World War I Outcome: Events Prior to U.S. Entry
Feb 24, 2016
World War IOutcome: Events Prior to U.S. Entry
Events Prior to U.s. entry1.U.S. Position: Neutrality
a. President Wilson encouraged neutrality in “thought & action”
b. Neutrality Problemsi. U.S. traded w/both sides, but ties
w/Great Britain were strongest1.Common language, customs, and
government2.By 1917, U.S. loans to the Allies
reached $2.3 billion
Events Prior to U.s. entryii. Great Britain spread anti-German
propaganda to the U.S.iii.G. Britain blockaded Europe, stopping
our trade w/Germany (famine)iv. Germany began submarine warfare
(violated “freedom of seas”)1. Attacked ships in Allied ports2. Declared a “war zone” around the
British Isles
German u-boat (Submarine)
Anti German Propaganda
The Lusitania
Events Prior to U.s. entryv. Sinking of the Lusitania (May 7,
1915)1.U.S.-German relations worsen2.Germany questioned U.S. neutrality
& the ship’s cargo3.Ship was loaded with contraband
purchased from the U.S.4.Wilson demanded in a letter of
protest that Germany end sub warfare, & apologize and pay reparations to the families
Events Prior to U.s. entryvi.March 1916: The French ship Sussex
was sunk w/Americans on board. Germany agreed to the “Sussex Pledge,” a promise to warn ships before sinking them.
Events Prior to U.s. entry2. Election of 1916
a. (D) Wilson: “Dove” and (R) Charles E. Hughes: “Hawk”
i. Both hand campaigned for peace & neutralityii. TR may have hurt (R) chances for victory with pro-war
speechesiii. Cliff-hanger: Wilson won by 20 electoral votes (CA decided the
outcome)iv. Message: Did the citizens of the US want to go to war
despite Wilson??
Events Prior to U.s. entry3.Events to US Entry
a. By 1916, the War in Europe became stalemated on both fronts
i. Western Front = 500 miles of trenches extending from the English Channel to the Adriatic Sea (Defended by France and Great Britain)
ii. Eastern Front = line defended by Russia
iii.Little progress & high casualties led to frustration on both sides
Events Prior to U.s. entryb. Germany resumed unrestricted
submarine warfare to break the deadlock
i. Stopped issuing warnings; 3 U.S. ships were sunk in one day
ii. The Kaiser felt confident the U.S. would not enter the war
iii.U.S. responded by ending diplomatic relations w/Germany
Events Prior to U.s. entry
c. Zimmerman Note (“Last Straw”) published on March 1, 1917)
i. Letter from Germany to Mexico asking for an alliance against the U.S.
ii. Intercepted and decoded by Great Britain
iii. Pro-war fever intensified in the U.S.; TR demanded we enter in the name of self-defense. Soon after, 4 more unarmed U.S. ships were sunk.
d. March 1917, Russia surrendered to Germany
Events Prior to U.s. entrye. Wilson asked Congress for a Declaration
of War on April 2, 1917i. Enemy: German government, not the
German peopleii. Wilson: “America must go to war to
make the world safe for democracy”iii.Congress declared war on April 6,
1917
Events Prior to U.s. entry
4. The War in Europea. The Allies were
weakened in 1917i. In March, 1917 a Russian
peoples’ revolt overthrew Czar Nicholas II and a provisional government was set up
ii. In November 1917, this weak gov’t was overthrown by the Bolsheviks led by Nikolai Lenin, eventually resulting in a communist government
iii. In December, 1917 Russia agreed to an armistice on the Eastern Front and withdrew, leaving Germany to fight a 1 front war (All German forces could now be sent to the Western Front in concentration)
Events Prior to U.s. entryb. June, 1917: 1st U.S. troops arrive in Europe
i. A.E.F. = American Expeditionary Forces were led by General John Pershing
ii. By 1918, 2 million U.S. “Doughboys” were in France
iii. Wilson began plans for permanent peace based on his 14 Points
America and World War I
Reasons for American Neutrality
Reasons America Enters the War on the side of the Allies