingtonto Farrington.

At first the people were afraid to travel underground railway because of the fear of suffocation.

The under ground railway caused the massivedisplacement of the poor people. Charles Dickens wrote in his novel Dombey and

Son about the massive displacements.

For the construction of two miles, 900 houseswere destroyed Gradually, the underground railway became huge

success and most of the metropolis like NewYork, Tokyo and Chicago

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Temperance Movement

A largely middle class led social reformmovement which emerged in Britainand America from the 19th century

onwards. It identified the alcoholismas the cause of the ruin of families andsociety, and aimed at reducing the

consumption of alcoholic drinksparticularly among the working class.

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