World War 1 Chapter 23. Chapter 23 Section 2 Propaganda Influencing public opinion against or for a cause, used by most nations during times of war especially.

World War 1Chapter 23

Chapter 23 Section 2Chapter 23 Section 2

PropagandaPropaganda Influencing public opinion against or for a

cause, used by most nations during times of war especially nations with Totalitarian leaders

Eastern FrontEastern Front Russia suffered two early defeats to Germany at the

Battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes, the Russian threat to Germany was over

A-H struggled at the start and was betrayed in 1915 by Italy

German aid kept the Austrians in it and they soon knocked Serbia from the war and Bulgaria joined in

With 2.5 million dead Russia was nearly out of the war, Germany now focused on the Western Front

Western FrontWestern Front Germans advanced to the Battle of the Marne

but were stopped there, TRENCH WARFARE turns the Western Front into a stalemate

Military leaders were baffled by trench warfare and the stalemate dragged on through 1917

At Verdun, 700,000 men died during the 10 month battle…a war of attrition had begun

Widening of Widening of WarWar The Ottoman Empire joined the war on the

German side A British Prince, Lawrence of Arabia

persuaded Arab Princes to revolt against the Ottomans

In 1918 the British, with help from there Indian, Australian and New Zealand forces, defeated the Ottoman Empire and asked Japan to take over German colonies in the Southeast

Entry of the USEntry of the US German sinking of the Lusitania killed 128

Americans An angry US demanded Germans stop

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW) and they did

Hoping to knock the British out before the US reached Europe the Germans resumed USW

They also ask Mexico to attack the US in the “Zimmerman Note”

With no other option the US declared war!

The Russian The Russian RevolutionRevolutionSection 3Section 3 Czar took full control of his army and left the

capital to be with his troops on the front line Unprepared and poorly supplied, the Russian

army was decimated during the opening years of war

From 1914-1916 there were 2 million dead and up to 6 million wounded

IdentifyPage 733 Alexandra

Grigori Rasputin

IdentifyPage 733 Alexandria: Czar Nicholas II wife, made

decisions regarding the country while the Czar was away

Grigori Rasputin: uneducated Siberian peasant, had great influence over Alexandria and was making most of the decisions for her while Czar was away…killed by Russian assassins who shot then drowned him

March RevolutionMarch Revolution Do to food rationing, RU women take to the

streets in strikes and protests in Petrograd Troops were ordered to break up the massive

crowds of up to 10,000 but many joined the protesters

Nicholas, realizing defeat, stepped down on in 03/1917 & a “Provisional Gov’t” was setup under new leader Alexander Kerensky

The new gov’t made one critical mistake, they decided to continue w/ the war

Rise of Lenin & the Rise of Lenin & the BolsheviksBolsheviks VI Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks

(communists), was helped back into RU by the DE who were looking to create disorder in RU

Lenin’s arrival ignited the smaller Soviet (Russian communists) groups in RU

They promised to end the war & rallied the common people of RU to their side

Civil War in Russia Civil War in Russia Page 736-737Page 736-7371. Who was Leon Trotsky?

2. What did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk do?

3. What happened to the Royal Family of Russia in 1918?

4. Why was the Red Army successful in obtaining power in Russia?

5. What was the name of the Russian secret police?

6. Was the new Russian government an ally or enemy of the Allied Powers and why?

Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky Dedicated Revolutionary and head of the

Petrograd Soviets Becomes Commissar of War under Lenin,

reinstitutes the draft and establishes a code of strict discipline

Treaty of Brest-LitovskTreaty of Brest-Litovsk

Ends Russian involvement in WW1 Gives DE land from Poland, Ukraine, and

Finland

Czar Nicholas and the Royal Family The Czar and his family were taken prisoner

in 1917 and on July 16, 1918 they were killed and their bodies burned

Red ArmyRed Army

Lenin’s Red Army defeats the White Army (non-communists) mostly bc of the disunity of the Whites…some whites wanted the Czar restored while others preferred Democracy

War communism Gov’t control of banks / industries Seizing of grain from peasants Centralization of state administration

Russian Secret Police

Known as the “Cheka”, they used terror to keep the people of RU from revolting

Allied Powers and the new Russian Government The new Russian gov’t was an enemy to the

Allies who had used troops to try and prevent the Communists from succeeding

Over 100,000 Allied troops (JP, GB, US, & FR) occupied RU to aid the White Army at one point

(Side Note) Only the emergence of Hitler will make the Allies see eye to eye with the Communists

Final Years of the Final Years of the WarWar In 1917 the US provided fresh troops and

supplies to an exhausted Allied force RU had been forced to exit the war bc of a

communist revolution & pending civil war FR and GB soldiers had been worn down

from being in the trenches for 4+ years

Final German Offensive (use pg. 740 in your textbook to answer the following questions)

1. How close did the Germans come to reaching Paris?

2. What was the outcome of the 2nd Battle of Marne?

3. What did Ludendorff inform German leaders?

4. What demand did the Allies make of Germany before they would make peace?

Armistice Day! November 11, 1918, DE officially surrenders On the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th

month the war was finally over… DE was left unstable AH was broken up EU was in ruins

Ruins of Chateau Thierry

Damaged mill at Courcelles, France

Verdun, France

Paris, France

Peace Settlements1. What was Woodrow Wilson’s plan for peace called

and what did it focus on?

2. Who became the spokesman for the new postwar world?

3. What did the FR desire from postwar peace?

4. Who were the Big Four? Which one did not have an equal say?

5. What was the US Senate response to the peace settlement?

Treaty of Versailles Contained a War Guilt Clause, DE accepted

full responsibility for the war DE had to pay for ALL the damages from the

war Alsace and Lorraine (DE territory) was

returned to FR The Rhine, area bordering FR was

completely demilitarized to protect FR in the future

Ottoman Empire

Broken up after its defeat France took control of Lebanon and Syria Britain took control of Iraq and Palestine This was known as the Mandate System,

they governed the nations but did not own them