World War I: The Course and End of the War. FYI’s Ch 26 ID Quiz Wednesday – Handwritten notes but please no “textbook pages” Unit 8 Test Friday – Less.

World War I: The Course and End of the War

FYI’s

• Ch 26 ID Quiz Wednesday– Handwritten notes but please no “textbook pages”

• Unit 8 Test Friday – Less Multiple Choice, open ended short answers that I’ll give ahead of time

• ROOM 1201 TOMORROW If I see ya

Review of Causes

• Militarism• Alliances • Imperialism• Nationalism

MAIN Causes

Nationalism• Pan-slavic movement – desire of Slavic people

to unite (especially those under Austrian & Ottoman control)

Black Hand – Serbian nationalist

group

Nationalism

Balkan Crises• 1908-1909

- Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia, Serbia objected• 1912-1913– Russia supported Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria

and Greece against Turks – Austria-Hungary pushed for creation of Albania to

deny Serbia an outlet to sea– Hatred between Slavs and Austria intensified

Nationalism

German Empire created in 1871

Alliances• Triple Alliance

Members•Germany• Austria-Hungary• Italy

Problem •Historical animosity between

Austria-Hungary and Italy

Alliances• Triple Entente

Members•France•Russia•Britain

Problem •Historical animosity between

France and Britain

Alliances• Bismarck’s strategy—always be in majority

of 3 in any dispute among 5 great European powers

• His aim—preserve Germany’s peaceful ties with Russia

Alliances• Wilhelm II upset Bismarck’s

delicate balance of power

• Germany, by refusing to renew Russian alliance, soon found itself in minority of 2

• Its only European ally, the weak Austria-Hungary

Militarism

• Build up of arms

Imperialism• Competition and tension over colonial

holdings

Immediate Cause = SPARK• Francis Ferdinand, heir to Austrian throne,

assassinated in Sarajevo by a member of a radical Serbian nationalist group

• Alliance system set into motion

Alliances• Germany gave Austria “blank check” – they could

act against Serbia with full German support• Austria declared war on Serbia

Alliances• Russia mobilized its forces • That meant war between Austria and Russia • That meant war between Russia and Germany• That meant war between Germany and France• Germany crossed through Belgium Great

Britain enters war

A Jolly Little War!

Characteristics of the War

Central Powers• Austria-Hungary• Germany• Turkey– To fight her traditional enemy,

Russia

Allied Powers

• Russia• France• Great Britain• Japan– To get German Pacific territories

• Eventually United States

The Eastern Front

Characteristics of the War

• Russia = ill-equipped, weak leaders • Battle of Tannenburg - 30,000 Russian casualties - 90,000 Russian POW’s - Russia never really recovered• Russians pushed back by

Germans, lost territory larger than the size of France

The Western Front

Characteristics of the War

• Battle of the Marne (September 1914) - Began trench warfare - Showed that war would not be a short one - French victory

The Western Front

Characteristics of the War

• Battle of Verdun (Feb 1916)-major but costly French

victory - symbolic of French resistance

-500,000 casualties on each side• Battle of the Somme (July 1916)

-50,000 British casualties in one day

- 1 million over the course of 5 months -one of the bloodiest in history -technically allied victory

The Southern or Balkan Front

Characteristics of the War

• Gallipoli Campaign- Ottomans had

blocked Dardanelles, a strategic waterway for Russia -Britain and France made an amphibious invasion to secure strait again

-Disastrous loss for Britain and France

On the Sea

• Great Britain blockaded all ports under German control.

• Germans used submarines or “u boats”• In 1915 - Germany began to strike civilian

ships as well as battleships• Sunk Lusitania in May of 1915, killing 1,000

civilians. • U.S. threatened to declare war on Germany if

they didn’t stop their unrestricted warfare

Trench Warfare

Characteristics of the War

• Western Front• Began as a temporary strategy to avoid losing ground• Produced stalemate for four years• Troops could not advance against modern weaponry

Trench Warfare

Characteristics of the War

• Barbed wire and land mines protected trenches• “No man’s land”• Conditions: Rats, disease, lice, boredom, mud, “trench foot”

Trench Warfare

Characteristics of the War

• Barbed wire and land mines protected trenches• “No man’s land”• Conditions: Rats, disease, lice, boredom, mud, “trench foot”

Trench Warfare

Characteristics of the War

• Barbed wire and land mines protected trenches• “No man’s land”• Conditions: Rats, disease, lice, boredom, mud, “trench foot”

Trench Warfare

Characteristics of the War

• Barbed wire and land mines protected trenches

• “No man’s land”

• Conditions: Rats, disease, lice, boredom, mud, “trench foot”

New Weapons

Characteristics of the War

• Battleships • Machine guns• Poison gas• Tanks• Airplanes• Grenades

New Weapons

Characteristics of the War

• Battleships • Machine guns• Poison gas• Tanks• Airplanes• Grenades

New Weapons

Characteristics of the War

• Battleships • Machine guns• Poison gas• Tanks• Airplanes• Grenades

New Weapons

Characteristics of the War

• Battleships • Machine guns• Poison gas• Tanks• Airplanes• Grenades

New Weapons

Characteristics of the War

• Battleships • Machine guns• Poison gas• Tanks• Airplanes• Grenades

New Weapons

Characteristics of the War

• Battleships • Machine guns• Poison gas• Tanks• Airplanes• Grenades

Shell Shock“Shell shock,” the term that would come to define the phenomenon, first appeared in the British medical journal The Lancet in February 1915, only six months after the commencement of the war. In a landmark article, Capt. Charles Myers of the Royal Army Medical Corps noted “the remarkably close similarity” of symptoms in three soldiers who had each been exposed to exploding shells: Case 1 had endured six or seven shells exploding around him; Case 2 had been buried under earth for 18 hours after a shell collapsed his trench; Case 3 had been blown off a pile of bricks 15 feet high. All three men exhibited symptoms of “reduced visual fields,” loss of smell and taste, and some loss of memory. “Comment on these cases seems superfluous,” Myers concluded, after documenting in detail the symptoms of each. “They appear to constitute a definite class among others arising from the effects of shell-shock.”

But by 1916, military and medical authorities were convinced that many soldiers exhibiting the characteristic symptoms—trembling “rather like a jelly shaking”; headache; tinnitus, or ringing in the ear; dizziness; poor concentration; confusion; loss of memory; and disorders of sleep—had been nowhere near exploding shells. Rather, their condition was one of “neurasthenia,” or weakness of the nerves—in laymen’s terms, a nervous breakdown precipitated by the dreadful stress of war.

Total War

Characteristics of the War

• Everyone is involved in war• Government takes control of everything –

economy, factories, transportation, conscription• Propaganda used• Rationing of supplies• In Britain – DORA (Defense of the Realm Act)

DORA in Great Britain• no-one was allowed to talk about naval or military matters in public

places• no-one was allowed to spread rumors about military matters• no-one was allowed to buy binoculars• no-one was allowed to trespass on railway lines or bridges• no-one was allowed to light bonfires or fireworks• no-one was allowed to give bread to horses, horses or chickens• no-one was allowed to use invisible ink when writing abroad• no-one was allowed to ring church bells• the government could take over any factory or workshop• the government could try any civilian breaking these laws• the government could take over any land it wanted to• the government could censor newspapers

Changes for Women

Characteristics of the War

• Women joined the workforce at home in mass numbers

-Role may have helped achieve suffrage for women in Britain • In Great Britain – encouraged men to go to war

Changes for Women

Characteristics of the War

US Enters War

Characteristics of the War

• Woodrow Wilson said war was strictly a European conflict.

• In Feb 1917, Germany announced an unrestricted submarine campaign.

• Zimmerman telegram intercepted – Germany secretly proposes to help Mexico win back territory in return for help

• Apr 6, 1917, US declares war on Germany.

Russia Leaves War

Characteristics of the War

• Russian tsarist and provisional government had collapsed in the past year

•Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed in March 1918 between Lenin and the Bolsheviks and Germany

Peace

Armistice

Peace

• Ceasefire agreement on November 11, 1918 signed by the allies and Germany (A-H & Turkey had already signed)

German Republic

Peace

• 1919-1933• “Weimar Republic”• Replaced the imperial government• Federal Republic, Constitution• President, Chancellor• Reichstag - Parliament

Treaty of Versailles

Peace

• Paris Peace Conference – January 1919• The Big Four:• Great Britain – David Lloyd George• France – Georges Clemenceau• United States – Woodrow Wilson• Italy – Vittorio Orlando• Not Present:• Germany (not invited)• Russia (revolution)

The Big Four

Treaty of Versailles

Peace

• Ultimate goal – A LASTING PEACE• Wilson’s Fourteen points – a program for lasting peace, included reduced weapons, freedom of seas, adjustment of colonial claims, self-determination for all nations, no secret treaties• France’s demands –

“Germany should be brought to its knees so that she could never start war again”

Treaty of Versailles

Peace

• Signed June 28, 1919• Conditions for Germany -

- War guilt and reparation: -Germany accepted sole responsibility -Germany had to pay reparations

Paid until 1931Afterwards rejected debt

-German military reduced

Treaty of Versailles

Peace

• Other conditions - - League of Nations Created

- Alsace-Lorraine returned to France

- New territories: Poland Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria & more

- Ottoman Empire reduced to Turkey – “Mandates” created out of other territories

BY the test…• Do turn in…– Modern Thinkers Research– Modern European thought Reading– Africa Imperialism packet– MAIN causes of WWI– Treaty of Versailles questions

• Don’t turn in– Video questions from before SB– Notes we’re about to finish