WORLD SMALL HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2013 www.smallhydroworld.org BURUNDI
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World Small HydropoWer development report 2013
www.smallhydroworld.org
BURUNDI
Published in 2013 by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP).
2013 © UNIDO and ICSHP
All rights reserved
This report was jointly produced by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide information about small hydropower. The document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentations of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of UNIDO and ICSHP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process: Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO or its partners. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in the articles are the responsibility of the author(s) and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO and its partners.
While every care has been taken to ensure that the content is useful and accurate, UNIDO and ICSHP and any contributing third parties shall have no legal liability or responsibility for the content or the accuracy of the information so provided, or for any loss or damage caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with reliance on the use of such information.
Copyright: Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint.
Recommended citation: Liu, H., Masera, D. and Esser, L., eds. (2013). World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013. United Nations Industrial Development Organization; International Center on Small Hydro Power. Available from www.smallhydroworld.org.
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1 Africa 1.1 Eastern Africa 1.1.1 Burundi Lara Esser and Laxmi Aggarwal, International Center on Small Hydro Power Key facts
Population 10,557,2591
Area 27,830 km2
Climate Equatorial climate
Topography Hilly and mountainous terrain
Rain Pattern
Average annual rainfall is about 1,500 mm; two wet seasons (February to May, September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August, December to January)
1
Electricity sector overview The electrification access in Burundi is 10 per cent which can be considered low in comparison to other countries in the East African Community (EAC).
2 The transmission
network includes: high voltage lines (70-110 kV) and medium voltage lines (10-15 kV), whichall require rehabilitation, 110 kV transmission lines are in good condition and the 70 kV transmission lines are in an acceptable condition.
2 3 The Régie de Production et
Distribution d’Eau et d’Électricité (REGIDESO) has sole responsibility of the system. In 2010 the energy deficit was about 15 MW.
3
In 2008, REGIDESO produced 87 per cent of the domestic electricity, most of it was from hydropower. REGIDESO has a total installed capacity of 35.8 MW, of which 30.8 MW is hydropower and 5.5 MW thermal capacity.
2 There are very few biogas and solar energy
installations in the country becauseover 70 per cent of them are out of order either due to vandalism or lack of maintenance.
4 Figure 1 shows the electricity mix of
Burundi.
Figure 1 Electricity generation Burundi Source: African Development Bank
4
Note: Data from 2008. The Government’s strategy for the power sector has called for 20 per cent of its population to have access to
electricity by 2020.4 Burundi generates hydropower
from its large hydropower plant Rwegura, with an installed capacity of 18 MW. Additional capacity is available for Burundi from two regional hydro plants: 3 MW from Ruzizi I which has an installed capacity of 29.8 MW and 13.3 MW from Ruzizi II with an installed capacity of 43.8 MW.
2 5 These plants are shared
between the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. Ruzizi I is owned by Société Nationale d’Electricité (SNEL), the national electricity company of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ruzizi II is owned by the Société International d'Électricité des Pays des Grands Lacs (SINELAC), the intercommunity organization of Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi.
6
Future plans show that import capacity of Burundi may increase with the installations of Ruzizi III (estimated capacity of 147 MW) and Ruzizi IV (estimated capacity of 287 MW).
2
Burundi’s electricity sector is expected to change with the implementation of the East African Power Pool (EAPP) plans for interconnectivity and a common market within the EAPP countries, as has been achieved by Europe. Most of the EAC countries have been connected while Burundi waits for the high voltage line of 220 kV from Kigoma-Butare-Ngozi-Gietga to be completed and a link from the United Republic of Tanzania to Burundi to be installed.
2
The country has already experienced changes in the electricity sector with the aid of World Bank. The payment system was altered to a prepayment system in 2011, resulting in 52 per cent of the clients paying in advance. This will in turn aid REGIDESO to ensure secure earnings, easier resource management and will contribute in diminishing the financial risk faced by REGIDESO.
2
In addition to the World Bank contributions, Burundi has in 2011 established the Control and Regulation Agency for the Water and Electricity Sectors under Decree No. 100/320. This entity is responsible to control, regulate and monitor the sectors to ensure compliance with contracts and clauses. The Burundian Agency for Rural Electrification (ABER) was also implemented at the same time under decree No. 100/318; however it is still under establishment. ABER is to be responsible for electrification projects including small-scale hydropower, solar and wind projects. Small hydropower sector overview and potential Burundi is a landlocked nation; it is however, equipped with vast river resources, namely the Malagarasi (475 km) and the Ruzizi (117 km). The hydropower capacity of Burundi is 33.84 MW, not including the international
46.6%
48.2%
5.2%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Imported electricity
Hydropower
Other sources
2
Ruzizi I and II plants.2 Burundi has 15.84 MW of installed
small hydropower capacity if the definition of 10 MW is applied (figure 2). Direction Dénérale de l'Hydraulique et de l’Életrification (DGHER), now ABER, operates eight small- and micro-hydro plants in rural areas, while the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and ABER inter alia operate another 12 micro hydro plants.
4
Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Burundi Source: Based on author calculations and Burundi Ministry of Energy and Mines
2 Installed small hydropower capacities in Burundi
Power Plant Installed capacity (MW)
Remarks
Mugere 8.00 Refurbished 2003
Nyemanga 2.88
Ruvyironza 1.50 Refurbished 2005
Gikonge 1.00 Refurbished 2005
Kayenzi 0.85
Marangara 0.25
Buhiga 0.24 6 stand-alone plants 0.47 12 private plants 0.65
Sources: Sahiri and Mbazumutima3, African Development Bank4, Burundi Ministry of Energy and Mines2.
In the 1980s, a study by Lahmeyer established that there were 41 potential hydropower sites for Burundi with a capacity of 1,700 MW, of which 300 MW were technically and economically feasible.
6 Recently,
REGIDESO launched a study with a stepwise approach. Ten hydropower sites with capacities less than 10 MW, which had been identified in the 1980’s master plan, were selected to be screened again. Pre-feasibility studies were conducted for four selected sites, followed by the feasibility study of two selected sites. A 2012-study showed that through optimization for most of the given sites, the real small hydropower potential is much higher than outlined in the master plan study. There have been 156 sites identified with potential of hydropower, out of which fewer than 30 have been explored.
2
In the short term, the Government intends to develop small run-of-river hydropower plants. An ongoing World Bank project includes US$1.5 million pre-feasibility and feasibility studies of potential hydropower sites with capacities ranging between 1 MW and 7.5 MW, which could be connected to the grid at reasonable cost. It is assumed that these hydropower plants could be
realized in approximately two years, considering that no major dam construction is required.
4
Burundi has significant growth potential in agriculture, notably coffee, tea, and sugar.
1 Tea export itself
accounts for 20 per cent of the total national export of Burundi. Members of the East African Tea Trade Association (EATTA) were selected for the initiative known as Greening the Tea Industry in East Africa (GTIEA) implemented by UNEP and the African Development Bank. The GTIEA aims to invest in small hydropower in order to reduce tea production energy costs, currently six small hydro projects are running in four EATTA countries with capacities of 10 MW each.
7
Renewable energy policy Renewable energy policies in Burundi were implemented after the Rio conference of 1992. August 2000 experienced the enactment of Law No. 1/014 on the liberalization and regulation of the water and electricity sector, officially removing the title of monopoly from the REGIDESO and allowing the import of energy from Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, and greater private and or public business participation.
2 The energy sector policy and the poverty
reduction strategy, both implemented in 2006, aided in the popularization of renewable energy in Burundi. This then lead to the establishment of the regulator body of Ministry of Energy and Mines in late 2007, which are responsible for policy and regulation of the energy and water sectors.
2
The recent years have also experienced policy implementations to further enhance renewable energy in Burundi. Year 2010 saw the realization of the presidential decree 100/80 on the structure and mission of the Government that places vital importance on renewable energy. The decree coupled with the Energy Strategy and Action Plan for Burundi (2011) provides a strong platform for the future of renewable energy in Burundi. In addition to the decrees and other regulatory policies, Burundi has modified many economic instruments to ease process of foreign investment for renewable energy so that it can be executed within the country. Some of these reforms are discussed below. Burundi has changed investment procedures to what the Government called a ‘one-stop shop’ effective from March 2012. The registration procedure requires no minimum capital requirements and investors are protected by easier methods to initiate lawsuits against harmful transactions within the country. Moreover,
54 MW
15.8 MW
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
SHP potential
SHP installed capacity
3
foreign investors are invited to be holders of local companies without an obligation for local participation.
2
Law No. 1/23 enacted in 2008 defines tax benefits available for investors in Burundi. In addition to Law No. 1/23 an Investment Promotion Agency was created under decree No. 1/177 in 2009 to promote investment and exports within methods of compliance. Current tax benefits consist of, exemption from transfer tax upon acquisition of land and building and exemption from all custom duties from import and capital goods.
2
A law for public private partnership (PPP) has recently been proposed to the parliament and is soon to be adopted by the Government of Burundi. The law states specific conditions under the term independent power producer (IPP).
2
Barriers to small hydropower development Civil conflict in the 1990s had prevented the development of the country’s electricity generation infrastructure. Small hydropower development has been consequently affected. The complex nature of the energy sector further hinders the growth of rural electrification and in turn small hydropower development. Overlapping responsibilities between ministries such as the Ministry of Energy and Mines, the Ministry of Communal Development and the Ministry of Development Planning and Finance (which is responsible for investment planning and coordination with foreign donors), slows down the growth process of small hydropower.
8
Fiscal barriers to small hydropower development consist of a lack of incentive for foreign investments and high transportation costs for equipments based in the ports of Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania.
7
A major constraint is the lack of small hydropower surveys and data availability as a basis for implementation.
8
References 1. Basdevant, Olivier (2009). How Can Burundi Raise its Growth Rate? The Impact of Civil Conflicts and State Intervention on Burundi's Growth Performance. International Monetary Fund Working Paper, No. 09/11 (January), pp. 1-18. 2. Burundi, Ministry of Energy and Mines (2012). Investment Opportunities in Renewable Energy Burundi. Buyumbura. 3. SahiriI, Aloys and Pascal Mbazumutima (2010). Burundi Energy Situation. Presentation at Hangzhou Regional Centre (Asia Pacific) for Small Hydro Power. Hangzhou. May. 4. African Development Bank (2009). An Infrastructure Action Plan for Burundi: Accelerating Regional Integration. Tunis-Belvedère. Available from www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/An%20Infrastructure%20Action%20Plan%20for%20Burundi%20-%20Main%20Report%20v1.2.pdf. 5. Infrastructure Trust Fund European Union Africa (n.d). Grant Operations, Ruzizi Hydropower. Available from www.eu-africa-infrastructure-tf.net/activities/grants/ruzizi.htm. 6. Thevenaz, Cédric, Karlheinz Peissner, Sebastian Palt and Richard Nkurunziza (2011). Stepwise screening and development of small hydropower projects in Burundi. Presentation at Hydro 2011. Prague, 17-19 October. 7. Meier, Ulrich and Zadoc Abel Ogutu (2010). Mid-term Evaluation of the United Nations Environment Programme / Global Environmental Facility Project. GF/4010-05-02 (4870) Greening the Tea Industry in East Africa. United Nations Development Programme. 8. United Nations Development Programme (2009). African Micro hydro Initiative: Regional Micro/Mini-Hydropower Capacity Development and Investment for Rural Electricity Access in Sub-Saharan Africa. Project Document, Governments of Mali, Togo, Benin, Cameroon, Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon, Central African Republic, Burundi, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
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International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP)136 Nanshan Road, 310002 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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