Writing Introduction: SPSE

Writing Introduction:

SPSE

Agenda

1. ONE Minute Pitch2. Introduction Analysis Presentation3. SPSE4. Peer Review: 3MT Presentation

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Paper Analysis:Introduction

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Unit 3 Problem, Process &

Solution(SPSE)

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SPSE Organization

It’s a problem/solution approach that investigates a problem, examines alternative solutions, and proposes the most effective solution using supporting evidence.

Hoey (1981)SPSE Approach

Swales (1990)CARS Model

SituationEstablishing a territory:

Claiming centralityMaking topic generalization(s)

Reviewing items of previous research

Problem Establishing a niche:Indicating a gap

Solution Occupying the niche:Outlining the purposes

Evaluation Principle Findings & Discussion

Situation

Problem

Solution

Evaluation

Background information on a certain research area

Knowledge Gap (Problem Analysis)

Ways to fill the gap

Justification & assessment of theproposed solutions

SPSE

Writing Style argumentative &

evaluative

Author Positioning

informed, organized

CARS

Writing Styledescriptive &

expository

Author Positioningquestioning,perceptive

SPSE vs. CARS Model

SPSE Example:

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Design Methodologies and the Limits of the

Engineering-Dominated Conception

of Synthetic Biology

Adapted from Ijäs, T. (2019). Design Methodologies and the Limits of the Engineering-Dominated Conception of Synthetic Biology. Acta biotheoretica, 67(1), 1-18.

Synthetic biology is considered an amalgamation of previous biotechnology and engineering, as it aims to bring the methods and heuristics of the engineering sciences to help scientists construct and modify biological systems. Central to this is the design of new biological parts and systems through rational design. Rational design is a parts-based approach that proceeds to make biological systems more machine-like through decoupling design tasks and standardizing components. It is currently the most prominent design approach in synthetic biology.

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Situation

Consequently, proponents of the engineering-dominated conception of synthetic biology arguethat well-developed synthetic biology should aim to make rational design its default design methodology. This paper offers a contrary view, opposing the idea of rational design as a one-size-fits-all solution for design in synthetic biology Though often a useful and powerful methodology, rational design fails in some cases due to the complexity and context-sensitivity of living systems, and thus alternative design methodologies are widely used in synthetic biology.

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Problem

One of these alternative design approaches is directed evolution, which utilizes more biologically-inspired design principles. Directed evolution and similar evolutionary approaches have received less attention in philosophical literature than rational design methods. Rational design and directed evolution have important differences in their design methodology . . . . .

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Problem

This paper aims to elaborate the heterogeneity of synthetic biology by clarifying the role of design and the variability of design methodologies in synthetic biology. I focus on two prominent design methodologies: rational design and directed evolution.

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Solution

This paper defends a pluralistic view on design in synthetic biology. Rational design and directed evolution have important differences in their design methodology. I have assessed the respective benefits and limitations of rational design and directed evolution by providing a systematic analysis of the heuristics and methodological principles of each approach.

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Evaluation

Rather than seeing directed evolution as a supplement to, or as an impure form of, rational design, it should be seen as an alternative design approach that can complement rational design methods . . .

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Evaluation

Flow of Ideas

•Synthetic biologyê

•Rational designê

•Rational design + directed evolution

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Situationü To describe a situation, researchers can use the G-S

text, statistics, or discussion of definitions to show a research context relevant to the presentation of the problem they intend to solve.

ü Researchers need to show that the general research area deserves attention to lay ground for the research being undertaken and to secure a position in the research territory.

Example 1:

As standards of living rise and the world’s population grows, the demands for freshwaterhave been increasing. Along with this increase is growing pressure to protect this precious resource. Efforts to protect the water supply have traditionally focused on regulating industrial and municipal waste that is discharged into rivers and lakes.

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Example However, in recent years researchers have identified a new threat to world freshwater supplies. Studies have identified in freshwater around the world a number of medicinal drugs, ranging from painkillers such as acetaminophen, to antibiotics, to cholesterol absorption inhibitors. These drugs easily enter the water supply when they are eliminated through digestion or improperly disposed of by directly flushing them down a toilet. Although the amount of these drugs in freshwater supplies is small (a few parts per billion or trillion), their impact on the freshwater supply and on human health has yet to be established. 19

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Problemü Researchers demonstrate a familiarity with the relevant

academic literature and theories relating to their research topic, and an awareness of the major lines of arguments that have been developed in their chosen research field.

ü Most importantly, they need to demonstrate the manner in which their research questions arise: gaps in the existing empirical literature or debate over the application of a particular theory/policy in a specific industry or national context.

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Problem

ü When presenting the problem they intend to address, researchers use argumentative and evaluative language, because they need to show why the problem is in fact a problem. For this purpose, problem statements sometimes resemble a mini critique

Example 2

However, the previously mentioned methods suffer from some limitations mainly concerning the treatment of the vortex wake formation and its interaction with the body. The first group of methods2-4 cannot treat 3D flows and is limited to very slender bodies. The second group of computational methods5-8 is time-consuming and therefore expensive, and its separation prediction is not sufficiently accurate.

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Example 2

Both the methods in this group and the method in 9 suffer from the dependency on too many semi-empirical inputs and assumptions concerning the vortex wake and its separation. The steady 3D nonlinear vortex-lattice method, upon which the present method is based, eliminates many of these limitations by introducing a more consistent model, but it can treat only symmetrical flow cases. The present work extends the use of the last model to asymmetric, body-vortex flow cases, thus increasing the range of flow problems that can be investigated.

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V-ing Clauses to indicate the next step in a process, a resulting problem, or a resulting

solution

Examples

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ü The laser light forms an EM field, thereby slowing the vibration.

ü Contact among humans, livestock, and wildlife may increase, thus creating opportunities for the emergence of new human diseases.

ü The propellant evaporates, leaving behind only the desired product.

Examples

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q (thus/thereby) + V-ing clause of the resulta) The magma flows into the pores of the rocks; as a result

(therefore), the rocks rupture.à The magma flows into the pores of the rocks, thus causing

them to rupture. b) A current is sent through the material. As a result

(Therefore), the electrons are polarized.à A current is sent through the material, thus polarizing the

electrons.

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Solution (Process Description)ü In process description, passive voice is often used to

explain how a particular task is carried out as in a process because the process being described is the focus.

ü Human agents (action-doers) are often omitted because they (the researchers who are reporting the research) are too obvious to be mentioned.

•To keep the focus on the process or procedure.

•To maintain a good flow of ideas

Passive voice to explain how

something is done

“The Bayesian method has been used by statisticians for many years to aid decision making on the basis of limited information”.

by + a human agent only when

indicating an inventor or a

prominent theorist

Example 3

To evaluate the effect of the proposed approach on student learning performance, various data sources were analyzed, including prior knowledge tests, learning achievement tests, delayed tests, and questionnaire results. The prior knowledge test was designed to assess the students’ knowledge level with regard to the subject of the historical monuments in their hometown before participating in the activity.

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Example 3

The learning achievement test was designed to evaluate the students’ learning results after the conclusion of the activity. The delayed test was used to investigate the learning retention of the students after leaving the activity completely. In this study, two teachers were asked to develop the three tests together, and they had each taught the course for more than 6 years . . . In addition, three questionnaires were adopted to capture the students’ learning motivation, learning attitude, and acceptance of the proposed application.

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Process Descriptionby + process / by + a non-human agent

1. In this paper, an experimental study of the laser cutting process of Polylactic acid sheets is created by a 3D printer.

2. The thermal conductivity of the fluid is enhanced by adding nano additives to the polyolester oil.

Process Descriptionby + process / by + a non-human agent

1. The impact velocity can be obtained by calculatingthe difference of the arrival times of the two waves.àTo introduce a process or method

2. This enzyme is used by the cancer cells to replicate.à To introduce a non-human agent

3. The increased mobility provided by this new joint allows wearers of the finger prosthesis … à To introduce a non-human agent

Process Description: Active Voiceq Verbs that indicate a change of state:1. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.2. Most metals expand and contract with variations in

temperature.3. Tropical storms can form only in areas of high humidity

and temperature. First, the warm sea heats the air above its surface. The warm, moist air then rises above the sea, creating a center of low pressure.

q Other examples? à corrode, bloom, erode, ferment, flower, perish, sprout

Use time adverbial, linking passive, or

past participle (-ed) to enhance the flow of

ideas when describing processes & procedures

Past Participles as modifier/adjectives

Identification stage

First, the virus strains most

likely to cause disease are

identified and three are

selected for vaccine

development.

Preparation stageThe virus samples of each selected

strain are injected into separate batches of

fertilized eggs …after which it is

harvested, inactivated, and

purified.

Dispensing stage

The purifiedvirus strains are then combinedto create the

vaccine, blended with a

carrier fluid and dispensed into

vials.

p.119~120

Example 4

Advanced data mining techniques are potential tools for solving civil engineering (CE) problems. This study proposes a novel smart artificial firefly colony algorithm-based support vector regression (SAFCA-SVR) system that integrates firefly algorithm (FA), chaotic maps, adaptive inertia weight, Lévy flight, and least squares support vector regression (LS - SVR).

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Example 4

First, adaptive approach and randomization methods are incorporated in FA to construct a novel and highly effective metaheuristic algorithm for global optimization. The enhanced FA is then used to optimize parameters in LS-SVR model. The proposed system is validated by comparing its performance with those of empirical methods and previous works via cross-validation algorithm and hypothesis test through the real- world engineering cases.

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Evaluation

üResearchers need to exercise reasonable judgement when interpreting data and giving opinions.

üCarefully chosen language can contribute to readers’ willingness to accept statements.

Language devices used in evaluative

statements

1. Boosters: to strengthen statements“The result shows that titanium oxide on the surface significantly improves corrosion resistance and decreasesnickel ion release, while barely affecting transformation temperatures.”2. Hedges: to soften statements“The preliminary results suggest that cyberloafing mayprovide victims of workplace aggression with a much-needed respite, thereby allowing them to better cope with the stressful situation.”

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3. Engagement markers: to establish connections with readers

“Take for example the issue of intellectual property and copyright laws in many areas including IT hardware and software and drugs.”4. Attitude markers: to how attitudes towards a

proposition or idea“Our study proposes a promising metal- free catalyst with high activity and high selectivity in catalyzing the CO2.”

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5. Self-mentions: to how a personal stance“It is my belief that all the courses in basic sciences should be definitely considered as preparatory to the later engineering courses.”

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Problem-Solution Approach

Definition

Causes

Effects

ProblemSolution

(Procedure& Process

Description)

3MT Presentation:Peer Review

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Assignment1. Evaluation Task 22. Essay 1 (CARS or SPSE)3. Unit 3, Task 4, 6, 7, 8, & 134. Read your group partners’ drafts

and provide feedback.5. Bring your comments to class for

peer-review.