Www.bournemouth.ac.uk Cross-Cultural Survey Guidelines (CCSG) workshop Dublin, Feb. 2012 Prof. Edwin van Teijlingen.

www.bournemouth.ac.uk

Cross-Cultural Survey Guidelines (CCSG) workshop

Dublin, Feb. 2012

Prof. Edwin van Teijlingen


Comparative studies

• Cross-national research helps one to look at problems from a different angle, questioning current practice, warn against side effects, etc. I.e. there exist ways of doing things which have not been considered in the UK (or Germany or Finland or …..) .

• Cognitive psychology recognises that cognition is a situated process and that knowledge is a collaborative, culture-bounded effort.

Comparative research


Cross-Cultural Survey Guidelines

Guidelines are part of Comparative Survey Design & Implementation (CSDI) Guidelines Initiative.

Initiative promotes internationally recognized guidelines that highlight best practice for the conduct of comparative survey research across cultures and countries.

Designed for researchers planning or engaged in cross-cultural or cross-national research.

http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.cfm


Starter question

What makes a good quantitative survey? What are the characteristics of well designed and implemented survey?

• How do student midwives in Ireland see the job market in their field developing over the coming five years?


A good survey consists of:

• .….• …..• …..• …..


Overview 15 chapters CCSG

1. Study, Organizational, and Operational Structure 2. Survey Quality 3. Ethical Considerations in Surveys 4. Tenders, Bids, and Contracts 5. Sample Design 6. Questionnaire Design 7. Adaptation of Survey Instruments 8. Translation 9. Instrument Technical Design 10. Interviewer Recruitment, Selection, and Training 11. Pretesting 12. Data Collection 13. Data Harmonization 14. Data Processing and Statistical Adjustment 15. Data Dissemination


CCSG Glossary (as specifically relevant today

Adaptation • Changing existing materials (e.g., management

plans, contracts, training manuals, questionnaires, etc.) by deliberately altering some content or design component to make the resulting materials more suitable for another socio-cultural context or a particular population.

Coordinating centre • A research centre that facilitates and organises

cross-cultural or multi-site research activities.


Overview 15 chapters CCSG

1. Study, Organizational, and Operational Structure 2. Survey Quality 3. Ethical Considerations in Surveys 4. Tenders, Bids, and Contracts 5. Sample Design 6. Questionnaire Design 7. Adaptation of Survey Instruments 8. Translation 9. Instrument Technical Design 10. Interviewer Recruitment, Selection, and Training 11. Pretesting 12. Data Collection 13. Data Harmonization 14. Data Processing and Statistical Adjustment 15. Data Dissemination


CCSG: Survey Lifecycle


First 9 chapters CCSG

1. Study, Organizational, and Operational Structure

2. Survey Quality

3. Ethical Considerations in Surveys

4. Tenders, Bids, and Contracts

5. Sample Design

6. Questionnaire Design

7. Adaptation of Survey Instruments

8. Translation

9. Instrument Technical Design


Shaping a Network of Local Researchers

COST brings together midwifery/maternity

care researchers from a range of different

academic disciplines working across

Europe.

To conduct a cross-national survey there has

to be a balance between (a)

standardisation of implementation and (b)

adaptation of the cultural context.

This needs ‘leadership’/coordinating centre.


Guidelines: leadership

To establish study's overall structure & locus of control at all levels and across all aspects of study's design & implementation, and to communicate this structure to each participating country's survey organization.


II. Survey Quality

http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/quality.cfm


II. Survey Quality


Sampling frames

• As maternity services, health systems and the was populations are registered varies across countries we may have to deal with different sampling frames across COST countries.


8 Translation

Translation is :A.Language;B.Culture;C.Context & system (related).

Starting point cross-national survey? Translate from Dutch into German / French / English.


8 Translation / language

A. LanguageWords have ‘meaning’ which

needs to be translated.Translations from English into

other European languages take more space.

Miles & lbs & pints………


8 Translation / Culture

B. CultureWill we have a questionnaire

in German?OrA German questionnaire, a

Swiss questionnaire and an Austrian questionnaire?



B. CultureWill we have a questionnaire

in minority languages such as Hindi, Urdu, Turkish, etc. and use same questionnaire in Hindi different European countries?



B. CultureSome colours and numbers

have special significance in some cultures so should perhaps be avoided answers to multiple choice questions.


8 Translation / context

C. Context• ‘Private health services’

means something different in a state health service system such as in the UK than in a health-insurance system such as the Netherlands or Germany.


Problematising Terminology

Comparing like with like?

• Trained nurse-midwife

• Direct-entry midwife (NB: UK vs US meaning)

• Midwifery assistant / maternity care assistant

• Maternity benefits

• Economic migrant

• etc.


11. Pretesting

• Test instrument• Test research protocol• Training researcher/ Education• Collect preliminary data• Impress (potential) funders• Help calculate sample size


Reasons for pilot studies

Test instrument:• test questions;• test possible answers for multiple

choice questions;• test order of questions;• test colour of paper;• etc.• etc.



Test research protocol:• test way of questionnaire

distribution• test process of returning them

to you• test intervening factors (gate

keepers, etc.)• try out different incentives to

increase response rates



Training researcher/ Education:• Project as part of training/

degree• Train new researcher on a

study• Train researcher in new

technique


Ethics committees

Glasziou & Chalmers (2004) found that piloting of leaflet aimed at elderly to improve GP consultations needed ethical review, in Belgium, Slovenia and UK, but not in Austria, France, Germany and Switzerland, whilst UK has one of most complicated ethical processes (Hearnshaw 2004).


Ethics committees

• What if ethics committee in the UK does not think question 17 in the questionnaire is appropriate, but ethics committee in Belgium and in xxxx has accepted the questionnaire as it stands?

• What do we do?


Balance

UniformityContext & cultural

sensitivity

Balance between the need to keep

survey

as uniform as possible to be able to

make

cross-national comparisons AND the

need

to be as sensitive as possible to the

local

context, culture & health system!


References

Glasziou P, Chalmers I (2004) Ethics review roulette: What can we learn? Brit Med J, 328: 121-122.

Hearnshaw H (2004) Comparisons of requirements of research ethics committees in 11 European countries for a non-invasive interventional study. Brit Med J, 328: 140-141.

Survey Research Center. (2010). Guidelines for Best Practice in Cross-Cultural Surveys. Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Retrieved Feb. 2012 from http://www.ccsg.isr.umich.edu/

van Teijlingen ER, Sandall J, Wrede S, Benoit C, DeVries R, Bourgeault I. (2003) Comparative studies in maternity care RCM Midwives J 6: 338-40.

Peat J et al. (2002), Health Science Research: A Handbook of Quantitative Methods, London: Sage.

Teijlingen van, E., Hundley, V. (2001) The importance of pilot studies, Social Research Update Issue 35, http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/sru/SRU35.html



Thank you!

Edwin van Teijlingen

Www.bournemouth.ac.uk Cross-Cultural Survey Guidelines (CCSG) workshop Dublin, Feb. 2012 Prof. Edwin van Teijlingen.

Documents

survey quality

survey lifecycle slide

good survey

sample design

questionnaire design

comparative research

data dissemination slide

design component