Www.spatialanalysisonline.com Chapter 2 Conceptual frameworks for spatial analysis.

www.spatialanalysisonline.com

Chapter 2

Conceptual frameworks for spatial analysis

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 2

The geospatial perspective

A distinct perspective on the worldDomain of geospatial analysisDealing with what happens whereHuman computer interface

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 3

Basic primitives: Place

Terrestrial scale - shape and sizeNaming of placesDynamicsNeed for rigour – coordinate systems and

datums2D vs 3D perspectives on geospatial

issues

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 4

Basic primitives: Attributes

Characteristics associated with placeNominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio and

Cyclical scalesSpatial intensive measuresSpatial extensive measures

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 5

Basic primitives: Attributes

Attribute tables

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 6

Basic primitives: Objects

PointsLinesAreas

Representative pointsPolylinesPolygons

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 7

Basic primitives: Maps

Communicating with mapsTraditional mapsDigital mappingAlternative visualisations – 3D and

dynamic

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 8

Basic primitives: Multiple properties

Multiple properties of place

Concept of layersCombining layersResolving modelling and

geocoding differences

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 9

Basic primitives: Fields

Discrete-object view Continuous-field view Data modelling as a

form of representation Conversion between

model views

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 10

Basic primitives: Spatial weights

Adjacency modelsProximity –

distance basedSpatial weights

matrices, W

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 11

Basic primitives: Networks

Basic components of a networkForms of networkConcept of network topologyApplications of network analysis

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 12

Basic primitives: Density

Density as object count (n) divided by area (a), so d=n/a

Density as link between discrete and continuous model views

Sensitivity to definition of both n and a

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 13

Basic primitives: detail, resolution, scale

Intrinsic complexity of the real worldSpatial resolutionRepresentative fractionResolution and digital datasetsTemporal resolution

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 14

Basic primitives: Topology

General concepts of topologyTopological dimensionAdjacencyConnectivityContainment

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 15

Spatial relationships: Overview

Invariance and displacement Translation/displacement, rotation, reflection

Relative positioningCo-location

Overlay Intersection and Union Co-located or proximal?

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 16

Spatial relationships: Distance & direction

Location and distance/direction calculations

Representative pointsDirection and circular measureSpatial weights matrices

Determination of weights: binary and real- valued

Reconstruction and MDS

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 17

Spatial relationships: Context

Spatial context and proximityNeighbourhoods

Uniform distance Zonal Weighted …

Heterogeneity

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 18

Spatial relationships: Dependence

Spatial dependence and Tobler’s 1st LawSpatial autocorrelationCorrelogramsGeostatistics

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 19

Spatial relationships: Sampling & interpolation

Point sampling Systematic Random Stratified

Zonal sampling and statistics

Fields and interpolation

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 20

Spatial relationships: Smoothing & sharpening

Convolution1st-order processes2nd-order processesPattern and processFiltering

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 21

Spatial statistics: Probability & uncertainty

Probability in a spatial contextMarginal vs Joint probabilityProbability fieldsProbability and uncertaintyProbability densityUncertainty and error propagationUncertainty and accuracy

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 22

Spatial statistics: Inference

Statistical inference and significanceConfidenceControlled experimentsNatural experimentsSampling & independenceSamples vs populations

3rd edition www.spatialanalysisonline.com 23

Spatial data infrastructure

Agencies and standardsGeoportalsMetadataInteroperability