WTEC Brain Computer Interface (BCI) Workshop: Sensor Technology Greg A. Gerhardt University of Kentucky Health Sciences Center Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry WTEC Workshop on Brain Computer Interface Research: 21 July 2006 Sponsors: NSF, TATRC, NIBIB, NINDS, DoED Sensors in BCI – Study Highlights • Science of BCI in North America and Europe • The majority of BCI science in North America involves “invasive” technologies , i.e., multi-electrode recordings from arrays of electrodes implanted directly into brain. • However, certain BCI sites in Europe are capable of providing technologies that could aid in the advancement of “invasive” sensor technologies. These sites could be an untapped resource! • The majority of BCI science in Europe involves “non- invasive” technologies , i.e., multi-electrode recordings from arrays of electrodes mounted onto the surface of the skull.
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Greg A. GerhardtUniversity of Kentucky Health Sciences CenterDepartments of Anatomy and Neurobiology,
Neurology and Psychiatry
WTEC Workshop on Brain Computer Interface Research: 21 July 2006 Sponsors: NSF, TATRC, NIBIB, NINDS, DoED
Sensors in BCI – Study Highlights
• Science of BCI in North America and Europe
• The majority of BCI science in North America involves “invasive” technologies, i.e., multi-electrode recordings from arrays of electrodes implanted directly into brain.
• However, certain BCI sites in Europe are capable of providing technologies that could aid in the advancement of “invasive” sensor technologies. These sites could be an untapped resource!
• The majority of BCI science in Europe involves “non-invasive” technologies, i.e., multi-electrode recordings from arrays of electrodes mounted onto the surface of the skull.
• Enabling Technologies – In Vitro technologies such as MEAs
Initial Work with Electrodes (pre-1965)
• Hess (1932) - first to implant electrodes in diencephalon of cat
• Fischer (1957) - various metals/insulators used as single wire electrodes; 1-2 mm injury around tract
• Collias (1957) - Histopathological analysis; evolving response; astrocyte capsule formation by 1 mo.; FBR to electrode
• Delgado (1961) • Robinson and - Reinforced histological findings
Johnson (1961) **Courtesy of Patrick Tresco
Evolution of Electrode DesignsMICROWIRES
• Salcman and Bak (1973) - Record with parylene-coated microwires• Woodward
and Chapin (1980s) - Developed multi-wire arrays-------------------------------------------------------------------------------SILICON MICROELECTRODE ARRAYS
• Wise and Angell (1970, 1975) - Use IC technology to develop
microelectrodes• BeMent (1986) - Developed first multi-site electrode
from Si (Michigan-style electrode)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------• Campbell (1991) - Developed first monolithic multi-shank
electrode from Si (Utah Electrode Array)
**Courtesy of Patrick Tresco
ELECTRODE ARRAY
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CA1
CA3
DG
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CA3 CA1
S
TLATERAL
MEDIAL
NOSEPOKE
R-SAMPLEL-NONMATCH
L-SAMPLER-NONMATCH
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11
12
13
16
1
2
5
6
7
CA1
CA3
0 50 100 150 Time (sec)
5
0
Num
ber o
f spi
kes
5
0
Num
ber o
f spi
kes
Neural Activity = Vector in N-dimensional space
i,tX X = Firing Rate, i = Neuron, t = time
“Micro-wires” –the work horse sensors of many multi-single unit recording labs
Courtesy of Drs. Sam Deadwyler and Rob Hampson
Micro-wire Recordings of Single-Unit Activity
Courtesy of Scientific American and John Chapin
“Michigan” Probes
Wise, et al.(2004), Proceedings of the IEEE.Hetke and. Anderson (2002). Handbook of Neuroprosthetic Methods.
4/11/2003
Michigan Probes as a ‘Toolkit’Basic probe assembly for chronic studies in animals
Kipke et al. (2003). IEEE Trans Neural Systems and Rehab. Engin.Vetter, Kipke, et al. (2004) IEEE Trans Biomed Eng
Courtesy of Dan Moran, Washington Univ., St. Louis
In Vitro MEA’s
Multi Channel Systems In Vitro MEAS (Reutlingen, Germany)
60 channel arrays
Professor Peter FromherzMax Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
Rat neuron on electrolyte-oxide-silicon (EOS) field effect transistor. a) Electron micrographs (colorized) of a hippocampal neuron on a silicon chip array; b) Schematic cross section of a neuron on a buried-channel field-effect transistor with blow-up (drawn to scale) of the contact area.
16,384 Element Silicon-Neuron Array Recordings
Cultured Hippocampal Slices
7.4 μ resolution – 2 KHz Measures
Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Munich, Germany