World War I Section 4 Chapter 12-4 The War Ends 12-4 powerpoint4.pdfWorld War I Section 4 Main Idea After several years of bloody stalemate-and the entry of the United States into

Section 4World War I

Main Idea

After several years of bloody stalemate-and the entry of the United

States into the conflict-the Allied Powers finally prevailed. The peace,

however, proved difficult to establish.

Chapter 12-4 The War Ends

Content Statement/Learning Goal

Explain how militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism were

causes of WWI. **ESSAY** M.A.I.N.

Explain how advances in technology, communication and

transportation improved lives but also had negative

consequences.

Explain how and why oppression and discrimination resulted in

the Armenian Genocide during WWI.

Section 4World War I Ch 12-4 Vocabulary• Woodrow Wilson:

• U-boats:

• Zimmermann Note:

• Armistice:

• Fourteen Points:

• Treaty of Versailles:

• League of Nations:

• Mandates

• Balfour Declaration

Section 4World War I Ch 12-4 Vocabulary• Woodrow Wilson:28th President of the U.S.; he proposed

the League of Nations after WWI as part of his Fourteen Points.

• U-boats: submarines used by Germans in World Wars I and II

• Zimmermann Note: a telegram sent to a German official in Mexico prior to U.S. entrant into WWI; proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico.

• Armistice: an agreement to cease fighting, usually in a war

• Fourteen Points: President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for organizing post-WWI Europe and for avoiding future wars.

Section 4World War I Ch 12-4 Vocabulary• Treaty of Versailles: (1919) treaty ending WWI;

required Germany to pay huge war reparations and established the League of Nations.

• League of Nations: an international body of nations formed after WWI to prevent future wars. U.S. never joins.

• Mandates: territories once part of the Ottoman Empire that the League of Nations gave to other European powers to rule after WWI.

• Balfour Declaration: a statement issued by the British foreign secretary in favor of establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Section 4World War I Ch 12-3 Russia Leaves WWI

• March 8,1917 Russian Revolution Begins.

• By March 15th Czar Nicholas was forced to abdicate the throne.

• Provisional government set up

• November 1917 Bolshevik Revolution topples provisional government.

• Russia enters into peace treaty with Germany by 1918.

• Social Contract

Section 4World War I1)What were two factors that led the United States into WWI?

• -German attacks on ships carrying American passengers *sinking of Lusitania: Just an example not an immediate cause.

• -information about a German plan to have Mexico attack the U.S.

• Unrestricted submarine warfare

• Zimmermann Note

• When U.S. entered the war German U-boats were sinking 900,000 tons of Allied ships per month. With convoys U.S. Navy cut this to 400,000 by end of 1917.

Section 4World War I2) What was America’s stance on WWI prior to our entrance to the war? What was Wilson’s 1916 campaign slogan?

• -U.S. had remained neutral in the early years of the war.

• -U.S. public generally supported the Allied forces. Trade partners.

• -Wilson wanted the U.S. to stay out of the conflict

• -1916 slogan, “He kept us out of war” helped to win him re-election.

Section 4World War I3)Read pages 396 +397 and list 4Facts about the sinking of the Lusitania. Why did Germany sink the Lusitania?

• -Germany had engaged in unrestricted submarine warfare

• No warning before sinking the ship: tanker, merchant ship, passenger

• -under this policy any ship traveling in the waters around Great Britain was subject to attack by a u-boat

• -Germany began to target merchant ships in order to cut supplies off to Britain who relied on these supplies

• -May 1915 Lusitania was sunk as part of this policy

• -Killed 1200 people 120 of which were Americans

• -Germany thought there was supplies on the Lusitania headed for Great Britain- proven to be true later.

• -In August and September of 1915 there were two more American ships sunk.

• -U.S. government complained bitterly about the loss of American lives; fearful of U.S. entrance to the war Germany stopped attacking passenger ships for a time. Restart unrestricted attacks in 1917 to contend with powerful British Navy.


Section 4World War I4)Why does the U.S. enter WWI on the side of the Allies after the Zimmerman Note? List 2 Reasons. When does the U.S. enter WWI?

• -After repeated attacks on U.S. shipping the Zimmermann Note finally pushed the US over the edge. US enters the war on the side of the Allied forces.

• -Feb 1917, was a secret message from German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann to officials in Mexico in which Germany proposed that Mexico attack the United States.

• -in return Germany promised Mexico would gain the U.S. states of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, all of which at one time belonged to Mexico

• -Germans hoped that war with Mexico would keep the U.S. out of war in Europe.

• -Zimmermann Note greatly angered Americans and many called for entering the war against Germany

• -Americans had much more in common with Allied forces common ancestry with Great Britain, shared language and culture

• -Also had strong financial ties to Allies; sold them millions of dollars worth of war goods each week

• -U.S. enters the war on April 6, 1917 on the side of the Allies. (Lusitania May 1915)

• In 1917, the U.S. Army numbered fewer than 200,000 soldiers. Government forced draft. Increasing power of government, June 5, 1917 more than 9.5 million men between 21-30 signed up for possible military service.

Section 4World War I U.S. Enters War

• President Wilson promised that American involvement would make the world “safe for democracy.” U.S. declares war on April 6, 1917 vs Germany.

• Six senators and 50 members of the House voted against U.S. involvement.

• Jeannette Rankin of Montana, the first woman elected to Congress said, “You can no more win a war than you can win an earthquake. I want to stand by my country, but I cannot vote for war.”

• According to America: A Concise History 5th edition: “The United States, wishing to trade with all warring nations, might have remained neutral if Britain had not held commanding power at sea.”

• Britain began naval blockade of Central Powers in September 1914.

• U.S. trade grew fourfold over next two years with Britain and France, from $824 million to $3.2 billion in 1916.

• By 1917, U.S. banks had lent the Allies $2.5 billion.

• In contrast, American trade and loans to Germany stood at a mere $56 million.

• When U.S. entered the war German U-boats were sinking 900,000 tons of Allied ships per month. With convoys U.S. Navy cut this to 400,000 by end of 1917.

• U.S. troops very diverse. One-fifth had been born outside the U.S. and soldiers spoke forty-nine different languages.

• 1st U.S. troops arrive in Europe in June 1917, don’t enter battle until October.


German leaders knew America entering the war would increase the strength of

Allied Powers.

• Wanted to deal decisive blow

to Allied Powers before U.S.

had time to ready for war

• Germany launches offensive

after Russian withdrawal

– Russia out by end of 1917

– German troops no longer

needed on Eastern front

– Could launch new

offensive in the west

A New German Offensive

• Launched assault, March 1918

• Advanced within 40 miles of

Paris

• High cost to Germany, lost

800,000 troops

• By June, 1918, U.S. troops

arrived in Europe, German

offensive ends.

• Gave Allies hope, discouraged

Germans

• Side Note: Around 640,000

casualties in Civil War

Assault on West

5.The End of the Fighting



• -combining the effective use of aircraft and tanks Allies gained huge chunks of German land

• -October 1918 break through Hindenburg Linefortification in Northeastern France constructed by Russian POW at command of Germans

• -This was the last heavily fortified area for Germans. END WAS NEAR

• -Armistice was signed on November 11,1918U.S. IN WAR A LITTLE OVER YEAR AND A HALF!!

• Armistice Day then renamed Veterans’ Day.

• *Causes of break of stalemate: Germans starved into submission by British Naval blockade. U.S. infantry. Tanks had improved, Allied soldiers protected from enemy fire.

6)When did the Allies break through the Hindenburg Line? When was

an armistice signed?

Section 4World War I Hindenburg Line



• Wilson gives Fourteen Points

• Included in 14 Points

• List at least TWO have an idea of all

of them:

• reduction of weapons

• right of people to choose own

government

• Proposed League of Nations

• Protect all nations from

aggression

• Germany was excluded

Wilson’s Vision

7. A Difficult Peace

• Stop Germany from invading other

nations ever again

• Leaders of four major Allies all had

different ideas of peace treaty

• French wanted to punish Germany,

reparations for cost of war. Led by

Geroges Clemenceau.

• British wanted to punish Germany,

but not weaken it. David Lloyd

George.

• Italy’s leader hoped to gain territory

for his nation. Felt ignored.

• U.S. wanted to ensure peace

• Italy and Japan join Germany as Axis

powers in WWII.

Allied Goals



• Treaty came closer

to Clemenceau’s

version than

Wilson’s

• Germany forced to

pay reparations

• Treaty placed

responsibility for

WWI on Germany

• What about Russia?

Or Austria-

Hungary?

Key points

• Military size

limited

• Return

conquered lands

to France, Russia

• German land

taken to form

Poland

• Colonies given to

various world

powers

Weaker Germany

• Germany was to sign

or be invaded by

Allies

• Reparations crippled

economy

• Bitterness would

affect German

politics in years to

come

• Richest of the losers.

• Weimar Republic

signs June 28, 1919

German reaction

8. The Treaty of Versailles=GERMAN RESENTMENT

Section 4World War IGerman hyper-inflation

Section 4World War ITales of German Hyperinflation

One American dollar could buy about 9 German marks in 1919. At the height of the panic, a dollar could buy more than 4 trillion marks.

By 1923, some 300 paper mills and 2,000 printing presses were working around the clock to print money.

Prices rose extremely fast. One customer at a café ordered a cup of coffee at 5,000 marks. By the time he ordered his second, the price had risen to 7,000 marks.

Section 4World War IGerman Hyper inflation

Section 4World War IGerman Hyper inflation

Trying to sell food cheaply. LOOK AT THE PRICE ABOVE.

Section 4World War I9) The absence of what country greatly weakens the League of Nations?

• -United States

• -meant to increase international cooperation and to keep peace between nations

• -U.S. never ratifies the Treaty of Versailles feared it would take U.S. into another overseas conflict

• Merchants of Death??

Section 4World War I10)What happens to the Austria-Hungary Empire?

• -separate negotiations and treaties were made with each of the Central Powers

• - Austria-Hungary was broken apart

• -Independent countries arose; Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia



Section 4World War I11)What happens to the Ottoman Empire? What was the Zionist Movement?

• -Broken up

• -Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Trans-Jordan, Lebanon

• -turned into mandates: run by European countries

• -Syria, Lebanon controlled by France

• -Palestine and Iraq controlled by Britain

• -ZIONIST MOVEMENT Movement in Europe to create a Jewish state in Middle East

• -Balfour Declaration: favored establishing a Jewish state in Palestine, the ancient Jewish Homeland

• **SOURCE OF TENSION IN MIDDLE EAST TODAY WITH WESTERN POWERS!!**

• Eurocentric View? Austria-Hungary independent nations, Ottoman Empire mandates.



Section 4World War IZionism-Independent Israel


Section 4World War I12) What were the Human Costs, Economic Costs, and Political Changes of WWI? Chart p. 401

• Human Costs

• -8.5 million soldiers dies

• -13 million civilians died

• -21.2 million soldiers were wounded

Political Changes *SR*

• -Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire were broken apart

• -Germany Greatly weakened

• -Russian monarchy overthrown

• -New countries and colonies formed in Europe and the Middle East

• -European colonies in Africa and Asia changed hands

Economic Costs

-War cost the

world’s nations an

estimated $332

billion.

Cost Europe role as

dominant economic

region of world


12)

Page

401

Section 4World War ICountry Mobilized Killed Wounded Total Casualties

Africa 55,000 10,000 unknown unknown -

Australia 330,000 59,000 152,000 211,000 64%

Austria-

Hungary

6,500,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 4,820,000 74%

Belgium 207,000 13,000 44,000 57,000 28%

Bulgaria 400,000 101,000 153,000 254,000 64%

Canada 620,000 67,000 173,000 241,000 39%

The Caribbean 21,000 1,000 3,000 4,000 19%

French Empire 7,500,000 1,385,000 4,266,000 5,651,000 75%

Germany 11,000,000 1,718,000 4,234,000 5,952,000 54%

Great Britain 5,397,000 703,000 1,663,000 2,367,000 44%

Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 26,000 11%

India 1,500,000 43,000 65,000 108,000 7%

Italy 5,500,000 460,000 947,000 1,407,000 26%

Japan 800,000 250 1,000 1,250 0.2%

Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 13,000 26%

New Zealand 110,000 18,000 55,000 73,000 66%

Portugal 100,000 7,000 15,000 22,000 22%

Romania 750,000 200,000 120,000 320,000 43%

Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 6,650,000 55%

Serbia 707,000 128,000 133,000 261,000 37%

South Africa 149,000 7,000 12,000 19,000 13%

Turkey 1,600,000 336,000 400,000 736,000 46%

USA 4,272,500 117,000 204,000 321,000 8%

World War I Section 4 Chapter 12-4 The War Ends 12-4 powerpoint4.pdfWorld War I Section 4 Main Idea After several years of bloody stalemate-and the entry of the United States into

Documents