WORLD WAR ONE - Mesa, Arizona · •Germany now fighting a two front war ... war bonds •$20 million of that was German. ... •FINAL PEACE TREATY OF WORLD WAR ONE

WORLD WAR ONE1914-1918

MANIA

• MILITATRISM- policy of building up strong military forces in

preparation of war

• ALLIANCES- agreements between nations to aid and protect

one another

• NATIONALISM- great pride in one’s country

• IMPERIALISM- one country taking over another politically and

economically

• ASSASSINATION- the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

MANIA• Militarism:1910-1914 Increase in

Defense Expenditures

• France 10%

• Britain 13%

• Russia 39%

• Germany 73%

• The Spark: Assassination

• June 1914- Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary

visits Serbia with his wife

• Gavrilo Princip responsible for

assassination

THE DOMINO EFFECT

• Austria declares war on Serbia for death of their

future leader

• Germany pledges support for Austria (German

nationalism)

• Russia pledges support for Serbia (Slavic

nationalism)

• Germany declares war on Russia

• France pledges support for Russia

• Germany declares war on France

• Germany invades Belgium on the way to France

• Great Britain wanted to sit out but supports

Belgium, GB declares war on Germany

ALLIANCES

Triple Entente (ALLIED POWERS): Triple Alliance (CENTRAL POWERS):

Great Britain

France

Russia

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Italy

VS

DUDES TO KNOW

CENTRAL POWERS

• Wilhelm II- Germany

• Franz Josef- Austria Hungary

• Sultan Mehmed V - Ottoman Empire

• Tsar Ferdinand- Bulgaria

ALLIED POWERS

• Nicholas II- Russia

• George V – Great Britain

• Pres. Poincare- France

• Victor Emmanuel II- Italy

CENTRAL POWERS VS ALLIED POWERS

CENTRAL POWERS

Austria-Hungary Germany

• Large army Large army and navy

• Poorly trained; poorly led Well trained, leadership

• Antiquated technology Advanced technology

Bulgaria Ottoman Empire

• Weak at everything Weak but lead by Germany

ALLIED POWERS

Britain France

• Small army; largest navy Largest allied army; adequate navy

• Well trained; poor leadership Adequate training & leadership

• Technologically advanced Poor technology

Russia Italy (1915)

• Large army; weak navy Weak at everything

• Poorly trained; poorly lead

• Little or no technology

United States (1917)

Very small navy & army

Poorly trained, lead, & equipped; but has great spirit

STRATEGY OF THE CENTRAL POWER: VON SCHLIEFFEN PLAN

• Go around French border, through Belgium,

knock out France before Russia enters war

• Plan fails

• Germans don’t attack far enough west before

attacking Paris

• Russia mobilizes faster than expected, forcing

Germany to divert troops to E. Front

• Germany now fighting a two front war (troops

are split between Western front and Eastern

front)

WAR TACTICS

• TRENCH WARFARE

• Used on western front

• Each side dug over 500 miles of trenches

parallel to one another: Area in the

middle is know as “No man’s land”

• Very little territory gains: Stalemate

• Inhuman

• Dangerous: constant threat of bombing or

gas

• Easier to Defend than attack

Many men killed in

the trenches were

buried almost where

they fell. These

corpses, as well as the

food scraps that

littered the trenches,

attracted rats.

WEAPONS

• Machine Guns- Groups of machine

guns that fired 400 to 600 rounds

per minute

• Rail Gun

• Flame Thrower

• Poison Gas- The Germans first

used poison gas. Both sides then

began using poison gas, which

caused blindness, skin blistering,

and lung damage. To protect the

soldiers, armies issued gas masks.

WEAPONS

• Airplanes- first for observation, then with mounted guns. Aces have in- air battles

• The Red Baron- 80 victories

• Tanks- supported trenches when attacked

• Submarines- torpedoes would destroy ships. Unrestricted warfare- sunk any enemy

WORLD WAR ONE PRE U.S.

• France and Germany fight- France wins

• GB and France fight Germany- 1 million dead or wounded-

inconclusive

• Russian Revolution

• Russia CANNOT handle being in the war- no respect for their fighting

men

• Men are ill trained and not given weapons

• Makes for chaos and the disintegration of the Russian Army

• SIGNIFICANCE: Germany no longer fighting a two front battle- can

focus on the West

THE U.S ENTERS THE WAR

• Woodrow Wilson-Isolationist- Reflected the

nations policy of isolationism or

noninvolvement in foreign affairs

Really Neutral??

• United States ships carried most of the supplies,

including war materials, to the Allies

• American banks invested $2 Billion in European

war bonds

• $20 million of that was German

THE US ENTERS THE WAR

• Germans used Unrestricted Submarine warfare-Lusitania

• British ship, killed 1,200 people- 128 US citizens

• Germans Respond with the Sussex Pledge not to sink ships without

warning

• Later violates that promise

• Zimmerman Note: proposed an alliance with Mexico

• British intercept the Telegram, give it to US. If Mexico involved, then US will get involved.

• The Final Straw: Germans Violate Sussex pledge by sinking 3 US

Warships

• Wilson cuts diplomatic ties and fits merchants ships with guns.

• US declares war in 1917, a Turning point for the Allies

PEACE WITHOUT VICTORY

Everyone stops fighting, no one declared a winner

Allies are angry-

Allies want:

• central Powers to pay for wartime destruction

• want territory, money, and German admission of

Guilt

SLECTIVE SERVICE ACT 1917

• Government authorized to raise national army

for entry into the war- compulsory enlistment of

people

• 24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end

of 1918.

• 4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw

active combat).

• 400,000 African-Americans served in segregated

units.

• 15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts,

messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.

US GOVERNMENT THREATS TO CIVIL LIBERTIES

• Espionage Act – 1917

- forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote

insubordination in the military.

- ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail.

- fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison

• Sedition Act – 1918

- it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or will full utter,

print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language

about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to

willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary

or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple

or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.

ENDING OF THE WAR

• Battle of Belleau Wood (1918)- first battle to

involve US forces. Germans defeated

• Battle of Argonne (1918)- offensive battle,

Germans defeated- sign armistice

• Signing of the armistice- Nov 1918- French,

German, and British representatives meet in

France. Germany signs unconditional

surrender. Same train car used 22 years later for

the French to surrender to Adolf Hitler

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF THE END OF THE WAR

•Generation of Europeans killed or wounded

•Dynasties fall in Germany, Austria- Hungary,

and Russia

•New countries created

•League of Nations established to help restore

peace

ALLIED POWERS CASUALTIES

COUNTRY MEN MOBILZED DEATHS WOUNDED PRISONERS/MISSING TOTAL MOBILIZED

• Russian Empire 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 76

• France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 73

• British Empire 8,904,500 908,400 2,090,200 191,700 36

• Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 39

• United States 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 8

• Romania 750,000 335,700 120,000 80,000 71

• Serbia 707,300 45,000 133,100 153,000 47

• Belgium 267,000 13,700 44,700 34,700 35

• Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 12

• Portugal 100,000 7,000 13,800 12,300 33

• Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 40

• * Casualties include deaths, wounded, prisoners, and missing

CENTRAL POWERS CASUALTIES

COUNTRY MEN MOBILZED DEATHS WOUNDED PRISONERS/MISSING TOTAL MOBILIZED

• Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,100 1,152,800 65

• Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 90

• Ottoman Empire 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 34

• Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,400 27,000 22

During World War I (1914-1918), more than 10 million

men were killed and more than 20 million were

wounded. At this World War I memorial, rows of graves

stand in a cemetery located near Vimy Ridge outside

Arras, France.

EUROPE WAS DESTROYED

WILSON 14 POINT PLAN

PEACE PROPOSAL- PREVENT FUTURE WARS

First four points:

• end secret treaties

• freedom of seas

• free trade

• reduce armies

• Fifth – end imperialism, self determination- The right of people to decide their own political

status

• 6 through 13 – changing borders and new nations

• 14th point – organize an organization to keep peace League of Nations- A group of world nations

that would settle disputes and protect democracy

WHO IS MISSING FROM THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS????

TREATY OF VERSAILLES

• FINAL PEACE TREATY OF WORLD WAR ONE

• The Big Four: Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (GB), Vittorio Orlando

(Italy), Georges Clemenceau (France)

• International Relations= League of Nations

• Responsibility- Germany accepts full responsibility and agrees to pay back

the Allies- reparations

• Territory- New nations formed, land returned to France, France and GB take hold

in Middle East

• Military Strength- Germany to scale down army, navy and eliminate air force,

no militarization along Rhine River

AMERICAN PROBLEMS WITH POST WAR EUROPE

•The Republicans did not wish to be involved in

European affairs

•US doesn’t sign the Treaty of Versailles

•US doesn’t join the League of Nations

•US signs separate treaty w/Germany 1920

LONG TERM EFFECTS

•Many Nations feel bitter and

betrayed by peace settlements

•The forces that helped cause the

war- nationalism and competition-

remain