World War I and the Aftermath Chapter 28. I. Introduction 1 st modernized war Old tactics met new technology producing mass slaughter! 1 st war in which.

World War I and the AftermathChapter 28

I. Introduction

1st modernized warOld tactics met new technology producing mass slaughter!

1st war in which airplane was used

Other new technology: machine gun, tank, chemical warfare, submarine

Global warfareResult of imperialism

Extensive alliances (MANIA)Triple Entente- Britain, France and Russia

Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire

II. The War and BeforeImperialism led to conflict over territory

Arms build ups with extensive mobilization plans

Jingoism- extreme militaristic nationalism

Balkans were consistently a problemDiverse, Slavic region

Serbia was free of Ottoman control and resistant to Austria-Hungary’s control

Archduke Ferdinand and his Wife went on a trip to Serbia

Gavriel Princip assassinated both of them

II. The War and Before

Balkans (continued)Austria-Hungary sought to punish Serbia

Russia vowed to back up their fellow SlavsBrings in all of the Alliances

The War PlanGermany had a 2 front war

Schlieffen Plan- Quickly overwhelm France and Britain and move on to Russia while they are still trying to mobilize

Didn’t work- led to a stalemate

II. The War and BeforeWarfare

Millions died with little or no progressEntente- Dead 5,712,379 Wounded 12,809,280

Central – Dead 4,010,241 Wounded 8,419,533

New Weapons caused high casualties- Old War Tactics

Diseases caused high casualties

GallipoliTried to open supply route to Russia

Gain control of Constantinople

Ironically, a major advocate of plan was

Winston Churchill, who at the time was Lord of the

Admiralty

II. The War and Before

RussiaHigh number of casualties

Aristocratic officers

Poorly trained peasants

Lack of coding in communications

Nicholas II tried to take control of armyHe gets blamed

Had to bail on Entente due to uprisings at home

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918

II. The War and Before

Home-frontsGovernment takes over key industries

Shortages of food and fuelRationing

Women in the workforceWomen had to do the job of men

Suffrage in US

Extreme NationalismPropaganda

Citizens were very zealous

II. The War and Before

ColoniesFought on the side of their colonial rulers

Supplied large amounts of raw materials

JapanAllied with Britain to expel Germany from Shangdong Peninsula

Became an imperial power themselves

East Africa and Ottoman Empire sided with Germans

Ottoman Empire fell apart as a result

II. The War and BeforeUnited States

Joins in 1917

Helped break the stalemate

Brought into the war after Zimmerman Telegram (other stepping stones, German sub sinks the Lusitania)

The EndFreed from the Eastern Front, German made a huge advance

Turning point- 2nd Battle of the Marne

Tanks

Spanish Flu

German Surrender (shocked German people, their land was not invaded, occupied, destroyed like France)

Armistice Day- Nov 11, 1919

Versailles Conference 1919- Germany had no representation

III. The Aftermath

France (Clemenceau) wanted to punish Germany

Take away territory and pay reparations

Wilson- Wanted peace and self-determination for people who wanted freedom

Wanted League of Nations

Did not want to punish Germany

League of Nations

III. The Aftermath

Peace of ParisGermany had no say- Representatives forced

German territory broken up

Forced to pay reparations- collapsed economy

Austria-Hungary split up

Ignored Arab nations and promises to themActually divided their lands rather than help them

League of Nations

Ignored Japan and its encroachment of Chinese territory

US vetoed League of Nations and made separate treaty with Germany- Even though Wilson signed the Treaty of Versailles

IV. Colonial Problems

Colonies provided huge amounts of resources and personnel during war

“lesser humans” being asked to kill Europeans

Colonies give more self-governance during war

IV. Colonial Problems

IndiaEconomy was hit hard during/after the war

Famines

Shortages

Broken promise of self-governanceMorley-Minto reforms- education and voting rights

Montagu-Chelmsford ReformsGave more power to India’s government

Rowlatt ActLimited Indian Civil Rights

Mohandas GhandiMass nonviolent protest (satyagraha) again colonial rule

IV. Colonial Problems

Egypt European and Turkish rule angered them

Lord CromerHigh Commissioner of Egypt

Pushed for economic reformOnly benefitted wealthy class

Poor starving

Independence sought by effendi (business/professional class)

Brought problems of colonial rule to attention of people

Dinshawai incidentBritish accidental shooting of prayer leader’s wife

Resulted in riots

IV. Colonial Problems

Egyptian Revolt of 1919Result of huge burden on peasants

Went without food so soldiers could eat

Riots soon appeared across countryBritain regain control

Wafd Party- formed by Sa’d Zaghul- unified nationalist movement

Britain pulls out between 1922-1936Vowed to protect Suez Canal

Egypt enters 30 years of chaos

IV. Colonial Problems

Middle East problemsOttoman Empire divided up after WWI

Turkish RepublicLatin alphabet, woman suffrage

Syria, Lebanon and Iraq were promised independence

Occupied by British and French

Hussein- sheriff of MeccaUsed European help to overthrow Turks

Angered fellow Muslims

IV. Colonial Problems

PalestinePromised to both Zionist and Arabs by Brits

Balfour Declaration- Lord Balfour promised Zionist a Jewish homeland

Leon Pinsker- Jewish intellectual who said Jewish assimilation impossible

Ex. Pogroms

Alfred DreyfusFrench Jew- accused of being German spy

Extreme French discrimination of Jews

World Zionist Organization- promoted Jewish migration to Palestine

Arabs feel betrayed so Britain pulls back support and then betrays Jews

IV. Colonial Problems

Africa starts to gain independenceInitially educated were loyal to Colonizers

Rebellions started after forced labor and food and supply shortages because of war

Britain and France back outs on promises

Pan-African Organization- United AfricaAfrican American led

Marcus Garvey and W.E.B DuBois were influential in trying to break up African colonialism

V. ConclusionWWI was the war to end all wars but actually first step to WWII

Germany felt like they were unfairly punished for the war (Economically and Politically War Guilt Clause)

After all, they were not the ones who started the war

Gives Hitler a chance to come to power

Communism gained a firm hold in Russia

Women gained more rights

White Supremacy looses hold in colonized holdings