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HASVITHA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
KEESARA ROAD
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Outline Introduction
Applications of sensor networks
Factors influencing sensor network design
System designA. Mobile Sensor Units
B.Fixed Sensor Units
C.Node Configuration in the WSN
D.Protocols and Algorithms PROOF OF CONCEPT EXPERIMENTS
CONCLUSION
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Introduction
The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of applying wireless sensornetwork technology in tracking pilgrims (lost, dead, or injured),medical emergencies, guiding lost pilgrims to their respective camps,and congestion management in large crowd.
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatiallydistributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmentalconditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion orpollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to amain location.
The WSN is built of "nodes"
from a few to several hundreds or eventhousands, where each node is connected to one (or sometimesseveral) sensors. Each such sensor network node has typically severalparts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to anexternal antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing
with the sensors and an energy source.
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Applications of sensor networks Military applications
Battlefield surveillance
Nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection
Environmental applications
Forest fire detection
Flood detection
Health applications
Drug administration in hospitals
Tracking and monitoring patients and
doctors inside a hospital Home and other commercial applications
Vehicle tracking and detection
Home automation and Smart environment
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Factors influencing sensor network
design Fault tolerance
Scalability
Operating environment Sensor network topology
Transmission media
Power consumption
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System design uses a delay/disruption tolerant design.
mobile units(GPS receiver and an IEEE802.16.4/ZigBee
radio) as well as fixed units(hardware and software) gateway nodes
energy efficiency and reliability
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Mobile Sensor Units
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Fixed Sensor Units consists of a UHF high gain antenna, RF transceiver,
microcontroller, battery and Ethernet for interfacingto the server via internet (TCP/IP connection).
No data encryption is required.
Subsequent protocol
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Node Configuration in the WSN All nodes in the fixed WSN are made identical.
Nodes are classified as either sensing only, sensing and routing, orgateways.
Fig. 2. (a) Sensors configuration under the pilgrim trail scenario. (b) Sensors
configuration under the congregation scenario
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Protocols and AlgorithmsAt the PHY and MAC layer levels-carrier-sense
multiple access (CSMA) protocol is used.
low-power listening (LPL)
inspired by ALOHA withpreamble sampling .
Multi-hop communication.
Two challenges
efficient in-network processing of data IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee pro-tocol suite for low bit rate
communications.
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Flow of commands for querying a pilgrim.
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PROOF OF CONCEPT EXPERIMENTS two sets of experiments were performed.
only three mobile units and one fi xed node
only three mobile units and one fi xed node
Fig. 5. Tracking of several pilgrims.
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CONCLUSION The design and implementation of a system for tracking and
monitoring pilgrims during Festival season in the Holy areaof Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh).
The WSN communicates periodically location information ofpilgrims to a central server. The communication betweenmobile units and the WSN relies on the IEEE802.15.4/Zigbeeprotocol.
The design provides an option (such as an alarm button onthe mobile unit) for pilgrims to request help in case ofemergency.
System is robust and reliable even in dense urban areas.