World War II. Europe After World War I Europe faced several challenges after World War I 1) No one was really happy with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
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World War II
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Europe After World War I Europe faced several challenges after
World War I 1) No one was really happy with the terms of the Treaty
of Versailles 2) Germans were outraged and humiliated and their
economy was in shambles. Inflation hit Germany 1 dollar = 9
trillion German marks 3) Germany experienced political turmoil
under a weak government known as the Weimar Republic
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Totalitarian Leaders Arise Because of the problems in Europe,
several leaders were able to take total control of the governments
in their nations They promised a return to greatness and convinced
people to give up their freedoms in return for future glory In
Italy a leader named Benito Mussolini founded the National Fascist
Party. Fascism a system of government that stressed the glory of
the state. Everything in the State, nothing outside the State,
nothing against the State In 1922 Mussolini became the leader of
the government and established a dictatorship.
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Totalitarian Leaders Arise Adolf Hitler served in the German
army during WWI. He soon became involved with the National
Socialist Party, or Nazi Party Hitler discovered his talent for
public speaking and became a key figure in the Nazi Party Hitler
Speech In October 1923 Hitler led a failed attempt to overthrow the
Weimar Republic. While in prison Hitler wrote a book called Mein
Kampf (My Struggle) that described Hitlers ideas, including
nationalism and his belief in the racial superiority of the German
people, whom he called Aryans
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Totalitarian Leaders Arise Hitler is able to gain power thanks
in part to the further collapse of the German economy. Hitler
promised to rebuild the military and create a new German empire By
1933 he had gained enough support to be chosen as chancellor Once
in power Hitler crushed his opposition He bullied the German
legislature into giving him dictatorial powers He referred to
himself as Der Fuhrer (The Leader)
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Totalitarian Leaders Arise After Vladimir Lenin died in 1924
Joseph Stalin became the new Soviet leader. Stalin desired to
combine the government control of communism with the overall
control of totalitarianism Stalins forces executed thousands and
sent others to exile in Siberia where they were forced to work in
Gulags labor camps Totalitarian leaders took control of Japan and
Spain as well.
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Military Force One of the major causes of WWII was the
increased military action of the dictatorial governments of Europe
1) In 1931 Japan invades the Chinese province of Manchuria 2) In
1935 Italy invades Ethiopia 3) Francisco Franco leads the
Nationalists to victory in the Spanish Civil War and became the
Fascist leader of Spain 4) Hitler breaks the Treaty of Versailles
by sending troops into the Rhineland 5) Hitler forces the Austrian
government to agree to an anschluss union with Germany
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Hitler and Germany After the anschluss with Austria Hitler set
his eyes on the Sudetenland In an attempt to end the crisis and
deal with Hitler, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain agrees
to allow Hitler to take the Sudetenland. Chamberlain boasted of
achieving peace for our time Appeasement giving into demands in
hopes of maintaining peace British politician Winston Churchill
disagreed with the policy of appeasement and felt it was likely to
lead to war.
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Hitler and Germany In March 1939 Hitler sent troops into
Czechoslovakia In August he announced a nonaggression pact with the
Soviet Union Hitler promised not to attack the Soviets, and the
Soviets promised not to stop Hitlers quest for more land This news
disturbed the French and English who had hoped the Soviets would
join them if Hitler attacked On September 1, 1939 WWII officially
began when the Germans invaded Poland. The Germans used a military
tactic known as blitzkrieg lightning war. Within a month Poland had
been conquered.
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Germany Turns to the West After the invasion of Poland, Britain
and France declared war on Germany Germany then swept through
Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and Belgium before their May 10,
1940 attack on France. The Germans quickly overtook the French,
marching into Paris, and on June 22 France surrendered to Germany
Germany controlled France by setting up a part of France called the
Vichy to be controlled by French people who cooperated with Hitler.
Other French leaders, led by Charles de Gaulle, escaped to
England.
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Germany Turns to the West Great Britain now stood alone against
the Germans in Europe. The new Prime Minister, Winston Churchill,
promised, We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the
landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and the streets, we
shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender. Battle of
Britain between August and October 1940, Germany sent thousands of
aircraft (known as the Luftwaffe) to attack the British Royal Air
Force For the first time Hitler was unsuccessful because of the
British use of a technology: radar Hitler continued to bomb British
cities, including London, until finally calling off attacks in
1941.
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Tension in East Asia In 1940 Japan formed an alliance with
Germany and Italy. The three nations became known as the Axis
Powers. In early 1941 Japan took control of French Indochina, which
threatened the British and American interests in the area. The
Japanese minister of war, General Hideki Tojo pushed the Japanese
not to compromise with the U.S. or Britain, and in October 1941
Tojo took control of the Japanese government.
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I thought this was a US History class After being involved in
WWI many Americans wanted to stay out of the affairs of Europe.
Many Americans considered themselves pacifists people who do not
believe in military force, or isolationists desired to avoid
involvement in foreign wars FDR was more involved in domestic
issues (the Great Depression) but he was not an isolationist
However, in 1935 Congress passed the Neutrality Act meant to
prevent the U.S. from being drawn into war. In the late 1930s the
U.S. declared neutrality not for one side or the other
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Lead up to War In 1937 when Japan invaded China, President
Roosevelt spoke out against the Japanese and encouraged nations of
the world to quarantine aggressive nations to stop the spread of
war this speech became known as his Quarantine Speech However, many
in Congress still believed in isolationism After the invasion of
Poland FDR got Congress to change its neutrality laws and
established a new policy Cash and carry countries at war were
allowed to purchase American goods as long as they paid cash and
picked up their goods in American ports
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Election of 1940 FDR became the first President to seek a third
term in office. He felt that given the world situation his
experience would be helpful in the White House His opponent was
Wendell Willkie, a business man who was destroyed by FDR in the
election Soon after FDRs election Congress passed the Lend-Lease
Act allowed the US to send weapons to Great Britain, even if they
could not pay for them In August 1941 FDR and Churchill secretly
met off the coast of Canada and agreed to the Atlantic Charter
stated the goals of the two nations in opposing Hitler and his
allies Many isolationists, including pilot Charles Lindbergh
opposed these meetings and felt it would lead to war
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Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor By late 1941 many Americans felt
that war with Japan was inevitable American officials though
continued to negotiate with the Japanese and were determined not to
shoot first However, during negotiations the Japanese were already
planning their surprise attack at the American naval base at Pearl
Harbor on the island of Oahu Due to confusion among the leaders at
Pearl Harbor the Japanese were able approach Pearl Harbor
unnoticed
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Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor On December 7, 1941, the Japanese
attacked Pearl Harbor early Sunday morning The raid was a complete
surprise to the Americans and most fighter planes never got off the
ground The attack lasted less than two hours, but by the time it
was over the Pacific Fleet was a mass of smoking metal All eight
battleships were damaged, four were sunk 200 aircraft destroyed
2400 Americans died
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Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor Americans obviously reacted with
shock and anger Rumors spread that the Japanese would next attack
the West Coast of the United States While FDR had expected a
Japanese attack, he too was surprised by the sneak attack and no
formal declaration of war The next day FDR addressed Congress FDR's
Speech to Congress America was now at war with Japan. Three days
later Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. The U.S.
officially entered the war on the side of the Allies
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Pearl Harbor Days that Shook the World: Pearl Harbor
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Mobilizing the Armed Forces Starting in 1940 the government had
already increased military spending, which led to more jobs making
goods for the military, which helped end the Great Depression The
leader of the mobilization effort was General George Marshall In
order to get more soldiers the government expanded the draft and
millions volunteered More army bases were needed to house and train
the many soldiers who joined the military
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Women and the Armed Forces Although women were not permitted to
take part in combat, women played a vital role in the war effort
Worked in the military in clerical jobs Served in the Women
Airforce Service Pilot program, or WASPs tested and delivered
aircraft Womens Army Corps repaired military equipment, worked as
electricians, and performed many other jobs
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Mobilizing Industry and Science At the outbreak of war the US
government spent tens of billions of dollars on weapons, supplies,
and equipment 60,000 new planes in 1942 alone 120,000 new tanks,
thanks to the efforts of industrialists like Henry Ford The
supplies then had to be shipped overseas requiring new cargo ships
Women played a vital role in filling in the employment gaps caused
by an increase in industry and a decrease in the number of
available male workers Working women of the war became symbolized
by the fictional character Rosie the Riveter
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Mobilizing Military and Science Many new workers joined unions,
which worried the federal government After the bombing at Pearl
Harbor FDR established the National War Labor Board to help settle
labor disputes In 1943 Congress passed the Smith-Connally Act which
gave the president power to take over vital industries in the event
of strikes
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Mobilizing Industry and Science Manhattan Project a series of
laboratories in Los Alamos, New Mexico where many brilliant
scientists worked on secret projects, including the atomic bomb.
They were led by J. Robert Oppenheimer
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Fighting for Freedom at Home African-Americans Hundreds of
thousands served in the military The first African-American marines
and naval officers served during WWII However, many still suffered
discrimination and forced to serve in segregated units No
African-Americans won the Medal of Honor during WWII Many worked
industrial jobs, but were often forced to take the lowest paying
jobs regardless of skill or experience In 1941 President Roosevelt
outlawed discrimination in government and defense jobs
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Challenges for Hispanic Americans Bracero Program in 1942
allowed Mexican workers the chance to temporarily work in the U.S.,
mostly in agriculture The arrival of so many Hispanics led to
tension in California. In June 1943 the zoot suit riots happened
when a group of white sailors fought with groups of Mexican
American youth. Like many other minority groups many Hispanic
Americans served in the military and were committed to US
victory
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The Battle of the Atlantic Controlling the Atlantic Ocean was
essential to an Allied victory The Germans used u-boats
(submarines) to attack American cargo ships even before WWII
officially started and greatly increased during the war Americans
began using a convoy system to protect their boats from German
u-boats Another factor in the Allied success in the Atlantic was
the cracking of Germanys code system allowed the Allies to know the
location of the German u-boats
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The War in the Soviet Union In the summer of 1941 Hitler broke
his nonaggression pact with the Soviets and invaded The Germans
were very successful at first using the same blitzkreig tactics,
until German soldiers met Russias great weapon: winter German
troops froze to death and equipment could not operate in the bitter
cold However, the Germans did conquer huge amounts of territory and
took the city of Leningrad, where over 200,000 Soviets died of
starvation and disease
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The War in the Soviet Union In Spring 1942 the Germans
restarted their attack on the Soviets In August the Germans
attacked the city of Stalingrad. Battle of Stalingrad one of the
bloodiest battles in history in which the Soviets stopped Hitler
giving Germany its first crushing defeat in WWII The turning point
of WWII for the Soviets. After BOS the Soviets pushed German forces
back toward Germany Germany lost 2 million soldiers while the
Soviets lost 12 million
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The War in Africa and Italy The British and Italian forces
began a battle for control of North Africa Great Britain wanted N.
Africa so they could protect trade routes through the Suez Canal
which supplied oil to the British war effort. The Germans were
forced to send troops to help the Italians and they were led by
General Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox.
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The War in Africa and Italy Battle of El Alamein British forces
defeated the Afrika Korps the German and Italian soldiers in Africa
Stalin wanted the Americans to invade Europe to divide Hitlers
attentions, but the other Allied leaders did not want to invade
Europe until they were prepared The first official American action
in WWII took place in November 1942 when American General Dwight
Eisenhower led troops into North Africa. By May 1943 the Axis
powers surrendered in North Africa.
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The War in Africa and Italy In July 1943 the Allies began their
invasion of Italy by attacking the Italian island of Sicily By the
end of the month the Italian people turned against Mussolini and
forced him from power However, Hitler would not easily give up
Italy to the Allies and sent German troops to battle the Allies The
Allies made progress against the German and included a group of
soldiers known as the Tuskegee Airmen a segregated unit of African
Americans, the first to receive training as pilots in the US
military The fighting in Italy continued for over a year
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D-Day: The Invasion of France The planned invasion of France
was given the code name Operation Overlord To end the war as
quickly as possibly the Allies planned a large scale invasion of
France The Allies spent months planning before settling on Normandy
as their point of entry Dwight Eisenhower commanded the mission and
chose General Omar Bradley to lead the American troops The Allies
knew that speed was important because the Germans were developing a
V1 flying bomb and the V2 rocket
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D-Day: The Invasion of France On June 6, 1944, 150,000 Allied
troops landed at Normandy. The plan had several phases 1) Parachute
troops land behind enemy lines 2) Ships offshore shelled the
coastline to destroy German defenses 3) Aircraft used to provide
cover and protection for the wave of troops 4) Boats delivering
equipment and soldiers to the beaches 5) Thousands of troops
bravely running through obstacles, gunfire, and barbed wire
Casualties were high but in the end D-Day was a success
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The Battle of the Bulge After D-Day the Allies began the march
into France and appeared well on their way to victory over Germany
However, the Germans launched one final offensive Battle of the
Bulge German troops pushed back the Allied lines, threatening to
take back territory. At Bastogne in Belgium the Allies, thanks to
the backup provided by General George S. Patton and his troops,
stopped the German advances and allowed the Allies to move the
lines back toward Germany
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The Holocaust Reading and American Responses
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War in the Pacific The attack at Pearl Harbor was an enormous
success for Japan and forced the Americans to rebuild before
striking back. After taking Hong Kong, Singapore, and other Pacific
islands, the Japanese set their sights on American-held
Philippines. Bataan Death March Japanese forced 70,000 prisoners to
march to a prison camp. 10,000 Filipinos and 600 Americans were
killed.
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War in the Pacific Battle of Coral Sea marked the first time
that the Japanese navy had been stopped Battle of Midway Americans,
led by Chester Nimitz, used code breakers to determine when the
Japanese were going to attack. This helped the Allies to victory,
giving Japan their first loss in the Pacific theatre. The Allies
began a strategy called island hopping capturing weaker targets to
use as bases while skipping over Japanese strongholds Battle of
Guadalcanal a series of battles that ended with the Japanese
leaving the island in February 1943 Battle of Leyte October 1944,
the largest naval batlle ever. Also the first use of the Japanese
kamikaze attack Japanese pilots would deliberately crash into
Allied ships. While kamikazes did destroy Allied ships, it did not
change the outcome of the battles and the Allies had essentially
destroyed the Japanese navy.
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War in the Pacific During the war, many members of the Navajo
Native American group served as code talkers Tribute to Navajo Code
Talkers In February 1945 Allied troops landed on the Japanese
island of Iwo Jima. During the month long battle 7000 American
soldiers died trying to capture the tiny island. The Japanese
started with 20,000 men but ended with only 1000, demonstrating
that the Japanese were willing to fight to the death instead of
surrendering.
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War in the Pacific Battle of Okinawa lasted for 3 months,
killed 12,000 Americans, but the Japanese lost the island and
nearly all of the 100,000 defenders. The next step was to take
Japan itself, but after Iwo Jima and Okinawa, Allied leaders
dreaded the idea because they believed that over 1 million Allied
soldiers may be lost.
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The Homefront SAS Activity
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The Homefront Even Americans not fighting in WWII were involved
in the war effort Many Americans were forced to make sacrifices
Rationing Growing victory gardens Scrap metal drives War bonds In
June 1942 the Office of War Information was created to help spread
propaganda about the war and encourage Americans to be a part of
the war.
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Daffy Duck
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Japanese Internment Instructions you will now get a Graphic
Organizer and a timeline of the Japanese internment. You will be
doing this activity in stages Round 1: use this video clip to
complete the first part of the activity: Government Newsreel
VideoGovernment Newsreel Video Round 2: Read Documents B and C and
answer the questions for Round 2 (be sure to only use evidence from
Round 2 and not from the first round) Round 3: Read Documents D and
E and answer the questions for Round 3 Finally, using all the
evidence collected, answer the question Why were Japanese Americans
interned during the Second World War?
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Winning the War in Europe In January 1945 FDR started his 4 th
term as President Shortly after his inauguration FDR met with
Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin to make plans for the end of
the war and how to make peace Yalta Conference the Big Three met to
plan what to do with Germany once they were defeated. They agreed
to divide Germany into 4 zones that would be occupied by the Big
Three and France Stalin agreed to allow free elections in Poland
and other controlled areas in Eastern Europe Stalin committed to
declaring war on Japan and helping the Allies once Germany was
defeated
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Winning the War in Europe As the Big Three were meeting in
Yalta the Allies were preparing to cross the Rhine River, a key
barrier for the Germans In order to slow down the Allies the
Germans destroyed bridges over the Rhine However, the American
forces were able to capture one bridge at Remagen and keep it from
German attack The next question was what to do about Berlin: many
Allied leaders wanted to get there before the Soviets, showing the
distrust among the Allies
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Winning the War In Europe Once it became inevitable that the
Allies would defeat the Germans, the question arose about how to
finish the invasion of Berlin Many Americans feared the Soviets
would take Berlin and refuse to give it up General Eisenhower
decided not to move toward Berlin It would be a very bloody battle
The Allies had already agreed how to divide up Berlin Eisenhower
knew the U.S. still had a war to finish with Japan During the
American sweep through Germany, on April 12, 1945 President
Franklin Roosevelt died, which was a blow to the American
troops
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Winning the War in Europe During April 1945 the Soviets
attacked Berlin On April 30 Hitler, recognizing that there was no
hope for victory, committed suicide. Once news of Hitlers death
began to spread fighting came to a halt. On May 7 the Germans
surrendered, a day celebrated in the U.S. as V.E. Day victory in
Europe
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Winning the War in the Pacific American generals feared the
cost of lives in the invasion of mainland Japan, but fighting did
continue In March 1945, General Curtis LeMay led a firestorm
bombing of Tokyo that killed nearly 84,000 and destroyed 270,000
buildings. Meanwhile, new President Harry Truman learned about a
new weapon the U.S. had been working on in secret: the atomic bomb
After much debate and discussion the decision was made to drop an
atomic bomb on a Japanese city.
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Winning the War in the Pacific On August 6, 1945 an American
B-29 named the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima 80,000
people were immediately killed and fires raged for days afterward
Despite the horrific attack the Japanese leaders took no action to
end the war and debated their next steps. On August 9 the U.S.
dropped a second atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki. Japanese
emperor Hirohito favored surrender, but amazingly, many in the
military wanted to continue the war. However, on August 15, 1945
the Japanese surrendered, a day known as VJ Day
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Results of Victory In June 1945 representatives from 50
countries, including the U.S. met in San Francisco, CA to create a
new international organization the United Nations (UN) The purpose
of the UN was to encourage cooperation among nations and prevent
future world wars In July 1945 the Allied leaders met in the German
city of Potsdam At the Potsdam Conference President Truman tried to
convince Stalin to live up to his promises from the Yalta
Conference, but Stalin refused and the conference was
unsuccessful
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Results of Victory After the war the U.S. faced the difficult
task of helping to rebuild Japan and Europe General Douglas
MacArthur led the rebuilding efforts in Japan where he was
successful in helping Japan create a new democratic government and
begin the process of rebuilding the economy In both Japan and
Germany, military and government leaders were put on trial and in
many cases executed for their war crimes The rebuilding of Europe
was a very complicated matter and will be discussed in our next
section.
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Atomic Bomb Activity Today we will be looking at the question:
How should we remember the dropping of the atomic bomb? You will
also be choosing 1 image that best commemorates the dropping of the
atomic bomb. Historical Narrative sheets: read and answer the
questions Narrative a story, not a textbook account Divide into 2
groups: Japanese Experience Experts and American Experience Experts
In pairs within your group you will read through the documents and
find evidence to support your side. Tomorrow you will be presenting
your groups main points to the other group and completing this
activity.