www.fugro.com © Fugro 2013 Amin Rismanchian Nick Ramsey Feb. 2014 Drained or Undrained: Is That the Question?
Mar 31, 2015
www.fugro.com© Fugro 2013
Amin RismanchianNick Ramsey
Feb. 2014
Drained or Undrained:Is That the Question?
www.fugro.comDate
What I am going to talk about
What do I mean by “Drained” and “Undrained”?
Relevant soil parameters, and methods of assessing these parameters
Drained vs. undrained breakout resistance
Flaws of current methods
Conclusions
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What do I mean by “drained” and “undrained”?
“Fully Drained is the condition under which water is able to flow into or out of a mass of soil in the length of time that the soil is subjected to some change in load.”
“Fully Undrained is the condition under which there is no flow of water into or out of a mass of soil in the length of time that the soil is subjected to some change in load. Changes in load cause changes in pore water pressure, because the water cannot move into or out in response to the tendency of volume change.”
Partially drained is the “twilight zone” between fully drained and fully undrained behaviour.
(Duncan and Wright 2005)
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Example: Cone Penetration Test, Offshore WA
Is this test indicating undrained/drained or partially drained conditions in the surficial soils?
-0.05 -0.025 0 0.025 0.05Pore pressure (MPa)
Generated pore pressure, u2
Hydrostatic pore pressure, uo
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Twilight Zone: Partially Drained
Zone Soil Type
1a SILTS and low Ir CLAYS
1b CLAYS
2 Essentially drained SANDS
3 Transitional soils
Refer to Schneider et al. (2008) for the boundary lines.
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Twilight Zone: Partially Drained
Zone Soil Type
1a SILTS and low Ir CLAYS
1b CLAYS
2 Essentially drained SANDS
3 Transitional soils
Refer to Schneider et al. (2008) for the boundary lines.
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Example: Cone Penetration Test, Offshore WA
-0.05 -0.025 0 0.025 0.05Pore pressure (MPa)
Generated pore pressure, u2
Hydrostatic pore pressure, uo
Twilight zone (partially drained)
Fully drained
Fully undrained
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Drainage is a Function of the Normalised Velocity
CPT
Spudcan penetration
Pipeline penetration
Partially drained penetration
Undrained penetration
Pe
netr
atio
n re
sist
an
ceSpool
Drained penetration
Twilight zone
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Parameters Affecting Drainage Behaviour of Soil
Rate and duration of loading/shearing
– Estimated from installation/operation conditions
Drainage length
– Estimated from the geometry of the problem
Coefficient of consolidation
– Laboratory methods
• Rowe cell
• CRS
• Indirectly from permeability
– Estimated from in-situ tests:
• Dissipation tests
• Twitch tests• Parkable piezoprobe
(Chatterjee et al. 2014)(Randolph and Hope 2004)
Range of uncertainty: Up to 1.5 times
Range of uncertainty: 100 to 1,000 timesBut it can be decreased!
Range of uncertainty: Depends on the application. Sometimes very high.
www.fugro.comDate
What I am going to talk about
What do I mean by “Drained” and “Undrained”?
Relevant soil parameters, and methods of assessing these parameters
Drained vs. undrained breakout resistance
Flaws of current methods
Conclusions
www.fugro.com
Twilight zone Lateral equivalent friction factor, H/W′
Normalised time, T = cvt/D2
Short breakout duration; impermeable soil
Long breakout duration; permeable soil
Drained behaviour
Undrained behaviour
Slow thermally- induced buckling
‘Snap’ buckling
Significant difference in lateral equivalent friction factor dependent on breakout duration
Dilatant soil (e.g. silty SAND/sandy
SILT in NWS)
Why Drainage is the Question
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Lateral equivalent friction factor, H/W′
Normalised time, T = cvt/D2
Short breakout duration; impermeable soil
Long breakout duration; permeable soil
Drained behaviour
Undrained behaviour
Slow thermally- induced feed-in
‘Snap’ buckling
Dilatant soil (e.g. silty SAND/sandy
SILT in NWS)
Why Drainage is the Question
More permeable soil (or longer breakout duration)
Insignificant difference in lateral equivalent friction factor dependent on breakout duration
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Lateral equivalent friction factor, H/W′
Normalised time, T = cvt/D2
Short breakout duration; impermeable soil
Long breakout duration; permeable soil
Drained behaviour
Undrained behaviour
Slow thermally- induced feed-in
‘Snap’ buckling
Dilatant soil (e.g. silty SAND/sandy
SILT in NWS)
Why Drainage is the Question
Insignificant difference in lateral equivalent friction factor dependent on breakout duration
Less permeable soil (or shorter breakout duration)
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Drained behaviour
Undrained behaviour
Best estimate
LB
UB
Possible values
UB
LB
P50
Probability
Uncertainty
UB
LB
BE
H/W′Lateral equivalent friction factor, H/W′
Normalised time, T = cvt/D2
High Uncertainty
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Best estimate
LB
UB
Possible values
UB
LB
P50
ProbabilityUncertainty
UB
LB
BE
H/W′
Reasonable definition of volume change behaviour and velocities Narrowing of uncertainty
Lateral equivalent friction factor, H/W′
Normalised time, T = cvt/D2
Drained behaviour
Undrained behaviour
Reducing the Uncertainty
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Conclusions and Discussions
Every soil type can behave drained/partially-drained/undrained depending on:– Rate or duration of loading
– Drainage length
– Coefficient of consolidation (cv)
Site investigations should be specifically targeted to suit the field events and design requirements
In specific soils (e.g. silty sands/sandy silts) both drained and undrained behaviours should be checked
Narrowing down the range of the above parameters, significantly reduces uncertainties (e.g. by in-situ estimation of cv)
There is no means of being conservative or unconservative.
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Thank You
All materials and content contained within this presentation remain the property of Fugro (© Fugro 2013) and may not be copied, reproduced, distributed or displayed without Fugro's express written permission. All third party information featured within the presentation remains the intellectual property of their respective originators.
First author:
– Prof. David White, Dr. Fraser Bransby and other colleagues at Fugro.
Acknowledgments