Www.iuappa.net Strengthening Global Co-operation on Atmospheric Pollution Issues Kevin Hicks, Johan Kuylenstierna, Richard Mills and Jeff Clark Global.

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Strengthening Global Co-operation on Atmospheric Pollution Issues

Kevin Hicks, Johan Kuylenstierna, Richard Mills and Jeff Clark

Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum

Belgrade11 October 2007

1. Briefly describe emerging challenge of hemispheric and global transport of air pollutants

2. Provide a brief overview of regional networks working to reduce air pollution

3. Describe the specific kinds of areas where UNECE/LRTAP expertise and outreach can have an important impact

Objectives of the talk:

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Regional haze problem is increasing around the globe

Large scale distribution of heavy smoke from Large scale distribution of heavy smoke from biomass burning in Amazonia all over South biomass burning in Amazonia all over South AmericaAmerica

Regional haze problem is increasing around the globe

Southern African anticyclonic gyre — 5-year trajectory climatology displaying the main transport pathways of air out of the South African Highveld region.

These events involve regional, long-range transport of huge quantities of aerosols and trace gases emitted from uncontrolled, man-made bushfires.

S Asia

E Asia

ChinaFSU

Europe

N America

Future Prospects

Future ProspectsGlobal SO2 emissions 1990-2010

-

40.00

80.00

120.00

160.00

1990 1995 2000 2010

Europe NIS North America Asia + PacificLatin America Middle East & N-Africa Sub-Saharan Africa

Source: Cofala et al., 2005

Climate Change and Air Pollution Co-benefits

-- Need to coordinate air pollution policies with policies on climate change, energy security and sustainable development

-- There are intricate linkages and synergies between the emissions and effects of conventional air pollutants

and greenhouse gases

-- Opportunities to build cost-effective strategies that simultaneously tackle air pollution and climate

-- Especially important in developing countries that are often in the early stages of formulating policies and programmes to address both issues

Central Asian Rebublics

(Kazakhstan, Kyrgistan, Tajikistan, Turkemnistan, Uzebekistan)

Activities initiated at regional level by UNEP and UN/ECE

UN/ECE Convention on LRTAP to help develop national programmes and implementation plans from 2004

EMEP model being extended

Case study in Kazakhstan main activity at the moment

Malé Declaration on the Control and Prevention of Air Pollution and its Likely Transboundary Effects in South Asia

8 SACEP countries have agreed to cooperate

Network developed (annual meetings of FPs and NIAs)

Scientific assessment has started (monitoring network set up in 2003/2004)

Clean Air Initiative – Asia (CAI-Asia)

Promoting better air quality management in Asian cities through partnerships and sharing experience since 2001

28 cities, 19 government agencies, NGOs, academic institutions, development agencies and private sector

PAPA – Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia

Strategic framework and Benchmarking (with APMA)

Better Air Quality in Asia conferences

Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Regional agreement on haze entered into force in November 2003.

EANET

Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in EAST ASIA

EANET aims to:

•Create common understanding about acid deposition in E Asia

•Provide inputs to decision making in the region

•Promote mutual cooperation on issues related to acid deposition

Monitoring network is current focus

APINA

Air Pollution Information Network for Africa

Developing science base

Maputo Draft Declaration developed that aims to formally link policy makers in SADC region

APINA helped organise the Regional Conferenceon Better Air Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa attended by 30 Ministers of Environment at UNEP HQ in 2006

IANABIS

‘Inter-American Network for Atmospheric / Biospheric Studies’

Currently setting up state-of-art research centres for atmospheric/biospheric studies in countries shown

Aims to develop network to explain changes in regional and global climate, and

Develop regional policies to regulate emissions, air quality and protect the environment

Need for Global Cooperation on Air Pollution Control and Prevention

• Critical need to develop and harmonizehigh quality air pollution data bases across the various regions

• Growing consensus on need for coordinated assessment and pollution control strategies at the hemispheric scale

• A comprehensive global atmospheric pollution convention is one possible outcome to address hemispheric and global pollution issues

• Until then, there are opportunities to build on the efforts of existing regional initiatives, networks, and institutions

Some transfer of UNECE/LRTAPExpertise has occurred…

1. Emission inventory expertise is reaching APINA, the Malé Declaration and EANET through the development and dissemination of the GAP Forum Emission Inventory Manual

2. Expertise on crop damage assessment and corrosion of man-made materials and cultural heritage has been directly translated to APINA and the Malé Declaration producing datasets compatible with those in Europe

3. New Air Pollution Legislation in South Africa is based on the LRTAP effects-based approach for impact assessment and setting targets for improved air quality

But much more is needed…

Specific Areas Where UNECE/LRTAPCan Help

E.g. 1 Clean Air Initiative-Asia:

(1) Exchange of information on evolution of air quality management systems to learn from European experiences

(2) Exchange of information on technical options for preventing and abating air pollution

(3) Support on work to examine air pollution/climate change co-benefits programmes

(4) Support on air pollution effects on health, crops, and corrosion of materials and cultural heritage

Specific Areas Where UNECE/LRTAPCan Help

E.g. 2 South Asia/Malé Declaration

(1) Air pollution effects on crops and food security, materials and cultural heritage, health and ecosystems

(2) Emission inventory compilation

(3) Monitoring of air pollution at regionally representative sites

(4) Atmospheric transfer modelling and integrated assessment models

(5) Policy options and assessment

Impacts of PM on Health

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Africa LatinAmerica &Caribbean

NorthAmerica

West Asia Europe Asia &Pacific

Att

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(Un

it:

Th

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san

d I

nh

abit

ants

)

Source: WHO 2002

Specific Areas Where UNECE/LRTAPCan Help

E.g. 3 Southern Africa/Air Pollution InformationNetwork for Africa /CAI-SSA

(1) Air pollution effects on crops and food security, materials and cultural heritage, health and ecosystems

(2) Emission inventory compilation

(3) Atmospheric transfer modelling and integrated assessment models

(4) Policy options and assessment and Convention/protocol process

Specific Areas Where UNECE/LRTAPCan Help

E.g. 4 Latin America/CAI-LA & IANABIS

(1) Development of legal and policy systems to support regional cooperation

(2) Support in monitoring systems for ecology at risk (crucial to the entire world)

(3) Use European experience in transport and urban systems to better manage transport emissions in mega-cities

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Thank you!

We can stop global pollution!