World War II The Allies Turn the Tide. Axis Powers Plan for Victory Hitler sought to dominate Europe and eliminate “inferior” peoples Mussolini wanted.

World War IIThe Allies Turn the Tide

Axis Powers Plan for Victory

• Hitler sought to dominate Europe and eliminate “inferior” peoples

• Mussolini wanted an empire in Africa and Italy

Allied Powers Plan for Victory

• The Allies were more unified

• All saw Germany as threat #1

• This was the “Europe first” strategy, Japan second

The Battle at Sea (in Europe)

• Hitler continued to use his “wolf packs” of U-boats• Sunk 3,500 merchant ships

• The convoy system used by the Allies would once again deter the German Kriegsmarine• Aided by the radar• Depth charges

The Battle for Stalingrad

• Hitler invaded Russia in 1941, breaking the non-aggression pact

• Stalin stopped him with a harsh winter and fierce fighting at Stalingrad.


• Hitler turned to southern Russia in search of oil fields

• The city of Stalingrad stood in his way

• This would be a turning point of the war, infamous for some of the fiercest fighting of WWII


• Fighting occurred in the city• On the brink of defeat, the Soviets

launched a counteroffensive• Eventually, the Nazis army surrendered

• This ended Hitler’s hope of dominating Europe and the USSR began pushing Germany westward

The African Theatre

• Goal of Axis: • To create an empire in this region• take control of the Suez Canal• Link up with Japan

• Goal of Allies:• To open up a 2nd front to relieve the USSR• Paves way for invading Italy

The African Theatre

• US invades at Morocco• Led by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower• Gen. Patton (“Blood and Guts”) led tank divisions

• They push east while GB pushes west• Feb, 1943: Naziz is defeated in Tunisia• Allies have taken Africa

Allied Invasion of Italy

• The Allies meet in Casablanca• Decide to increase

bombing of German cities

• Vow to only accept unconditional surrender

• Invasion of Italy

Allied Invasion of Italy

• The Germans escaped defeat, but Italy would surrender by September of 1943

Bombing Germany

• An invasion of Germany was not yet possible in 1942-1943

• Instead, the Allies practiced saturation bombing• Purpose: inflict max

damage• Coincided with

strategic bombing

Bombing Germany

• The Tuskegee Airmen played a vital role in this campaign

• African American soldiers to honorably and effectively perform in combat during WWII

• Their crew escorted these bombers during 1,500 missions

• Under their watch, no bombers were lost

Turning the Tide In the Pacific

• The turning point for the Americans against the Japanese was at Midway

• Japan sought to destroy this naval base and control the Pacific


• US Navy in Pacific was led by Adm. Chester Nimitz

• He had decoded Jap. Messages and knew of these plans

• At Midway, the most important naval battle took place


• Midway• US would have a

decisive victory• 4 Japanese aircraft

carriers destroyed• Hundreds of aircraft

and pilots were eliminated from Japan’s Naval forces

• The Japanese was stopped and reversed for good


• The US would begin a strategy of “island hopping” to Japan

• This involved taking islands from Japanese control and converting them into US bases

• Slowly, the US would reach the Japanese mainland

WWIIThe Home Front

New Economic Opportunities

• Women found jobs in industry even if they were married.


• Rosie the Riveter was a symbol of these new roles for women


• African Americans still faced discrimination

• Leaders call for a “Double V”• Victory at home and

Victory abroad

• Led by A. Philip Randolph


• A. Philip Randolph• He presented FDR with a list of

demands to end discrimination in federal programs

• He threatened a protest in Washington• FDR gives in, not wanting disunity• Executive Order 8802 ensured fair hiring

practices in federal jobs


• NAACP and CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) continue to fight for African Americans• CORE would protest

against segregation and use non-violence to do so

Workers On the Move

• People were moving around in search of jobs

• Bracero Program• Brought Mexican

workers to work on farms

• Vital to war effort

Workers On the Move

• Migration also led to racial violence

• In Detroit, riot broke out between blacks and whites• Whites were upset

that black were moving into neighborhoods near them

• 34 die, federal troops have to stop the rioting

The US Government Mistreats Minorities

• German, Italian, and Japanese immigrants all faced restrictions during WWII• Some held in camps• curfew & travel

restrictions• All removed from the

West Coast in 1942


• FDR issued Exec Order 9066 against Japanese Americans• It required Japanese-Americans to move

into internment camps along the West coast.


• These Japanese were then placed into internment camps• Stayed here for course of

war• Food supply, education,

and health care were all lacking in these camps

• Korematsu v. US, the Supreme Court stated that this was all legal during war

Supporting the War Effort

• The war was expensive, raising the debt by over 200 billion dollars

• Americans paid taxes and bought bonds to help

Supporting the War Effort

• Americans were also asked to ration

• Extra resources were sent to the war effort

• Americans willingness to sacrifice contributed to Allied victory in WWII

WWIIVictory In Europe and the Pacific

Planning Germany’s Defeat

• At the Tehran Conference, the Allied leaders all agreed to open a new Western front in France.

• They wanted to divide Hitler’s troops.• This would be known as Operation Overlord (aka D-DAY)

D-Day Invasion of Normandy

• Gen. Eisenhower and Gen. Omar Bradley would plan and command this offensive

• US, British, Canadian, and Polish soldiers would 5 beaches

• Americans landed on the two toughest beaches: Omaha and Utah


• This day is known as the “Day of Days”, or, D-Day

• 11,000 planes were used• To bomb German

fortifications along Festung Europa

• To drop paratroopers behind enemy lines to flank the Germans

• Bad weather caused this to fail


• The Navy launched waves of soldiers onto the beach in an amphibious attack• Bad weather caused chaos

• Americans would land at the most heavily defended beaches

• Fired upon immediately, some drowned


• The US experienced large casualties

• By the end of the day, the Allies were able to establish a beach-head

• Over the next month, over 1 million troops would enter from here and push towards Germany

http://www.topfoto.co.uk/gallery/Germany1939_1945/default.html

D-Day Clip

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwBkQy9CpS0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwBkQy9CpS0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwBkQy9CpS0

The Liberation of Europe

• With the successful invasion of France, Germany now faced a two front war in Europe

• The Soviets had the Nazis on the run

• Allies would also advance eastward towards Berlin


• By August, the Allies had liberated Paris

• Germans began to doubt their Fuhrer

• Operation ValKyrie was an attempt to assassinate Hitler that failed• Added to Hitler’s

feeling of invincibility• Had German leaders

killed


• Hitler made a desperate attempt to break through Allied lines• This is known as the

Battle of the Bulge

• Hitler Lost• Weather once again

played a role• Once weather improved,

Allied air assault began


• The Allies would make their push towards Berlin


• By January of ’45, the Soviets stood right outside of Berlin, the US had overrun Italy, and the US had also crossed over the Rhine• Mussolini tried to flee

Italy but was captured• He was killed and

displayed to the public where he was beaten

Liberation of Europe

• Hitler, who had gone mad, had nowhere to run• He would commit

suicide in his bunker

• May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders• Known as V-E Day• Victory in Europe

Day

Advancing In the Pacific

• The US had been “island hopping” in the Pacific

• Japanese soldiers fought until the end, killing themselves before surrendering• Used Kamikaze pilots

to destroy US ships• Fiercest fighting

occurred in the Pacific

Advancing In the Pacific

• Fiercest fighting focused on Iwo Jima and Okinawa Islands

• Iwo Jima:• 36 days• 23,000 US deaths• Famous flag-raising

took place here

The Atomic Bomb Ends the War

• The Manhattan Project was responsible for developing the world’s first atomic bomb

• Led by Robert Oppenheimer in Los Alamos, New Mexico

• A “top secret” project that was America’s best kept secret


• July 16, 1945: The atom bomb was successfully tested for the first time in Alamogordo, NM

• Views on the bomb were mixed…


• FOR dropping the bomb:• It saves US soldiers for

having to invade Japan• It shows the world that

we have an atom bomb (deterrent)

• No need for Soviet aid• It would end the war

quickly• “The war’s over. 1 or 2 of

those things and Japan will be finished”

• AGAINT dropping the bomb:• Massive loss of civilian

lives in Japan• An invasion was

possible• It opens a whole new

era of nuclear science• “Now I am become

death, the destroyer of worlds”


• The decision was Pres. Truman’s to make

• He opted to save Americans lives

• August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay dropped the bomb over Hiroshima

• http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=manhattan%20project&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iv#q=atomic+explosion+google&hl=en&emb=1

http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=manhattan%20project&hl=en&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iv#q=atomic+explosion+google&hl=en&emb=1








• Hiroshima:• 60,000+ immediate deaths• Many deaths followed

• 3 days later and after a warning, the next bomb was dropped on Nagasaki• Killed 35,000 + residents• Aug 15, Emperor Hirohito surrendered to

the Allies• Known as V-J Day


• Total cost of life in WWII was 60 million people• Most of these were civilians

WWIIThe Holocaust

Roots of the Holocaust

• Holocaust: The Nazi attempt to exterminate all Jews from European society• Hitler called this his

“Final Solution” to the “Jewish Question”

• The worst case of anti-Semitism the world has seen


• Starts with the Nuremberg Laws• Hitler passed these

laws which stripped all Jews of their citizenship

• Stripped Jews of their jobs, civil rights, banned mixing with non-Jews, and segregated Jews


• Kristallnacht, or the “Night of Shattered Glass”• A Nazi attack on Jewish

citizens• 1,500 synagogues

destroyed• 7,500 Jewish-owned

business looted or vandalized

• 200 Jews killed• 600 Jews injured• Jews forced to pay $ for

damages

http://www.essential-architecture.com/TYPE/1938_Berlin_synagogue_Kristallnacht.jpg


• Jews that tried to flee were often turned away

• The Depression prevented countries from allowing refugees in

• 900 denied in the US, of which 600 would later die in the Holocaust

The Nazi “Final Solution”

• The Nazis would commit genocide on European Jews• The annihilation of

peoples due to political, racial, or cultural reasons

• Used concentration camps• A labor prison where

Jews were starved and murdered

• Dachau, Bucenwald, etc


• Jews were not the only ones targeted• “Undesirables”, political opponents, journalists, actors, etc…• Starvation, disease, and torture were all causes of death

• Horrific medical experiments conducted


• In Poland, death camps were constructed

• Led by Reinhard Heydrich

• Aushchwitz, Treblinka, etc were all camps where prisoners were systematically murdered• Transported by train• Gassed, burned, shot,

etc


• Human fat made into soap, hair woven into products, gold fillings stolen from bodies

• 6 million Jews murdered by 1945

• 5 million other Holocaust victims

The Allied Response to the Holocaust

• Allied response was weak at first• Reasons were: Disbelief in Hitler’s plans

• Soviets didn’t care• Focus on winning the war 1st

• Fear that allowing Jews in would cause more unemployment

The Allied Response to the Holocaust

• The truth to Hitler’s “Final Solution” was revealed when Allies liberated camps

• Demands for an independent Jewish state were answered when Israel was created in 1948

WWIIEffects of the War

Allied Postwar Goals

• Yalta Conference (1945):• Big 3 meet to discuss

post-war Germany, and Eastern Europe

• An agreement was made that Eastern Europe would have free elections to determine the new governments

• An agreement was made to divide Germany into four occupation zones

Allied Postwar Goals

• Potsdam (1945):• Stalin, Truman, and

Atlee attend• Discussed Stalin’s

refusal to allow free elections in East. Europe

• Also, officially proclaimed the occupants and specific zones of Germany

A New World Forms• Germany was divided into 2

nations• East Germany (& E.Berlin)=

Communist• West Germany (&

W.Berlin)=Democratic

• In fact, E.Europe had mostly become communist/Soviet controlled

A New World Forms

• In China, a civil war broke out• Chiang Kai Shek:

nationalist and friend of US

• Mao Ze Dong: Communist and friend of USSR

• Mao will take over, adding another big communist nation to the world

A New World Forms

• In Japan, General Douglas MacArthur led the occupation

• He helped write their new constitution• Women’s suffrage• Jap.Military only to be

used for defensive purposes

• Democratic reforms• Provided for full

economic recovery

A New World Forms

• Colonies broke free from their imperialist rulers

• Two new superpowers had emerged by wars end:• US=Industry boomed,

mil.superiority, and victory gave them much clout

• USSR=Control E.Europe

International Cooperation

• The US became a world leader focused on reviving the war-torn Europe and the global economy• Established a world bank

and other institutions to increase financial stability

• GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade• Increased world trade by

reducing tariffs


• Formation of the United Nations worked to resolve disputes before the outbreak of war• 5 permanent members w/

veto power• US, GB, USSR, China,

France

• Issued a Universal Declaration of Human Rights• Condemns slavery,

torture, and upholds freedom of press and toleration


• The Allies sought to punish war criminals

• Geneva Convention declared that all soldiers be treated humanely upon capture

• Japanese, Germans were tried for violating this• Included Tojo and those

involved in Bataan Death March


• Nuremberg War Trials placed Nazi leaders on trial for crimes against humanity

• The defense claimed they were just following orders

• Many were executed or imprisoned, some fled before prosecution

A New American Identity

• The war had ingrained in us a new American identity

• We stood for democracy, toleration, peace, etc

• We were the keepers and protectors of these ideals


• Attention was called to African American lack of civil rights

• Their service and the US fight against bigotry refocused this movement


• WWII had ended the Great Depression in the US

• Wealth was redistributed and certain regions drew business and customers

• Government continued to play a large role in our lives

World War II The Allies Turn the Tide. Axis Powers Plan for Victory Hitler sought to dominate Europe and eliminate “inferior” peoples Mussolini wanted.

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