WWII The Path to War: ASIA
Dec 31, 2015
WWII
The Path to War: ASIA
Japanese Territorial Expansion Natural resources
‘31 invaded Manchuria Coal and iron ore
‘32 declared it the independent state of Manchukuo
League of Nations ineffective in stopping Demanded w/drawal from China March ‘33 Japan withdrew from the
League and remained in Manchukuo Encouraged Italy and Germany to expand
Expansion Cont
Early ‘30s East Indies for oil Needs Chinese ports ‘37 Japan invades South and East
China Nanjing Massacre = 300,000 killed by
Japanese ‘37 – ‘45 Nat' lists, Ch. Comm. and Jap.
fight for control of China
WWII
Path to War: Europe
Italy
Goal: control Ethiopia ‘34 – border clash and The League did
nothing October ‘35 Italy invades The League imposed economic
sanctions Included weapons but not oil, coal, iron Ineffective
May ‘36 Ethiopia was annexed
Civil War in Spain
Spain became a Republic in 1931 July 1936 Nationalists revolted
Francisco Franco Foreign powers intervened
Soviet Union + others = Republicans Germany = Nationalists
1939 Results Nationalists won in 1939 Franco becomes new fascist dictator
DID NOT ALLY W/ GERMANY OR ITALY!
Germany’s Conquest Begins
Hitler attacked the Rhineland in March ‘36
Prohibited by V. T. No one acted
New alliances threaten peace Rome-Berlin Axis (Oct ‘36) Anti-Comintern Pact added Japan Stalin urged West to form
Nothing happened
1st victim
Austria ‘34 Hitler wanted Aust. to join to Ger.
Italy mobilized along Aust. border ‘38 Ger. and It. = Allied
Hitler tried again March ‘38 Offered Political stability United German speaking people
Austria asks for help None
2nd victim
Czechoslovakia Target b/c prosperous Ethnic conflicts Appeasement Sept ‘38 – Sudetenland Munich Conference (Sept 29, 1938) – Neville
Chamberlain (GB) tries to negotiate peace Ger. got Sudetenland Hitler would respect Czech’s freedom
Hitler would not take any more territory March 15, 1939 Hitler takes over Czech
Western Democracies begin to prepare for war.
The Coming of War
March 1939 Hitler turns East Memel, Lithuania Danzig, Poland
West and Soviets suspicious of each other
No alliance was ever formed to stop Hitler. Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
Aug 23, 1939 Pledged they would never attack each other Would remain neutral if the other was in war Outlined “spheres of influence”
THE BATTLE FRONTS
1939 - 1941
War Begins
Hitler invaded Poland on Sept 1, 1939 Assumed the West would do nothing
Two days later, GB and FR declared war on Germany
WWII has begun
Early Conquests
1. Sept 1, 1939 blitzkrieg on PolandA. “lightning war” – surpriseB. Used the Luftwaffe, panzers, and then the
infantryC. Poland fell in weeks
2. Stalin forced military bases in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, then Finland.
Hitler Looks to the West
1. 1939 – 1940 Sitzkreig Quiet on the Western Front
2. Scandinavia Falls (April – May 1940)A. April 1940 GB tries to protect NorwayB. Hitler said the Allies were invading and Denmark
and Norway accept “protection of the Reich” Denmark accepts Norway rejects
C. April 9 Hitler attacks Norway and Denmark Germ – loses part of navy Germ – won outlet to the Atlantic Chamberlain replaced by Winston Churchill
– May 10, 1940
Fall of France
1. Maginot Line…2. May 10, 1940 Hitler attacks the Low
Countries – Lux, Nether, Bel3. GB, FR move troops to Bel and Hitler
uses opening and invades with Panzers4. Bel, GB, & FR troops trapped; rescued at
Dunkirk5. Germ takes to Paris on June 146. FR signs an armistice
The Battle for Britain
1. Hitler’s plan:A. Win the English ChannelB. Destroy airfields and industries
2. Began August 1940A. Focus = RAF; Aug 24 – Sept 6 1000
planes/dayB. RAF losses = 466 planes, 103 pilotsC. German losses >
3. Sept 7 – Nov 3 blitzed LondonA. Huge damage to LondonB. British Hurricanes, Spitfires successful in
destroying German pilots.4. Results:
A. Germany’s 1st lossB. U.S. Aid (see next slide)
http://www.llgc.org.uk/illingworth/illingworth_s040.htm
American Cooperation
1. Neutrality Acts…2. FDR wants to help b/c feels threatened
by HitlerA. Gave 50 old destroyers to GBB. Enacted cash-and-carry policyC. Switches to lend-lease policy when GB runs out of
$
3. GB and US sign Atlantic Charter (Aug 9, 1941)
A. Freedom of tradeB. Right of people to choose govtC. Final destruction of Nazi tyranny
Eastern Europe and Africa
1. June 10, 1940 Italy declares war on FR and GB
2. Battle at Libya (Dec 9, 1940)3. By 1941 Germany claims Romania,
Bulgaria, and Hungary4. April ’41 GB defeated at Yugoslavia and
Greece; forced to escape by sea.5. April 11, 1941Germ tanks pushed GB
out of N. Libya
Invasion of the Soviet Union
1. Hitler’s Goal: get more “living space,” wheat, and oil
2. Operation Barbarossa (June 22, 1941)A. German offensive on the SU; a surpriseB. To stop GERM, Stalin orders the scorched-
earth policyC. By Nov 1941, Germany pushed 600 miles
inland, controlled 40% of the population, and had taken key cities.
D. Soviet resistance was strong and the winter was harsh
E. Dec 2, 1941 GERM was forced to retreat.
Japanese Expansion
1. Controlled much of China by the late 1930s
2. July 1940 started the “greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere” by taking European colonies such as French Indochina, Dutch East Indies, and Singapore (GB)
3. Response: US placed an embargo on iron4. Tripartite Pact (Sept 27, 1940)
A. Alliance between GERM, IT, and JAPAN
JAPAN’S ATTACK AND US ENTRY
Tensions Mount
1. Japan attacked Indochina on July 24, 1941
A. US Response• Demanded w/drawal from Indochina and
China• Embargo on oil• Froze all Japanese assets in America
2. Hideki Tojo – military dictator - decides to go to war to continue expansion.
The Plan…
1. US Pacific Fleet was based in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
2. Yamamoto – commander of JAP navy – plans secret attack
A. November 1941 – JAP fleet leaves for targetB. Japan stages negotiation talks with FDR
3. As talks break down, FDR sends all aircraft carriers and half of the army’s airplanes to Pearl Harbor in prep for attack in SE Asia
The Attack
1. December 7, 19412. W/in 25 minutes torpedoes sank battleships
Arizona, Utah, Oklahoma, West Virginia, and California
3. Results:A. 19 American ships sank or damagedB. 188 airplanes were destroyedC. Over 2400 killedD. 1100 wounded
4. Dec. 8, 19415. December 9, 1941 the US declared war on Japan
THE HOMEFRONT
Production
1. US = Allies biggest supplierA. Planes, tanks, jeeps, guns, ships
2. Created an economic boom3. Population shift to war-industry cities
(west)4. Increase in farm production
Government Expansion
1. New Agencies
A. Office of War Mobilization (OWM)
B. War Production Board (WPB)
Economy
1. To pay for the war:A. Gov't increased the tax baseB. Encouraged war bonds
2. To stop inflationA. BondsB. Rationing
Gasoline, heating fuel, tires, coffee, sugar, meat, butter, canned goods
The Army
1. Selective Training and Service ActA. 21-35 HAD TO registerB. Deferments
2. WWII = 2/3 drafted3. 300,000 women served
A. WAACS, WASPS, WAVES, SPARSB. ANC, NNC C. ROSIE THE RIVETER
Promoting the War
1. Movies2. Songs3. Radio stations
Japanese-American Relocation1. 119,000 Jap-Am on West Coast2. 1942 – 1945 = Hysteria; imprisoned in
10 relocations camps Minidoka, Tule Lake, Manzanar, Topaz,
Granada, Heart Mountain, Poston, Gila River, Rohwer, Jerome
3. Losses = $400 million in property4. Wanted to disprove accusation of
disloyalty
Relocation Camps
Camp Layouts
Typical barracks room at Manzanar, April 1942
Remains of Security Fence, Manzanar
Manzanar Relocation Center, with Mount Williamson in the Background, 1942
BATTLE FRONTS:EUROPE 1942 – 1945
Invasion of Italy
1. Attack on Sicily (Mid 1943)A. Led by Gen. EisenhowerB. ~40,000 GERMS and 70,000 ITS forces to flee
2. Mussolini’s DownfallA. July 25, 1943 King Victor Emmanuel III fires
Mussolini; has him arrested (later assassinated)B. Fascist party dissolvedC. Hitler defends Italy and Mussolini in the North
3. Allied forces fight up the peninsula and take Naples, Rome, and Florence.
4. Italy surrenders on June 4, 1944
D-Day
Operation Overlord - Allied invasion to win back France
June 6, 1944 = D-Day Allied Expeditionary Force led by
Eisenhower Tremendous Allied Power:
3 million men 16 million tons of weapons/supplies 9,000 boats 11,000 aircraft
D-Day cont…
Eisenhower’s men cross the English Channel and land at Normandy Beach
Bombers, paratroopers Reclaim Paris on Aug 25
Continues for months Allies win back Fr, Bel, and the Neths. Germans launch counterattack but
are defeated at the Battle of the Bulge
The Pacific War
At 1st, JAP seen as liberators, but were soon hated for killing civilians and taking land.
Victories: Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942) Battle of Midway (June 1942); JAP navy
defeated Guadalcanal (Aug 1942)
Allies, led by Douglas MacArthur, led land, sea, and air battle
After 6 months, won 1st of “island hopping” campaigns
By Nov 1943 JAPs resort to kamikaze tactics
ALLIED VICTORIES
The End
Victory Over Germany
1. Battle of the Bulge (Dec 6, 1944 – Jan 15, 1945)
A. German offensive to put a “bulge” in the Allied advance in Belgium
B. Allies stop at the Rhine RiverC. Allied use air attacks on German cities – kill
100,000s
2. Soviets move in from East and met US troops at Berlin – late April 1945
3. May 7, 1945 Germany surrenders4. May 8, 1945 = V-E Day
A. Partisans in IT kill MussoliniB. Hitler Committed suicide
Yalta and Potsdam
1. Early 1945 FDR, Churchill, and Stall met at Yalta to discuss postwar Europe
A. US, GB, FR, USSR, and CHI = United NationsB. Divide GERM, along with Berlin into 4 zonesC. Soviet-occupied regions of E. EURO would hold free
electionsD. USSR would get E. PolandE. Poland would get part of GermanyF. Stalin promised to declare war on JAP to end warG. USSR would get 3 islands in the N. Pacific
2. Later 1945, meet at Potsdam in GermA. Harry S. Truman replaced FDR, Clemet Attlee
replaced ChurchillB. Results: Ultimatum to Japan; new tensions…
Victory Over Japan
1. By end of ‘44, Allied victory clear but JAP wouldn’t surrender
2. JAP rejected ultimatum in July ‘453. Truman decided to use the Atomic
BombA. End quicklyB. Avoid enormous loss of life with invasionC. Intimidate USSR
4. Two bombsA. Hiroshima –Aug 6, 1945B. Nagasaki – Aug 9, 1945
5. EffectsA. 200,000 JAP die, more later b/c of
radioactivityB. Aug 14, 1945 JAP surrender
6. V-J Day = Sept 2, 19457. WWII is over
Results
1. Expensive2. Millions homeless in Europe3. Japan – new constitution, more
democratic4. Germany divided5. US and USSR became main world
powers
6. USSR dominates E EURO7. UN formed8. Holocaust9. Loss of Human Life
A. Over 55 million died – 30 mil were civilians USSR = 22 mil GERM = 8 mil JAP = 2 mill US = 300,000