WWII

WWIIThe Path to War: ASIA

Japanese Territorial Expansion Natural resources

‘31 invaded Manchuria Coal and iron ore

‘32 declared it the independent state of Manchukuo

League of Nations ineffective in stopping Demanded w/drawal from China March ‘33 Japan withdrew from the

League and remained in Manchukuo Encouraged Italy and Germany to expand

Expansion Cont Early ‘30s

East Indies for oil Needs Chinese ports ‘37 Japan invades South and East

China Nanjing Massacre = 300,000 killed by

Japanese ‘37 – ‘45 Nat' lists, Ch. Comm. and Jap.

fight for control of China

WWIIPath to War: Europe

Italy Goal: control Ethiopia ‘34 – border clash and The League did

nothing October ‘35 Italy invades The League imposed economic

sanctions Included weapons but not oil, coal, iron Ineffective

May ‘36 Ethiopia was annexed

Civil War in Spain Spain became a Republic in 1931 July 1936 Nationalists revolted

Francisco Franco Foreign powers intervened

Soviet Union + others = Republicans Germany = Nationalists

1939 Results Nationalists won in 1939 Franco becomes new fascist dictator

DID NOT ALLY W/ GERMANY OR ITALY!

Germany’s Conquest Begins Hitler attacked the Rhineland in

March ‘36 Prohibited by V. T. No one acted

New alliances threaten peace Rome-Berlin Axis (Oct ‘36) Anti-Comintern Pact added Japan Stalin urged West to form

Nothing happened

1st victim Austria

‘34 Hitler wanted Aust. to join to Ger. Italy mobilized along Aust. border

‘38 Ger. and It. = Allied Hitler tried again

March ‘38 Offered Political stability United German speaking people

Austria asks for help None

2nd victim Czechoslovakia

Target b/c prosperous Ethnic conflicts Appeasement Sept ‘38 – Sudetenland Munich Conference (Sept 29, 1938) – Neville

Chamberlain (GB) tries to negotiate peace Ger. got Sudetenland Hitler would respect Czech’s freedom

Hitler would not take any more territory March 15, 1939 Hitler takes over Czech

Western Democracies begin to prepare for war.

The Coming of War March 1939 Hitler turns East

Memel, Lithuania Danzig, Poland

West and Soviets suspicious of each other

No alliance was ever formed to stop Hitler. Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

Aug 23, 1939 Pledged they would never attack each other Would remain neutral if the other was in war Outlined “spheres of influence”

THE BATTLE FRONTS1939 - 1941

War Begins Hitler invaded Poland on Sept 1, 1939

Assumed the West would do nothing Two days later, GB and FR declared war

on Germany WWII has begun

Early Conquests1. Sept 1, 1939 blitzkrieg on Poland

A. “lightning war” – surpriseB. Used the Luftwaffe, panzers, and then the

infantryC. Poland fell in weeks

2. Stalin forced military bases in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, then Finland.

Hitler Looks to the West1. 1939 – 1940 Sitzkreig

Quiet on the Western Front2. Scandinavia Falls (April – May 1940)

A. April 1940 GB tries to protect NorwayB. Hitler said the Allies were invading and Denmark

and Norway accept “protection of the Reich” Denmark accepts Norway rejects

C. April 9 Hitler attacks Norway and Denmark Germ – loses part of navy Germ – won outlet to the Atlantic Chamberlain replaced by Winston Churchill

– May 10, 1940

Fall of France

1. Maginot Line…2. May 10, 1940 Hitler attacks the Low

Countries – Lux, Nether, Bel3. GB, FR move troops to Bel and Hitler

uses opening and invades with Panzers4. Bel, GB, & FR troops trapped; rescued at

Dunkirk5. Germ takes to Paris on June 146. FR signs an armistice

The Battle for Britain1. Hitler’s plan:

A. Win the English ChannelB. Destroy airfields and industries

2. Began August 1940A. Focus = RAF; Aug 24 – Sept 6 1000 planes/dayB. RAF losses = 466 planes, 103 pilotsC. German losses >

3. Sept 7 – Nov 3 blitzed LondonA. Huge damage to LondonB. British Hurricanes, Spitfires successful in

destroying German pilots.4. Results:

A. Germany’s 1st lossB. U.S. Aid (see next slide)

http://www.llgc.org.uk/illingworth/illingworth_s040.htm

American Cooperation1. Neutrality Acts…2. FDR wants to help b/c feels threatened

by HitlerA. Gave 50 old destroyers to GBB. Enacted cash-and-carry policyC. Switches to lend-lease policy when GB runs out of

$3. GB and US sign Atlantic Charter (Aug 9,

1941)A. Freedom of tradeB. Right of people to choose govtC. Final destruction of Nazi tyranny

Eastern Europe and Africa1. June 10, 1940 Italy declares war on FR

and GB2. Battle at Libya (Dec 9, 1940)3. By 1941 Germany claims Romania,

Bulgaria, and Hungary4. April ’41 GB defeated at Yugoslavia and

Greece; forced to escape by sea.5. April 11, 1941Germ tanks pushed GB

out of N. Libya

Invasion of the Soviet Union1. Hitler’s Goal: get more “living space,”

wheat, and oil2. Operation Barbarossa (June 22, 1941)

A. German offensive on the SU; a surpriseB. To stop GERM, Stalin orders the scorched-

earth policyC. By Nov 1941, Germany pushed 600 miles

inland, controlled 40% of the population, and had taken key cities.

D. Soviet resistance was strong and the winter was harsh

E. Dec 2, 1941 GERM was forced to retreat.

Japanese Expansion1. Controlled much of China by the late

1930s2. July 1940 started the “greater East Asia

Co-prosperity Sphere” by taking European colonies such as French Indochina, Dutch East Indies, and Singapore (GB)

3. Response: US placed an embargo on iron4. Tripartite Pact (Sept 27, 1940)

A. Alliance between GERM, IT, and JAPAN

JAPAN’S ATTACK AND US ENTRY

Tensions Mount1. Japan attacked Indochina on July 24,

1941A. US Response

• Demanded w/drawal from Indochina and China

• Embargo on oil• Froze all Japanese assets in America

2. Hideki Tojo – military dictator - decides to go to war to continue expansion.

The Plan…1. US Pacific Fleet was based in Pearl

Harbor, Hawaii2. Yamamoto – commander of JAP navy –

plans secret attackA. November 1941 – JAP fleet leaves for targetB. Japan stages negotiation talks with FDR

3. As talks break down, FDR sends all aircraft carriers and half of the army’s airplanes to Pearl Harbor in prep for attack in SE Asia

The Attack1. December 7, 19412. W/in 25 minutes torpedoes sank battleships

Arizona, Utah, Oklahoma, West Virginia, and California

3. Results:A. 19 American ships sank or damagedB. 188 airplanes were destroyedC. Over 2400 killedD. 1100 wounded

4. Dec. 8, 19415. December 9, 1941 the US declared war on Japan

THE HOMEFRONT

Production1. US = Allies biggest supplier

A. Planes, tanks, jeeps, guns, ships2. Created an economic boom3. Population shift to war-industry cities

(west)4. Increase in farm production

Government Expansion1. New Agencies

A. Office of War Mobilization (OWM)

B. War Production Board (WPB)

Economy1. To pay for the war:

A. Gov't increased the tax baseB. Encouraged war bonds

2. To stop inflationA. BondsB. Rationing

Gasoline, heating fuel, tires, coffee, sugar, meat, butter, canned goods

The Army1. Selective Training and Service Act

A. 21-35 HAD TO registerB. Deferments

2. WWII = 2/3 drafted3. 300,000 women served

A. WAACS, WASPS, WAVES, SPARSB. ANC, NNC C. ROSIE THE RIVETER

Promoting the War1. Movies2. Songs3. Radio stations

Japanese-American Relocation1. 119,000 Jap-Am on West Coast2. 1942 – 1945 = Hysteria; imprisoned in

10 relocations camps Minidoka, Tule Lake, Manzanar, Topaz,

Granada, Heart Mountain, Poston, Gila River, Rohwer, Jerome

3. Losses = $400 million in property4. Wanted to disprove accusation of

disloyalty

Relocation Camps

Camp Layouts

Typical barracks room at Manzanar, April 1942

Remains of Security Fence, Manzanar

Manzanar Relocation Center, with Mount Williamson in the Background, 1942

BATTLE FRONTS:EUROPE 1942 – 1945

Invasion of Italy1. Attack on Sicily (Mid 1943)

A. Led by Gen. EisenhowerB. ~40,000 GERMS and 70,000 ITS forces to flee

2. Mussolini’s DownfallA. July 25, 1943 King Victor Emmanuel III fires

Mussolini; has him arrested (later assassinated)B. Fascist party dissolvedC. Hitler defends Italy and Mussolini in the North

3. Allied forces fight up the peninsula and take Naples, Rome, and Florence.

4. Italy surrenders on June 4, 1944

D-Day Operation Overlord - Allied invasion to

win back France June 6, 1944 = D-Day Allied Expeditionary Force led by

Eisenhower Tremendous Allied Power:

3 million men 16 million tons of weapons/supplies 9,000 boats 11,000 aircraft

D-Day cont… Eisenhower’s men cross the English

Channel and land at Normandy Beach Bombers, paratroopers Reclaim Paris on Aug 25

Continues for months Allies win back Fr, Bel, and the Neths. Germans launch counterattack but

are defeated at the Battle of the Bulge

The Pacific War At 1st, JAP seen as liberators, but were

soon hated for killing civilians and taking land.

Victories: Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942) Battle of Midway (June 1942); JAP navy

defeated Guadalcanal (Aug 1942)

Allies, led by Douglas MacArthur, led land, sea, and air battle

After 6 months, won 1st of “island hopping” campaigns

By Nov 1943 JAPs resort to kamikaze tactics

ALLIED VICTORIES The End

Victory Over Germany

1. Battle of the Bulge (Dec 6, 1944 – Jan 15, 1945)A. German offensive to put a “bulge” in the Allied

advance in BelgiumB. Allies stop at the Rhine RiverC. Allied use air attacks on German cities – kill

100,000s2. Soviets move in from East and met US troops

at Berlin – late April 19453. May 7, 1945 Germany surrenders4. May 8, 1945 = V-E Day

A. Partisans in IT kill MussoliniB. Hitler Committed suicide

Yalta and Potsdam1. Early 1945 FDR, Churchill, and Stall met at Yalta

to discuss postwar EuropeA. US, GB, FR, USSR, and CHI = United NationsB. Divide GERM, along with Berlin into 4 zonesC. Soviet-occupied regions of E. EURO would hold free

electionsD. USSR would get E. PolandE. Poland would get part of GermanyF. Stalin promised to declare war on JAP to end warG. USSR would get 3 islands in the N. Pacific

2. Later 1945, meet at Potsdam in GermA. Harry S. Truman replaced FDR, Clemet Attlee

replaced ChurchillB. Results: Ultimatum to Japan; new tensions…

Victory Over Japan1. By end of ‘44, Allied victory clear but

JAP wouldn’t surrender2. JAP rejected ultimatum in July ‘453. Truman decided to use the Atomic

BombA. End quicklyB. Avoid enormous loss of life with invasionC. Intimidate USSR

4. Two bombsA. Hiroshima –Aug 6, 1945B. Nagasaki – Aug 9, 1945

5. EffectsA. 200,000 JAP die, more later b/c of

radioactivityB. Aug 14, 1945 JAP surrender

6. V-J Day = Sept 2, 19457. WWII is over

Results1. Expensive2. Millions homeless in Europe3. Japan – new constitution, more

democratic4. Germany divided5. US and USSR became main world

powers

6. USSR dominates E EURO7. UN formed8. Holocaust9. Loss of Human Life

A. Over 55 million died – 30 mil were civilians USSR = 22 mil GERM = 8 mil JAP = 2 mill US = 300,000