WtW.prelim.release.2

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Preliminary Results Release 2

26/04/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

016 338 6603

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsWatching the Watchdog Release 2: Malaysian voters deprived of fair and objective informationabout politicians in GE13........................................................................................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................................4

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................................4Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................4

Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................5Figures 3-6: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Oppositionvs. Independent/Other - Bernama vs. Newspapers vs. Television vs. Online News.........................5

1.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources..........................................................8Figure 7: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................... 8Figure 8: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other............................................................................................................ 9Figures 9-12: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other - Bernama vs. Newspapers vs. Television vs. Online News.. .9

1.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................12Figure 13: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................12Figure 14: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................13Figure 15: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................14

1.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: 'Attack Politics' or NegativeCampaigning......................................................................................................................................................15

Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 15Figure 17: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................16

Section 2: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................17Section 3: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................19Section 4: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 24

2


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Watching the Watchdog Release 21: Malaysian voters deprivedof fair and objective information about politicians in GE13

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by the most popular and influential Malaysian media, theWatching the Watchdog media monitoring project2 found that citizens of Malaysia are beingdeprived of fair and objective information about the individual politicians who are taking part in theelections. What follows are our key results:

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions is relativelyequitable overall, but some interesting variations are present at the medium-specific andpolitician-specific levels.

Najib Razak is the politician given the single most mentions overall i.e. he is the politicalfigure discussed the most, by a significant margin.

Bernama talk aboutopposition politicians much more than they talk aboutBN politicians. In contrast, the television news broadcasts talk aboutBN politicians the most.

The online media discuss independent political figures more than any of the other threemediums.

BN politicians are given the most positive coverage by a significant margin, while PRpoliticians are given the most negative coverage and attacked the most by significantmargins.

Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

Of all the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak, Muhyiddin Yassin, andMahathir Mohamad are most commonly used as sources by the media overall, with theircombined use as sources (46.9%) larger than that of the rest of the top 10 sources combined,and representing almost half of all source usage tracked.

Due in large part to the dominance of this trio, BN politicians are used much more oftenas sources overall than PR politicians, who are used as sources roughly the same amountas independent political figures.

Again, notable medium-specific variations are present:

Bernama and the television news broadcasts barely use PR politicians as sources, insteaddevoting most source use to BN followed by independent political figures.

Muhyiddin Yassin is the source carrying out the highest proportion of all 'attack politics',followed by Najib Razak and Mahathir Mohamad. Together, these three BN politicians areresponsible for 64.5% of all political attacks made overall.

This is only partially attributable to their high source use.

1 Release 2 is focused on politicians and political figures only. It is based on data collected overseven days (7/4/13 15/04/13) for 26 media/publications.

2 Watching the Watchdog project monitors coverage from 29 media newspapers, television newsbroadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular

Malaysia, during the month spanning April 7

th

to May 7

th

2013. It is a collaboration between theUniversity of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

3


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Section 1: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Only the top 20 most mentionedname-tracked politicians and political figures are shown onthis graph.

Of all name-tracked politicians and political figures, Najib Razak receives the most mentionsby a significant proportion (30.4%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (12.63%) and Lim Kit Siang(9.5%).

Refer to Table 1 for full figures.

4

Najib Razak

Anwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Chua Soi Lek

Mahathir Mohamad

Lim Guan Eng

Nik Aziz

Muhyiddin Yassin

Khalid Ibrahim

Hadi Awang

Tian ChuaIbrahim Ali

Ng Yen Yen

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Azmin Ali

Nurul Izzah

Karpal Singh

Rafizi Ramli

Liow Tiong Lai

Taib Mahmud

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

30.43

12.63

9.46

6.05

5.98

4.92

3.69

3.01

2.54

2.44

2.271.77

1.5

1.42

1.3

1.26

1.19

0.95

0.9

0.76

Coverage Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, the collective mentions given to each major coalition'sconstituent politicians across all media types are fairly equitable i.e. similar volumes ofcoverage are given at the individual level to each coalition.

Refer to Table 2 for figures.

Figures 3-6: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other - Bernama vs. Newspapers vs. Television vs. OnlineNews

Interestingly, Bernama appear to mention opposition politicians most often. Our hypothesis(based on their very low use of PR politicians as sources and high use of BN politicians andindependent figures as sources see Figure 9) is that this stems from a high proportion ofdiscussion aboutopposition politicians being carried by Bernama, rather than using them as

5

50.6745.52

3.81

BN

PR

Independent/Other

Bernama

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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sources.


The newspapers give relatively equitable volumes of mention-level coverage to politiciansfrom both coalitions.


The television news gives over three-quarters of their mention-level coverage to individualpoliticians and political figures from BN, and devotes very little coverage to PR politicians.


6

Newspapers

BN

PR

Independent/Other

Television

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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The online media devote more of their mention-level coverage of politicians and politicalfigures to those from BN as opposed to those from PR.

Of all mediums, they devote the largest proportion of their mention-level coverage ofpoliticians and political figures to those not aligned with either coalition, i.e. independentsand others.


7

Online

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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1.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 7: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak, Muhyiddin Yassin, and MahathirMohamad are most commonly used as sources by the media.

Their combined use as sources (46.9%) is larger than that of the rest of the top 10 sourcescombined, and represents almost half of all source usage tracked.

This dominance is apparent in the next graph which shows combined source use from eachcoalition across all politicians tracked.

Election Commission Spokespeople are used as sources more often than any PR politicians.

NB: Source usage/access is important as it represents the extent to which politicians are givenaccess/the ability to speak to the public through the media, as opposed to merely being

spoken about in the media.


8

Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Mahathir Mohamad

Election Commission Spokesperson

Chua Soi Lek

Lim Kit Siang

Anwar Ibrahim

Lim Guan Eng

Hadi Awang

Ambiga Sreenevasan

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

27.05

11.83

8.11

6.93

6.31

6.28

5.74

3.16

2.51

1.58

Source Usage Volume


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Figure 8: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Across all media, politicians from BN are used as sources much more often (55.4%) thanpoliticians from PR (20.7%) or independent political figures (23.9%).


Figures 9-12: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources:

Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other - Bernama vs. Newspapers vs.Television vs. Online News

Bernama use sources from BN (51.3%) very much more often than sources from PR (5.19%).

Bernama also use independent sources (43.5%) much more often than sources from PR.


9

55.4

20.71

23.89

BN

PR

Independent/Other

51.3

5.19

43.51

Bernama

BN

PRIndependent/Other


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The newspapers also use BN politicians as sources most often, and then give relatively equalsource usage to PR and independent politicians and political figures.


Similar to Bernama, television news uses BN politicians the most as sources, and gives muchmore source usage to independent politicians and political figures to politicians from PR.

When viewed in combination with the data in Figure 5, we can say that at the individualpolitical figure or politician level, the television news is comprised largely of BN politiciansbeing used as sources and being spoken about (by themselves, or by others).


10

58.221.13

20.67

Newspapers

BN

PR

Independent/Other

55.79

3.95

40.26

Television

BN

PR

Independent/Other


11/26

The online media also use BN politicians as sources the most often, but are the most equitable

overall in terms of who they use as sources compared to the other mediums. Refer to Table 5 for figures.

11

44.45

28.15

27.4

Online

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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1.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 13: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of named politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahimreceives the highest proportion of negative mentions (17%) and the highest proportion ofattacks (25%).

Lim Kit Siang and Niz Aziz are the next most negatively mentioned/attacked (16.6% / 7.2%and 13.1% / 7.7% respectively).

Mahathir Mohamad and Najib Razak come in at fourth and fifth most negativelymentioned/attacked (8.3% / 10.6% and 8.3% / 10% respectively).

Refer to Table 6 for full figures.

12

Anwar IbrahimLim Kit Siang

Nik Aziz

Mahathir Mohamad

Najib Razak

Chua Soi Lek

Lim Guan Eng

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Azmin Ali

Karpal Singh

Nurul Izzah

Hadi Awang

Taib Mahmud

Muhyiddin Yassin

Khalid Ibrahim

Alfred Jabu

G. Palanivel

Nizar Jamaluddin

Baru Bian

Elizabeth Wong

Ibrahim Ali

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of named politicians and political figures, Najib Razakreceived the highest proportions of both positive (58.1%) and neutral mentions (31%) byvery significant margins.

Mahathir Mohamed received the second most positive mentions (6.9%), then Lim Guan Eng(3.9%), Lim Kit Siang (8.3%), and Anwar Ibrahim (3.2%).


13

Najib Razak

Mahathir Mohamad

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Anwar Ibrahim

Muhyiddin Yassin

Chua Soi Lek

Khalid Ibrahim

Musa Aman

Nurul Izzah

Hadi Awang

Tian Chua

Ibrahim Ali

Ng Yen Yen

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Liow Tiong Lai

Nik Aziz

Chong Chieng Jen

Azmin Ali

Taib Mahmud

Baru Bian

Hishamuddin Hussein

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Neutral Posi tive

Coverage Volume


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Figure 15: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, BN politicians are given the highest proportion of positive mentions by a verysignificant margin (77.26% as opposed to PR's 20.2%).

Overall, PR politicians are given the highest proportion of negative mentions by a significantmargin (60.65% as opposed to BN's 32.34%).

Overall, PR politicians receive the highest proportion of attacks by a significant margin(71.5% as opposed to BN's 25.84%).


14

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

NegativeNeutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

25.84

32.34

51.11

77.26

71.5

60.64

45.04

20.2

2.65

7.023.86

2.54

Coverage Volume


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1.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: 'AttackPolitics' or Negative Campaigning

Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

Muhyiddin Yassin (24.7%) is the tracked source carrying out the highest proportion of all'attack politics', followed by Najib Razak (21.3%) and Mahathir Mohamad (18.5%).Together, these three BN politicians are responsible for 64.5% of all political attacks made.

Of the opposition figures used/tracked as sources, Lim Kit Siang is responsible for the highestproportion of all political attacks (13.9%), followed by Lim Guan Eng (4.5%) and AnwarIbrahim (4.3%).


15

Muhyiddin Yassin

Najib Razak

Mahathir Mohamad

Lim Kit Siang

Lim Guan Eng

Anwar Ibrahim

Nik Aziz

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Hadi Awang

Chua Soi Lek

Musa Aman

Nazri Aziz

Taib Mahmud

Baru Bian

Hassan Ali

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

24.68

21.34

18.47

13.85

4.46

4.3

3.03

1.59

0.96

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.32

0.32

Attack Volume


16/26

Figure 17: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

Overall, BN coalition politicians are responsible for the highest proportion of attack politicscarried by the media (67.68%), with the vast bulk of this overall coalition proportionstemming from the three BN/UMNO figures identified in the previous graph.


16

67.68

27.07

5.25

BN

PR

Independent/Other


17/26

Section 2: A Brief Methodology

Media/Publications Analysed (n = 29 3* = 26):

Media Types/Languages

Newspapers TelevisionBroadcasts

Online Media News Wire/Agency

English

New Straits TimesTV2 English

NewsMalaysiakini

English

BernamaEnglish

The Star

The Sun

Daily Express(Sabah) NTV7

Edition 7Malaysian Insider

EnglishBorneo Post(Sarawak)

BahasaMalaysia

UtusanTV1 BeritaNasional

MalaysiakiniBahasa Malaysia Bernama

BahasaMalaysia

(7/4/13 10/4/13 only)

Sinar Harian

Harian Metro

Utusan Borneo(Sabah) TV3 Buletin

UtamaMalaysia InsiderBahasa MalaysiaUtusan Borneo

(Sarawak)

Mandarin

Sin Chew Jit PohTV2 BeritaMandarin

*Data for these publications isnot included within this report

due to resourcing issues, but will beincluded in later iterations.

Oriental Daily

China Press

See Hua Daily (Sabah)8TV Mandarin

NewsSee Hua Daily(Sarawak)

TamilMakkal Osai

Malaysian Nanban*

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: n = 79015

Number of articles identified and analysed: n = 15791

Data Collection

Our data collection is done by 70 monitors who were trained using the methodology below under thesupervision of 8 team leaders. The coders many of whom are university students are based inKlang Valley, Penang, Kota Kinabalu, and Kuching. The team leaders are made up of academics,researchers and students.

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria: They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, or

were the paper's editorial (if they run one).

17


18/26

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

18
http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 3: Appendix 1 Tables

19

TABLE 1

Politician/Political Figure

0.12614

0.22425

1.4156

12.628

1.3034

0.30834

0.16819

0.39243

6.0547

0.1822

Elizabeth Wong 0.042046

0.42046

2.4387

Hassan Ali 0.16819

0.23826

Ibrahim A li 1.7659

0.070077

0.43448

1.1913

Khalid Ibrahim 2.5368

0.16819

4.9194

9.4604

0.89699

5.98460.028031

0.44849

3.0133

0.63069

30.427

Ng Yen Yen 1.4996

3.6861

0.30834

1.2614

0.95305

0.25228

0.0140150.75683

0.25228

2.2705

0.12614

0.12614

0.19622

0

0.21023

Percentage (men-

tion)

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Alfred Jabu

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Anwar Ibrahim

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Bernard Dompok

Chong Chieng Jen

Chua Soi Lek

Dzulkefly Ahmad

G. Palanivel

Hadi Awang

Hishamuddin Hussein

James Masing

Jeffrey Kitingan

Karpal Singh

Khalid Samad

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Liow Tiong Lai

Mahathir MohamadMaximus Ongkili

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Najib Razak

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Rosmah Mansur

Siti Mariah MahmudTaib Mahmud

Teresa Kok

Tian Chua

Tony Pua

William Mawan

Wong Ho Leng

Wong Soon Koh

Yong Teck Lee


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20

TABLE 2

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

MCA 8.45129

BN 50.665258

Ng Yen Yen

MIC 0.42046

PBB 0.98108

PBS 0.028031

PRS 0.070077

SPDP 0.12614

SUPP 0

UMNO 40.41999

UPKO 0.16819

DAP 16.53817

PR 45.522221

PAS 7.246035

PKR 21.738016

Elizabeth Wong

Khalid Ibrahim

1.4156

Independent 3.8122

Hassan Ali Independent 0.16819

Ibrahim Ali 1.7659

0.25228

SAPP 0.21023

Chua Soi Lek

Liow Tiong Lai

G. Palanivel

Alfred Jabu

Taib MahmudMaximus Ongkili

James Masing

William Mawan

Wong Soon Koh

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Najib Razak

Bernard Dompok

Chong Chieng Jen

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Jeffrey Kitingan

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih

Perkasa

Rosmah Mansur '1st lady'

Yong Teck Lee


21/26

21

TABLE 3

BN 32.54394

PR 44.97022

Independent 2.36682

Newspapers

BN 48.580057

PR 39.238054

Independent 2.36682

Television

BN 74.05982

PR 17.10519

Independent 2.25564

Online

BN 52.358844

PR 30.619457

Independent 7.215564

Bernama

TABLE 4

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

6.306

BN 55.40167

8.1139

11.829

1.1388

27.046

0.22776

0.74021

5.7367

PR 20.71172

0.44128

2.5053

0.31317


3.1601

6.2776

0.92527

1.5801


Hassan Ali 0.46975

6.8754

2.9039

5.1246

Election Commission Spokesperson 6.9324

Percentage

(source)

Chua Soi Lek

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Najib Razak

Nazri Aziz

Taib Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

Baru Bian

Hadi Awang

Jeffrey Kitingan

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Nik Aziz

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Vox Pop Male

Vox Pop Female

Public Opinion/Vox Pop General

TABLE 5Publication Type Coalit ion Percentages

BN 51.2993

PR 5.19478

Independent 43.5062

Newspapers

BN 58.19836

PR 21.1346


Television

BN 55.78996

PR 3.94738


Online

BN 44.4535

PR 28.145611


Bernama


22/26

22

TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative

0 0.21277

0.35398 0.42553

2.4779 1.4894

24.956 17.021

2.3009 3.1915

0.17699 0.6383

0 0

0 0.85106

6.5487 3.4043

0 0.21277

Elizabeth Wong 0.17699 0

0.35398 0.6383

1.0619 0.42553

Hassan Ali 0 0.42553

0 0.42553

Ibrahim A li 0.17699 4.6809

0 0

0 1.06381.2389 0.85106

Khalid Ibrahim 0.53097 6.5957

0 0.21277

5.4867 4.4681

16.637 7.234

0.17699 0.42553

8.3186 10.638

0 0

0 0.21277

0.70796 2.3404

0 0

8.3186 10Ng Yen Yen 0.17699 1.4894

13.097 7.6596

0.35398 0.6383

1.2389 2.1277

0.17699 0.85106

0 0

0 0

0.88496 2.1277

0 0.21277

3.8938 6.1702

0 0

0 0.212770.17699 0

0 0

0 0.42553

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Alfred Jabu

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Anwar Ibrahim

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Bernard Dompok

Chong Chieng Jen

Chua Soi Lek

Dzulkefly Ahmad

G. Palanivel

Hadi Awang

Hishamuddin Hussein

James Masing

Jeffrey KitinganKarpal Singh

Khalid Samad

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Liow Tiong Lai

Mahathir Mohamad

Maximus Ongkili

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Najib Razak

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Rosmah Mansur

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Taib Mahmud

Teresa Kok

Tian Chua

Tony Pua

William MawanWong Ho Leng

Wong Soon Koh

Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Neutral Positive

0.11862 0.25413

0.098853 0.12706

1.4433 0.88945

12.297 3.1766

1.206 0.38119

0.29656 0.38119

0.19771 0.25413

0.39541 0.50826

6.9395 3.0496

0.21748 0

Elizabeth Wong 0.039541 0

0.45473 0.25413

3.0447 1.1436

Hassan Ali 0.11862 0.25413

0.23725 0.38119

Ibrahim Ali 1.7596 1.1436

0.039541 0

0.49427 0.127061.4037 0.25413

Khalid Ibrahim 2.412 3.0496

0.17794 0.25413

4.9229 3.939

9.7074 3.3037

1.0083 0.88945

4.9031 6.8615

0.019771 0.12706

0.59312 0.12706

2.9458 3.1766

0.53381 2.2872

30.961 58.069Ng Yen Yen 1.8189 0.88945

2.4713 0.76239

0.3361 0

1.206 1.2706

1.1467 0.12706

0.3361 0.12706

0.019771 0

0.71174 0.38119

0.29656 0.12706

1.9573 1.1436

0.17794 0

0.11862 0.25413

0.21748 0.12706

0 0

0.19771 0.12706

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Alfred Jabu

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Anwar Ibrahim

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Bernard Dompok

Chong Chieng Jen

Chua Soi Lek

Dzulkefly Ahmad

G. Palanivel

Hadi Awang

Hishamuddin Hussein

James Masing

Jeffrey KitinganKarpal Singh

Khalid Samad

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Liow Tiong Lai

Mahathir Mohamad

Maximus Ongkili

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Najib Razak

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Rosmah Mansur

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Taib Mahmud

Teresa Kok

Tian Chua

Tony Pua

William Mawan

Wong Ho Leng

Wong Soon Koh

Yong Teck Lee


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23

TABLE 8

BN

Attac ked 25.84076

Negative 32.34023

Neut ral 51.107245

Positive 77.25582

PR

Attac ked 71.50401

Negative 60.63799

Neut ral 45.037172Positive 20.20329

Independent

Att ac ked 2.65489

Negative 7.02136

Neutral 3.85533

Positive 2.5413

TABLE 9

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

0.79618

BN 67.67572

18.471

24.682

0.79618

21.338

0.79618

0.79618

4.2994

PR 27.07062

0.31847

0.95541

0


4.4586

13.854

3.0255

1.5924

Independent 5.25482

Hassan Ali 0.31847

1.4331

0.47771

1.2739

0.15924

Percentage(source +attacking)

Chua Soi Lek

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa Aman

Najib Razak

Nazri Aziz

Taib Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

Baru Bian

Hadi Awang

Jeffrey Kitingan

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Nik Aziz

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Vox Pop Male

Vox Pop Female

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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Section 4: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee45. Other

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim

9. Lim Guan Eng

10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad12. Muhyiddin Yassin

13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson22. Other

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)

2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)

14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun

Murut Organisation)19. Other

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission14. Other

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5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)

5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure

10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World

2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)

4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident

6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)

5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)6. SOSMA (Security Offences (Special

Measures) Act 2012)7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian

8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class

3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service

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5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban12. Rural

13. Cost of Living14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah

4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC

7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender

1. Sexuality

2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

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WtW.prelim.release.2

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