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Cesar Otero, Consultant, Freelance Consultant

Summary: Learn how to create a Twitter-enabled Web 2.0-style application us ing Django,jQuery, and the python-twitter wrapper that you can easily use and plug in to your ownDjango project. With this application, you'll be able to s ee recent tweets, post updates, andshow your friends and followers.

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Date: 03 Dec 2009 (Published 24 Nov 2009)

Level: Intermediate

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These days, it seems li ke Twitter is ubiquitous. Politicians, actors, parents you name i t are using the social networkingmedium . Clients are not only demanding Web applications that are Twitter-enabled but that also have a slick Web 2.0 look tothem, which is only achieved through Ajax. Enter Django and jQuery.

Figure 1. Twitter panel displaying recent tweets

Table of contents

Dependencies

The python-twitter library

Adding jQuery to the mix

Creating your Django project

Build a Twitter Web applicationWriting for Web 2.0 with Django and jQuery

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Frequently used acronyms

Ajax:Asynchronous JavaScript + XML

API: Application programm ing interface

CSS: Cascading s tyle sheet

FAQ: Frequently asked questions

HTML: Hypertext Markup Language

HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

REST:Representational State Transfer

UI:User interface

Dependencies

I highly recommend going through the Django tutorial beforecommencing work on this. You will als o need a solid JavaScriptfoundation. It goes without saying that you will need a Twitter accountand mus t know the lingo, such as what a tweetis. Your arsenalshould contain Python, Django, jQuery, and the python-twitterwrapper. See Resources for links.

You will also need the sqli te3 database, included with Python, forcontaining the session data; the Twitter infrastructure will s ave

everything else. But, as an improvement on this application, you

could certainly integrate a more sophis ticated database structure tokeep statistics, copies of tweets, or what's on your Twitter account onyour own s erver, for example. This article also as sumes that you'reworking on Linux.

I tested the sample application with Python V2.5.2. Python is installed by default on mos t Linux machines; if you don't havePython installed, s ee Resources for information on downloading and installing the language.

Twitter's data is exposed to the public through two APIs: the search API and the RESTful API. (The Twitter FAQ mentions futureplans for a single API.) A REST Web service is a Web service implemented in HTTP that follows REST principals (seeResources for more information).

Crafting your URLs

The views

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Conclusion

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Installing the python-twitter wrapper

The final component you need is python-twitter, which is "a python wrapper around the Twitter API and the twitter data m odel,"according to the project site. There are s everal libraries for interfacing with Twitter's services in many languages anything fromRuby to Eiffel. Currently, there are five libraries for interfacing Python with Twitter: Python-twitter by DeWitt Clinton, python-twyt byAndrew Price, twitty-twis ter by Dustin Sallings, twython by Ryan McGrath, and Tweepy by Josh Roesslein.

The python-twitter library requires the dependency sim plejson (see Resources). After you download s implejs on, install it byissuing the commands shown in Listing 1.

Listing 1. Commands for installing simplejson

tar -zxvf simplejson-2.0.9.tar.gzcd simplejson-2.0.9sudo python setup.py buildsudo python setup.py install

If you prefer to use the egg package, you can use the comm and sudo easy_install simplejson-2.0.9-py2.5-

win32.egg.

Now, you can install python-twitter. After you download the package, execute the commands shown in Lis ting 2.

Listing 2. Commands for installing python-twitter

tar -zxvf python-twitter-0.6.tar.gzcd python-twitter-0.6sudo python setup.py buildsudo python setup.py install

Installing Django

Next on the ins tallation list is Django, a powerful Python Web framework. The sample application in this article was written withV1.1.1. The ins tallation is just as easy as s implejs on and python-twitter. After downloading the package, enter the commandsshown in Lis ting 3 in any terminal.

Listing 3. Commands for installing Django

tar -zxvf Django-1.1.1.tar.gzcd Django-1.1.1sudo python setup.py buildsudo python setup.py install

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Verify that Django is on your path by trying the command $ django-admin --version. If everything went as planned, you're

ready to start coding.

Back to top

The python-twitter library

Now that you have ins talled python-twitter, you can explore its capabilities. To access the library, use the comm and import

twitter. The twitter module provides wrappers for the Twitter data model and the API. There are three data model classes :

twitter.Status, twitter.User, and twitter.DirectMessage. All API calls return an object of one of these classes . Toaccess the API, make an instance oftwitter.Api() (notice that the first letter is capitalized). Creating an ins tance without any

arguments to the constructor is valid, but you're limited to m ethod calls that don't require a login. To have login access , use thefollowing code:

import twitterapi = twitter.Api(username='yourUserName', password='yourPassword')

With an ins tantiated Api object, you can get your followers, people you are following, and s tatuses (tweets); pos t your current

status; etc. For example, to get a l ist of a us er's statuses , call statuses = api.GetUserTimeline(), which returns a list of

twitter.Status objects. To create another list with the text (strings) of your tweets, you could use lis t comprehension:

>>>print [s.text for s in statuses].

Table 1 lists classes and m ethods you will be using in your Web application. For the full documentation, use the pydocs $

pydoc twitter.Api, for example or visit the python-twitter docs page (see Resources).

Table 1. Some useful python-twitter API methods

Method name Returns Description

GetUserTimeline() List oftwitter.Status objects Get all tw eets for a user

GetFriends() List oftwitter.User objects Get a list of follow ers

PostUpdate() A single twitter.Status Post a tw eet

Back to top

Adding jQuery to the mix

To be more specific, you're not just using the jQuery core but also the jQuery UI, which provides widgets, themes , and animation.Head over to the ThemeRoller page, and in the left pane, click the Gallery tab. Choose a theme you like (I used Cupertino for the

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sam ple application), then click Download below the theme name. Doing so l inks to the actual download page; choose thecurrent (stable) version, which at the time of this writing was 1.7.2 for jQuery V1.3+.

There is no installation process ; just extract the ThemeRoller file and place the correct directories/files in the right place. You'realso welcome to create your own theme if you wish, but for the sake of brevity, I used one of the pre-rolled themes .

Back to top

Creating your Django project

Next, you need to create a new Django project. Use the comm and django-admin startproject pytweetproj where

pytweetprojis the name us ed for the project throughout this article. Feel free to use another name, but be careful to use thatname consistently throughout your project. Change to the pytweetproj directory. To start the Django Web server, at the commandline, type python manage.py runserver, open a Web browser, and navigate to http://127.0.0.1:8000. You should get a page

that says,"It worked!" If at any time you want to stop or restart the server, press Ctrl+C to kill the process . Don't use thedevelopment server for production. When you've finished development on your project, move it over to a secure production server,such as Apache.

While in the root project directory, create a s ubdirectory called resources, which will contain your CSS file, JavaScript files, andany other media. From wherever you extracted the previously downloaded ThemeRoller file, move or copy the css and jsdirectories (extracted from the ThemeRoller ZIP file), as well as the jQuery core to the resources directories.

With your preferred text editor, open the settings.py file and change it to match the s ettings provided in Lis ting 4.

Listing 4. Django settings

# Django settings for pytweetproj project.import osAPPLICATION_DIR = os.path.dirname( globals()[ '__file__' ] )

DEBUG = TrueTEMPLATE_DEBUG = DEBUG

ADMINS = ()

MANAGERS = ADMINS

# we'll use sqlite3 for cachingDATABASE_ENGINE = 'sqlite3'DATABASE_NAME = 'session.db'DATABASE_USER = ''DATABASE_PASSWORD = ''DATABASE_HOST = ''DATABASE_PORT = ''

TIME_ZONE = 'America/Chicago'LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'

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SITE_ID = 1

# if you won't be using internationalization, better to keep# it false for speedUSE_I18N = False

MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join( APPLICATION_DIR, 'resources' )MEDIA_URL = 'http://localhost:8000/resources/'ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX = '/media/'

# Make this unique, and don't share it with anybody.SECRET_KEY = '=y^moj$+yfgwy2kc7^oexnl-f6(b#rkvvhq6c-ckks9_c#$35'

# List of callables that know how to import templates from various sources.TEMPLATE_LOADERS = (

'django.template.loaders.filesystem.load_template_source','django.template.loaders.app_directories.load_template_source',

# 'django.template.loaders.eggs.load_template_source',)

MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = ('django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware','django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware','django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',

)

ROOT_URLCONF = 'pytweetproj.urls'

TEMPLATE_DIRS = (os.path.join( APPLICATION_DIR, 'templates' ),

)

INSTALLED_APPS = ('django.contrib.auth','django.contrib.contenttypes','django.contrib.sessions','django.contrib.sites',

'twitterPanel',)

# added for sessionsSESSION_ENGINE = 'django.contrib.sessions.backends.cached_db'

To get the path of the current working directory in an operating s ystem-independent m anner, use os.path.dirname(

globals()[ '__file__' ] ) to set the application directory. You use the same method to s et the path to the resources

directory, as well as the TEMPLATE_DIR. It's also necessary to set the MEDIA_URL to http://localhost:8000/resources/.

You will be using sqlite3, a database included in Python. You will also need to set the DATABASE_ENGINE, DATABASE_NAME,

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Regular expressions

According to Wikipedia, regu lar express ions "provide a

concise and flexible means for identifying strings of textof interest, such as particular characters, words, orpatterns of characters." If you don't have any experiencewith regular express ions, I highly recommend

Mastering Regular Expressionsby Jeffrey Friedl orTextProcessing in Python by David Mertz. The Regular

Expression HOWTO found at the Python documentationpage is also an excellent starting point.

and the ROOT_URLCONF variables. Notice that INSTALLED_APPS contains a value called twitterPanel, which is n't created

yet: You'll create that Django application next. Invoke the command python manage.py syncdb to create the sess ion

database.

To create the twitterPanel application, use django-admin startapp twitterPanel and type cd to change into the newly

created module directory: twitterPanel. In the twitterPanel directory, create another directory called templates, which will containthe Django templates.

Back to top

Crafting your URLs

With your favorite text editor, open the file url.py in the root of your project and change the code to match Listing 5. This file mapsURLs to callback functions.

Listing 5. Root URL settings

from django.conf.urls.defaults import *from django.conf import settings

urlpatterns = patterns('',( r'^resources/(?P.*)$',

'django.views.static.serve',{ 'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT } ),( r'^twitterPanel/', include( 'twitterPanel.urls' ) ),

)

The first mapping in urlpatterns defines a m atch for statically

served resources or media for example, im age files. Because youare us ing the Django development s erver, to serve your static

content, you use the django.views.static.serve() view. The

second mapping includes the URL patterns found in the

twitterPanel application. Open the url.py file found under

twitterPanel (don't confuse that url.py with the one in root) and add

the code in Listing 6.

Listing 6. Twitter panel URLs

from django.conf.urls.defaults import *from twitterPanel.views import *

urlpatterns = patterns( '',

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url( r'^$', index, name = 'twitterPanel_index' ),url( r'^panel/$', panel, name = 'twitterPanel_panel' ),url( r'^update/$', update, name = 'twitterPanel_update' ),

)

Back to top

The views

You will create just three views: index, panel, and update. Notice that you will not add views to the root project only to the

Twitter Panel appl ication. Open the view.py file found in the twitterPanel directory and add the imports in Lis ting 7 to the top of thefile.

Listing 7. Twitter panel view imports

from django.shortcuts import render_to_responsefrom django.template.context import RequestContextimport twitter

The render_to_response() method is a Django s hortcut for rendering a template with a specific context and returns an

HttpResponse object. The RequestContext is a Django context with a few differences from the regulardjango.template.Context. Specifically, it accepts an HttpRequest object, and it automatically populates the context with

variables found in the TEMPLATE_CONTEXT_PROCESSORS setting.

The first view method, index(), should look like Listing 8.

Listing 8. The index view

def index(request):template = 'index.html'userName = request.POST.get( 'userTxt' )

password = request.POST.get( 'passwordTxt' )

if userName is not None and password is not None:try:

api = twitter.Api( username = userName, password = password)# just grab the first 5 tweetsstatuses = api.GetUserTimeline()[0:5]# limit to just the first 120following = api.GetFriends()[0:120]

except NameError, e:print "unable to login"

else:

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statuses = {}following = False

# place values in sessionrequest.session['statuses'] = statusesrequest.session['following'] = followingrequest.session['userName'] = userNamerequest.session['password'] = password

data = {

'statuses' : statuses,'following' : following,

}

return render_to_response(template, data,context_instance = RequestContext(request))

The template, index.html, hasn't been written yet. For the moment, just remember that you have two HTML elements: a text box forentering the user name and a pass word input. The data is s ent to the view through the POST method. If a user name and

pass word are entered, you ins tantiate a twitter.Api object and retrieve the first five tweets of the logged-in us er, as well as the

first 120 people you're following. The statuses, friends, user nam e, and password are all s tored in the sess ion for retrieval laterfrom other parts of the program.

The second view method, panel(), is much shorter. It's shown in Listing 9.

Listing 9. The panel view

def panel(request):template = 'panel.html'data = {

'statuses' : request.session['statuses'],'following' : request.session['following']

}return render_to_response(template, data,

context_instance = RequestContext(request))

Here, you us e the panel.html template, also nonexistent as of yet. The panel is where all the action will be going on after you're

logged in in other words, where the tweets are displayed, updates get done, and your friends are displayed. More on that in alittle bit. For the moment, all you're doing here is getting som e data from the session, then doing a render_and_response. In

contrast, the third view method, update, is a bit m ore complex. See Listing 10.

Listing 10. The update view

def update(request):

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template = 'panel.html'

userName = request.session['userName']password = request.session['password']

try:

api = twitter.Api( username = request.session['userName'],password = request.session['password'])

api.PostUpdate(request.POST.get('updateTextArea'))updated = Truestatuses = api.GetUserTimeline()[0:5] # reload the statuses

except NameError, e:

print "unable to login"updated = False

data = {'userName' : request.session['userName'],'password' : request.session['password'],'updated' : updated,'statuses' : statuses

}return render_to_response(template, data,

context_instance = RequestContext(request))

The user name and password are taken from the sess ion, used to instantiate anothertwitter.Api object, then use the apiobject to post an update to the account. The statuses are then reloaded.

Back to top

The templates

Within twitterPanel/templates, create a file called index.html and open it. Fill it with the code in Listing 11.

Listing 11. The index template

Sample Python-Twitter Application

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$(function(){// Dialog$('#dialog').dialog({

autoOpen: false,width: 400,buttons: {

"Ok": function() {$(this).dialog("close");

$.post('{% url twitterPanel_index %}', $("#loginForm").serialize());$( '#panel' ).html( '' ).load( '{% url twitterPanel_panel %}' )

$( '#dialog_link' ).fadeOut(1500);$( '#demoTitle' ).fadeOut(1500);

},"Cancel": function() {

$(this).dialog("close");}

}});

// Dialog Link$('#dialog_link').click(function(){

$('#dialog').dialog('open');

return false;});//hover states on the static widgets$('#dialog_link, ul#icons li').hover(

function() { $(this).addClass('ui-state-hover'); },function() { $(this).removeClass('ui-state-hover'); }

);});

body{ font: 62.5% "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; margin: 50px;}.demoHeaders { margin-top: 2em; }#dialog_link {padding: .4em 1em .4em 20px;

text-decoration:none; position: relative;}#dialog_link span.ui-icon {margin: 0 5px 0 0;position: absolute;left: .2em;top: 50%;margin-top: -8px;}

ul#icons {margin: 0; padding: 0;}ul#icons li {

margin: 2px; position: relative; padding: 4px 0;cursor: pointer; float: left; list-style: none;}

ul#icons span.ui-icon {float: left; margin: 0 4px;}

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PyTwitter Demo

Start Demo

user

password

Figure 2 dis plays the start of the appli cation: a jQuery UI button.

Figure 2. jQuery UI button

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This button calls the Login window shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. The Login window

Let's dissect the code in Listing 11. First, you can tell the browser where the CSS, JavaScript, and jQuery files are found using

the {{MEDIA_URL}}. When Django renders the template, it subs titutes {{MEDIA_URL}} with the actual path.

Inside the header, add your own JavaScript. The dollar sign ($) is an alias for a jQuery instance. A jQuery shortcut for

document.getElementById('name') is $('#name'). For example, you define a jQuery UI element dialog using a tag,

and then call the .dialog() method to create the jQuery window. Inside, you add two buttons: OK and Cancel. Cancel closes

the window, whereas OK performs two actions: It closes the window, then pos ts to the s erver. If the data that the index viewreceives is the correct credentials, you get back the tweets and followers data. Then, the window button and title fade out, and the

Twitter panel fades in.

The magic line here is $( '#panel' ).html( '' ).load( '{% url twitterPanel_panel %}' ) , which loads the

external Django template panel .html. The Twitter panel is a jQuery UI accordion widget. Listing 12 shows the code for the paneltemplate. Save the code into panel.html inside w ithin twitterPanel/templates.

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Listing 12. The Twitter panel template

$(function(){

$("#main").accordion({header: "h3",autoHeight: true

}).hide().fadeIn(1500);

$('#updateTextArea').keyup(function(){// text used for non-input elements. Var() is used for input elementsvar tweetLength = $('#updateTextArea').val().length;$('#charCount').text( 140 - tweetLength );

});

$('#updateBtn').click(function(){if($('#updateTextArea').val().length {{ s.text }}

{% else %}No tweets found

{% endif %}

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Update Status

Update

140

Following

{% if following %}{% for f in following %}

{% endfor %}

{% else %}following variable is empty

{% endif %}

Figure 4 shows the Twitter panel with the Update Status tab.

Figure 4. The Twitter panel displaying the Update Status tab

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You name the accordion widget "main," and this is where all the action is once you're logged in. Inside the accordion, you havethree tabs: My Recent Tweets, Update Status, and Following, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. The Twitter panel, displaying the Following tab

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Now that you've looked at the demo, you've probably noticed how much effect the jQuery UI adds to the dynamic feel of the

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y , y p y jQ y yapplication. Django also m akes it easy to handle the Python back end and templating.

Other things you could do to improve on the application include adding proper validation to the login process, error windows , or alist of your followers; s ending direct tweets; and searching for tweets. Of course, feel free to use your creativity, as well.

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Download

Description Name Size Download method

Sample code os-social-tw itter-pytw eetproj.zip 160KB HTTP

Information about download methods

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About the author

Cesar Otero is a freelance Java and Python consultant. He holds a degree in electrical engineering with a m inorin mathematics.

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