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`zipo~ Tavs aRwevs qarTuli Tanamedrove, socialuri TeatrisTvis damaxasiaTebel Sablonebs _ tragikuli ambis poeturi eniT gadmocemas da, Sesabamisad, ambis romantizirebas. ese igi, uars ambobs sentimentebze da mimarTulia tragediis racionalur wakiTxvaze, amas ki, ZiriTadad, naturalisturi enis SenarCunebiTa da scenografiuli minimalizmiT axdens.
speqtakli namdvili ambis mixedviTaa Seqmnili da gareubnel gogoze, mesame samyaros uxilav dedofalze gvelaparakeba, romelic gariya politikam da, Sesabamisad, verc sazogadoebaSi daimkvidra adgili. mis msgavs adamianebs dRevandeli politikuri dRiswesrigis enaze `luzerebs~ eZaxian (subieqti, romelmac ver gadalaxa zRvari da ver moxvda verc erT sazogadoebriv jgufSi, ese igi damarcxda, ver auRo konsumerizms alRo). is dabali fenis warmomadgenelia, im fenis, romelsac proletariats eZaxian.
zipo navTluRis bazarSi muSaobs, Rames ki erT-erTi Senobis mesame sarTulze aTevs – `dabadebamde damartyes dana, zurgSi daniT davibade“, _ ambobs zipo. es dana ki simboloa siRaribis, romelic mas dabadebidanve dahyveba da mosvenebas ar aZlevs, uxilav arsebad gardaqmnis, romelic uCinaria _ es klasobrivi uTanasworobaa.
` ` ` z i p o
speqtaklis reJisori da teqstis avtori -
paata cikolia
msaxiobi - megi kobalaZe
scenografi - qeTi nadibaiZe
zipos rols msaxiobi megi kobalaZe TamaSobs. teqstic uSualod misTvisaa Seqmnili. es misi rolia. kobalaZes personaJi imdenad aqvs gaTavisebuli, rom iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos igi icnobda zipos. SeiZleba, cxovrebis garkveul etapze, isini Sexvdnen kidec erTmaneTs, an, Tundac, mas (msaxiobs) gamoucdia, an yofila zRvarze, gamxdariyo zipo _ yvelasgan da yvelafrisgan mitovebuli. megi kobalaZe personaJSi Sedis ise, rogorc sakuTar saxlSi da is mocemul rols ar uyurebs, rogorc mxolod profesiul mocemulobas, es ufro sxvaa, swored es aris zipos mTavari iaraRi, is 100%-iT bunebrivia.
zipo rom gareubneli gogoa, reJisori dasawyisSive gvanaxebs _ msaxiobi daaxloebiT, aTi-oci metriTaa daSorebuli publikas, Tumca es pirobiTi manZili speqtaklis yurebasa da mis aRqmaSi xels ar uSlis, radgan aq mTavari enaa, xma ki mTel sivrces did eqod efineba. esec Taviseburi Canafiqria, speqtakli xom ueno adamianis cxovrebaze mogviTxrobs, romelsac normaluri sametyvelo enac ki ar gaaCnda, riTac sakuTar ususurobas gviTargmnida. Sesabamisad, reJisorma gadawyvita, namdvili ena SeenarCunebina,
Tanmimdevruli narativiT moyola gamoricxulia da swored aq aris saWiro travmis mdgomareobasTan distancireba, radgan monaTxrobi ase Tu ise gasagebi da artikulirebuli aRmoCndes.
paata cikolia iyenebs naturalur enas da narativis Seqmnas cdilobs _ pirvelive scenaSi klavs zipos, Semdeg ki misi ganvlil cxovrebaze hyveba – klientebTan, policiasTan, dedasTan, saSualo fenasTan, Tavisive klasis warmomadgenel “CemiiZmasTan” urTierTobaze da a.S. bolo scenaSi ki kvlav pirvel scenas ubrundeba. sabolood ki zipos tragedia gasageb narativs poulobs. Tomas manis aluziiT rom vTqvaT: `aq aris adorno, oRond zomierad~.
rolan barti CaplinisTvis miZRvnil teqstSi, Carlis mTavar simdidred misi personaJebis depolitikurobas miiCnevs. Caplinis yvela personaJi aris dabali fenis, anu proletariatis warmomadgeneli, Tumca arc erT maTgans aqvs gacnobierebuli Tavisi politikuri mdgomareoba, asea zipos SemTxvevaSic _ man ar icis sad aris, romel politikur velSi imyofeba, man saerTod araferi icis. Tumca es aris im stereotipis gagrZeleba, rac, didi xania, qarTul da msoflio xelovnebaSi gvxvdeba _ rom dabali fena `gaunaTelebelia~, piriqiT, es bunebrivi mocemulobaa, paata cikolia
sagulisxmoa erTi faqtori: zipos ar klavs `sxva~, vgulisxmob sxva socialuri fenis warmomadgenels. mas Tavisive klasis warmomadgeneli uswordeba _ `Ralatobs~. esaa megobari, metsaxelad `CemiiZma~. aq avtors hyofnis gambedaoba da arc saSualo fenas akvlevinebs zipos, da arc vinme sxvas. is ziposnairi politikisgan mitovebuli adamianebis msxverpli xdeba, im adamianebis samizne, romlebic sistemam nagavsayrelisTvis gaimeta, xolo zizRi ki Jan bodriarisgan gvaxsovs, rodis iCens Tavs: `Zaladobas Cagvra Sobs, zizRi maSin iCens Tavs, roca adamians nagavsayrelisTvis imeteben~.
am konkretuli mocemulobiT, calke, zipos siluetis miRma, SegviZlia, gavideT da vilaparakoT komunikaciis problemaze, Cagvraze, Zaladobasa da sxva mniSvnelovan Temebze, Tumca ase mokled davtovoT es ambavi da masze sxva dros visaubroT.
erTi sityviT, `zipo~ dRes sakmaod aqtualuri speqtaklia, masSi gaCenili uamravi kiTxviTa Tu pasuxiT, romelic bumerangiviT ukan trialdeba da kiTxvas warmoqmnis. is im yofierebaze gvafiqrebs, raSic gviwevs cxovreba im adamianebTan erTad, romlebsac mTlad CvensaviT ver gaumarTla da ver aRmoCndnen aq, TeatrSi, romelic dRes rudimentul mocemulobadaa qceuli da mTlianad burJuaziul paradigmebSia moqceuli. amaze refleqsiaa bolo scenac.
`es aris zipo / namdvili ambis mixedviT~, _ ambobs zipos personaJi da speqtaklic, erTi SexedviT, mTavrdeba. scenasTan distancirebuli mayurebeli taSis dakvras iwyebs. am dros ki msaxiob megi kobalaZis zurgs ukan mjdomi reJisori paata cikolia dgeba. xelSi makbuqs imarjvebs, modis TiToeul mayurebelTan da ekrans gvanaxebs. ekranze is gogoa gamosaxuli, is, politikisgan da sazogadoebisgan mokluli gogo, visi cxovrebis mixedviTac aris Seqmnili es speqtakli. da Sen wamiT, ufiqrdebi _ ras ukrav taSs da acnobiereb, rom am ambavSi Senc damnaSave xar, radgan swored Sen xar sazogadoeba.
dekembers saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis II korpusSi da gagrZelda 20 dekembramde. gamofenaze warmodgenili iyo zaza Tofurias
a. avtoria agreTve moTxrobebisa da narkvevebis krebulebisa: ,,soflis gzebze~ (1948), ,,dila mtkvris xeobaSi~ (1952), romanisa ,,didi da patara ekaterine~ (1973).
a. did yuradRebas iCenda Teatraluri cxovrebis mimarT. saintereso statiebsa da mogonebebs aqveynebda rogorc calkeul speqtaklebze – dodo anTaZis ,,Soreuli~ k. marjaniSvilis TeatrSi (g. ,,sab. aWara~, 12. VII. 1936) Tu ,,uriel akosta~ (g. ,,sab. afxazeTi~, 3. XI. 1938), ise qarTuli Teatris gamorCeul moRvaweebze (,,sami gaxseneba~ – Salva dadianze, J. ,,ciskari~, 1959, №4).
a. -m metad sayuradRebo oTxmoqmediani drama (,,msaxiobis sikvdili~) gamoaqveyna J. ,,ciskarSi~ (1957, №7) da sxv.
lit.: ,,qse~, Tb., 1975, t. 1; nekrologi, g. ,,ls~, 24. X. 1980; a b a S i Z e gr., a g i a S v i l i n., da sxv., mSvidobiT, keTilo megobaro, iqve; q e m e r t e l i Z e i., sikvdili erTi dRiT adre, iqve; enc. ,,saq-lo~, Tb., 1997,
t. 1.
g. d.
amaRlobeli sergo ivanes Ze (11. VI. 1898, vanis r-ni, sof. amaRleba – 13. IV. 1938) – Teatris moRvawe, kritikosi, dramaturgi.
1920 – 24 swavlobda Tsu iuridiul da ekon. fak-ze, paralelurad muSaobda gaz. ,,tribunaSi~. 1924–28. leqciebs kiTxulobda Tsu-sa da
a. avtoria rusulenovani piesebisa, romelTac umaRlesi Sefaseba daimsaxures r. rolanisa da sxva gamoCenil moRvaweTa mxridan. pirveli piesa ,,Хорошая жизнь~ (,,kargi cxovreba~, 1933) warmatebiT daidga moskovis II samxatvro TeatrSi, Semdeg ki mTeli qveynis 73 TeatrSi. aseve popularuli gaxda misi meore piesac – sammoqmedebiani komedia ,,Моя страна~ (,,Cemi qveyana~), romelic ramdenime TeatrSi ganxorcielda.
a-is, rogorc kritikosis, mniSvnelovani monografiebia: ,,Teatrisa da kinos problemebi~, Tb., 1928 da moskovSi gamocemuli naSromebi: ,,Грузинский театр~ (,,основные этапы развития~), 1930; ,,Драматургия великих боев~, 1934 da ,,Малый театр на новых путях~, 1934.
a. ver gadaurCa 1937 wlis represiebs – daxvrites 1938 wlis 8 noembers. cxadia, Semdgom (14. I. 1956) reabilitirebul iqna.
Txz.: Cveni Teatraluri politika, J. ,,xelovneba~, 1925, №1; Teatri da kino, J. ,,sx~, 1927, №5; ,,rusTavelis Teatris Teoria da praqtika~, iqve, 1927, №7–8; rusTavelis Teatri – ,,rRveva~, J. ,,proletaruli mwerloba~, 1928,
№2–3; Гастроли грузинского театра, г. ,,Вечерняя Москва~, 8.V.1930.
lit.: ,,ТЭ~, М., 1961, т. 1; ,,qse~, Tb., 1975, t. 1; i o s e l i a n i j., sergo amaRlobeli, Tb., 1978; k i k n a Z e v., wamebuli raindebi, Tb., 1992; enc. ,,saq-lo~, 1997, t.
1; kr. ,,sT~, 2008, gv. 79.
a m i l a x v a r i aleqsandre dimitris Ze (20. X. 1750 – 1802) – istorikosi, publicisti, memuaristi, poeti, literatori.
a-is biografebi erTxmad askvnian, rom igi pirveli qarTveli mweralia, romelic eziara dasavleTis ,,ganmanaTlebelTa~ ideebs. amasTan erTad, isic xazgasmulia, rom mis mier datovebuli literaturuli memkvidreoba aSkarad gvarwmunebs, Tu Tavisi droisaTvis ra uaRresad ganaTlebuli pirovneba yofila a. marTalia, erekle II erTob mikerZoebulad hyavs moxseniebuli, magram udavoa, avtoris literaturul-satireli niWi da didi erudicia istoriul-politikur sakiTxebSi.
1771 cixidan gamoiqca da ruseTSi gadaixvewa. 1783 erekle II-is TxovniT, ruseTis mTavrobam igi Seipyro da viborgis cixeSi Casva. 1801 amnistiiT ganTavisuflda da saqarTvelosken gamoeSura, Tumca gzaSi (astraxanSi) gardaicvala.
ruseTSi yofnisas dawera politikuri pamfleti ,,georgianeli istoria~ (1779 gamoica peterburgSi, rusul enaze). masSi avtori arsebiTad mogviTxrobs sakuTar Tavgadasavalze, axasiaTebs Tavisi drois (XVIII s. II naxevris) qarTlis politikur mdgomareobas da saxelmw. wyobilebas, uaryofiT Sefasebas aZlevs erekle II-is moRvaweobas.
a-is msoflmxedvelobaSi aisaxa XVIII s. frangi ganmanaTleblebis zogierTi progresuli idea. a. avtoria, agreTve, rusul enaze dawerili piesisa – ,,astraxanSi~, romelic 1955 qarTuladac gamoqveynda.
Txz.: brZeni aRmosavleTisa... J. ,,moambe~ 1902, #2; georgianuli istoria, Targ. g. qiqoZisa, J. ,,mnaTobi~, 1939, #8; ,,astraxanSi~, piesa, qarTuli Targmani gamoqveynda 1955, istoriis institutis Sromebis 1 tomSi.
lit.: a s a T i a n i l., volterianoba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1933; g e l e i S v i l i p., al. amiloxori, rogorc politikuri moRvawe, mwerali da moazrovne, Tb., 1936; a k o f a S v i l i g., sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriidan saqarTveloSi, XVIII s. dasasruls, iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis in-tis Sromebi, 1955, t. 1; ,,qse~, Tb., 1975, t. 1; enc. ,,saq-lo~, Tb., 1997, t. 1.
g. d.
arabiZe vaso (vasil) oqropiris Ze (21. II. 1881, zestafoni – 5. VIII. 1951) – msaxiobi.
1898 zestafonSi C a m o y a l i b d a s c e n i s m o y v a r e T a pirveli mudmivi dasi, romlis erT-erT speqtaklSi (r. erisTavis ,,biZiasTan gaxumreba~) imave wels eziara scenas
17 wlis a. miuxedavad imisa, rom aranairi spec. ganaTleba ar hqonda, Wabuk msaxiobs karg momavals uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen, magram aqtiuri revoluciuri saqmianobis gamo, sxvebTan erTad (p. sayvareliZe, n. CxeiZe, p. kiknaveliZe) 1902 ruseTSi gadaasaxles. 1904 gamoiqca gadasaxlebidan, moskovSi qarTvelTa sabrZolo razmi Seadgina da barikadebze ibrZoda. rac mTavaria, Tavisi razmiT icavda maqsim gorkis, romelsac Savrazmelebi mokvliT emuqrebodnen. 1904 – 05 wlebis revoluciuri brZolis pirobebSi, roca igi Saliapinsa da sxva cnobil moRvaweebs dauaxlovda, yvelasTvis naTeli gaxda a-is Zlieri, principuli da uSiSari xasiaTi. ,,mis did saTnoebasa da lmobierebas saocrad eTavseboda ulmobeloba da simkacre yovelgvari usamarTlobis mimarT~ (c. amirejibi).
TanamedroveTa gadmocemiT, a-is amplua iyo saxasiaTo da dramatuli rolebi (d. erisTavis ,,samSoblo~, s. WanturaSvilis ,,burusi~, d. kldiaSvilis ,,darispanis gasaWiri~ Tu ,,ubedureba~, Sileris ,,yaCaRebi~ da a.S.), rac Seexeba iseT rols, rogoricaa jibo kvantriSvili (S. dadianis ,,guSindelni~), a. misi pirveli Semsrulebeli iyo qarTul scenaze da am mxriv badalic ar hyolia.
evropuls hgavda. iyo Tan Zalian Tanamedrove da namdvili, Tan _ Zalian zRapruli, ulamazesi SenobebiT. erTi SexedviT, ararealuri arsebebi rom unda saxlobdnen, magram irgvliv mxolod Cveulebriv adamianebs vxedavdi. ubralod, cota ufro mxiarulebi, cota ufro xmaurianebi, cota ufro feradebi iyvnen. ai, iseTebi, Cemi bavSvobis qalaqidan rom maxsovs. Tan mixaroda, Tan gaocebuli viyavi. imitom rom siarulisas, raRacnair simsubuqes vgrZnobdi, TiTqos ki ar davdiodi, davsrialebdi... Tu davcuravdi. mTel qalaqs vuvlidi, magram daRlas ar vgrZnobdi.
mere, saidanRac, iseTi saamo surneli movida, rom raRac SimSilis magvari vigrZeni da im surnels gavyevi. sul male mivadeqi saxls, romelmac isev bavSvobaSi damabruna.
hoda, vdgavar am Cems sizmarSi da vuyureb am saxls, romelic zustad is sokoa, xelis gulze rom meteoda. aq ki ramodena wamomarTula. saxlisTvis arc ise didia, magram sokosTvis?!.
vdgavar gaocebisa da sixarulisgan Tavbrudaxveuli da aRar vici, ra vqna: Cavexuto Tu pirdapir CavkbiCo. an saidan daviwyo _ wveridan Tu Ziridan? wvers ver mivwvdebi. Ziridan Tu daviwye, wveramde rodis aval? arada, biskvitic da music erTad miyvars. maSinac ase vWamdi, cotas Zirs movkbeCdi, cotas muss, or sxvadasxva gemos vaerTianebdi da vnetarebdi.
am gasaWirSi var da... uceb, kari gaiRo da, hoi, sakvirvelebav, swored is qali gamovida „franciis“ daxlTan rom idga xolme, TeTri winsafriT da SeRebil qera, „naCosian“
mere Cemma „franciis“ qalma _ axla ki droao _ da taSi Semohkra. afusfusda yvela. daqrodnen zeviT-qveviT. gegoneba, qarbuqi amovardao. oRond sicivis nacvlad, siTbo trialebda. saidanRac didi, ovaluri magida gaCnda. mere sufra TavisiT gadaefara. mere im TeTrma putkunebma isev erTad moiyares Tavi da saTiTaod iwyes taSis Semokvra. da daiwyo da ra daiwyo...
raRa patiJi mindoda. ise movulxine, mTeli bavSvoba rom vocnebobdi, yvelaferi erTad gamesinja... „franciis“ qali ki, Cemi Semyure, icinoda, uxaroda da sxvebsac uziarebda emociebs. icinoda da miyveboda, rogor etkina, roca „francia“ daangries, magram gadawyvita, ar danebeboda. moiara mTeli qveyana. naxa, rom sxva qalaqebSic igive xdeboda. Sexvda im adamianebs, vinc msgavsi bedisa iyo. mere yvelam erTad gadawyvita, rom es „tkbili mogonebebi“ SemoenaxaT. erT saocar kacs gaumxiles natvra da imanac es saxli auSena. ukve karga xania aq saxloben da acxoben, acxoben, acxoben... mxolod Zveli receptebiT. arafers cvlian imitom, rom adamianebs sayvareli mogonebebi aCuqon. es adamianebic modian aq da mere bednierebi midian. Zveli nacnobebidan Turme stumari ukve yvelas hyavda. marto Cemi „franciis“ qali iyo molodinSi, rom viRaca mainc mobrundeboda warsulidan. hoda, uceb, me gamovCndi, „sokoWamia,“ dawnulkikinebiani gogo...
is iyo, kidev erTi soko CavbRuje da beze Tu musi enis wveriT avitace, rom gamomeRviZa... Cemi patara cuga cxvir-pirs milokavda. yavisferi iyo da dariCinis suni asdioda.
samwuxarod, memkvidreobiT, erTob msubuqad da lakoniurad Tu vityviT, Zalian mwiri masala gadmogveca Cvens avtorebsa da maT statiebze. ase rom, yvelafer amis gadamowmebaa saWiro da Sevseba.
winaswar gixdiT madlobas.saredaqcio kolegia
1908-dan a. gamodioda Tbil., quTaisis, baTumis, WiaTuris da baqos qarTul TeatrSi. gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia misi kinomsaxioburi kariera: daTia (,,qristine~, 1916, reJ. al. wuwunava), Tavadi vaxtangi ,,arsena yaCali~, 1923, reJ. v. barski), onise (,,mamis mkvleli~, 1923, reJ. a. bek-nazarovi), maWankali (,,vin aris damnaSave?~ 1925, reJ. al. wuwunava), korZaia (,,naTela~, 1926, reJ. amo bek-nazarovi), belas mama (,,bela~, 1927, reJ. v. barski), joto (,,ugubziara~, 1930, reJ. d. rondeli), hasani (,,hasani~, 1932, reJ. k. miqaberiZe), mixo (,,udabno~, 1932, reJ. n. saniSvili), epiz. (,,naxvamdis~, 1934, reJ. g. makarovi), mWedeli (,,ukanaskneli jvarosnebi~, 1934), xecia (,,narinjis veli~, 1937, reJ. n. Sengelia), mRvdeli (,,akakis akvani~, 1947, reJ. k. pipinaSvili), yru Tavadi (,,qeTo da kote~, 1948, reJ. v. tabliaSvili, S. gedevaniSvili).
1937 a. represirebul iqna, magram Semdeg reabilitirebuli.
lit.: ,,qse~, Tb., 1975, t. 1; a m i r e j i b i c., msaxiobis mogoneba, Tb., 1975; a n T a Z e d., Teatraluri zestafoni, Tb., 1978; d ol i Z e g., qarTuli kino guSin da dRes, Tb., 1985; enc. ,,saq-lo~, Tb., 1997, t. 1; qar. kino – enciklopediuri leqsikoni, Tb., 2011.