World War I The Great Break All previous morality questioned Life is absurd lost Generation Totalitarian States Socialism and Fascism Vs. Western Democracies.

World War IThe Great BreakAll previous morality questionedLife is absurdlost GenerationTotalitarian States Socialism and FascismVs. Western DemocraciesWWIICold War

Some Numbers…65,038,810- soldiers, sailors, airman8,020,780- military deaths6,642,633- civilian deaths21,228,813- military wounded20,000,000 Great Epidemic

Early Alliances- HistoryTriple Alliance history: To Isolate France 1882- German alliance with Austria-Hungary, Italy-Triple Alliance1887- German alliance with Russia allowed to lapse

Early Alliances Triple Entente history1892- French alliance with Russia

England believed Germans were rivals…Navy was the issue1907 Triple Entente: France Great Britain , Russia – The Allies

Allies and Central Powers

The Stage is Set

Central PowersGermanyAustriaItaly Jumps out Ottomans Join (Turks)Bulgaria Joins

AlliesFranceRussiaGreat BritainItalyRussia quits 1917USA comes in 1917

The Outbreak of WarCauses of WWIMilitarismAlliances

•2 rival groups in EuropeNationalismIndustrialism ImperialismArms Race

NationalismCompetition among European rivalries: Social DarwinismSlavs “Greater Serbia”- unite south Slavs, under from Austria-Hungary ruleRussian Pan Slavism

2. Militarism & Arms Race

Total Defense Total Defense Expenditures for the Expenditures for the

Great Powers [Ger., A-H, Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. in millions of £s.

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

“Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans.”

-Bismarck’s prediction on what would provoke the next war

Murder in SarajevoJune 28, 1914Gavrilo Princip- (Nationalism)

Member of Black HandAssassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to A-H throneWhy: prepare way for a Slavic revolutionNot sentenced to death, under 20

Austrian ResponseMurder used as excuse for action against SerbiaAustria turns to Germany July 5- “blank check”Russia feared Austrian control of BalkansAustria issues an ultimatum

The Ultimatums Set of Demands (48 hr. to respond)

End all anti-Austrian activityAllow Austria to handle murder investigation & judge accused

Austria knew Serbia would NOT agree

Russia MobilizesStood behind SerbiaTroops moved to Austrian borderNicholas II tells Kaiser just precautionary

Germans see as 1st move to warRussia looks to France

The Start of War 1914July 28- Austria declares war on SerbiaJuly 30- Russia mobilizes for warAugust 1- Germany declares on RussiaAugust 4- France declares war on GermanyAugust 4- Britain declares war on Germany (Belgium’s neutrality violated)

Start of War cont.August 5-Austria declares war on RussiaAugust 6- Serbia declares war on GermanyAugust 10- France declares war on AustriaAugust 12- England declares war on Austria

Start of War cont.August 23- Japan declares war on GermanyAugust 25-Austria declares war on Japan**Alliances caused a chain reaction of declarations of war

Central Powers’ Battle PlansGerman- Schlieffen Plan

Neutralize France in a couple of weeks and turn to east“Great Wheel”- wide turning movement through Belgium (neutral) into France from northQuick attack, then turn to Russia

Allies’ Battle PlansFrench- XVII

Offensive-immediate and overwhelming force against Alsace-Lorraine

RussianPlan G- Defensive- If Germans committed troop to Russia not FrancePlan A- if Germans concentrated forces against France- Russian move into East Prussia

“…I fell down on my knees and thanked Heaven…for granting me the good fortune of being permitted to live at this time.”

-Adolf Hitler 1924

“

“Boys we will be home before the leaves fall from the trees.”

Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany… August 4th 1914 on the eastern Belgian border

The Maxim Gun

New Weapons Zeppelin- dirigibleHowitzer- penetrate concretePoison gas- ammonia

Machine gunDreadnought battleshipAirplane- observation then bombingSubmarine

Allied ships sunk by the U-Boot

Sea Power Will Give Way to Air Power

Types of FightingTrench Warfare= STALEMATE

600 miles of trenches in France“no man’s land”- wasteland of barbed wire, trees, earth

U-boats (untersea)- Used to cut off supplies from BritainInterfered in shipping of neutral countries

Important BattlesBattle of the Marne Sept 6 1914

End Schlieffen PlanBritain and France drive wedge in German troops, NO quick victory

Battle of Verdun 1916Major German offensiveResults in stalemate (700,000 French and Germans die)

Total War

Role of the United StatesAmerica’s original stance= Neutral Use of propaganda- info designed to influence people’s beliefs or actions

France and England tried to gain US support- war as struggle between democracy and authoritarian govt.

WWIPropaganda

1915 Sinking of the Lusitania

Zimmerman Note

US motives to enter war…Economic- American banks and businesses loaned $1.5billion to Allied govts.

Lose war, not pay back moneyLusitania- British passenger ship sunk by German U-boats

128 Americans killed (women, kids)Arms also being transported

American entry into war…Zimmermann Note

From German diplomat to Mexican govt.If Mexico helps Germany, Germany would help them regain land in Texas and SouthwestBritish broke code, reported to USThe British are broke!

April 1917 US declares war on Germany

The Yanks Are Coming “and they won’t be back until it’s over, over there!War time propaganda songmillions Americans try to enlist

John “Black Jack” Pershing Five Star General

The Eastern FrontCountries InvolvedImportant Battles/EventsImportant PeopleType of Fighting

Type of FightingDecisive victories and movement on Eastern FrontRussian Problems- junior and mid level officers tended to be illiterate

Encryption too difficult not done, enemies easily discovered or heard plans

Russian Female Soldiers

Important Battles, EventsMarch 1917- Czar Nicholas II is forced to abdicate after heavy casualties and food shortages

Soldiers leaving front lines and going home

March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- New Communist Russian govt. signs humiliating treaty with Germany“Peace , Bread, Land

Russian Surrender Brest –Litovsk 1917-18

T.E. Lawrence “Lawrence of Arabia”

The Armistice A halt to fightingThe Eleventh Hour The Eleventh DayThe Eleventh Month1918

Railway Car Where Surrender Took Place Put in Museum

Central Powers’ Battle PlansGermany- 2 front warAustrian

Plan B- if war confined to Serbia•3 armies invade Serbia•3 armies watch Russian border

Plan R•More troops concentrated in Russia

•German action in North

Western FrontCountries involvedImportant battlesImportant peopleType of fighting

Countries InvolvedGermanyFranceBritain

Important BattlesSept. 2, 1914- Germans near Paris

Problem- Russia mobilizes too quicklyGermany sends soldiers to Eastern Front** 2 Front War- German lines will be stretched

Countries Involved GermanyRussiaAustria-Hungary

Important People…Gen. John J. Pershing- led US troops

Helped Allies stop offensive at 2nd battle of the MarneAllies now on counter-offensive

Joseph “Papa” Joffre- French commander-in-chief

Kept failing French army together and fighting

Other FrontsItaly- 1915 Secret agreement with France and Britain

Land in Austria and Africa

Asia and the Pacific- 1914 Japan joins Allies

Japan takes over German spheres of influence in Asia

Other Fronts cont…Ottoman Empire- Mines prevented Allies from coming to Russia’s aid

Arabs helped defeat Ottomans- crush Ottoman’s power in Middle East

Africa- Germany colonies in Africa taken over by Allies

The Peace TreatiesDavid Lloyd George- BritainGeorges Clemenceau- FranceWoodrow Wilson- United StatesVittorio Orlando- Italy

Wilson’s 14 Point PlanSelf-determination- Govts. Free from foreign controlA fair peace- “peace without victory” where enemies wouldn’t want revengeDisarmament- lasting peace meant end to militarism

Wilson’s 14 Point Plan cont… Fair treatment of colonial people- Imperialist power look out for welfare of people (part of govt.)League of Nations- International peace keeping group, settle quarrels, no secret treaty

Problems with PlanFrance strongly opposed

most battles in Francefear of future attack

Self-determination- no way to draw borders and please everyone

too many nationalities

Peace of Paris5 treaties- one with each defeated countryMost important was Treaty of Versailles negotiated with Germany

June 1919

Treaty of Versailles5 major issues

Territorial ChangesMandatesReparationsNew StatesLeague of Nations

Territorial ChangesFrance- regains Alsace-Lorraine, Saar region (coal mines)Poland- Polish corridor (German land), Danzig established as free city

Territorial Changes cont… Germany

Rhine river demilitarizedArmy reduced to 100,000 with no heavy artilleryDraft abolishedNavy greatly reduced

MandatesRegions administered by another country until ready for independenceGermany lost overseas territories in Africa, Asia, Pacific Ocean

Reparations- war damagesWar blamed on GermanyGermany forced to pay to make up for loss of property, ships, farms1921- amount to pay= $33 billion***German resentment of Allies***

New StatesAustria-Hungary= Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, HungaryAustria forbidden from uniting with Germany againOttoman Empire= lost land outside Turkey (Turkish nationalists overthrew Ottomans

League of Nations160 countries

US did NOT join- isolationism (stay out of foreign entanglements)

Members respect each others borders and settle disputes within League

Problems with TreatyTreaty too harsh on GermanyHard for new govt. to survive following treaty conditionsGermans resent Allies

Just stopped fighting did NOT surrender

The Aftermath Total War- all human and material resources of countries used8 million dead, 21 million woundedCivilians killed, population sacrificed, propaganda, censorship

The PlayersAllies (Triple Entente)- France, Britain, and Russia

Formed by Treaty of London1915- Italy joins

Central Powers (Triple Alliance)-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria (1915)

Women1928- women in Britain given right to vote1920- 19th Amendment gives US women the right to vote

Unresolved ProblemsMilitarist ideas persisted- REVENGEImperialism- colonies could only wait for independenceNationalism- rivalries intensifiedLeague of Nations- weak with no real power

Important PeoplePaul von Hindenburg- German Fieldmarshal

Battle of Tannenberg:•Ends initial Russian victories•Russia’s war effort begins to collapse

•92,000 prisoners, 30,000 dead

Unrestricted sub warfare on British

AlliancesTriple Alliance- (protect from invasion)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, ItalyFormed after 1871 (1882) Franco-Prussian War- against France (Alsace-Lorraine)

1907 Triple Entente-(not fight each other)

France, England, RussiaBritish Fear of German industrial expansion

MilitarismPolicy of glorifying war and readying the armed forces for warBuild-up of armaments- weapons and armiesSigns of crisis brought public cries for war

MilitarismWar- purest form of patriotismPeople forgot horrors of past warsPeople believed war would be shortGreat Powers, except GB,- large standing army

Important People cont…T.E. Lawrence- “Lawrence of Arabia”

British leader of Arab guerilla forces fighting against Turks

Henri Philippe Petain- FrenchHis defense of Verdun made him a national hero

Ferdinand Foch- FrenchMost brilliantly aggressive general of WWI•Supreme Allied Commander by end of war

ImperialismDisputes over colonies led to jealousy and mistrustItaly and Germany wanted to catch up with England and France

NationalismFrance- desire to regain Alsace-LorraineGermany- extend power and territoryRussian Pan-Slavists- rule over Slavs of Eastern Europe

Access of Mediterranean