World War One The Outbreak of War. Review…The Four Causes of War Alliance System – by 1914, Europe was divided into two main groups, with each group agreeing.

World War World War OneOne

The Outbreak The Outbreak of Warof War

Review…The Four Causes Review…The Four Causes of Warof War

• Alliance SystemAlliance System – by 1914, Europe was – by 1914, Europe was divided into two main groups, with each divided into two main groups, with each group agreeing to go to war to defend their group agreeing to go to war to defend their alliesallies

• ImperialismImperialism – desire to expand empires – desire to expand empires

• NationalismNationalism – desire by ethnic groups to – desire by ethnic groups to develop a homelanddevelop a homeland

• MilitarismMilitarism - growing arms race; countries - growing arms race; countries begin to see each other as a threatbegin to see each other as a threat

Europe Pre-WWIEurope Pre-WWI

A bit more on A bit more on Nationalism…Nationalism…

• Nationalism was particularly strong in Nationalism was particularly strong in the the Balkan statesBalkan states

• Years earlier, Austria-Hungary had Years earlier, Austria-Hungary had taken over Bosnia – lots of ethnic groupstaken over Bosnia – lots of ethnic groups– Each group wanted independenceEach group wanted independence

• One ethnic group, called the Serbs were One ethnic group, called the Serbs were particularly upset as they wanted Bosnia particularly upset as they wanted Bosnia to become part of Serbiato become part of Serbia– They created a terrorist organization called They created a terrorist organization called

the the “Black Hand”“Black Hand” which fought to free which fought to free Bosnia from the control of Austria-HungaryBosnia from the control of Austria-Hungary

The Outbreak of War!The Outbreak of War!

• June 28June 28thth, 1914 , 1914

Gavrilo Princip, a Gavrilo Princip, a

member of the member of the

“ “Black Hand” Black Hand”

assassinated assassinated

Archduke FranzArchduke Franz

FerdinandFerdinand (heir to the Austria- (heir to the Austria-Hungary throne) during a visit to Hungary throne) during a visit to BosniaBosnia

The Outbreak of WarThe Outbreak of War

• After the assassination, Austria-After the assassination, Austria-Hungary asked Germany for their Hungary asked Germany for their supportsupport– Remember: these two countries already Remember: these two countries already

have an alliance in placehave an alliance in place

• Germany issues Austria-Hungary the Germany issues Austria-Hungary the now infamous now infamous Blank ChequeBlank Cheque– Meant that Germany would support Meant that Germany would support

Austria-Hungary even if they went to warAustria-Hungary even if they went to war– Germany was sure that Britain would Germany was sure that Britain would

remain neutral if war broke outremain neutral if war broke out

The Outbreak of WarThe Outbreak of War

• With Germany’s support, Austria-With Germany’s support, Austria-Hungary prepares for warHungary prepares for war

• Austria-Hungary sends Serbia an Austria-Hungary sends Serbia an ultimatumultimatum – hand over your terrorists – hand over your terrorists or face waror face war

• Serbia seemed open to the idea but Serbia seemed open to the idea but asked for clarification on a few pointsasked for clarification on a few points

• Austria-Hungary took this as a rejection Austria-Hungary took this as a rejection and on July 29, 1914, they declared war and on July 29, 1914, they declared war on Serbia on Serbia

The Snowball The Snowball EffectEffect

• Russia, feeling threatened by German Russia, feeling threatened by German expansion offers to help Serbia and they expansion offers to help Serbia and they begin mobilizing their armybegin mobilizing their army

• In response, Germany demands that In response, Germany demands that Russia stand down – they refuse and so Russia stand down – they refuse and so Germany declares war on RussiaGermany declares war on Russia

• France declares war on Germany to France declares war on Germany to support Russiasupport Russia

The Snowball EffectThe Snowball Effect

• Germany declares war on FranceGermany declares war on France– Germany’s plan was attack France by Germany’s plan was attack France by

crossing through the neutral country of crossing through the neutral country of Belgium Belgium (Schlieffen Plan)(Schlieffen Plan)

• Britain had allied with Belgium to Britain had allied with Belgium to protect their neutrality so Britain protect their neutrality so Britain declares war on Germanydeclares war on Germany– This includes all of Britain’s colonies, This includes all of Britain’s colonies,

including Canadaincluding Canada

•By summer 1914, nearly By summer 1914, nearly every major country in every major country in

Europe had become Europe had become entangled in one of the entangled in one of the

greatest and most greatest and most devastating wars of all devastating wars of all

timetime

The Snowball Effect of the AlliancesThe Snowball Effect of the Alliances

Canada Goes to WarCanada Goes to War

• When war was declared, Canadians When war was declared, Canadians were excited about the idea of war and were excited about the idea of war and there was widespread support to send there was widespread support to send support for Britainsupport for Britain

• Prime Minister Robert BordenPrime Minister Robert Borden agreed to send a force of 25,000 trained agreed to send a force of 25,000 trained men who were equipped and paid for by men who were equipped and paid for by the Canadian governmentthe Canadian government– Needed 22,000 volunteers to reach this Needed 22,000 volunteers to reach this

numbernumber

Why Did People Join?Why Did People Join?

• PatriotismPatriotism– Canadians were proud to fight for their Canadians were proud to fight for their

countrycountry– English speaking Canada still had strong ties English speaking Canada still had strong ties

to Britainto Britain– Feelings of a “sense of duty”Feelings of a “sense of duty”

• Excitement and AdventureExcitement and Adventure– Many of those who joined were labourers and Many of those who joined were labourers and

farmers who had never left their hometownsfarmers who had never left their hometowns– War provided an opportunity to see the worldWar provided an opportunity to see the world

Attitudes Towards WarAttitudes Towards War

• ““We are part of the British Empire, so of We are part of the British Empire, so of course we are at war. That is the law. course we are at war. That is the law. We must now decide on the kind of aid We must now decide on the kind of aid that we should send to Britain. I believe that we should send to Britain. I believe that we should send soldiers to fight that we should send soldiers to fight alongside the British army in France. alongside the British army in France. Canadians, I am sure, will be proud to Canadians, I am sure, will be proud to fight for their King and Country”fight for their King and Country”– Robert Borden, Prime Minister of Canada, Robert Borden, Prime Minister of Canada,

19141914

Attitudes Cont’dAttitudes Cont’d

• ““We are at war. That is the law. It is We are at war. That is the law. It is now our job to decide just what to do now our job to decide just what to do about this sad fact. My hope is that about this sad fact. My hope is that the war will soon be over and our the war will soon be over and our help will not be needed. We should help will not be needed. We should offer both money and food to France offer both money and food to France and Britain”and Britain”– Wilfred Laurier, Leader of the Wilfred Laurier, Leader of the

Opposition, 1914Opposition, 1914

Attitudes Cont’dAttitudes Cont’d• ““When the war started, I wanted to go, but When the war started, I wanted to go, but

I was too young, only fifteen. By the time I I was too young, only fifteen. By the time I was seventeen, I couldn’t wait any longer. I was seventeen, I couldn’t wait any longer. I guess I was afraid the war would end guess I was afraid the war would end before I got a change to get involved.”before I got a change to get involved.”– Source UnknownSource Unknown

• A lot of us were farm boys. Fighting was A lot of us were farm boys. Fighting was bound to be more exciting than farming and bound to be more exciting than farming and none of us thought we’d ever get another none of us thought we’d ever get another chance to see overseas places like England chance to see overseas places like England and France”and France”– Source unknownSource unknown

Training the TroopsTraining the Troops

• Canada’s Minister of Militia and Canada’s Minister of Militia and Defence – Defence – Sir Sam HughesSir Sam Hughes

• Given the huge task of training Given the huge task of training Canada’s military forceCanada’s military force

• Set up a massive training camp in Set up a massive training camp in ValcartierValcartier, Quebec, Quebec– Once they received minimal training, Once they received minimal training,

troops were sent overseas to larger troops were sent overseas to larger camps in Europe and eventually to the camps in Europe and eventually to the front linesfront lines

The Start of a National The Start of a National IdentityIdentity

• The training camps at Valcartier brought The training camps at Valcartier brought together people from all across the together people from all across the countrycountry

• Working together for a common goal Working together for a common goal helped bring Canadians together and helped bring Canadians together and helped them to develop a helped them to develop a national national identityidentity

• Canada’s military force also fought Canada’s military force also fought separate from Britain’s force which helped separate from Britain’s force which helped to develop their national identityto develop their national identity

Life at Life at ValcartiValcarti

erer

War Measures ActWar Measures Act

• As war began, PM Borden realized that As war began, PM Borden realized that in order to win the war, the government in order to win the war, the government would need more control over everyday would need more control over everyday affairsaffairs

• Introduced the Introduced the War Measures ActWar Measures Act – – granted full and complete powers to the granted full and complete powers to the governmentgovernment– Affected the economy, transportation, Affected the economy, transportation,

agricultural production and the daily lives of agricultural production and the daily lives of peoplepeople

War Measures ActWar Measures Act• Allowed the Canadian government to:Allowed the Canadian government to:

– Intervene directly in the economyIntervene directly in the economy– Control transportation, manufacturing, Control transportation, manufacturing,

trade and agricultural productiontrade and agricultural production– Strip away the civil liberties of ordinary Strip away the civil liberties of ordinary

CanadiansCanadians• Mail could be censored or readMail could be censored or read• Legal rights suspendedLegal rights suspended• ““Enemy Aliens”Enemy Aliens” could be arrested, could be arrested,

imprisoned or detained without reason; also imprisoned or detained without reason; also forced to register with the government so forced to register with the government so they could be trackedthey could be tracked

Food for Thought…Food for Thought…

• Is there any situation where you think Is there any situation where you think that it would be okay for our that it would be okay for our government to enact the War Measures government to enact the War Measures Act and to suspend civil liberties?Act and to suspend civil liberties?

• This is not the last time that the War This is not the last time that the War Measures Act will be used in Canada’s Measures Act will be used in Canada’s historyhistory

War Begins in EuropeWar Begins in Europe

• As countries began to mobilize, As countries began to mobilize, Germany was already prepared with Germany was already prepared with their their Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan– Planned to attack France by taking Planned to attack France by taking

control of neutral Belgium first control of neutral Belgium first – Goal was to defeat France and take Goal was to defeat France and take

control of Paris in only 6 weeks before control of Paris in only 6 weeks before turning their attention to Russiaturning their attention to Russia

– Designed to avoid a two-front war – could Designed to avoid a two-front war – could not win a two front warnot win a two front war

Germany’s Schlieffen PlanGermany’s Schlieffen Plan

War Begins in EuropeWar Begins in Europe

• As Germany invaded Belgium and As Germany invaded Belgium and France, they were initially extremely France, they were initially extremely successful, reaching within 35 km of successful, reaching within 35 km of Paris in only a few short weeksParis in only a few short weeks

• Germany was surprised by the Germany was surprised by the resistance that it meant as Britain resistance that it meant as Britain and France were able to mobilize and France were able to mobilize faster than expectedfaster than expected

The Emergence of The Emergence of StalemateStalemate

• British and French troops rallied to British and French troops rallied to push back against German troops at push back against German troops at the Battle of Marne in Sept 1914the Battle of Marne in Sept 1914

• German troops dug a defensive line of German troops dug a defensive line of trenches – Allies built their own system, trenches – Allies built their own system, only meters away from the Germansonly meters away from the Germans

• By Christmas 1914, the war had turned By Christmas 1914, the war had turned into a into a stalematestalemate – neither side was – neither side was able to advance on the enemy yet able to advance on the enemy yet neither side was willing to retreat neither side was willing to retreat