World War I Strategies and Stalemate Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe.

World War I

Strategies and Stalemate

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The

“Spark”

The

“Spark”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

Causesof theWar

Causesof theWar

1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System

Triple Entente:Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:Triple Alliance:

2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

4. Aggressive Nationalism

4. Aggressive Nationalism

The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II [Rus]

Nicholas II [Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare [Fr]

Pres. Poincare [Fr]

Allied Powers:Allied Powers:

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel II [It]

Victor Emmanuel II [It]

Central Powers:Central Powers:

Enver Pasha[Turkey]

Enver Pasha[Turkey]

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

German Atrocities in Belgium

German Atrocities in Belgium

Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers

Austro-Hungarians

Austro-Hungarians

A German Soldier Says

Farewell to His Mother

A German Soldier Says

Farewell to His Mother

New French RecruitsNew French Recruits

Russian Women Soldiers

Russian Women Soldiers

SpiesSpies

e “Mata Hari”

e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide

Zelle

e German Spy!

e “Mata Hari”

e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide

Zelle

e German Spy!

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

Advantages:

Allies- held superior numbers, financial resources, and command of the sea.

Central Powers- possessed internal communication lines and attacked first.

Germany:Schlieffen Plan- attack France by way of Belgium, conquer France quickly, then focus on Russia.

France:Courage and spirit could not defeat machine guns and heavy artillery.

Schlieffen Plan fails, as the French are a much more difficult opponent.

Britain:The British enter the war after the invasion of Belgium, a neutral country.

Introduce the armored tank into battles.

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

Trench Warfare.

A new type of war, fought by digging trenches, positioning artillery, barbed wire, land mines over an area.

Millions lost their lives fighting this way.

Battle of Somme- 1 million die.

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

Russia:

Battle of Tannenberg- Russian army captured/ destroyed by Germany.

60,000 casualties, 90,000 POWs.

New Allies:Bulgaria and Turkey join the Central Powers.

Italy joined the Allies, but dropped out. Romania joined the Allies.

A New Strategy:Winston Churchill proposed to go around the Western front and attack the Dardanelles and knock Turkey and Bulgaria out of the war.

Failed

Battle of Verdun

Germany attempted to inflict heavy French casualties and occupy forces.

Failed

War at Sea

Unrestricted submarine warfare by German U-boats.

Sank the Lusitania, killing 1200 and 128 Americans.

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

U.S. enters the War

Why?

German Unrestricted Submarine warfare

Zimmerman Note- telegram from German official to Mexico, promising German aid to win back Texas and SW U.S.

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

New Technologies

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

U-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Introduction of Poison Gas…

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against ArmeniansDistricts & Vilayets of

Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922

Erzerum 215,000 1,500

Van 197,000 500

Kharbert 204,000 35,000

Diarbekir 124,000 3,000

Bitlis 220,000 56,000

Sivas 225,000 16,800

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000

European Turkey 194,000 163,000

Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total2,133,19

0387,800

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS