WtW New Straits Time Final

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: THE NEW STRAITS TIMES

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for THE NEW STRAITS TIMES...................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 THE NEW STRAITS TIMES


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most commonly used as sources by the media - their combined use as sources represents 56%of all source use.

Due in large part to this dominance, BN politicians were used much more often assources overall than PR politicians, who were used as sources less than 10% of thetime - notably less than independent political figures.

Muyhiddin Yassin (29%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by NajibRazak (22.5%), with these two politicians constituting over 50% of all attacks.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics vastly more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.

The Non-Policy Issue of Socioeconomic Status was the most covered issue overall.



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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

BN received the most coverage (35.97%), followed by PR, DAP, PAS then PKR.

Refer to Table 1 for figures.


BN

PR

DAP

PAS

PKR

UMNO

MCA

Other

Gerakan

MIC

PSM

SUPP

PBSUPKO

SAPP

PRS

PBB

SPDP

PRM

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

35.97

15.00

12.56

11.51

9.55

5.35

3.29

2.07

1.31

1.07

0.44

0.44

0.360.34

0.26

0.19

0.19

0.09

0.01

Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the two major coalitions receivedremarkably similar volumes of coverage.



BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

48.60

48.62

0.71

2.07

Volume


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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (92%).


3%2%

92%

2%

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

PR was the most negatively covered (51.42%) and the most attacked (53.2%) by significantmargins, followed by PAS, DAP, then PKR.



PR

PAS

DAP

PKR

BN

PRSSAPP

Other

PSM

SUPP

UMNO

MCA

Gerakan

MIC

PBB

PBS

PRM

SPDP

UPKO

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN received the most positive (93.66%) and neutral (26.53%) coverage by very significantmargins, with the opposition coalition/parties receiving very little positive coverage at all.UMNO was the second most positively covered party (2.61%).



BN

PR

DAP

PAS

PKR

UMNOMCA

Other

Gerakan

MIC

SUPP

PSM

PBS

UPKO

SAPP

PBB

PRS

SPDP

PRM

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, it becomesvery clear that BN's coverage was very significantly positive, while PR received the mostnegative coverage and attacks. This dichotomous trend was extremely pronounced.

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PR TonalWeighting

Positive 1 : 0.03 2%

Neutral 1 : 0.9 92%

Negative 1 : 23.4 2%

Attacked 1 : 22.8 3%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

4.18

4.05

50.02

99.63

95.26

94.74

47.05

0.37

0.56

1.21

2.93

0.00

Coverage Volume


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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

Of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion (27.97%),followed by Anwar Ibrahim (17.97%), then Lim Guan Eng and Lim Kit Siang, with Nik Azizcoming in with the fifth most mentions overall.

Refer to Table 5 for full figures.


Najib Razak

Anwar IbrahimLim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Nik Aziz

Mahathir Mohamad

Hadi Awang

Muhyiddin Yassin

Karpal Singh

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Liow Tiong Lai

Tian ChuaJeffrey Kitingan

Chua Soi Lek

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Azmin Ali

Musa Aman

Rosmah Mansur

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

27.97

17.979.12

8.33

4.66

3.63

3.31

2.63

2.47

2.19

2.07

1.91

1.51

1.431.31

0.96

0.92

0.92

0.76

0.76

Coverage Volume


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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed towards PR (58%).



39%

58%

2%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak (24.8%), Mahathir Mohamad(16.48%) and Muhyiddin Yassin (14.72%) were most commonly used as sources by the media- their combined use as sources represents 56% of all source use.

This dominance flows on to the next graph which shows combined source use from eachcoalition across all politicians tracked.

Interestingly, while Muhyiddin and Mahathir are not spoken about much, they are used assources or allowed to speak very often.

Opposition politicians were rarely used as sources.



Najib Razak

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Election Commission Spokesperson

Chua Soi Lek

Hadi Awang

Anwar Ibrahim

Musa Aman

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

24.80

16.48

14.72

6.85

3.74

2.48

2.06

1.71

1.29

1.29

Coverage Volume


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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (62%) than both independentpolitical figures and PR, whose politicians received under 10% use as sources.



62%9%

28%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category is used very much the most often (91%), followed by attacks.


2%

91%

2%5%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked


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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Lim Guan Eng received themost negative coverage (27.27%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (23.64%), Lim Kit Siang(14.55%), Nik Aziz, then Karpal Singh.

Anwar Ibrahim was most attacked (33.61%), followed by Nik Aziz (11.77%), Lim Kit Siang(10.92%), Lim Guan Eng (7.56%), then Nurul Izzah (6.72%).

Notably, BN political figures were very rarely attacked and were never covered negatively.

Refer to Table 8 for full figures.


Lim Guan Eng

Anwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Nik Aziz

Karpal Singh

Hadi Awang

Rafizi Ramli

Nurul Izzah

Khalid Ibrahim

Jeffrey Kitingan

Nizar Jamaluddin

Tian Chua

Yong Teck Lee

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Azmin Ali

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Chua Soi Lek

Mahathir Mohamad

Rosmah Mansur

Abdul Rahman DahlanAlfred Jabu

Baru Bian

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (85%) coverage by a very significant margin all others trail by a hugemargin.

Najib Razak also received the most neutral coverage (28.59%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim(17.4%).



Najib RazakAnwar Ibrahim

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Nik Aziz

Mahathir Mohamad

Hadi Awang

Muhyiddin Yassin

Karpal Singh

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Liow Tiong Lai

Tian Chua

Jeffrey Kitingan

Chua Soi Lek

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Azmin Ali

Musa Aman

Rosmah MansurKhalid Samad

Baru Bian

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, much more positive coverage was given to BN politicians (91.67%), while PRpoliticians were given much more negative coverage (98.18%) and attacks (95.8%).

Indeed, BN politicians were never covered negatively (hence the non-standard ratioexpression below).

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PR TonalWeighting

Positive 1 : 0.7 2%

Neutral 1 : 1.4 91%

Negative 0 : 95.8 2%

Attacked 1 : 57 5%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/ Other

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

1.68

0.00

41.06

91.67

95.80

98.18

56.70

6.67

2.52

1.82

2.25

1.67

Coverage Volume


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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Muyhiddin Yassin (29%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by NajibRazak (22.5%), with these two politicians constituting over 50% of all attacks.

The opposition leaders follow at a distance, with Nik Aziz registering most attacks (4%).



Muhyiddin Yassin

Najib Razak

Chua Soi Lek

Nik Aziz

Mahathir Mohamad

Lim Kit Siang

Musa Aman

Anwar Ibrahim

Hadi Awang

Hassan Ali

Taib Mahmud

Lim Guan Eng

Nazri Aziz

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Baru Bian

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

29.00

22.50

5.00

4.00

3.50

3.00

3.00

2.50

2.00

2.00

1.00

0.50

0.50

0.00

0.00

Attack Volume


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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics vastly more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.

PR politicians were very rarely 'allowed' to attack others.



65%12%

24%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.



36%

64%

Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues


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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

Of all Policy Issues covered, the Economy & Development was given the most attention,followed by Vision Policies and Programmes, then Foreign Policy.



34%

1%

37%

5%

10%

4%1%0%

8%

Policy Issues

VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion


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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Socioeconomic Status was given the most coverage,followed by Ethnicity then Electioneering.



26%

8%

8%

28%

1%

13%

16%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering


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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 40484

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 960

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 31

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables


TABLE 1

Party Percentage

BN 35.967DAP 12.56

Gerakan 1.306

MCA 3.2883

MIC 1.0745

PAS 11.514

PBB 0.18525

PBS 0.36124

PKR 9.5498

PR 14.996

PRS 0.19452

PRM 0.0092627

PSM 0.44461

SAPP 0.25936

SPDP 0.092627

SUPP 0.43535

UMNO 5.3538

UPKO 0.34272

Other 2.0656

TABLE 2

Par ty Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 35.967

BN 48.601307

Gerakan 1.306

MCA 3.2883

MIC 1.0745

PBB 0.18525

PBS 0.36124

PRS 0.19452

SPDP 0.092627

SUPP 0.43535

UMNO 5.3538

UPKO 0.34272

PR 14.996

PR 48.6198DAP 12.56

PAS 11.514

PKR 9.5498

PRM 0.0092627

Independent 0.7132327PSM 0.44461

SAPP 0.25936

Other 2.0656 Other 2.0656

TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 1.9499 2.834 36.528 93.657 134.9689

DAP 13.092 14.17 12.795 0.37313 40.43013

Gerakan 0 0 1.3937 1.1194 2.5131

MCA 0.27855 0 3.5447 0.74627 4.56952

MIC 0 0 1.1614 0.37313 1.53453

PAS 16.713 16.599 11.513 0 44.825

PBB 0 0 0.20198 0 0.20198

PBS 0 0 0.39386 0 0.39386

PKR 12.256 12.551 9.6445 0 34.4515

PR 53.203 51.417 13.098 0 117.718

PRS 0 0.80972 0.19188 0 1.0016

PRM 0 0 0.010099 0 0.010099

PSM 0 0.40486 0.45445 0 0.85931

SAPP 0.27855 0.40486 0.25247 0 0.93588

SPDP 0 0 0.10099 0 0.10099

SUPP 0 0.40486 0.45445 0.37313 1.23244

UMNO 1.9499 0 5.6958 2.6119 10.2576

UPKO 0 0 0.35346 0.74627 1.09973

Other 0.27855 0.40486 2.2117 0 2.89511

Parties &Coalitions


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TABLE 4

BN

Attacked 4.17835

Negative 4.32713

Neutral 50.02022

Positive 99.6271

PR

Attacked 95.264

Negative 94.737

Neutral 47.0505

Positive 0.37313

Attacked 0.5571

Negative 1.21458

Neutral 2.928719

Positive 0

Independent &

Other

TABLE 5

Politician/Political Figure

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0

Alfred Jabu 0.039841

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.91633

Anwar Ibrahim 17.968Azmin Ali 0.91633

Baru Bian 0.51793

Bernard Dompok 0.35857

Chong Chieng Jen 0.079681

Chua Soi Lek 0.95618

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.039841

Elizabeth Wong 0

G. Palanivel 0.35857

Hadi Awang 3.3068

Hassan Ali 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0.23904

Ibrahim Ali 0.43825

James Masing 0.039841

Jeffrey Kitingan 1.3147

Karpal Singh 2.4701

Khalid Ibrahim 2.1912

Khalid Samad 0.67729

Lim Guan Eng 9.1235

Lim Kit Siang 8.3267

Liow Tiong Lai 1.5139

Mahathir Mohamad 3.6255Maximus Ongkili 0.039841

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.55777

Muhyiddin Yassin 2.6295

Musa Aman 0.75697

Najib Razak 27.968

Ng Yen Yen 0.35857

Nik Aziz 4.6614

Nizar Jamaluddin 0.27888

Nurul Izzah 2.0717

Rafizi Ramli 1.9124Rosmah Mansur 0.75697

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0

Taib Mahmud 0.47809

Teresa Kok 0.43825

Tian Chua 1.4343

Tony Pua 0

William Mawan 0.11952

Wong Ho Leng 0

Wong Soon Koh 0

Yong Teck Lee 0.11952

ercentage

(mention)


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TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 2.82865

BN 39.481933

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. Palanivel MIC 0.35857

Alfred Jabu PBB 0.517931Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 0.039841

James Masing PRS 0.039841

William Mawan SPDP 0.11952

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 35.21901

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa AmanNajib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 0.35857

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 20.438231

PR 58.286772

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 9.521981

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 28.32656

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth Wong

Jeffrey KitinganKhalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.91633

2.23107

Hassan Ali Independent 0

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.43825

Rosmah Mansur 0.75697

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0.11952

Independent/Ot

her'1st lady'


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TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 3.7392

BN 62.25815

Mahathir Mohamad 16.476

Muhyiddin Yassin 14.723

Musa Aman 1.706Najib Razak 24.796

Nazri Aziz 0.02337

Taib Mahmud 0.79458

Anwar Ibrahim 2.0566

PR 9.27779

Baru Bian 0.18696

Hadi Awang 2.4772

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.07011

Khalid Ibrahim 0.84132

Lim Guan Eng 1.2853

Lim Kit Siang 1.2853

Nik Aziz 1.075

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.16359

Independent 28.46432

Hassan Ali 0.44403

Vox Pop Male 11.895

Vox Pop Female 4.6039

4.5104

6.8474

Percentage

(source)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0

Alfred Jabu 0 0 0.044053 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 1.6807 0 0.88106 1.6667

Anwar Ibrahim 33.613 23.636 17.401 0

Azmin Ali 1.6807 0 0.88106 1.6667Baru Bian 0 0 0.57269 0

Bernard Dompok 0 0 0.39648 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0.088106 0

Chua Soi Lek 0.84034 0 1.0132 0

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0.044053 0

Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0

G. Palanivel 0 0 0.39648 0

Hadi Awang 1.6807 5.4545 3.4361 0

Hassan Ali 0 0 0 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.26432 0Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0.48458 0

James Masing 0 0 0.044053 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 4.2017 1.8182 1.1894 0

Karpal Singh 3.3613 5.4545 2.4229 0

Khalid Ibrahim 5.8824 1.8182 2.0705 0

Khalid Samad 0 0 0.7489 0

Lim Guan Eng 7.563 27.273 8.9427 1.6667

Lim Kit Siang 10.924 14.545 8.2819 0

Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 1.63 1.6667

Mahathir Mohamad 0.84034 0 3.8767 3.3333

Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0.044053 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 1.6807 0 0.52863 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 0 0 2.8634 1.6667

Musa Aman 0 0 0.837 0

Najib Razak 0 0 28.59 85

Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0.39648 0

Nik Aziz 11.765 9.0909 4.2291 3.3333

Nizar Jamaluddin 1.6807 1.8182 0.17621 0

Nurul Izzah 6.7227 1.8182 1.8943 0

Rafizi Ramli 4.2017 3.6364 1.8062 0

Rosmah Mansur 0.84034 0 0.79295 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Taib Mahmud 0 0 0.52863 0

Teresa Kok 0 0 0.48458 0

Tian Chua 0.84034 1.8182 1.4978 0

Tony Pua 0 0 0 0

William Mawan 0 0 0.13216 0

Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0

Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0

Yong Teck Lee 0 1.8182 0.088106 0


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TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 1.68068

Negative 0

Neutral 41.057009

Positive 91.6667

PR

Attacked 95.79794

Negative 98.1813

Neutral 56.696129

Positive 6.6667

Attacked 2.52104

Negative 1.8182

Neutral 2.246696

Positive 1.6667

Independent/Other

TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 5

BN 64.5

Mahathir Mohamad 3.5

Muhyiddin Yassin 29

Musa Aman 3

Najib Razak 22.5

Nazri Aziz 0.5

Taib Mahmud 1

Anwar Ibrahim 2.5

PR 12

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 2

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0

Lim Guan Eng 0.5

Lim Kit Siang 3Nik Aziz 4

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

Independent 23.5

Hassan Ali 2

Vox Pop Male 15

Vox Pop Female 1.5

5

0

Percentage

(source +attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 6.432

Policy Issues 19.125697

Environment 0.20277Economy/Development 7.016

Education 0.88409

Foreign Policy 1.9953

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 0.77865

Oppressive Legislation 0.15411

Health 0.056777

Religion 1.606

Ethnicity 8.9545

34.74736

Religion 2.8794

Democracy & Human Rights 2.8145

Socioeconomic Status 9.652

Mudslinging 0.41366

Gender 4.3637

Electioneering 5.6696

Non-PolicyIssues


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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng

10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad

12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak

15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)

4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)

17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'



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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System

6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism

6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

12. Rural13. Cost of Living



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14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah

6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender

1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance

7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

WtW New Straits Time Final

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