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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: SIN CHEW JIT POH
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx7/29/2019 WtW Sin Chew Jit Poh Final WtW
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for SIN CHEW JIT POH.............................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
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Executive Summary of Key Results for SIN CHEW JIT POH
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Sin Chew Jit Poh, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was relatively equal.
PR were attacked (69.12%) more then BN, with BN receiving more positive coverage(70.62%).
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (89%).
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was relativelyequal.
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (89%).
However, of the non-neutral material, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR,while BN was given the most positive coverage.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
Najib Razak and Lim Kit Siang were used as sources most often.
Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (48%) than both PR politicians (36%)
and independent/other political figures (16%).
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Muhyiddin Yassin (22.56%), Najib Razak (19.51%) were first and second most commonlyengaged in attack politics, followed by Lim Kit Siang (17.07%), Lim Guan Eng (15.24%), thenChua Soi Lek (11.59%).
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often than either oppositionpoliticians.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage (25.8%), followed by DAP, PR, MCA, PAS, then PKR.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
5 SIN CHEW JIT POH
BN
DAPPR
MCA
PAS
PKR
UMNO
Gerakan
Other
MIC
SUPP
PSM
SAPP
PBS
PRS
PBB
UPKO
SPDP
PRM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
25.80
17.4316.41
10.67
9.11
7.60
6.58
2.42
1.30
1.18
0.53
0.44
0.16
0.10
0.10
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.03
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was relatively equal, with the PR coalition receiving slightlymore mention-level coverage than BN.
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
6 SIN CHEW JIT POH
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
47.53
50.54
0.63
1.30
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (89%).
7 SIN CHEW JIT POH
4%3%
89%
4%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN were the most negatively covered (25.91%), followed by PPR (20.89%), DAP (17.55%),MCA (14.21%), then PAS (6.69%).
PR were the most attacked (40.78%), followed by DAP (19.59%), then BN (18.66%), MCA(7.6%), then Pas (7.37%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
PR
DAP
MCA
PAS
UMNOGerakan
PKR
MIC
Other
PSM
SAPP
PBB
PBS
PRS
PRM
SPDP
SUPP
UPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (55.64%) coverage by a very significant margin, followed byPR (13.42%), DAP (9.92%), then MCA (8.75%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
DAP
PR
MCA
PAS
PKRUMNO
Gerakan
Other
MIC
SUPP
PSM
SAPP
PBS
PRS
PBB
UPKO
SPDP
PRM
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (69.12%) more then BN, with BN receiving more positive coverage(70.62%).
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PR TonalWeighting
Positive 1 : 0.4 4%
Neutral 1 : 1.1 89%
Negative 1 : 0.9 3%
Attacked 1 : 2.3 4%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
30.65
51.25
46.95
70.62
69.12
47.35
50.99
28.21
0.23
1.39
2.06
1.17
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion(25.73%), followed by Lim Kit Siang (15.12%), Anwar Ibrahim (9.25%), Muhyiddin Yassinand Lim Guan Eng (both 8.14%), then Chua Soi Lek (6.88%).
Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Lim Kit SiangAnwar Ibrahim
Muhyiddin Yassin
Lim Guan Eng
Chua Soi Lek
Hadi Awang
Mahathir Mohamad
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
Khalid Ibrahim
Nik Aziz
Karpal Singh
Ambiga SreenevasanTian Chua
Hishamuddin Hussein
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Ibrahim Ali
G. Palanivel
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
25.73
15.129.25
8.24
8.14
6.88
3.55
3.38
2.22
2.12
1.90
1.78
1.73
1.361.33
1.06
1.04
1.04
0.91
0.59
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis relatively equal.
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
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50% 47%
3%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often(19.64%), followed by Lim Kit Siang (15.24%), Muhyiddin Yassin (13.03%), Chua Soi Lek(12.08%), then Lim Guan Eng (11.23%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Lim Kit Siang
Muhyiddin Yassin
Chua Soi Lek
Lim Guan Eng
Election Commission Spokesperson
Anwar Ibrahim
Mahathir Mohamad
Khalid Ibrahim
Hadi Awang
0 5 10 15 20 25
19.64
15.24
13.03
12.08
11.23
6.06
5.43
2.46
1.69
1.51
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (48%) than both PR politicians (36%)and independent/other political figures (16%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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48%
36%
16%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (89%).
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4%
89%
3%4%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Lim Kit Siang received themost negative coverage (24.04%) and attacks (28.93%).
Najib Razak was second most attacked (16.35%), followed by Chua Soi Lek (14.47%), Lim
Guan Eng (11.32%), then Anwar Ibrahim (10.69%). Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
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Lim Kit Siang
Chua Soi Lek
Najib Razak
Mahathir Mohamad
Anwar Ibrahim
Ng Yen Yen
Muhyiddin Yassin
Lim Guan Eng
Liow Tiong Lai
Nik Aziz
Hadi Awang
Karpal Singh
Rosmah Mansur
Tian Chua
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Rafizi Ramli
Abdul Rahman DahlanAlfred Jabu
Azmin Ali
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (48.75%) and neutral coverage (25.69%%).
Lim Kit Siang received the second most positive coverage (15%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim(10%), then Lim Guan Eng (4.38%).
Refer to Table 8 for figures.
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Najib RazakLim Kit Siang
Anwar Ibrahim
Muhyiddin Yassin
Lim Guan Eng
Chua Soi Lek
Hadi Awang
Mahathir Mohamad
Ng Yen Yen
Nik Aziz
Khalid Ibrahim
Karpal Singh
Liow Tiong Lai
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Tian Chua
Ibrahim Ali
Nurul Izzah
Hishamuddin Hussein
Rafizi Ramli
G. Palanivel
Tony Pua
Rosmah Mansur
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the mostpositive coverage.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.6 4%
Neutral 1 : 1 84%
Negative 1 : 1.1 3%
Attacked 1 : 1.5 4%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
38.99
46.15
49.43
63.75
59.75
50.96
47.50
36.25
1.26
2.88
3.07
0.00
Coverage Volume
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Muhyiddin Yassin (22.56%), Najib Razak (19.51%) were first and second most commonlyengaged in attack politics, followed by Lim Kit Siang (17.07%), Lim Guan Eng (15.24%), thenChua Soi Lek (11.59%).
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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Muhyiddin Yassin
Najib Razak
Lim Kit Siang
Lim Guan Eng
Chua Soi Lek
Mahathir Mohamad
Khalid Ibrahim
Anwar Ibrahim
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Hadi Awang
Election Commission Spokesperson
Baru Bian
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Musa Aman
0 5 10 15 20 25
22.56
19.51
17.07
15.24
11.59
3.66
2.44
1.83
1.22
1.22
1.22
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often than either oppositionpoliticians.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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57%
38%
5%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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41%
59%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by Religion, the Economy & Development then Education.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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43%
3%12%
10%
4%
6%
2%0%
20%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed bySocioeconomic Status, then Electioneering.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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53%
9%
4%
19%
1%
4%
11%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 36381
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 1225
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 39.5
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
25 SIN CHEW JIT POH
TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN 25.799
DAP 17.427
Gerakan 2.4192
MCA 10.67
MIC 1.1837
PAS 9.1066
PBB 0.06912
PBS 0.095041
PKR 7.6032
PR 16.407
PRS 0.095041
PRM 0.02592PSM 0.44064
SAPP 0.16416
SPDP 0.03456
SUPP 0.52704
UMNO 6.5837
UPKO 0.05184
Other 1.296
TABLE 2
Party Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 25.799
BN 47.528242
Gerakan 2.4192
MCA 10.67
MIC 1.1837
PBB 0.06912
PBS 0.095041
PRS 0.095041
SPDP 0.03456
SUPP 0.52704
UMNO 6.5837
UPKO 0.05184
PR 16.407
PR 50.5438DAP 17.427
PAS 9.1066
PKR 7.6032
PRM 0.02592
Independent 0.63072PSM 0.44064
SAPP 0.16416
Other 1.296 Other 1.296
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 18.664 25.905 24.61 55.642 124.821
DAP 19.585 17.549 17.726 9.9222 64.7822
Gerakan 0 4.1783 2.4668 2.3346 8.9797
MCA 7.6037 14.206 10.764 8.7549 41.3286
MIC 0 1.6713 1.248 0.58366 3.50296
PAS 7.3733 6.6852 9.5261 3.8911 27.4757
PBB 0 0 0.078003 0 0.078003
PBS 0 0 0.10725 0 0.10725
PKR 1.3825 2.2284 8.3951 0.97276 12.97876
PR40.783 20.891 15.347 13.424
90.445
PRS 0 0 0.10725 0 0.10725
PRM 0 0 0.019501 0.19455 0.214051
PSM 0 0.5571 0.46802 0.19455 1.21967
SAPP 0 0.27855 0.17551 0 0.45406
SPDP 0 0 0.039002 0 0.039002
SUPP 0 0 0.58502 0.19455 0.77957
UMNO 4.3779 5.2925 6.8838 3.1128 19.667
UPKO 0 0 0.058502 0 0.058502
Other 0.23041 0.5571 1.3943 0.77821 2.96002
Parties &
Coalitions
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26 SIN CHEW JIT POH
TABLE 4
BN
Attacked 30.6456
Negative 38.8012
Neutral 46.947627
Positive 70.62251
PR
Attacked 69.1238
Negative 47.3536
Neutral 50.9942
Positive 28.21006
Attacked 0.23041
Negative 1.39275
Neutral 2.057331
Positive 1.16731
Independent &
Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.098668
Alfred Jabu 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 1.3567
Anwar Ibrahim 9.2501
Azmin Ali 0.24667
Baru Bian 0.024667
Bernard Dompok 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0.024667
Chua Soi Lek 6.8821
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.024667
Elizabeth Wong 0
G. Palanivel 0.59201
Hadi Awang 3.552
Hassan Ali 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 1.0607Ibrahim Ali 0.91268
James Masing 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.148
Karpal Singh 1.7267
Khalid Ibrahim 1.8994
Khalid Samad 0.17267
Lim Guan Eng 8.1401
Lim Kit Siang 15.121
Liow Tiong Lai 2.22
Mahathir Mohamad 3.3794Maximus Ongkili 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.37
Muhyiddin Yassin 8.2388
Musa Aman 0.074001
Najib Razak 25.728
Ng Yen Yen 2.1214
Nik Aziz 1.776
Nizar Jamaluddin 0.074001
Nurul Izzah 1.036
Rafizi Ramli 1.036
Rosmah Mansur 0.46867
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0.024667
Taib Mahmud 0.024667
Teresa Kok 0.27134
Tian Chua 1.332
Tony Pua 0.59201
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 0
Wong Soon Koh 0
Yong Teck Lee 0
(mention)
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27 SIN CHEW JIT POH
TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 11.2235
BN 50.419746
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0.59201Alfred Jabu
PBB 0.024667Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0
James Masing PRS 0
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 38.579569
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa Aman
Najib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 25.875817
PR 46.842659
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 5.994005
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 14.972837
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth WongJeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 1.3567
2.73805
Hassan Ali Independent 0
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.91268
Rosmah Mansur 0.46867
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0
Independent/
Other'1st lady'
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28 SIN CHEW JIT POH
TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 12.078
BN 47.72355
Mahathir Mohamad 2.4596
Muhyiddin Yassin 13.032
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 19.64
Nazri Aziz 0
Taib Mahmud 0.51395
Anwar Ibrahim 5.4332
PR 36.269711
Baru Bian 0.036711
Hadi Awang 1.5051
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 1.6887
Lim Guan Eng 11.233
Lim Kit Siang 15.235
Nik Aziz 1.138
Ambiga Sreenevasan 1.1747
Independent 16.00587
Hassan Ali 0.40382
Vox Pop Male 6.3877
Vox Pop Female 1.138
0.84435
6.0573
Percentage
(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0.087694 0.625
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0.96154 1.5493 0
Anwar Ibrahim 10.692 8.6538 9.7048 10
Azmin Ali 0 0 0.29231 0Baru Bian 0 0 0.029231 0
Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0.029231 0
Chua Soi Lek 14.465 13.462 6.4309 3.125
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0.029231 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0.67232 0.625
Hadi Awang 0 2.8846 4.0339 0
Hassan Ali 0 0 0 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.96463 0Ibrahim Ali 0 0 1.0816 0
James Masing 0 0 0 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0.17539 0
Karpal Singh 0 2.8846 1.7831 2.5
Khalid Ibrahim 5.6604 0.96154 1.8416 1.25
Khalid Samad 0 0 0.20462 0
Lim Guan Eng 11.321 2.8846 8.2432 4.375
Lim Kit Siang 28.931 24.038 14.469 15
Liow Tiong Lai 3.1447 2.8846 1.7831 2.5
Mahathir Mohamad 5.0314 9.6154 3.0693 1.875
Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 1.9231 0.35077 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 0 3.8462 8.4186 2.5
Musa Aman 0 0 0.087694 0
Najib Razak 16.352 11.538 25.694 48.75
Ng Yen Yen 0 4.8077 2.1923 3.75
Nik Aziz 0.62893 2.8846 1.9293 1.25
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0.087694 0
Nurul Izzah 1.2579 0.96154 1.0231 1.25
Rafizi Ramli 0 0.96154 0.90617 0
Rosmah Mansur 1.2579 1.9231 0.43847 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0.029231 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 0.029231 0
Teresa Kok 0 0 0.32154 0
Tian Chua 1.2579 1.9231 1.4031 0
Tony Pua 0 0 0.61386 0.625
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0 0
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30 SIN CHEW JIT POH
TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 38.9931
Negative 46.1539
Neutral 49.429769
Positive 63.75
PR
Attacked 59.74913
Negative 50.96102
Neutral 47.500378
Positive 36.25
Attacked 1.2579
Negative 2.88464
Neutral 3.06937
Positive 0
Independent/
Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 11.585
BN 57.3165
Mahathir Mohamad 3.6585
Muhyiddin Yassin 22.561
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 19.512
Nazri Aziz 0
Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 1.8293
PR 37.8048
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 1.2195
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 2.439
Lim Guan Eng 15.244
Lim Kit Siang 17.073Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 1.2195
Independent 4.878
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 2.439
Vox Pop Female 0
0
1.2195
Percentage
(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 7.3958
Policy Issues 17.27059
Environment 0.58567Economy/Development 2.0567
Education 1.7162
Foreign Policy 0.66739
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 1.0488
Oppressive Legislation 0.40861
Health 0.01362
Religion 3.3778
Ethnicity 13.307
25.25202
Religion 2.1656
Democracy & Human Rights 1.1305
Socioeconomic Status 4.7399
Mudslinging 0.21792
Gender 0.9398
Electioneering 2.7513
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other