Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. 1
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.
Bloom's Taxonomy was created in 1956 under leadership of educational psychologist Dr. Benjamin Bloom in order to promote higher forms of thinking in education such as analyzing and evaluating concepts, processes, procedures, and principles rather than just remembering facts (rote learning) It is most often used when designing educational, training,
and learning processes
2
3
The Three Domains of Learning
The committee identified three domains of educational activities or learning (Bloom, et al. 1956): Cognitive: mental skills (knowledge) Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas
(attitude or self) Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (skills)
4
Instructional designers, trainers, and educators refer to these three categories as KSA Knowledge [cognitive], Skills [psychomotor], and Attitudes [affective])
Domains may be thought of as categories
5
The Cognitive DomainInvolves knowledge and development of intellectual
skills (Bloom, 1956) includes recall or recognition of specific facts, procedural patterns, and concepts that serve in development of intellectual abilities and skills
There are six major categories of cognitive processes starting from simplest to most complex Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation
NB: Categories can be thought of as degrees of difficulties. That is, first ones must normally be mastered before next one can take place.
Low
er to H
igher
6
Lorin Anderson, former student of Bloom, and David Krathwohl revisited the cognitive domain in nineties and made some changesAnderson LW, Krathwohl DR, et.al. A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Pearson: Allyn & Bacon, 2001.
Bloom's Revised Taxonomy
Major revisions included: changing names in six categories from noun to verb forms rearranging six categories as shown in chart on next slide creating a processes and levels of knowledge matrix
7
Original Domains
Evaluation
Synthesis
Analysis
Application
Comprehension
Knowledge
New Domains
Creating
Evaluating
Analyzing
Applying
Understanding
Remembering
8
Processes & Levels of Knowledge Matrix
The
Knowledge
Dimension
Remember Understand Apply Analyze Evaluate Create
Facts
Concepts
Processes
Procedures
Principles
Metacognitive
9
An example matrix that has been filled in might look something like this:
The
Knowledge
Dimension
Remember Understand Apply Analyze Evaluate Create
Facts list para-phrase classify outline rank categorize
Concepts recall explains show contrast criticize modify
Processes outline estimate produce diagram defend design
Procedures reproducegive an
examplerelate identify critique plan
Principles state converts solvedifferent-
iatesconclude revise
Meta-
cognitiveproper use interpret discover infer predict actualize
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. 10
Further study:Writing Learning Objectives Using Bloom's Taxonomy, A Tutorial by Dr. Cray