World War I The Great European War “The War to End A ll Wars” 1914-1918

World War IThe Great European War

“The War to End All Wars”1914-1918

Map Directions—see atlas p. 85

1. Label the countries of Europe

2. Label Africa and The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

3. Label the Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea

4. Create a key for: Triple Entente/Allies (dark blue/purple)Triple Alliance/Central Powers (orange)Neutral Countries (green)Water (gray/light blue)

5. Color the designated areas (stripe Italy in orange and purple since it switched sides after the war started)

6. Add a compass (N,S,E,W)

7. Label the Western Front, The Eastern Front, and The Sinking of The Lusitania

APUSH:

• Label The Balkans—this was called “The Powder Keg” because of the revolutionary spirit of the area—they wanted self-determination for their people from the A-H Empire. It was eventually given autonomy under the name, “Yugoslavia” after the war. In the 1990s, it was war-torn again and divided into smaller nations of Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, Macedonia, Albania, Croatia, etc.

WW I Films

• Paths of Glory• All Quiet on the Western Front• Fly Boys• Gallipoli• Nicholas and Alexandra

• War Horse• Joyeaux Noel

Background

• Recall the round table discussion and the countries involved. How did imperialism lead to World War I?

WWI Terms1. alliances— “friendships” between countries

2. assassination—planned political murder

3. neutrality—not taking sides

4. trenches—burrowed areas for fighting

5. stalemate—no one advances

6. selective service—draft or conscription

7. contraband—smuggled goods

8. U-Boats—German submarines

9. unrestricted submarine warfare—violation of the freedom of the seas

10. American Expeditionary Force (A.E.F.)—American army in France led by General Pershing

11. propaganda—exaggerated or false information used to persuade

12. bond— “loan” to U.S. to finance war

13. Meuse-Argonne—battle leading to allied success against Germany in France (turning point)

14. abdicate—leave the monarchy

15. armistice—ceasefire (Nov. 11, 1918)

Causes

• Imperialism (acquiring colonies)• Nationalism (intense patriotism)• Militarism (new inventions)• Opposing Alliances—Triple Entente and Triple

Alliance (Allies vs. Centrals)• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

(heir to the throne of A-H)--by a Serb in Bosnia (‘’MANIA’’)

‘‘The spark that lit the powder keg ’’

“Sides”

• Triple Entente—France, England (Great Britain/United Kingdom), Russia—called ALLIES

• Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (who quit and switched to allies and was replaced by Turkey)—called CENTRALS

• U.S. did not believe in joining military alliances

1914—Eastern and Western Fronts

• Officially, President Wilson issued a Proclamation of Neutrality

America Entered War (“to make the world safe for democracy”)

Reasons:• U.S. felt sympathy for Belgium, England and France—we

sent food and weapons to Europe in convoys—freedom of the seas

• Germany’s policy of unrestricted submarine warfare

• Sinking of The Lusitania (British civilian ship--many Americans lost)—1915

• The Zimmerman Note (Germany urged Mexico to invade us!)--1917

American Pacifists (did not support the war)

• William Jennings Bryan (secretary of state)• Jane Addams• Eugene Debs• Henry Ford• Andrew Carnegie• Note: Woodrow Wilson ran for re-election in

1916 with “He kept us out of war.”

Anti-War Movement: Women’s Peace Party

America Mobilized for War

• “Food will win the war”• Hooverizing• Propaganda posters and films• Recruitment and Selective Service

The Typical U.S. Soldier

• Uneducated• Inexperienced• Wanted adventure• Was in poor health• ‘’Doughboy’’• Sang ‘’Over There’’ and other songs…

Home Front• War Industries Board—government contracts

(women and minorities work in factories)• Victory Gardens• “Wheatless Tuesdays, Meatless Mondays…”,

“Serve just enough”, “Use all leftovers”• Committee of Public Information—very anti-

German (“Huns”)• “Loose lips sink ships!”

Anti-German Propaganda

Recruitment Posters

New words…

• Sauerkraut became liberty cabbage• German measles became liberty measles• The German language was outlawed

Victory Gardens ‘‘Food will win the war! ’’

U.S. Helps Allies Win the War• AEF—American Expeditionary Force led by General Pershing (“Lafayette,

we are here!”)

• Doughboys—new weapons, gas masks, trench warfare, “no man’s land”

• Songs: “Over There” and “Hinky Dinky Parlez-Vous” and “Pack Up Your Troubles in Your Old Kit Bag and Smile, Smile, Smile”

• Battles—St. Mihiel, Argonne Forest, Meuse Valley, The Marne, Chateau Thierry, Belleau Wood

• Stalemate

Finally…

• Armistice Signed—Nov. 11, 1918, 11AM• Kaisar Wilhelm (leader of Germany) abdicated• Russia was in Revolution• Czar Nicholas was forced to abdicate and was

later assassinated along with his family• Communism established in Russia—led by

Lenin and his Red Army

Abdication and Assassination of Czar Nicholas II

November 11, 1918, 11 am

Results• Worst war in history up to that point

• Shell shock, trench foot, disillusionment

• Lives and expenses—37 million casualties—20 million dead—U.S. spent $22 billion (116,000 Americans killed, 200,000 Americans wounded)

• Germany was “punished” and had to pay $ 33 billion to allies

• There was no “reconstruction” of Germany

New Weapons and Technology

• Submarines (U- Boats)• Airplanes• Zeppelins• Machine guns• Poison gas• Gas masks• Dynamite• Grenades• “Propaganda”

Glenn Curtiss (1878-1930)• Designed airplanes and built

the largest fleet used during WWI

• First to design a seaplane that can take off and land on the deck of a ship (used extensively during WWII)

• Curtiss-Wright Corporation still known for aeronautical advancements

German Resentments

America changed…

• Great Migration—many African-Americans moved north

• African-Americans were treated as equals in France but not in U.S.

• Wartime prohibition against alcohol became a national law in 1920

• Anti-Communist attitudes led to a “Red Scare” in U.S.

African Americans in France

American ‘‘Reds’’Emma Goldman and John Reed

Film made in 1981

Treaty of Versailles

• Wilson’s Fourteen Points—new boundaries, self-rule, no secret treaties, freedom of the seas, arms limitations, League of Nations

• Wilson wanted “peace without victory”

• Big Four—Wilson (U.S.), Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (England), Orlando (Italy)

The Big Four—Wilson, Orlando, Clemenceau, Lloyd George

Changes• Establishment of the Weimar Republic in Germany with reparations

paid to Allies

• A new map of Europe dissolved A-H and created Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria and Hungary

• A new map of the Middle East dissolved the Ottoman Empire and created Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and many other nations—overseen by England and France

• A homeland for Jews was created in Palestine—overseen by England and France

Efforts at Lasting Peace

• League of Nations (U.S. did not join!)—met in Geneva, Switzerland

• Washington and London Conferences—reduced navies

• Kellogg-Briand Pact—outlawed war !!

Aftermath• The U.S. never signed the Treaty of Versailles—it was blocked in the

Senate by Henry Cabot Lodge

• The U.S. never joined the League of Nations

• President Wilson, during efforts to get U.S. approval for the treaty, had a serious stroke

• Many believe that Wilson could not function as president during his remaining time, and his wife made every major decision for him

• Spanish Influenza took its toll….

1920 Election of Isolationist Harding

Did you know…?• Sergeant York was the most decorated soldier in the war—he was an

American Quaker

• The image of Uncle Sam was used for the U.S.

• A Peace Palace was built in The Hague, Netherlands

• The American Red Cross started during WWI

• Mrs. Edith Wilson was called the First Woman President

• The Armenian Massacre by Turkey brought many immigrants to the U.S.

Sergeant York was a Quaker

And…• Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, used his money to

establish a peace prize and other prizes to recognize excellence

• An “espionage act” was passed to suspend the writ of habeas corpus during WWI in U.S. (similar to the Patriot Act)

• Chief Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes supported the espionage act— “Red Scare”

• Palmer Raids followed…

The Nobel Peace Prize

From “Flanders Field”

If ye break faithWith those who diedWe shall not sleepThough poppies growOn Flanders Field.

Questions1. List 5 causes of the war.2. Proclamation of Neutrality--3. List 3 quotes from the war.4. List 3 reasons for U.S. involvement.5. Identify: American Expeditionary Force6. General John J. Pershing7. Battle of Argonne Forest8. Fourteen Points9. League of Nations10.Treaty of Versailles11.Henry Cabot Lodge12.How did World War I lead to World War II?