World War I A war to end all wars…?
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World War I
A war to end all
wars…?
World War I- The Great War
Underlying Causes “MANIA”
Militarism Alliances Nationalism Imperialism Anarchy (international)
Militarism: Glorification of War & Military
Build up of large reserve armies
Mobilization - organize resources for
combat (triggers other nations
mobilizing)
Naval Expansion - William II (GR)
fires Bismarck and expands navy
– wants to be equal to G.B. (most powerful)
– G.B. feels threatened, expands, develops
new battleship - Dreadnought
Alliances Defense Agreements Among Nations
Three Emperors’ League: (1881) Germany, Russia,
Austria-Hungary - doesn’t last b/c of A-H rivalry with
Russia in Balkans
Triple Alliance - (1882) Germany, Italy, Austria-
Hungary - attempt to isolate France
Triple Entente - (1907) France, Russia, G.B.
Entente: Friendly understanding
between nations
Nationalism Extreme Pride in One’s Nation or
Desire to Form a Nation
French Nationalists sought revenge
against Germany for loss of Alsace-
Lorraine
Slavic Nationalism - Pan-Slavism:
Unify all Slavic people under one
empire
Imperialism domination of one country by
another
Germany and France came close to war
over control of Morocco
Germany wanted to create Berlin to
Baghdad Railway - caused resentment
among British and Russians
– British feared interference with India and
reduce traffic thru Suez Canal
Anarchy
International Anarchy
Nations of Europe pursue policies
without regard for the wishes of
their neighbors
Crisis - No international
organization to monitor
Immediate Causes of WWI
Assassination of
Archduke Francis
Ferdinand of A-H
(June 28, 1914) by
Gavrilo Princip -
member of Serbian
nationalist group
“Black Hand”
Why the Assassination?
Ferdinand planned to give Slavs
of Bosnia-Herzegovina a voice in
the gov’t equal to that of Austro-
Hungarians
This threatened the movement for
a separate Slavic state
What Happens Next?
A-H hold Serbians responsible
A-H seeks assurance (backup) from
Germany in event of war
Germany issues “Blank Check” to
A-H
– William II gives full support to any
actions A-H might take against Serbia
Tensions Build!!
A-H issues ultimatum (set of final conditions that must be accepted to avoid severe consequences) to Serbia
Demands that Serbia allow A-H officials into country to suppress all subversive movements & conduct investigation
Gives Serbia 48 hours to agree or face war
Serbia does not agree to all parts
A-H declares war on Serbia! (July 28, 1914)
The Tangled Web of War
Declarations of War
Germany declares war on Russia (Aug
1, 1914)
Germany declares war on France
(Aug 3, 1914)
Great Britain still hoped to remain
neutral and not go to war, but…
Germany Invades Belgium!
Germany demands passage across Belgium
to fight France (*Part of Schlieffen Plan)
British protest demand made by Germany
upon neutral nation of Belgium
– 1839 Treaty signed by G.B., Russia, France &
Germany guaranteed Belgium’s neutrality
Germany invades
Belgium
G.B. demands they
withdraw
Germany responds
calling treaty,
“a scrap of paper”
G.B. declares war
on Germany (Aug
4, 1914)
*The Schlieffen Plan
Germany’s invasion of Belgium was part of this plan
Germany had enemies to East & West & did not want to fight a war on both fronts at the same time
Believed Russia would be slow to mobilize and that they could fight & defeat France (W. Front) first in 6 weeks & then fight Russia on Eastern Front
THE RACE TO THE SEA!
Expectations
Both sides thought the
war would be a quick
ordeal…
Kaiser told his soldiers,
“you’ll be home before
the leaves have fallen
from the trees.”
They underestimated the
role industrialization
would play in this war.
French troops marched off
shouting, “We’ll be home by Christmas”
United states in the War
Lusitania
Zimmerman Telegram
Life During the War
The British government wanted to encourage men to enlist for war.
They said the war would be safe, hardly any fighting, a good lark and over by Christmas.
They used advertising posters to encourage this idea!
A picture of soldiers going ‘Over the Top’
The reality of ‘going over the top’ was very different!
Soldiers were expected to carry all of their equipment with them at all times.
They were supposed to keep it clean and in good condition – they were British after all.
How the uniform and equipment changed after just three weeks in the trenches…
Posters always showed men ready and willing to fight.
They never showed the boredom of the trenches or actual fighting taking place.
Why do you think the government showed no fighting?
What hidden message is in this image?
No smiling and relaxed faces…
No clean uniforms…
Their equipment is scattered everywhere…
Boredom and sleep are obvious…
The soldiers had very little decent food, and what food they had was often attacked by rats.
These rats were the size of small rabbits and badgers because they had fed on the decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.
WARNING,
TRENCH FOOT
NASTINESS ON
THE NEXT SLIDE!
WWI Comes to an End
German Surrender
On the 11th Hour of the 11th Day of the 11th
Month the war comes to an end (November
11, 1918), as Germany accepts an
armistice.
Allies meet to discuss a treaty.
The Treaty of Versailles with
Germany
The Big Four-all had
different allied objectives
David Lloyd George-Great
Britain
Prime minister who wanted to expand Britain's
Colonial Empire, preserve its naval and
industrial supremacy and make Germany pay
for the war.
Georges Clemenceau
French Premier
Wanted to ensure
security against
future German
invasion
Weaken Germany by
imposing military
limitations, financial
payments, and
territorial losses.
Vittorio Orlando
Premier of Italy
Sought to enlarge
Italy's territory in
Europe and expand
its empire overseas
Woodrow Wilson
President of the
United States
Sought to provide a
just and lasting
peace and create a
better world by
implementing the
Fourteen Points*
*Fourteen Points-Wilson’s Plan
for a Lasting Peace
1. Open covenants (treaties) of peace openly arrived at.
2. Freedom of the seas
3. Removal of international trade barriers (such as tariffs).
4. Reduction of armaments
5. Impartial adjustment of colonial claims with regard for the interests of native peoples
Fourteen Points Cont.
6-13. Adjustment of European boundaries in
accordance with the principle of nationality, that
is, the right of any national group to self-
determination regarding its own government and
independent state.
14. Establishment of a League of Nations to
handle international disputes.
European nations approved of the 14 Points only
sparingly because of their nations interests.
Treaty of Versailles
Of Wilson’s Fourteen Points, only a few
were taken seriously.
One of them was the League of Nations,
What others were taken seriously?
Differing Views of the Treaty
Arguments Against: a harsh treaty that planted the seeds of WWII- The treaty transferred German-inhabited territory, seized all colonies of Germany, and compelled Germany to accept sole war guilt. It forced Germany to be unarmed while other nations remained armed, and it wounded German pride. By attacking the treaty the Nazi party gained support of the German people, achieved power, and brought on WWII.
Arguments For: A fair treaty
that was not enforced The treaty transferred German territory
chiefly on the basis of nationality, assigned German colonies as League of Nations mandates with the objective of eventual disarmament, and provided a League of Nations. The treaty alone cannot be blamed for the German people’s support of Nazism. Furthermore, if the military provisions of the treaty had been enforced, Nazi Germany would not have been able to wage war
Results of WWI-Social
A. almost 10 million soldiers were killed and over 20 million soldiers were wounded
B. Millions of civilians died as a result of the hostilities, famine and disease.
C. The world was left aflame with hatred, intolerance, and extreme nationalism.
D. debt and economic dislocation caused the depression of 1929.
Political
A. The U.S. emerged as a leading world power
B. 3 major European powers dethroned- Germans, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
C. New national states arose…Poland and Czechoslovakia
D. League of Nations established to solve international problems
Many European nations turned to dictatorship because of economic and political discontent– Russia, Italy, Germany.
Economic
A. total cost of the war was 350 billion
dollars. Led to heavy taxation of the
people of Europe.
B. International trade suffered because of
increased tariffs
C. Russia became communist, thus a new
economic system was introduced
League of Nations
Destruction
Famine
Russia
unemployment
1923 -
German
money so
worthless
they burn it
to keep
warm
Glamour The Charleston
Louis
Armstrong
- Jazz
Silent movies
Picasso - cubism
Rise of
fascism in
Italy -
Benito
Mussolini
Dictators between
the Wars
Stalin
Hitler
Mussolini
1930’s World-Wide Depression
Unemployment
& Food lines
“Walking over the League”
Hitler (Der
Führer) &
Nazis come
to power in
Germany
Nazi book burnings
Francisco Franco - fascist Spain
German annexation of Austria
Concentration
Camps
Established -
Dachau
Chamberlain and Daladier
Sudetenland
falls to Hitler
Anti-semitism
Kristallnacht -7500 businesses
destroyed
Nazi -
Soviet
Non-
Aggression
Pact
Molotov & Ribbentrop sign pact
World War II
The inevitable war
Part I
Axis Aggression
1) Invasion of Poland - German invasion of the Polish corridor finally led to a declaration of war by Britain & France
2) “Phony War” - France &
Britain stand by defensively while Germany conquers Poland, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands & Belgium……..
Invasion of Poland
Occupied Warsaw
3) Dunkirk - French & British
troops trapped by Germany’s
rapid advance through France are
evacuated to Britain
Blitzkrieg……...
Dunkirk after evacuation
France surrenders……
4) Vichy Regime - S. France which
became a fascist collaborating
“puppet government”
N. France occupied by Germany
Armistice
signed in
the same
train car...
6) Battle of Britain - Germany began a
massive bombing campaign to
demoralize the British
RAF successfully defended -
• radar!
British bomb shelter
America’s support role expands
7) Cash & carry - Allies could buy
war goods from the US to transport
in their own ships
Lend-Lease - Allies could buy war
goods from US on credit in
exchange for leases on military
base
The Atlantic Charter - Churchill and
Roosevelt agree on war
aims…August 1941
8) Germany invades Balkans - when
Mussolini unsuccessfully invades
Greece, Hitler has to divert
attention to the Balkans to help
Germany takes Hungary, Romania,
Yugoslavia, Bulgaria
9) North Africa - Italians and Germans
attack French & British holdings in
North Africa
Operation Barbarossa
Invasion of the Soviet Union- Hitler
needs raw materials - oil & grain
Three pronged German attack:
Leningrad Moscow Stalingrad
Stalin responds with scorched earth
policy
Leningrad
Moscow
Stalingrad
Germans invade Russia (contradiction of previous treaty)
Japanese in Asia - Japan moves to take
Dutch & French colonial holdings
US responds with trade embargo
against Japan
Pearl Harbor - Japanese bombers attacked US Pacific fleet based in Hawaii
sank battleships…but aircraft carriers were not at port!
Destroyed US battleships...
BELLIGERENTS ……... Axis: Germany
Italy
Japan
Allies: Great Britain
Soviet Union (Russia)
United States
govts in exile - “Free French”
The Axis Powers seem invincible!
World War II The Inevitable War
Part II
Allied Advance
Gradual gains for the
allies
1. The Bismarck - “unsinkable” new
German battleship
British sink it - ends German ability to
dominate the Atlantic with surface ships
The Battleship Bismarck
2. Battle of Stalingrad - prolonged
German offensive
Russians hold city against unbelievable odds
Russian counteroffensive encircles entire German 6th army & forces its surrender
Begins Russian offensive
Trapped German 6th army
3. German advance in North
Africa……..
Erwin
Rommel
- the Desert
Fox
Halted by British and
American Tanks in North
Africa…...
British
General
Bernard
Montgomery
“Monty”
British troops advance at 3. El Alamein
Germans & Italians surrender
in North Africa
4. Allied invasion of Italy
Allies launch invasion of Sicily
from North Africa
Mussolini is denounced and
arrested by Italian government
Italy announces declaration of war
against Germany
Mussolini & mistress
5. American Victories in the Pacific
Battle of Midway - Americans
sink Japanese aircraft carriers
Americans begin “island
leapfrogging”
Japanese “kamikazes” -
Battle of Midway
Kamikaze about to hit Intrepid
6. D-Day June 6, 1944
American led Allied forces launch a
surprise invasion of German-occupied
France at Normandy
paratroopers
Germans
expect
landing at
Calais
Transport ships ferried troops for the largest amphibious attack in history
high casualties
7. Allied Drive from West
Allied paratroopers land in the
Netherlands- largest ever
German counteroffensive in the
Ardennes
The Battle of the Bulge
8. Soviet Drive from East
Supported by industry beyond the Ural
Mountains
Soviets Drive towards Berlin
The Soviets reach Berlin FIRST
9. Yalta
Churchill Roosevelt Stalin
The Big Three agree that:
Germany would be divided.
Part of Poland would go to the
Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union would declare
war on Japan two to three
months after defeating Germany.
10. V-E DAY
Montgomery
presides over
German
Surrender
Germans sign unconditional surrender
War in Europe is over! (May 8, 1945)
11. Potsdam
New “Big Three”
Stalin (still there)
Clement Attlee
(replaced Churchill)
Harry Truman
(replaced Roosevelt)
Now to focus on the Pacific!
At Potsdam, the Big Three
finalized plans for
administration of Europe
Germany & Berlin to be divided
into four zones of occupation
administered by Big Three
countries plus France
free elections to be held later for
self -determination
12. Hiroshima/Nagasaki Little Boy and Fat Man
Devastation Innocents
Nagasaki
13. V-J Day Soviet Union declares war on
Japan day after Hiroshima bombing
Japanese won’t agree to unconditional surrender
2nd bomb dropped on Nagasaki
unconditional surrender by the Japanese (Sept 2, 1945)
FEMINISM
INTERNATIONAL
ROLES CHANGE
–Why?
STATUS OF EQUALITY
WORLDWIDE SUFFRAGE
–http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffr
age
NEW FEMINISM
–NOW
–Equality
–Role Rejection
Definition of the Holocaust
Refers to the systematic murder of almost
6 million Jews by the Nazis.
Also included the murder of Gypsies,
Homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, The
Disabled, and other people.
Why did it happen?
Traditional anti-Jewish prejudice in Europe.
– Jews blamed for the betrayal and the death of Christ.
– Blamed for the Bubonic Plague and other bad things.
– This prejudice lead to the:
• Forcing Jews to live in ghettos.
• Forcing Jews to wear a yellow star for
identification.
• Violence being committed against Jews.
Why did it happen?
The situation in Germany during the 1930s.
– Great Depression leads to rise of Hitler.
– Hitler and the Nazis EXTREMELY anti-Jewish.
– Blame Jews for Germany’s lose in World War I and for the Great Depression. “Scapegoat.”
– Laws passed in Germany to strip Jewish people of their Civil Rights (Nuremberg Laws).
– Forced Jews into ghettos and wear the yellow Star of David.
– Laws passed to strip disabled people of their rights. Forced sterilizations. Murder of sick children.
Why did it happen?
World War II
– Leads to German conquest of large parts of
Eastern Europe with large numbers of Jews.
– Germans in control. With the help of locals,
put the“Final Solution” put into effect.
Role of ordinary men and women.
In Germany they first came for the Communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn't speak up because I was a Protestant. Then they came for me - and by that time no one was left to speak up.
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