Written by: Greg Clevenger

Written by: Greg ClevengerWritten by: Greg Clevenger

• Resentments unresolved from World War I

• Europe promoted revenge, not reconciliation

• Europe did not embrace democracy

World War II - Major CausesWorld War II - Major Causes

Map of Europe after World War IMap of Europe after World War I

Map of the Pacific TheatreMap of the Pacific Theatre

• Fascism in Italy

• Nazism in Germany

Major Cause: Increased NationalismMajor Cause: Increased Nationalism

• One-party system

• Total government control

• Dictator always right

• Terror and violence glorified

• Opposition groups immobilized

Fascism DefinedFascism Defined

Fascism DefinedFascism Defined

• Appealed to lower-middle-class

• Economic, social, and political mobilization

• Considered final stage in evolution of Capitalism

• Fascism not exactly the same as Communism

Fascism in ItalyFascism in Italy

• Benito Mussolini created Fascism

• Strong leaders could help with unemployment and inflation

• Mussolini was made IL Duce, The Leader, by Italian king

Mussolini’s SloganMussolini’s Slogan

“Everything for the state, nothing against the state, nothing outside the state.”

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• Founded by Adolf Hitler

• Knew racism would increase pride and nationalism

• Imprisoned during 1920’s for Nazi extremism

Nazism in GermanyNazism in Germany

• Being devoted to interests of one’s country

• Increased pride and patriotism

• Major emphasis on military power

• Will employ questionable tactics to empower country

Nationalism DefinedNationalism Defined

Nazism in GermanyNazism in Germany

• Hitler wrote autobiography, Mein Kampf

• Hitler became Chancellor of Germany

• Popularity in Nazism grew during Great Depression

• German Reich became official name of German government

• Referred to as the Third Reich

• Lasted from 1933-1945

The Third ReichThe Third Reich

Hitler’s BackgroundHitler’s Background• Internalized racism

towards Jews

• Often abused by stepfather

• Blamed Jewish doctor for the death of his (Jewish) mother

• Believed Jewish bankers were behind World War I

• Denied entry into Vienna Art School by Jewish leaders

Concentration CampsConcentration Camps

• Located throughout German-occupied territory

• Some camps work camps

• Other camps death camps

• At some, prisoners used for “medical experiments”

Quotes from Mein KampfQuotes from Mein Kampf“Instruction in world history in the so-called high schools is even today in a very sorry condition. Few teachers understand that the study of history can never be to learn historical dates and events by heart and recite them by rote; that what matters is not whether the child knows exactly when this battle or that was fought, when a general was born, or even when a monarch (usually a very insignificant one) came into the crown of his forefathers. No, by the living God, this is very unimportant. To ‘learn’ history means to seek and find the forces which are the causes leading to those effects which we subsequently perceive as historical events.”

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Quotes from Mein KampfQuotes from Mein Kampf

“Democracy, the deceitful theory that the Jew would insinuate. Namely that all men are created equal.”

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• Nationalistic military leaders took control of Japan

• Japan attacked Manchuria in 1931

• Japan quit League of Nations

Nationalism in JapanNationalism in Japan

• U.S. turned inward to get out of Great Depression

• U.S. returned to policy of isolationism

• America determined to avoid war

What about the United States?What about the United States?

Isolationism VideoIsolationism Video

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• Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931

• Germany dropped out of the League of Nations in 1933

• Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1936

Signs of WarSigns of War

Signs of WarSigns of War

• Germany occupied Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938

• Hitler met with French Premier and British Prime Minister

• The Munich Agreement was signed to avoid war

• British leader Chamberlain commented, “I believe it is peace in our time.”

Giving up principles to pacify an aggressor

Policy of AppeasementPolicy of Appeasement

Winston Churchill on AppeasementWinston Churchill on Appeasement

“We have passed an awful milestone in our history…And do not suppose that this is the end…This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be

proffered to us year by year unless…we arise again and take our stand for freedom…”

—Churchill’s response to the Munich Agreement

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• Germany invaded Poland

• Germans used Blitzkrieg or lightning warfare

• Poles held off Germans for one month

September 1939September 1939

Blitzkrieg in PolandBlitzkrieg in Poland

• Taking the enemy by surprise with new technology

• Bomb military bases, airfields, and cities

• Send tanks to spread terror and destroy

• Japan invaded China in 1937

• France and Britain declared war on Germany

• Soviet Union remained neutral

War Began September 3, 1939War Began September 3, 1939

More InvasionsMore Invasions

• Hitler’s goal: world domination

• Hitler invaded six countries

• Hitler believed Britain was main target

• Britain’s Navy was superior

• Germans resorted to Air Force bombing

• Approximately 200 German bombers pounded London

• British radar saved the day

The Battle of Britain: 1940The Battle of Britain: 1940

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

• Saved Great Britain possible Nazi domination

• Battle fought primarily in skies over Britain and English Channel

• Nearly 500 RAF pilots killed

• RAF lost 915 fighter planes

• Luftwaffe lost 1,733 aircraft

Battle of Britain VideoBattle of Britain Video

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The HolocaustThe Holocaust

• Hitler’s systematic discrimination of Jews began 1933

• Jews as scapegoats for German failures

• Nuremberg Laws of 1935 stripped Jews of rights

• Jews forced to wear bright yellow Star of David

Imprisoned and in FearImprisoned and in Fear

• Anti-Semitism escalated

• Nazi sympathizers attacked Jews

• Jews only allowed to stay in Jewish ghettos

• Jews cut off from livelihoods and lived in fear

GenocideGenocide

• An attempt to rid Europe of all Jews

• A deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population

Final SolutionFinal Solution

• Targeted groups for discrimination and mass extermination

Mass ExterminationsMass Exterminations

• 4 million died in the death camps

• Poison gas was a method for mass slaughter by 1942

• Gas chambers could kill as many as 12,000 people a day

• U.S. Neutrality Act revised after invasion of Poland

• U.S. began selling arms to warring nations

• First peacetime draft in U.S. history

U.S. Moves toward WarU.S. Moves toward War

Arsenal for DemocracyArsenal for Democracy

• Roosevelt (FDR), won a third term

• Britain needed wartime help from U.S.

• U.S. adopted policy of lending and leasing bases and other items for war to “any country whose defense was vital to the U.S.”

Arsenal for DemocracyArsenal for Democracy

• Hitler’s submarines became threat to U.S.

• Hitler invaded Soviet Union

• Ordered “maximum cruelty” against civilians

• U.S. Navy granted permission to attack German submarines in self-defense

FDR on the ShootingsFDR on the Shootings

“The shooting has started. And history has recorded who fired the first shot.”

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• December 7th, 1941

• Japanese attack U.S. military installation

• 2,403 Americans killed and 1,178 wounded

• “A date which will live in infamy.”

• Attack prompted American support for declaring war

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

• U.S. declared war against Japan

• Germany declared war against the U.S.

• Millions joined the armed forces

War on Two FrontsWar on Two Fronts

U.S. Home FrontU.S. Home Front

• Automobile factories start to produce tanks, boats, and planks

• Millions work in wartime industries

• This includes millions of women and minorities

Home Front VideoHome Front Video

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Rosie the RiveterRosie the Riveter

• Women worked in the factories

• Economic power increased for women

• Divorce rate increased

Office of Price AdministrationOffice of Price Administration

• Froze prices, created rationing programs, and gave income tax revisions

• War Production Board (WPB) was in charge of recycling and management of war

industries

• Doolittle’s Raid — 1942

• Midway — 1942

Major Battles in the Pacific TheatreMajor Battles in the Pacific Theatre

• 16 U.S. B-25 bombers attack Tokyo

• Mission led by Colonel James Doolittle

• Most planes crashed or were abandoned in China

Doolittle’s Raid: 1942Doolittle’s Raid: 1942

• Turning point of War in the Pacific

• The architect of Pearl Harbor, Admiral Yamamoto, led the Japanese

• Admiral Nimitz commanded the Americans

Midway: 1942Midway: 1942

• Significant Japanese naval defeat

• Yamamoto ordered general retreat

• Japanese unaware of U.S. carriers

Japanese RetreatJapanese Retreat

• Iwo Jima — 1945

• Okinawa — 1945

More Pacific BattlesMore Pacific Battles

• U.S. needed landing basecloser to Japan

• Japan intercepted American bombers

• 6,821 Americans died to secure island

• U.S. flag came down in 1968

Iwo Jima: 1945Iwo Jima: 1945

• Ideal place from which to invade Japan

• Japanese resorted to suicide missions

• Missions called Kamikaze or “Divine Wind”

• 2,800 Kamikaze attacks

• 4,900 U.S. seamen died

Okinawa - 1945Okinawa - 1945

Naval DefeatNaval Defeat

• Largest Japanese battleship sunk

• Japanese naval threat ended

• Japan lost 110,000 lives on land

• U.S. lost 12,520 lives on land

• Stalingrad — 1942

• Italy — 1943

European Theatre BattlesEuropean Theatre Battles

• Germany invaded the Soviet Union

• Bitter winter and Soviet resistance caused German surrender

• Soviets lost nearly a million soldiers

Stalingrad: 1942Stalingrad: 1942

• Fascist Italy weaker than Germany

• Americans landed at Sicily

• Allies had intended to fight way to Berlin

• Italy surrendered to Allies

• Mussolini resigned as leader

Invasion of Italy: 1943Invasion of Italy: 1943

• Commander Eisenhower

• Single largest invasion

• Free France from Nazis

• Push Germans to Berlin

• British, American, and Canadian troops invade Normandy

• D-Day June 6th, 1944

Operation Overlord / D-DayOperation Overlord / D-Day

D-DayD-Day• Planning took two

years

• Thousands of military vehicles, tanks, and planes used

• Germans thought landing would be to the north

• Hitler asleep morning of attack

• Rommel late getting to front

• Last counter-offensive by Germans

• December 1944

• Germans wanted Belgian Port of Antwerp

• About 81,000 American casualties

Battle of the Bulge: 1944Battle of the Bulge: 1944

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge

• British and Americans forced Germans to withdraw

• Nearly 100,000 German casualties

• Last German counter-offensive failed

Battle of the Bulge VideoBattle of the Bulge Video

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• Victory in Europe Day

• May 8, 1945

• Hitler hid in bunker and killed himself

• Russians liberated Berlin

• German Army surrendered

Victory in EuropeVictory in Europe

• 1 million would have died if U.S. had invaded mainland

• Truman decided to end war quickly

• Japan encouraged to surrender

Back to JapanBack to Japan

Hiroshima and NagasakiHiroshima and Nagasaki

• First atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945

• Still no surrender

• Second atomic bomb was dropped 3 days later over Nagasaki

Atomic Bomb VideoAtomic Bomb Video

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• V-J Day on August 15, 1945

• Japanese Emperor broadcasted to his people for first time

• World War II was over!

Victory in JapanVictory in Japan

• 30 countries

• Estimated 55 million deaths

The NumbersThe Numbers

• World War II stimulated American economy

• U.S. became the most powerful nation

• Millions of women employed

• Technological gains for farmers

• Many Southerners moved North

America and World War II PostscriptAmerica and World War II Postscript

• Largest international episode of 20th Century

• Six years

• Most destructive war in history

Concluding ThoughtsConcluding Thoughts