www.kostic.niu.edu Energy Energy Everywhere Everywhere Explained Explained : : Importance of Energy Conservation and Importance of Energy Conservation and Renewable and Alternative Energy Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources Resources Prof. M. Kostic Prof. M. Kostic Mechanical Engineering NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY NIU SET House NIU SET House April 19, 2007 & April 23, 2008 April 19, 2007 & April 23, 2008
Www.kostic.niu.edu Energy Everywhere Explained: Importance of Energy Conservation and Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources Prof. M. Kostic Mechanical.
Dec 22, 2015
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EnergyEnergy EverywhereEverywhere ExplainedExplained::
Importance of Energy Conservation and Importance of Energy Conservation and Renewable and Alternative Energy ResourcesRenewable and Alternative Energy Resources
Prof. M. KosticProf. M. KosticMechanical EngineeringNORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY
NIU SET HouseNIU SET HouseApril 19, 2007 & April 23, 2008April 19, 2007 & April 23, 2008
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EnergyEnergy Everywhere …Everywhere … ““From the sovereign From the sovereign SunSun to the deluge of to the deluge of
photonsphotons out of the astounding compaction and out of the astounding compaction and increase of power-density in computer chips …increase of power-density in computer chips …
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Global Energy and Future: Importance of Energy Conservation and Importance of Energy Conservation and
Renewable and Alternative Energy ResourcesRenewable and Alternative Energy Resources
2000 kcal/day2000 kcal/day100 Watt100 Watt
USA about 0.287 billion USA about 0.287 billion 11,342 Watt/c11,342 Watt/c1,535 W1,535 Wel el /c/c
World about 6.3 billionWorld about 6.3 billion2,213 Watt/c2,213 Watt/c
287 W287 Wel el /c/c
Solar 1.37 kW/mSolar 1.37 kW/m22, but only 12% over-all average 165 W/m, but only 12% over-all average 165 W/m22
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Humanity’s Humanity’s Top Ten ProblemsTop Ten Problemsfor next 50 yearsfor next 50 years
1.1. ENERGYENERGY ( (critical for the rest ninecritical for the rest nine))2.2. WaterWater3.3. FoodFood4.4. Environment Environment 5.5. PovertyPoverty6.6. Terrorism & WarTerrorism & War7.7. DiseaseDisease8.8. EducationEducation9.9. DemocracyDemocracy10.10. PopulationPopulation
2006: 6.5 Billion People
2050: 8-10 Billion ( 10101010 ) People
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What Are We Waiting For? What Are We Waiting For?
• (1)(1) An Energy Crisis ?An Energy Crisis ?
• (2)(2) A Global Environmental Problem?A Global Environmental Problem?
• (3)(3) An Asian Technology Boom?An Asian Technology Boom?
• oror LeadershipLeadership
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The biggest single challengeThe biggest single challengefor the next few decades for the next few decades by 2050by 2050
• (1)(1) ENERGY for ENERGY for 10101010 people people• (2)(2) At At MINIMUMMINIMUM we need additional we need additional
10 TeraWatts (150 Mill. BOE/day) 10 TeraWatts (150 Mill. BOE/day) from some new clean energy source from some new clean energy source
• We simply can not do thisWe simply can not do this with current technology! with current technology!
• We needWe need LeadershipLeadership
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The two things are certain The two things are certain
• (1)(1) the the world populationworld population and and their living-standard expectations their living-standard expectations will will substantially increasesubstantially increase((over 6 billion people now, over 6 billion people now, in 50 years 10-11 billion - energy in 50 years 10-11 billion - energy may doublemay double) )
• (2)(2) fossil fuels’ economical reservesfossil fuels’ economical reserves, , particularly oil and natural gas, particularly oil and natural gas, will will substantially decreasesubstantially decrease((oil oil may run outmay run out in 30-50 years in 30-50 years) )
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Population & Energy: Population & Energy: Unrestricted Exponential GrowthUnrestricted Exponential Growth
• About one million years ago our About one million years ago our own species, own species, homo sapienshomo sapiens, , first first appeared, appeared, strived most of the strived most of the historyhistory and boomed with and boomed with agricultural and industrial agricultural and industrial revolution. We are revolution. We are over 6 billion over 6 billion now.now.
• Standard of living and energy use Standard of living and energy use have been growinghave been growing almost almost exponentially due to abundance of exponentially due to abundance of resources.resources.
• The The growth will be naturally growth will be naturally restrictedrestricted with overpopulation with overpopulation and resource depletion as we and resource depletion as we know it.know it.
Time in history
Population in millions
Most of BC
history
10due to
hardship
AD 1 300
1750 760
1800 1,000
1950 2,500
2000 6,000
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Earth Energy Balance:Earth Energy Balance:• All energy to Earth surface is 99.98 % solar,
0.02% geothermal, and 0.002% tidal-gravitational.• About 14 TW world energy consumption rate now
(0.008% of solar striking Earth) is about 6 times smaller than global photosynthesis (all life), the latter is only 0.05% of total solar, and global atmospheric water and wind are about 1% of solar.
Source: Basic Research Needs To Assure A Secure Energy Future, ORNL Report, 2003
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W/mW/m22%%
144%144%
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EEE-Global & Physics articlesEEE-Global & Physics articles
• More Encyclopedia ArticlesMore Encyclopedia Articles
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Material system structure and Material system structure and related forces and energiesrelated forces and energies
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ENERGY Property and ENERGY Property and Transfer/ExchangeTransfer/Exchange
• "... Energy"... Energy is the ‘‘ is the ‘‘building blockbuilding block’’ and ’’ and fundamental fundamental propertyproperty of matter and space of matter and space and, thus, the fundamental property of and, thus, the fundamental property of existence. existence.
• Energy exchangesEnergy exchanges or or transferstransfers are are associated with all processes (or changes) associated with all processes (or changes) and, thus, are indivisible from time.and, thus, are indivisible from time.""
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Hubber’s Peak:Hubber’s Peak:
A short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen),
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Some Headlines…:Some Headlines…:
• It took World 125 years to consume the It took World 125 years to consume the first trillion barrels of oil – the next trillion first trillion barrels of oil – the next trillion will be consumed in 30 years.will be consumed in 30 years.
• The World consumes two barrels of oil The World consumes two barrels of oil for every barrel discovered.for every barrel discovered.
• Only “Human Power” can deliver Only “Human Power” can deliver MORE energy with LOWER emissionMORE energy with LOWER emission
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www.energybulletin.netwww.energybulletin.net
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The challenges facing us…
Economic Competitiveness
Environmental Pollution
Growing Petroleum Consumption
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02468
101214161820
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Sou
rce:
EIA
Ann
ual E
nerg
y O
utlo
ok 2
002,
DO
E/E
IA-0
383(
2002
), D
ec 2
001
Automobiles
Light Trucks
Heavy Trucks
AirDomestic Production
ProjectedActual
Million barrels per day
Pa
ss
en
ge
r V
eh
icle
s
Shipping
Rail
Off-Road
Military
• Transportation accounts for 2/3 of the 20 million barrels of oil our nation uses each day.
• The U.S. imports 55% of its oil, expected to grow to 68% by 2025 under the status quo.
• Nearly all of our cars and trucks currently run on either gasoline or diesel fuel.
Oil consumption by U.S. transportation continues to grow
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Source: DOE/EIA, International Petroleum Statistics Reports, April 1999; DOE/EIA 0520, International Energy Annual 1997, DOE/EIA0219(97), February 1999.
0 20 40 60 80 100
Rest ofWorld
OPEC
US
Percentage of Total
Consumption
Production
Reserves2%
12%26%
7%41%
77%
67%47%
21%
Major fraction of the world’s oil reserves is in the OPEC countries
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Source: OTT Analytic Team
World automobile populationis expected to grow substantially
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
I ndustrialized Developing World
Bil
lio
ns
of
Ve
hic
les
19962050
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Vehicle Energy Distribution
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World Energy Use
0
10
20
30
40
50
%
World Fuel Mix 2001oil
gas coal
nuclrenew
EIA Intl Energy Outlook 2004
85% fossil
2100: 46 TW 2050: 30 TW Hoffert et al Nature 395, 883,1998
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
1970 1990 2010 2030
TW
-yrs
World Energy Demand
total
industrial
developing US
ee/fsu
1 TWyr=31.56 EJ=5.89 bbl
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About 20%About 20%
About 0.2 %About 0.2 %
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about 20%efficiency
about 75%efficiency
about 50%efficiency
about 33%efficiency
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46% of 6%=2.8 %2.8 %
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Energy Challenges: Supply
find alternate sourcesnuclear
renewable
EIA: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/presentations/long_term_supply/index.htm
1900 1950 2000 2050 2100
bbl/yr
10
20
30
40
50World Oil
Production2016
2037
2% demand growth
ultimate recovery: 3000 bbl
Hubbert’s Peakwhen will production
peak?
Oil: 30-50 yrs?gas: beyond oil?coal: > 200 yrs?
production peaksupply falls short
of demandoil becomes precious
price increasesglobal tension
Distinguish between “Estimated” (above) and “Proven” reserves (next slide)
1 TWyr = 31.56 EJ = 5.89 bbl
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World now: World now: 13 TWyr /yr 13 TWyr /yr 410 EJ/yr 410 EJ/yr
About 88 years: About 88 years: 60 coal, 60 coal, 14 oil, 14 oil,
and 14 gas.and 14 gas.
Distinguish between “Proven” (above) and “Estimated” reserves
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Energy Challenges: Local/Regional Pollutionthe six principal air
pollutants(not including CO2)
origin secondary effect
hazard
SOx impurities in fuel acid rainparticilate
s
health, crops
corrosion
NOx high T combustion
in air
particulates
ozone, acid rain
health
CO incomplete combustion
health, reduced
O2 delivery
Particulates
combustionsunlight + NOx/SOx
health
Pb chemical industry
health
ground ozone
sunlight + NOx + organics
respiratoryvegetation pollution zones near sources
urban areas, power plants
acid rain
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So, what are we going to do?So, what are we going to do?
Do we need CASH Do we need CASH for ALCOHOL for ALCOHOL
research?research?
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The energy “difficulties” …The energy “difficulties” …
• (1)(1) will be will be more challengingmore challenging than what we anticipate nowthan what we anticipate now
• (2)(2) NO traditional solutionsNO traditional solutions
• (3)(3) NewNew knowledge, new technology, knowledge, new technology,and and new living habits and expectationsnew living habits and expectationswill be neededwill be needed
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Nanotechnology potentials …Nanotechnology potentials … • Enabling Nanotech Revolution(s)Enabling Nanotech Revolution(s)
Nanotech to the rescue …Nanotech to the rescue …
(1) (1) Nano multifunctional materialsNano multifunctional materials(2) (2) Nano electronics & super-computersNano electronics & super-computers(3) (3) Nano sensors & actuatorsNano sensors & actuators(4) (4) Nano devices & roboticsNano devices & robotics(5) (5) Nano photovoltaics & photocataliticsNano photovoltaics & photocatalitics(6) (6) Nano super-conductors Nano super-conductors (adv. transmission and el. motors)(adv. transmission and el. motors)
(7) (7) Nano energy-storage (adv. batteries & hydrogen)Nano energy-storage (adv. batteries & hydrogen)(8) (8) Nano bio-materials (synthetic fuels, pharmaceuticals, …)Nano bio-materials (synthetic fuels, pharmaceuticals, …) Some examples:Some examples:
Armchair Wire Project: electrical conductivity of copper at 1/6 the weight with negligible eddy currents Single Crystal Fullerene Nanotube Arrays … (EtcEtc.)
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The renewable biomass energy The renewable biomass energy and development of and development of
synthetic hydro-carbons …synthetic hydro-carbons … • The The renewable biomass energyrenewable biomass energy (BM) and (BM) and
development of development of synthetic hydro-carbons (SynHC) will be will be very important if not criticalvery important if not critical for substitution of fossil fuels…for substitution of fossil fuels…
• … … since they are since they are natural extensions of fossil fuels, the of fossil fuels, the existing existing energy infrastructureenergy infrastructure could be could be easily adaptedeasily adapted
• global global CO2 emission will be balanced during during renewable biomass production. renewable biomass production.
• BM&SynHC particularly BM&SynHC particularly promising for for energy storageenergy storage and use in and use in transportationtransportation to replace fossil fuels, to replace fossil fuels,
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HydrogenHydrogen versusversus Renewable biomass Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons …and synthetic hydro-carbons …
… … especially considering the especially considering the HydrogenHydrogen facts facts: :
• (1)(1) hydrogen does not exist in nature as primary energy sourceas primary energy source
• (2)(2) hydrogen production (from hydrocarbons or water) (from hydrocarbons or water) is is energy inefficient (always net-negative,(always net-negative, energy storage only) energy storage only)
• (3)(3) hydrogen storage and distribution are facing are facing a a host of problems that cannot be economically that cannot be economically resolved with present state of knowledge resolved with present state of knowledge
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HydrogenHydrogen versusversus Renewable biomass and Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons (2)synthetic hydro-carbons (2)
Instead of going Instead of going ‘against’ the nature‘against’ the nature with with hydrogenhydrogen … …
HH H-HH-H H-C-…H-C-…
HH
… … we should we should go ‘go ‘along’ with nature’ with nature with with biomassbiomass energy and energy and
development of development of synthetic hydro-carbonssynthetic hydro-carbons..
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George CrabtreeGeorge Crabtree
Senior Scientist and Director
Materials Science Division
Northern Illinois University
November 5, 2004
The Hydrogen Economy:The Hydrogen Economy:Challenges and Opportunities
A U.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Science LaboratoryOperated by The University of Chicago
Argonne National Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
the hydrogen economy requires breakthrough basic research
to find new materials and processesincremental advances in the present state of
the art will not meet the challenge
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Hydro and Biomass & Waste
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Biomass and Biorefinery Summary:Biomass and Biorefinery Summary:
• Biomass is the Biomass is the only sustainable sourceonly sustainable source of of hydrocarbon-based fuels, petrochemicals, hydrocarbon-based fuels, petrochemicals, and plasticsand plastics
• LargeLarge national and world-wide biomass national and world-wide biomass resource baseresource base
• Reduction of greenhouse gasReduction of greenhouse gas emissions. emissions.
• Will diversify and reinvigorate Will diversify and reinvigorate rural economyrural economy
• Bio-refineries utilize residueBio-refineries utilize residue from existing industryfrom existing industry
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Energy Future Outlook:Energy Future Outlook:…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…the following energy future outlook is possible…
1.Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:Energy Future Outlook:…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:Energy Future Outlook:…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3.Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:Energy Future Outlook:…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4.Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:Energy Future Outlook:…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5.Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:Energy Future Outlook:…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6.Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:Energy Future Outlook:…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7.Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:Energy Future Outlook:…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8.Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
Energy Future Outlook:Energy Future Outlook:…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ …a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…the following energy future outlook is possible…
1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)
www.kostic.niu.edu
www.kostic.niu.edu
Thanks (for sharing their presentations with me) to:Thanks (for sharing their presentations with me) to: Dr. George Crabtree, Dr. George Crabtree, Materials Science Division
Dr. Romesh KumarDr. Romesh Kumar, Chemical Engineering DivisionArgonne National LaboratoryArgonne National Laboratory
A number of Data Slides are taken from: A number of Data Slides are taken from: Energy in World HistoryEnergy in World History by V. Smilby V. Smil (Westwiew Press, Inc., 1994) (Westwiew Press, Inc., 1994)
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More information at: www.kostic.niu.edu/energy
2000 kcal/day2000 kcal/day100 Watt100 Watt
World Prod.World Prod.2,200 Watt/p2,200 Watt/p
275 W275 Welecelec/p/p
USA Prod.USA Prod.12,000 Watt/p12,000 Watt/p
1500 W1500 Welecelec/p/p
Solar 1.37 kW/mSolar 1.37 kW/m22,, but only 12% over-all average 165 W/m2but only 12% over-all average 165 W/m2
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