World War II to Sept. 11. Pearl Harbor U.S. naval base in Hawaii Attacked by Japan unexpectedly on December 7, 1941 United States declares war on Japan.

World War II to Sept. 11

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor• U.S. naval base in

Hawaii

• Attacked by Japan unexpectedly on December 7, 1941

• United States declares war on Japan and enters World War II

Japanese-American Internment Japanese-American Internment Camps Camps

• After Pearl Harbor, the United States racists fears led the country to put 120,000 Japanese Americans in concentration camps

Lend-Lease Act

• Passed after Pearl Harbor, the U.S. sends military equipment and supplies to its Allies during World War II

• Britain, France, Soviet Union and China all receive aid

War MobilizationWar Mobilization• Millions of men

volunteered after Pear Harbor to fight World War II

• Factories- were converted from consumer goods to military goods

Rationing for WWIIRationing for WWIIRationing- everything went

to the war, so Americans were only allowed a small portion of key items that were needed for the war

Americans donate metals, newspapers, rubber, clothes, paper to the war effort.

Women Work for the War Women Work for the War

Factories-millions take the place of men and build the machines of war.

Equality- first time women are seen as equal to their male counterparts. Will eventually lead to greater rights for women.

Rosie the Riveter- symbol of the American women’s war effort.

D-DayD-Day• D-Day- codename for

Operation Overlord, Allied troops landed in Normandy, France

• The largest sea invasion in history, German troops were caught off guard an unable to push back the invasion

• This was the beginning of the end for Germany in WWII

Battle of MidwayBattle of MidwayBattle of Midway- Led by

Admiral Nimitz, the U.S. sinks four Japanese Aircraft carriers to the American one.

Turning Point in the war against the Japanese who never fully recovered from the loss of the aircraft carriers and aviators from this battle.

Mass Production replaces our losses and puts the pressure on Japan.

Fall of BerlinFall of BerlinOne of the final battles in

the European Theater of WWII

The Soviet Union storms the city; bloodiest battles of the war

Hitler and most of his key leaders commit suicide during the battle

Ends the War in Europe

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project

Los Alamos, New Mexico- This is where the United States developed the Atomic Bomb

President Truman- orders the dropping of it on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to force the surrender of the country

Impact of the Atomic BombImpact of the Atomic Bomb

The Atomic Bomb was a game changer and for the first time humans could destroy the Earth

Made the U.S.A. a superpower in the world

Will lead to Nuclear energy and the Nuclear Arms Race between the U.S. and Soviet Union

Post WWII and the Cold WarPost WWII and the Cold War• Marshall Plan- was

America’s program for rebuilding Western Europe to protect it from communism.

• It was the United States best weapon against the influence of the Soviet Union

Cold War Cold War

• This was a name given to the relations between the U.S. & the Soviet Union in the second half of the 20th century which saw the buildup of nuclear arms.

Cold War and ContainmentCold War and Containment

Containment- the U.S. was determined to stop the spread of communism throughout the world

Truman Doctrine- American foreign policy to provide economic and military aid to any country to prevent it from becoming communist

The U.S. tried to contain the Soviet Union’s influence

Communist ChinaCommunist ChinaMao Zedong is the leader of

the Communist Revolution in China after WWII he overthrew the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek in 1949.

Chiang Kai-shek will establish the country of Taiwan an island off the coast of China.

Americans blame Truman for not stopping the spread of communism

Korean WarKorean WarKorea- In 1950 Communist

North Korea invades South Korea

The U.S. sends troops in to help protect S. Korea and pushed N. Korea back to the Chinese border

Communist China sends in troops to help N. Korea and an armistice is signed in 1954 ending the war, leaving the country divided

McCarthyismMcCarthyismSenator McCarthy led the

second Red Scare in America during the 1950s

He lied about communist infiltrations in the U.S. government and army, destroying the lives of innocent people

He was later found to be lying about all of his accusations

Cuban RevolutionCuban RevolutionFidel Castro- led the suc-

cessful Cuban revolution in 1959 to overthrow the corrupt government backed by the U.S.A.

Castro- established a com-munist government in Cuba, this catches the U.S. off guard and angers it.

President Eisenhower places an embargo on Cuba to isolate it

Baby BoomBaby Boom

1945–1965 are the baby boom years; the birth rate in the United States soars when soldiers return from World War II and the Korean War.

Interstate Highway ActInterstate Highway ActEisenhower gets Congress

to pay for a Federal Highway system, for Defense.

The highway connects people to the suburbs, cities, schools, and shopping malls.

Whites begin to flee to the suburbs like Levittown.

Fast Food restaurants develop to feed the people in the cars of Suburbia

LevittownLevittown

The first large scale suburban development in the United States

The cookie cutter home development, it is the inspiration for suburbs everywhere

SputnikSputnikIn 1957 the Soviet Union

launched the first ever satellite into space

This frightened Americans who felt the U.S. had fallen behind the Soviet Union

The U.S. devotes millions into Science and Math education to improve our technology

Jackie RobinsonJackie RobinsonThe first black to integrate

Major League Baseball in 1947 with the Brooklyn Dodgers

This leads to Truman desegregating the Military and re-launches the Civil Rights Movement after WWII

Integration of the U.S. MilitaryIntegration of the U.S. Military

President Truman- orders the integration of the U.S. military in 1948

One of the first major Civil Rights changes of the 20th century

Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education

The Supreme Court ended the practice of Separate but Equal in 1954

Southern reaction to Brown v. Southern reaction to Brown v. Board of EducationBoard of Education

Little Rock Nine- were 9 African-Americans who integrated Little Rock Central H.S.

President Eisenhower had to send in the Air Force to protect them from angry whites

White Southerners were angered over the end of Separate but Equal

Televised DebatesVoters fell in love with the physical appearance and

charisma possessed by Kennedy. He was confident and organized.

Nixon was pale, sweating and tense.

This election proved the power of T.V. in politics

Election of 1960 Kennedy Wins!!!!!

VS.

Bay of Pigs InvasionKennedy’s biggest mistake, he gives approval to a

plan by the C.I.A. to overthrow Castro using Cuban exiles.

The exiles are captured by Castro on the beaches of Cuba

Embarrassment- Kennedy is forced to pay a ransom (food/medicine) to free the exiles.

Castro- uses this to get more support from the Soviet Union and strengthen his grip on power.

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Crisis- the closest the world ever came to all out nuclear war.

Spy planes discover that Cuba was building underground missile sites for nuclear weapons that could reach the U.S. in minutes

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile CrisisKennedy Reacts- orders a

naval blockade of Cuba until all weapons are removed.

The U.S.S.R. is told that any ship that tries to run the blockade will start a full scale war with the U.S.

Khrushchev Reacts- turns the Soviet ships around and removes the missiles if Kennedy promises not to invade Cuba

Fallout of the Cuban Missile CrisisFallout of the Cuban Missile Crisis

• Hotline- direct line between D.C. and Moscow to allow for peaceful talks

• Khrushchev- reputation is damaged in the U.S.S.R.

• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-100 nations agree to stop open air testing of nuclear weapons

• Criticism- Kennedy seen as soft for not ousting Castro, brinkmanship policy

Kennedy Assassination Kennedy Assassination November 23,1963

President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas.

Stunned Americans- were devastated by the Kennedy assassination, remember where they were.

Civil Rights Agenda- gets a boost with his death as Vice President Johnson is a better politician, Johnson will get several landmark laws passed.

Vietnam WarVietnam WarMilitary conflict between the

Communist forces of North Vietnam supported by China and the Soviet Union and the non-Communist forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States.

Tet OffensiveTet OffensiveVietcong troops take

advantage of a cease fire between the North and South and launch a sneak attack

U.S. military defeats the Vietcong but Americans turn on the war

President Johnson losses American support for the war, the media attacks the war.

Opposition to the Vietnam WarOpposition to the Vietnam WarBegins on college campuses

but spreads to all walks of life as the war drags on for years and deaths mount

Television shows the graphic nature of the war, turning Americans against it

People protest the ability of the wealthy and middle class to “buy” their way out of the war, leading to bigger protests by the poor against the war

Opposition to the Vietnam War• Protesters- calls for civil

disobedience; counsels students to go abroad, antiwar demonstrations, protests increase, some become violent

• Some men burn draft cards; some refuse to serve; some flee to Canada

Lyndon Johnson’s Great SocietyLyndon Johnson’s Great SocietyThe Great Society-

Johnson’s program to end poverty and racism in the U.S.

1. Medicare- medical insurance program for those 65 and older.

2. Medicaid- government paid healthcare for poor and disabled

Civil Rights and TelevisionCivil Rights and TelevisionFor the first time Southern

tactics to maintain segregation are shown on T.V. horrifying white liberals

The beatings, killings, and attacks on African-Americans force White America to confront segregation and inequality

Letter from Birmingham JailLetter from Birmingham JailWritten by Martin Luther King

Jr. it is his attempt to explain to White America why victims of segregation, violent attacks, and murder found it difficult to wait for injustices to end in the South

I Have a Dream- King’s most famous speech given in Washington D.C., it calls for a future of racial harmony and peace

Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964This law signed by

President Johnson banned discrimination of any kind in any park, restroom, library, theater, and public building in America

This was inspired by King’s “I have a dream” speech

Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965Outlawed the Jim Crow

restrictions on African Americans right to vote declaring it unconstitutional

Banned the use of literacy tests, poll taxes, jelly bean counting

Let the Federal government to overlook voting rights violations and register millions of minorities in the 1960’s

SNCC and SCLCSNCC and SCLCSNCC- Student non-violent

Coordinated Committee was made up of young people who were the front line soldiers of the Civil Rights Movement

SCLC- Southern Christian Leadership Committee were the “leaders” of the movement. They were the organizers and speech makers

Warren Court 1953-1969Warren Court 1953-1969The Supreme Court under

Justice Warren will protect the rights of individuals and minorities

Key Cases:1.Brown vs. Board of Ed

1954-ends separate but equal

2. Miranda v. Arizona- criminals must have their rights read, lawyer present during questioning

National Organization of WomenNational Organization of Women• NOW- founded to

promote equal rights for women of all races in America

• NOW fights for political, social, and economic equality in America

Environmental MovementEnvironmental MovementSilent Spring- written by

Rachel Carson it set off the Environmental Movement in America

It led to the Water Quality Act of 1965 and the Earth Day

Environmental Protection Agency- established to limit pollution, protect the environment and clean up polluted sites in America

United Farm WorkersUnited Farm WorkersLed by Cesar Chavez he

fights for the rights of migrant farm workers

Improved the working conditions and wages of migrant workers

Used non-violent protests to achieve their goals

Martin Luther King Jr. AssassinatedMartin Luther King Jr. Assassinated• April 4th, 1968- Martin

Luther King Jr. is shot on a motel balcony in Memphis, Tenn., by James Earl Ray.

• Riots break out in African American communities revealing the anger and frustration still felt in the North and South.

Robert F. Kennedy AssassinatedRobert F. Kennedy AssassinatedRobert F. Kennedy- is run-

ning for the office of President.

June 5, 1968- RFK is shot by an assassin after winning the presidential primary in California.

Reaction- many counter culture supporters, African Americans and democrats are devastated. He was the last liberal “60’s” politicians.

Democratic National Convention 1968Democratic National Convention 1968

Protesters are marching out of anger at the convention

Chicago police attack and beat protesters who were marching to the convention

T.V.- Conservative White America sees this as an attack against their country and vote Republican to restore order in the country

The Conservative MovementThe Conservative MovementBarry Goldwater(1964)

runs for President, this is the beginning of the conservative movement

President Richard Nixon (1968)wins office, elected by the “silent majority” who want America restored to the good old days

Conservative MovementConservative Movement

The "Solid South" angry with Democratic party support of Civil Rights for African-Americans and Women

Opposition to "Liberal" Supreme Court's Judicial Activism

Beliefs- they opposed civil rights, gun control, liberals, Feminism, Affirmative Action, Sexual Revolution, Hippies, Gay Rights, Great Society, big government, Social Security, and Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).

Nixon PresidencyNixon PresidencyVisits China to open up

relations, only a staunch anti-communist could repair relations, recognizes Communist China

Watergate Scandal: – Centered on Nixon’s

attempt to cover up a burglary at the offices of the Democratic Party

– Crime committed by Nixon’s reelection team

- Nixon forced to resign due to his attempts to cover up the break-ins

Americans turn on the governmentAmericans turn on the government

Americans no longer trust the government after the disastrous Vietnam War and Nixon Presidency

American become very cynical about their political leaders

Americans want President Nixon arrested to stand trial

President Gerald FordPresident Gerald FordHe becomes president

after Nixon resigns

Ford grants Nixon a Presidential pardon on Watergate; people are angry

Ford is president during a recession and can’t deal with the high unemployment and gas prices

Key Supreme Court DecisionsKey Supreme Court DecisionsRoe v. Wade 1973- this

case legalized abortion in the United States

Bakke v. California 1978- A white male sues the University of California for reverse discrimination.

• The Supreme Court bans the use of race in college admission applications

Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords

Negotiated by President Carter it is a peace settlement between Egypt and Israel.

First step in the peace process between Israel and Arab nations

Egypt recognizes Israel, the 1st Arab nation in the world to do so.

Iranian Revolt 1979Iranian Revolt 19791979 Ayatollah Khomeini

overthrew the U.S. backed Shah of Iran and established a Islamic fundamentalist government

President Carter was unable to deal with the situation, which led to another oil shortage when Iran stopped producing oil

Iran Hostage CrisisIran Hostage Crisis• 50 members of the U.S.

Embassy in Iran are held hostage when Iranian students overwhelm the guards.

• For 444 days President Carter can not get the hostages freed.

• Led to Carter’s defeat in the Presidential election of 1980

President Ronald ReaganPresident Ronald Reagan• His election is seen as

a victory for the Conservative Movement

• During his presidency he will appoint conservative judges to overturn the decisions of the Warren Court

ReaganomicsReaganomicsAn economic policy followed

by President Reagan it wanted to:

1. Give the wealthy huge tax cuts, the wealthy are then suppose to help the poor by starting businesses and creating jobs

2. Budget Cuts, reduced government spending on all domestic programs

3. Build up the armed force

Iran-Contra ScandalIran-Contra ScandalThe Reagan administration

agreed to sell billions in weapons to Iran for help in freeing American hostages in the Middle East.

President Reagan was dealing in illegal weapon sales beyond his powers, upsets the system of checks and balances in America.

• Conservative America does not care sees him as a great president

Collapse of the Soviet UnionCollapse of the Soviet UnionReagan’s plan was to force

the U.S.S.R. to keep up in an arm’s race, this bankrupts the Soviet Union

The leader of the Soviet Union Gorbachev establishes better relations with the U.S.

The collapse of the Soviet Union marks the end of the Cold War in 1991

President ClintonPresident ClintonNorth American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA)- this created a free trade zone between the U.S., Canada and Mexico

Impeached in 1998 by the Republican House of Representatives, Clinton becomes the second U.S. President to be impeached

Clinton is acquitted by the Senate

2000 Presidential Election2000 Presidential ElectionHighly controversial

election in which Vice President Gore wins the popular vote but loses the electoral vote to President Bush

Supreme Court- selects Bush as President when it refuses to allow Gore to continue arguing the election in Florida

War on TerrorismWar on TerrorismSeptember 11, 2001-

America is attacked beginning the “war”

Operation Enduring Freedom: invasion of Afghanistan in 2001

Operation Iraqi Freedom: War in Iraq in 2003