World Water Crisis World Water Crisis ” ‘Water, water everywhere’ but what’s a brother gotta do to get a ” ‘Water, water everywhere’ but what’s a brother gotta do to get a drink around here?” drink around here?” Joel Thomas Joel Thomas CBE 555 CBE 555 November 27, 2007 November 27, 2007 Updated: Joel Thomas (F07) Updated: Joel Thomas (F07) Original: Christie Dosch (F05) Original: Christie Dosch (F05)
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World Water Crisis ” ‘Water, water everywhere’ but what’s a brother gotta do to get a drink around here?” Joel Thomas CBE 555 November 27, 2007 Updated:
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World Water CrisisWorld Water Crisis ” ‘Water, water everywhere’ but what’s a brother gotta do to get a drink around ” ‘Water, water everywhere’ but what’s a brother gotta do to get a drink around
here?”here?”
Joel ThomasJoel ThomasCBE 555CBE 555
November 27, 2007November 27, 2007
Updated: Joel Thomas (F07)Updated: Joel Thomas (F07)Original: Christie Dosch (F05)Original: Christie Dosch (F05)
Contents of the CrisisContents of the Crisis
• Availability/SafetyAvailability/Safety
• SanitationSanitation
• DesalinationDesalination
• Other factorsOther factors– ContaminationContamination
Availability/SafetyAvailability/Safety
Water BreakdownWater Breakdown• 70% of Earth is H70% of Earth is H22OO
• 3% of H3% of H22O is O is freshwaterfreshwater
• Of freshwaterOf freshwater– 79% is glacial79% is glacial– 20% is groundwater20% is groundwater– 1% is surface water1% is surface water
• Of surface waterOf surface water– 52% is lakes52% is lakes– 38% is soil Moisture38% is soil Moisture– 8% is atmospheric vapor8% is atmospheric vapor– 1% in living organisms1% in living organisms– 1% is rivers1% is rivers
Percent of Population with Percent of Population with Access to Safe Drinking Water Access to Safe Drinking Water by Country, 2000by Country, 2000
Percent of Total Disease Percent of Total Disease Burden Caused by Unsafe Burden Caused by Unsafe Water by Country, 2000Water by Country, 2000
• Middle EastMiddle East– ““Many of the wars of this [20th] century Many of the wars of this [20th] century
were about oil, but the wars of the next were about oil, but the wars of the next century will be about water” - World Bank century will be about water” - World Bank Vice President Ismail SerageldinVice President Ismail Serageldin
– Hebron, Palestine limited households to Hebron, Palestine limited households to running water twice a monthrunning water twice a month
– Egypt will require an extra 20 million mEgypt will require an extra 20 million m33 to to meet the needs of the growing populationmeet the needs of the growing population
QualityQuality
• Only 60% of population of Africa has Only 60% of population of Africa has access to safe drinking wateraccess to safe drinking water– In largest cities, < 10% have sewer In largest cities, < 10% have sewer
connectionsconnections• Increased preference for/reliance on well Increased preference for/reliance on well
waterwater
• 2.3 billion people world wide suffer 2.3 billion people world wide suffer from diseases linked to dirty waterfrom diseases linked to dirty water– ContaminationsContaminations
•Biological – Poor SanitationBiological – Poor Sanitation•Chemical/Mineral – Further Study of Arsenic in Chemical/Mineral – Further Study of Arsenic in
BangladeshBangladesh
TreatmentTreatment
Sewage TreatmentSewage Treatment
Sewage TreatmentSewage Treatment
• PreliminaryPreliminary– Filter/screen to remove solids and gritFilter/screen to remove solids and grit– Solids and grit are washed and land-Solids and grit are washed and land-
filledfilled
Sewage TreatmentSewage Treatment
Sewage TreatmentSewage Treatment
• PrimaryPrimary– Settling tanks (clarifiers) to remove Settling tanks (clarifiers) to remove
remaining solidsremaining solids– Produces “sludge” containing 70% of Produces “sludge” containing 70% of
initial solidsinitial solids•Sludge treated by digestionSludge treated by digestion
– Heat bacteria to optimal conditionsHeat bacteria to optimal conditions– Produces methane Produces methane
May be used as fuelMay be used as fuel– Remaining solids are cooled and used as fertilizerRemaining solids are cooled and used as fertilizer
– Biological waste from either treatment is Biological waste from either treatment is settled outsettled out
Sewage TreatmentSewage Treatment
Sewage TreatmentSewage Treatment
• TertiaryTertiary– Kill bacteriaKill bacteria
•Disinfect using chlorine/bleachDisinfect using chlorine/bleach– Dechlorinate using sodium bisulfite or similar Dechlorinate using sodium bisulfite or similar
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)– Amount of OAmount of O22 required by bacteria to required by bacteria to
oxidize organic material in 5 daysoxidize organic material in 5 days– Drinking water < 1ppmDrinking water < 1ppm– Raw sewage >> 100ppmRaw sewage >> 100ppm
DesalinationDesalination
DesalinationDesalination
• 7500 plants world wide7500 plants world wide– 60% in Middle East 60% in Middle East
•Saudi Arabia produces 128 million gallons Saudi Arabia produces 128 million gallons per dayper day
– 12% in Americas12% in Americas•Florida and CaribbeanFlorida and Caribbean
Desalination ProcessDesalination Process
• Requires pre-treatmentRequires pre-treatment– ChlorinationChlorination– OzoneOzone– UV lightUV light– Stripping or scrubbing to remove Cl or Stripping or scrubbing to remove Cl or
• Runoff from roads/agricultureRunoff from roads/agriculture
• Leaks/spills in chemical storage or Leaks/spills in chemical storage or transportation (including septic, transportation (including septic, petroleum)petroleum)– 1 L of gas contaminates 1 Million L of 1 L of gas contaminates 1 Million L of
groundwatergroundwater
Arsenic ContaminationArsenic Contamination
• IndiaIndia– Bengal and Bengal and
Bangladesh Bangladesh (Ganges River area)(Ganges River area)
– As high as 1.8ppm As high as 1.8ppm (EPA limit is 10ppb)(EPA limit is 10ppb)
– ~200,000 people ~200,000 people dead from As dead from As poisoningpoisoning
Arsenic DecontaminationArsenic Decontamination
• RemovalRemoval– Adsorption with Adsorption with
ferric oxide ferric oxide compoundcompound
– ppt with iron saltsppt with iron salts– NanofiltrationNanofiltration
– MnOMnO22
– CoagulationCoagulation
• ProblemsProblems– Removal is expensiveRemoval is expensive– Detection is difficultDetection is difficult
• Field tests only detect Field tests only detect above 0.05mg/L (the above 0.05mg/L (the upper limit)upper limit)
– Technology is not Technology is not readily availablereadily available• Expensive EquipmentExpensive Equipment
• Extensive TrainingExtensive Training
ReferencesReferences
• http://www.world-wide-water.com/ - water treatment technical info/guide - water treatment technical info/guide• http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs210/en/ - World Health Org.; - World Health Org.;
-Sewage treatment principles-Sewage treatment principles• http://www.coastal.ca.gov/desalrpt/dchap1.html - Seawater Desalinationhttp://www.coastal.ca.gov/desalrpt/dchap1.html - Seawater Desalination• http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/water/index.html - Global Water Crisis http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/water/index.html - Global Water Crisis
ArticlesArticles• http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2000/07/0714_water.html - Water and http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2000/07/0714_water.html - Water and
Peace in the Middle EastPeace in the Middle East• http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=34014 – Further Resources http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=34014 – Further Resources