Ww2

• 1. Postwar Brought: Economic Conflicts Powerful Dictators Nationalism Dreams of territorial Expansion

2. Treaty ofVersailles caused ANGER and RESENTMENT Germans saw nothing fair about being blamed for the war Lost territories Russians Mad that they lost territories New democratic governments set up in Europe did not last and it was easy for dictators to take over 3. Russia Soviet Union, 1922, communist state Lenin dies in 1924 Stalin takes power 4. Stalin means man of steel Goal: Create a model communist state Goal: Move Russia from a rural industrial state All economic activity was placed under the governments control By 1937, the Soviet Union became the worlds second- largest industrial power 5. Stalin eliminated anyone that stood in his way Stalin is estimated to be responsible for 8 to 13 million deaths (total is not known) AND millions more died from a result of famine when reconstructing the Soviet Union 6. Totalitarian Government= government that exerts complete control over its citizens. Individuals have no rights Government suppresses all opposition 7. Benito Mussolini and totalitarian government in Italy Mussolini appealed to Italys wounded national pride and strikes by workers Italy wants peace, work, and calm. I will give these things with love I possible, with force if necessary. Benito Mussolini 8. Fascism= stressed nationalism and places the interests of the state above those of individuals Power must rest with the strong single leader and a small group of his devoted followers 9. Mussolini marches on Rome with his followers (Black Shirts) and eventually the Italian King appointed Mussolini head of the government IL Duce- the leader 10. Born: April 20, 1889 in Austria- Hungary Poor student who never completed high school He applied to the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, but was rejected 11. He was convinced that it was a Jewish professor that had rejected his art work; he became convinced that a Jewish doctor had been responsible for his mothers death; he cleared the snow-bound paths of beautiful town houses in Vienna where rich people lived and he became convinced that only Jews lived in these homes. By 1910, his mind had become warped and his hatred of the Jews - known as anti-Semitism - had become set. 12. Hitler served in WWI In 1919 he joined the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) Didnt believe in Democracy or failed Capitalism of the West Want to distribute wealth more equally 13. AfterWW1, Hitler was a jobless soldier 1919, he joined the Nationalist Socialist GermanWorkers Party aka Nazi Party (had no ties to Socialism) He was a powerful speaker and organizer that he became the partys leader 14. In 1923, Hitler led in uprising in Munich against the Weimar Republic Imprisoned for 8 months (sentenced to 5 years) 15. Hitlers book, My Stuggle, set forth his basic beliefs of Nazism that became his plan of action 16. 1933, The legislature anointed Hitler dictator, der Fuhrer Soon he declared all labor unions and political parties illegal except his own Established the Gestapo= powerful police force 17. Nazism= German brand of fascism Extreme nationalism United all German-speaking people in a great German empire 18. Anti-Semitism Nationalism Militarism Anti-communism 19. Enforce racial purification In his view, Germans (especially blue-eyed, blond-haired Aryans)- formed a master race Inferior Races= Jews, Slavs, and all nonwhites, were only fit to serve Aryans 20. Hitler believed that for Germany to thrive Germans needed more living space even if that meant getting that land by force Because of Germanys economic depression after WW1, Hitler had an easy time getting men to join the army (Why?- needed jobs) Hitlers private army= Storm Troopers or Brown Shirts 21. By 1932, Nazis had become the strongest political party in Germany In 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor (prime minister) Hitler soon dismantled Germanys democratic government and established theThird Reich (Third German Empire) and this Reich would last 1,000 years 22. Japan wanted to expand Attack Manchuria and take control of a providence of China League of Nations condemned Japan for doing this and Japan dropped out of the League 23. Everyone noticed that the League of Nations did nothing to Japan (especially in Europe) Germany dropped out of the League and attacked a land (Rhineland) that was taken from them after WW1 and the League did nothing to stop him Italy attacked Ethiopia and the League barely did anything 24. Francisco Franco and Spanish army officers revolted against Spanish government and the Spanish Civil War broke out Americans were worried about fascism spreading through Spain Hitler and Mussolini helped Franco and later formed an alliance Rome-Berlin Axis Franco became Spains fascist dictator 25. Americans were shocked but believed the U.S. would not get involved Antiwar feelings (so strong that the Girl Scouts of America changed the color of its uniforms from khaki to green to appear less militaristic) 26. Congress passed a series of laws Outlawed arms sales or loads to nations at war or engaged in civil war 27. Roosevelt helped by sending arms and supplies to China after being attacked by Japan again He said this wasnt against the Neutrality Acts because Japan hadnt officially declared war against China Roosevelt spoke against isolationism but many accused Roosevelt of bringing the US into another war 28. Hitler wants Austria and Czechoslovakia as part of hisThird Reich Many advise Hitler that this will lead to war, and he said, The German Question can be solved only by means of force, and this is never without risk! 29. In the Peace Conference afterWW1 Austria was created out of the Austria- Hungary Majority of Austrians were Germans who favored unification with Germany Hitler came in unopposed and the Austria was united with Germany The US and the rest of the world did nothing 30. Sudetenland= area in Czechoslovakia that had about 3 million German- speaking people Hitler accused the Czechs of abusing the Sudeten Germans France and Great Britain promised to protect Czechoslovakia Hitler invited leaders of France and GB to Germany and he explained that the Sudetenland would be his last conquest Munich Agreement was signed, turning the Sudetenland over to Germany 31. Churchill (political rival of Chamberlain, who signed theTreaty) did not like this and called it appeasement. Appeasement= giving up principles to pacify an aggressor 32. Hitler soon marched on Czechoslovakia and gloated, Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist. Next target: Poland (Germanys eastern neighbor) 33. Hitler said that Germans in Poland were being mistreated Many thought that if Hitler attacked Poland, Russia would enter the war (Poland and Russia and neighbors) France and Britain had promised military aid to Poland Many thought Hitler would not be foolish to fight a 2 front war like inWW1 Nonaggression Pact= Hitler and Stalin commit to never attack each other, and secretly plan to split Poland 34. Germany storms Poland Germanys newest military strategy, blitzkrieg, or lightning war (fast tanks, powerful aircraft, take enemy by surprise and then quickly crush the opposition) 2 days after the attack on Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany 35. =France built a system of fortifications along Frances eastern border (Maginot Line) and waited for Germany to attackthey never did Meanwhile, Russia attacked Poland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and later Finland Hitler attacked Finland and Norway in hopes of building bases to attack GB later on 36. Hitler went around the Maginot Line to attack France 37. Germanys surprise attack on northern Italy Italy enters war on side of the Germans and attacks France from the south Germans occupied northern Italy and Hitler set up a Nazi-controlled government in the south 38. Germans attacked Britain by air (Germany knew they couldnt compete with their navy) For 2 months, Germans bombed Britain everyday RAF (Britains Royal Air Force) fought back and with the help of the radar, Germany eventually called off their invasion Churchill said in praise of the RAF pilots, Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few. 39. Persecution Begins Hitlers first move: ordered all non-Aryans to be removed from government jobs Holocaust= the systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe, more than of whom were Jews 40. Anti-Semitism= hatred of Jews, had a long history in many European countries For many decades, Germans blamed Jews for everything Nuremberg Laws= stripped Jews of their German citizenship, jobs and property 41. To make them easier to identify, Jews had to wear a bright yellow Star of David attached to their clothing 42. =Night of Broken Glass Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany Many were killed or arrested Later, the Nazis blamed the Jews for the destruction 43. Many Jews fled and became refugees but they had no place to go France would only accept 40,000, Britain, 80,000 refugees Many countries feared what would happened if they let Jewish refugees in. The US let in 100,000 refugees, but many Americans were fearful that the immigrants would hurt the economy more during the Great Depression (ie: Albert Einstein led it) 44. Coast guard refused to let this German ocean liner (filled with Jewish refugees) stop in America and forced them to return to Europe. Later, of these passengers were killed in the Holocaust Significance: Indifference (not caring) about the plight of the Jews 45. Final Solution= a policy of genocide, the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population 46. Master Race= Aryans Inferior Race= Communists Socialists Liberals Homosexuals Gypsies Jews Anyone who spoke out against the Nazi government Mentally deficient and ill, physically disabled, incurably ill Freemasons (supporters of the Jewish conspiracy to rule the world) Jehovahs Witnesses (who refused to join the army or salute Hitler) 47. Nazi death squads secret squadrons Rounded up Jewish men, woman and children and shot them on the spot 48. Forced in crowded ghettos (segregated Jewish areas in certain Polish cities) Nazis sealed off ghettos with barbed wire and stone walls Conditions were hard inside Bodies of victims pilled in the streets Forced to work in factories 49. =labor camps Originally used for political opponents and protesters, but later turned over to the SS Crowded in barracks, meager meals, rats and flees, worked from dawn to dusk If you were too weak, you were killed The brute Schmidt was our guard; he beat and kicked us if he thought we were not working fast enough. He ordered his victims to lie down and gave them 25 lashes with a whip, ordering them to count outloud. If the victim made a mistake he was given 50 lashes30 or 40 of us were shot every day. A doctor usually prepared a daily list o the weakest men. During the lunch break they were taken to a nearby grave and shot.They were replaced the following morning by new arrivals from the transport of the dayIt was a miracle if anyone survived for 5 or 6 months in Belzec. Rudolf Reder 50. Mass murder: slaughter, starvation and now murder by poison gas Gas Chambers: could kill 12,000 a day Overwork, starvation, beating and bullets did not kill fast enough 51. When prisoners arrived, doctors determined whether they were strong enough to work or not Personal belongings were collected, promised that they would be returned later 52. Weak were told to undress and go to the showers (gas chambers) Prisoners were even given a bar of soap as part of the deception Poisoned with cyanide gas that came from the vents in the walls Orchestras of fellow camp inmates were usually played during exterminations 53. Graves were being filled too fast Smell of murder Huge crematoriums, or ovens, to hide the evidence 54. Shot Hung Injected with Poison Starved Gassed Became medical experiments. Experiments carried by camp doctors in order to study diseases Medical experiments of sterilization (to study how to improve the master race) 55. 6 Million died Some able to live through the concentration camps Survivors were forever changed by what they witnessed Survival is both an exalted privilege an a painful burden. Gerda Klein 56. Moving Away from Neutrality (Roosevelt) cash and carry provision= allowed nations in war to pay cash for war items and transport them in their own ships Many isolationist criticized Roosevelt 57. Axis Powers: Germany, Italy and Japan Signed a mutual defense treaty This treaty was aimed to keep the US out of the war, because the US would not want to fight a 2- ocean war (Atlantic & Pacific) 58. Roosevelt asked Congress to increase spending for national defense SelectiveTraining and Service Act= nations first peacetime military draft Under this law 16 million men b/t the ages of 21 and 35 were registered 59. FDR decided to break tradition of a 2-term presidency (started with Washington) and run for reelection Little difference between him and his running mate (WendelWillkie) that people voted for the candidate they knew 60. FDR at Fireside Chat: No man can tame a tiger into a kitten by stroking it. It Britain was defeated, FDR warned that all of the world would be under the power of the Axis Powers We need to help and become the great arsenal of democracy 61. President would lend or lease arms and other supplies to any country who defense was vital to the United States. FDR compared it to lending a garden hose to a neighbor whose house is on fire.The only thing you can do to save your house, is to help your neighbor so the fire doesnt spread 62. Hitler broke promises he made with Stalin to not invade Russia US decides to help Russia under the idea that the enemy of my enemy is my friend Churchill said that if Hitler invaded Hell, the British would be prepared to work with the devil himself 63. With supplies going to his enemies, Hitler, again unleashed German submarines (U-boats) U-boats were successful FDR gave permission to sink German ships in self- defense Radar helped Airborne antisubmarine patrols 64. Churchill and FDR meet on a battleship USS Augusta Atlantic Charter= promises to each other (collective security, disarmament, economic cooperation and freedom of seas) FDR said he couldnt ask Congress for a declaration of war against Germany, but that he would do everything to force an incident 65. U-boats attacked,Americans were killed Undeclared naval war with Hitler This did not bring us into the war.yet! 66. HidekiTojo- chief of Japans army, launched invasion of China British were too busy with Hitler to block Japanese expansion Only the US and its Pacific islands remained in the way Japan took over bases in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos US protested by cutting off trade with Japan Japan couldnt survive without the oil from the US.this meant war 67. Tojo met with emperor Hirohito and promised that their government would attempt to preserve peace withAmericans But,Tojo ordered the navy to prepare for an attack on the US 68. US military broke Japans secret communication codes and learned Japan was preparing for an attack. US didnt know where attack would be FDR sent war warnings to Hawaii, Guam and Philippines US didnt want to attack and thus waited for an overt act Japan denied any talks of peace treaties 69. 6 Japanese aircraft carriers, 180 air bombers Radio operator flashed this message, Air raid on Pearl Harbor. This is not a drill. For an hour and a half, the Japanese planes attacked without disturbance of US Americans killed: 2,403 Wounded: 1,178 Ships Sunk/Damaged: 21, 8 Battleships Pearl Harbor had more losses than in all ofWW1 70. Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date with will live in infamy, theJapanese launched an unprovoked and dastardly attack.- FDR US declared war on Japan Germany and Italy declared war on US 71. War efforts did more to help the US economy than all the New Deal programs Companies had army materials to make Factories needed workers 72. Selective Service System= added 10 million soldiers (5 million had already volunteered) GI= American soldiers Trained for 8 weeks 73. WAAC=Womens Auxiliary Army Corps, women volunteers who could serve in noncombat positions Nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians and pilots Later they received the same benefits as male soldiers 74. Some believed this wasnt their war to fight, especially when they didnt have democracy themselves Mexican-Americans= 300,000 African-Americans= 1,000,000 Chinese-Americans= 13,000 Japanese-Americans= 33,000 Some worked as spies and interpreters Native-Americans= 25,000 75. Factories were converted to war production Car Makers tanks, planes, boats, and command car Mechanical Pencils bomb parts Bedspread manufacturer mosquito netting Soft drink company filled shells with explosives 76. 18 million workers in factories 6/18 million were women Many would not hire minorities 77. Nations most respected African-American labor leader Organized a march on Washington Roosevelt back down and issued an executive order calling all employers to hire without discrimination because of race, creed, color or national origin. 78. OSRD= Office of Scientific Research and Development Radar Sonar Pesticides to fight off insects Penicilin ATOMIC BOMB 79. Germans had already succeeded in splitting uranium atoms Albert Einstein (German refugee) warned Roosevelt of Germanys growing abilities Manhattan Project= research work of the atomic bomb (performed at Columbia University in Manhattan, hence name) 80. OPA= Office of Price Administration, prices were rising, Roosevelt fixed/froze prices WPB=War Production Board, decided which companies were work on wartime production Nationwide drives to collect scraps Kids searched attics, cellars, garages for useful junk 81. OPA set up a system of rationing = fixed allotments of goods Gas rationing Carpools 82. 2 days after Pearl Harbor Churchill wired Roosevelt, would it be wise for us to have another conferenceand the sooner the better. 83. Churchill arrived at theWhite House and worked out war plans with Roosevelt Churchill convinced FDR that Hitler was a greater threat than Japan 84. Germany and U boats Allies responded by organizing cargo ships into convoys With radar and sonar, the US could spot the German boats and destroy them Battle of the Atlantic was going to the Allies 85. Germans were attacking Soviet Union Stalingrad= major industrial center, and a city that Hitler wanted to wipe out Citizens wanted to abandon the city, but Stalin ordered that they defend his namesake city no matter what By the next winter, Germans controlled 9/10 of the city During winter Soviets brought in fresh tanks and trapped the Germans Starving Germans surrendered Soviets lost 1,100,000 soldiers (more than the Americans in the entire war) defending Stalingrad From then on, Soviets took control and moved west 86. Dwight D. Eisenhower led an invasion againstAxis controlled North Africa (OperationTorch) 87. Churchhill and Roosevelt decided that they would only accept the unconditional surrender of theAxis Powers America wanted to attack Germany Britain thought it was safer to attack Italy 88. 99th Pursuit Squadron-all black pilot squadron Impressive strikes against Germans, award winning 92nd Infantry Division- all African American unit, nicknamed- Buffalos Mexicans served in segregated units, but were still awarded Medals of Honor 100th Battalion- 1,300 Hawaiian Nisei (Americans whose parents had emigrated from Japan) Later this Battalion became the most decorated unit in US History 89. 3 million British,American and Canadian troops Attack at Normandy in northern France Code Name: Operation Overlord June 6, 1944 Shortly after midnight, thousands landed Largest land-sea-air operation in army history 90. German retaliation brutal, especially on Omaha Beach People were yelling, screaming, dying, running on the beach, equipment was flying everywhere, men were bleeding to death, crawling, lying everywhere, firing coming from all directionsWe dropped down behind anything that was the size of a golf ball. soldier Felix Branham 91. Allies gained influenced By 1944, the Allies had freed France, Belgium and Luxembourg This helped FDR become elected to an unprecedented 4th term 92. =Hitlers last ditch effort on the offensive SS Germans soldiers pushed forward Captured 120 GIs and shot them down in a huge field Germans lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and 1,600 planes-soldiers and weapons they could not replace From this point on, the Nazis could do little but retreat 93. As Soviets and Allied troops pushed into Germany, SS soldiers tried to destroy the Nazi death camps but they ran out of time When Soviets arrived in Poland, they found 1,000 starving prisoners barely live, the worlds largest crematorium and a storehouse containing 800,000 shoes 94. We started smelling a terrible odor and suddenly we were at the concentration camp at Landsberg. Forced the gate and faced hundreds of starving prisonersWe saw emancipated men whose thighs were smaller than wrists, many had bones sticking out thru their skinsAlso we saw hundreds of burned and naked bodiesThat evening I wrote my wife that For the first time I truly realized the evil of Hitler and why this war had to be waged. RobertT. Johnson 95. Soviets stormed on Berlin, shooting on the spot or hanging from the nearest tree Hitler was in his underground head- quarters He married Eva Braun, his longtime companion Wrote his last letter blaming Jews for starting and losing the war 96. Hitler shot himself, while Eva drank poison In accordance with Hitlers orders, the bodies were carried outside, soaked with gasoline, and burned V-E Day-Victory in Europe Day May 8, 1945 97. Roosevelt did not live to seeV-E Day While posing for a portrait in Georgia, the president had a stroke and died That night,VP, Harry S. Truman became the nations 33rd President 98. 6 months after Pearl Harbor, the Japanese had conquered an empire that dwarfed Hitlers Third Reich Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma,Thailand, and much of China, Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Island, Solomon Islands, and more Douglas MacArthur= in command of Allied forces on the islands 99. Allied turned tide against Japanese Pearl Harbor style air raid over Japan Doolittle led 16 bombers in the attack Headlines in America, Tokyo Bombed! Doolittle Dood It! 100. Main allied forces in Pacific= Americans and Australians Battle of Coral Sea= 5 day battle, Allied forces stopped Japanese from taking Australia Fighting done by airplanes First time since Pearl Harbor that a Japanese invasion was stopped 101. Midway= island that lies northwest of Hawaii Americans broke the Japanese code and knew they were attacking Midway Allied forces attacked Japanese before they could even get planes off their carriers Seen as revenge of Pearl Harbor This battle was a turning point Allies then began island hopping and gaining back island after island of lost territory back from the Japanese and moving toward Japan 102. Kamikaze= suicide planes (word means divine winds and refers to a legendary typhoon that saved Japan in 1281 from a Mongol invasion) 103. Iwo Jima= means sulfur island in Japanese Heaviest defended spot (20,700 Japanese soldiers) 6,000 Marines died taking this island; only 200 Japanese remained Only one island left 104. Japanese unleashed 1,900 kamikaze attacks American Deaths: 7,600 Japanese Deaths: 110,000 Okinawa was a foretaste of what the Allies imagined it would be like to invade Japans homeland 105. =Led by scientist, J. Robert Oppenheimner =development of the atomic bomb More than 600,000 people were working on it, but many did not know what it was for (best kept secret of the war) Tested in New Mexico in July of 1945 ITWORKED! 106. Truman now faced the decisionto use the atomic bomb or not US warned Japanese that it faced prompt and utter destruction unless it surrenderedit did not. PresidentTruman choose the location of the bomb droppings 107. Bomber, Enola Gay, released an atomic bomb, coded Little Boy, over Hiroshima (Japanese military center) 45 seconds later, nearly every building in Hiroshima ceased to exist Japan did not surrender 3 days later, a second bomb, code-named, Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki By the end of the year, 200,000 Japanese had died as a result of injuries and radiation 108. They say temperature of 7,000 degrees centigrade hit meNobody there looked like human beingsHumans had lost the ability to speak. People couldnt scream, it hurts! even when they were on firePeople with their legs wrenched off. Without heads. Or with faces burned or swollen out of shape. The scene I saw was a living hell. 109. September 2, 1945 Surrender ceremonies took place on the US battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay 110. Roosevelt met with Churchill and Stalin at the Black Sea resort of Yalta in the Soviet Union (5 months before dropping of bombs) Nicknamed the big 3 Stalin wantedGermany to be divided up in zones Churchilldid not want German zones Rooseveltwanted Stalin to help with war in the Pacific, and support for a United Nations he was planning Result: CompromiseGermany divided into 4 zones, agreement on meeting later for a conference about the UN 111. With the discovery of the death camps, many Nazi leaders were put on trial (called NurembergTrials) Following Crimes Crimes against the peace- planning and waging an aggressive war War Crimes- acts against the customs of warfare, such as killing of hostages and prisoners, plundering private property and the destruction of towns and cities Crimes Against Humanity- the murder, extermination, deportation, or enslavement of civilians RESULT: the excuse I was just following orders did not matter, and that people are responsible for their actions, even during war 112. US forces occupied Japan under General Douglas MacArthur (for 7 years) Many Japanese military leaders were tried, some, includingTojo, were sentenced to death MacArthur instituted a free- market economy and transformed the Japanese government, including the Japanese Constitution (which is still known as the MacArthur Constitution) 113. Unemployed fell to lower than 1.2% Workers and farmers prospered during the war 6 million women had entered the work force during the war (although many lost their jobs when the war ended) 114. The war triggered one of the greatest mass migrations in American history One million moved to California Many moved to cities where factories were found 115. With father gone, mother had all responsibilities to herself, and often she had to work Children got used to being left in childcare or with neighbors Period of adjustment when fathers returned Many married quickly before soldiers went off to war GI Bill of Rights= provided education and training for vets, paid for by the Federal Government 116. Many African Americans moved away from the South More jobs were being offered to African Americans But, as African Americans moved to the cities, much prejudice and racism was seen Interracial organizations, like CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) began organizing sit- ins 117. Prejudice against Mexican-Americans in LA 1943, anti-Mexican zoot-suit riots Named this because it was reported that some riots in LA were begun by MexicanAmericans wearing zoot-suits 118. After Pearl Harbor, prejudice increased against Japanese Americans War Department called for a mass evacuation of Japanese from Hawaii Internment= confinement Any of Japanese ancestry from California, Washington, Oregon and Arizona were sent to relocation camps 119. Many had to sell their homes for less than they were worth Jobs lost Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) pushed the government to compensate those sent to the camps (only 1/1o of $ lost was given) JACL kept pushing and in 1978, Reagan signed a bill giving $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to relocation camp With the check came a letter from President Bush (1990) that said, We can never fully right the wrongs of the past. But we can take a clear stand for justice and recognize that serious injustices were done to Japanese Americans during WW2.