Slide 1 World Religions Part 4: Buddhism Session 1: Origins & Early Development Our Class Web Site: http://wr.dirkscorner.com/gordon/ Dirk’s Contact Info Phone: 603.431.3646 (Bethany Church’s main number) Email: [email protected] Facebook Page: Pastor Dirk Rodgers Twitter: @dirk_at_bethany Tumblr: www.tumblr.com/blog/dirkscorner Dirk’s Web Site: www.dirkscorner.com Bethany Church Web Site: www.bethanychurch.com
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Slide 1
World Religions
Part 4: Buddhism
Session 1: Origins & Early Development
Our Class Web Site:
http://wr.dirkscorner.com/gordon/
Dirk’s Contact Info
Phone: 603.431.3646 (Bethany Church’s main number) Email: [email protected] Facebook Page: Pastor Dirk Rodgers
Twitter: @dirk_at_bethany Tumblr: www.tumblr.com/blog/dirkscorner
Dirk’s Web Site: www.dirkscorner.com Bethany Church Web Site: www.bethanychurch.com
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Slide 2
This Session
1.1 Preliminary Considerations1.2 The Founder1.3 The Four Noble Truths1.4 Early Buddhist Councils1.5 Emperor Ashoka
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Slide 3
1.1 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
Part 4: Buddhism
Session 1: Origins
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Slide 4
Image Source: http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-buddhist/
Buddhism Worldwide
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Slide 5
Challenges to Understanding
A diversity of sacred texts in various languages
One founder, but multiple traditions
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Slide 6
Buddhist Sacred Texts
Pali Canon (Tripitika/Tipitika) Mahayana Sutras Tibetan Texts
Image source: http://www.wellhappypeaceful.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/pali1.jpg
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Slide 7
Multiple Buddhist Traditions
Theravada Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism Zen Buddhism Pure Land Buddhism Many Others…
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Slide 8
1.2 THE FOUNDER
Part 4: Buddhism
Session 1: Origins
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Slide 9
A Few “Primary” Sources
Jataka Tales Buddhacharita/
Buddhacarita Lalitavistara Sutra Several Others
By Unknown - Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4640512, accessed 2/17/2017
Bhutanese painting of Jataka images, 18th or 19th century.
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Slide 10
His Name(s)
Gautama Siddhartha
clan personal name
Shakyamuni/Sakymuni
“Sage of the Shakya/Sakya”
Shakya/Sakya – the name of a family Line
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Slide 11
A Few “Historical” Assumptions
Born in 5th or 6th
Century BC; some scholars propose 563– 483 BC
Born in what is now Lumbiniwan, Nepal
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini#/media/File:Lumbini_4.jpg, accessed 2/12/2016
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Slide 12
A Few “Historical” Assumptions
Kshatriya varna Father: Suddhodna Mother: Maya
Image Source: By Nomu420 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30593038, accessed 2/12/2016
Early 20th century ivory carving of Suddhodna
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Slide 13
A Few “Historical” Assumptions
Spouse: Yasodharā Son: Rahula
Image Source: http://www.ignca.nic.in/asp/all.asp?projectid=ae03, accessed 2/12/2016
Ajanta Cave painting of Yasodharā and Rahula, dated somewhere between 2nd century BC and 650 AD, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanta_Caves
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Slide 14
The Four Passing Sites
Aged Person Sick Person Dead Body Ascetic
Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Four_Heavenly_Messengers.jpg, accessed 2/12/2016
Picture of a painting in a Laotian Temple
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Slide 15
The Great Renunciation
Age 29, lasting 6 years Extreme
Asceticism No release found
Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Departure_of_Siddhartha.jpg, accessed 2/12/2016
Painting by Abanindranath Tagore (1871–1951)
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Slide 16
Awakening
Age 35 Bodhi Tree/Bodhgaya 49 Days of Meditation
and Temptation Buddha, the
“Awakened” or “Enlightened” One
Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exterior_view_of_the_Mahabodhi_Temple.jpg, photograph by Jakub Michankow , 2009, accessed 2/12/2016
Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India
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Slide 17
First Sermon
Deer Park in Sarnath, near Varanasi (Benares)
“Wheel of Dharma” “Middle Way”; “Four
Noble Truths” (see below) First “sangha”, community
of monks, men & women, later laypersons,
Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dhamek_Stupa,_Sarnath.jpg, photograph by Gong Jie, 2014, accessed 2/12/2016
Dhâmek Stûpa in Sârnâth
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Slide 18
Remaining Years 45 years of
teaching The sangha grows “Poisoned” food? Final Words to
Ananda, disciple and cousin
Image Source: By PHG at English Wikipedia - Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Leoboudv using CommonsHelper., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6155327, accessed 2/12/2016
The sharing of the relics of the Buddha, Zenyōmitsu-Temple Museum, Tokyo
“Death”/Release at age 80, Relics distributed and venerated
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Slide 19
The Three Refuges of the Sangha
Also known as the “Three Jewels”
Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AmaravatiTriratnaSymbols.jpg, photograph by PGHCOM, 2007, accessed 2/12/2016
Amaravati Triratna Symbols, currently in the British Museum
Buddha Dharma Sangha
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Slide 20
1.3 THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
Part 4: Buddhism
Session 1: Origins & Early Development
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Slide 21
The Four Noble Truths
Life is SufferingDukkha
Suffering is caused by craving (Tanha)Dukkha samudaya
Suffering can cease if we end desireDukkha nirodha
The Eightfold path leading to the cessation of sufferingDukkha nirodha gamini patipada magga
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Slide 22
1. Life is Suffering
Three Types of Dukkha
Physical or Mental PainDukkha-dukkha
Pain of ChangeVirparinama-dukkha
Pain of Conditioned ThingsSamkhara-dukkha
i.e.; we attach ourselves to impermanent things, mistakenly believing that they are real
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Slide 23
1. Life is Suffering
The Illusion of Existence
Non-Permanenceanitya
No Permanent Selfanātman
Permanence is an illusionmaya
See Farhadian, Charles E. (2015-06-09). Introducing World Religions: A Christian Engagement (Kindle Locations 3033-3046). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
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Slide 24
1. Life is Suffering
Five Aggregate (skandhas)
Body (rupa) Feelings (vedana) Perceptions (sanna)Memory (samskara) Consciousness (vijnana)
See Farhadian, Charles E. (2015-06-09). Introducing World Religions: A Christian Engagement (Kindle Locations 3055-3097). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
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Slide 25
2. Suffering is caused by craving (Tanha - a Pali term)
“Three Poisons” of Craving
Hate (snake) Greed (rooster/bird) Ignorance (pig)
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_poisons#/media/File:Bhavacakra_Thikse.jpg, accessed 2/12/2016
Thikse monastry courtyard, Wheel of life, Bhavacakra
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Slide 26
3. Suffering can cease if we end desire
Key Concepts
Samsara/Karma Nirvana
Source: Farhadian, Charles E. (2015-06-09). Introducing World Religions: A Christian Engagement (Kindle Locations 3139-3140). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
“Nirvana (Sanskrit, ‘extinction’; Pali, nibbana) means ‘blowing out,’ ‘cooling,’ and ‘perfection,’ which etymologically comes from the verb root vā = ‘blow out’ + nir = ‘out’.”
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Slide 27
3. Suffering can cease if we end desire
Two “Moments” of Nirvana
“nirvana with residues (i.e., the moment of awakening) ”
“nirvana without residues (i.e., the moment of death: parinirvana)”
Source Farhadian, Charles E. (2015-06-09). Introducing World Religions: A Christian Engagement (Kindle Locations 3142-3148). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
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Slide 28
4. The Eightfold path leading to the cessation of suffering
The Eightfold Path
1. Right Understanding2. Right Intention3. Right Speech4. Right Action
5. Right Livelihood6. Right Effort7. Right Mindfulness8. Right Concentration
“The eight stages can be grouped into Wisdom (right understanding and intention), Ethical Conduct (right speech, action and livelihood) and Meditation (right effort, mindfulness and concentration).”
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/beliefs/fournobletruths_1.shtml, accessed 2/12/2016
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Slide 29
1.4 EARLY BUDDHIST COUNCILS
Part 4: Buddhism
Session 1: Origins and Early Development
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Slide 30
First Buddhist Council, c. 400 BC?
Image Source: By Photo Dharma from Penang, Malaysia -013 First Council at Rajagaha, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37483353
First Council at Rajagaha, Photograph of murals in the Nava Jetavana temple, Jetavana Park, Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh, taken by Anandajoti
Date uncertain500 monks met
near Rajgriha (now Rajgir), IndiaPurpose: to
preserve the Buddha’s teaching
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Slide 31
First Buddhist Council, c. 400 BC?
Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sattapanni.jpg
“The Saptaparni Cave in Rajgir, where the First Buddhist Council may have been held.“
Mahakasyapapresides Ananda recites
the suttas(Buddha’s words) Upali recites the
Vinaya (monastic rules) Basis of the
Tripitika
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Slide 32
Second Buddhist Council, c. 350 BC?
Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asokanpillar.jpg
Asokan pillar at Vaishali, Bihar, India
Date uncertain Held in Vaishali, Bihar, India Purpose: to settle dispute
re: monastic rules Sthaviravadins or Sthaviras
vs. Mahasanghikas Anticipates
Theravada/Mahayana division
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Slide 33
Third Buddhist Council, c. 250 BC?
Image Source: By Photo Dharma from Penang, Malaysia -014 King Asoka at the Third Council, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37483356
King Asoka at the Third Counci, Photograph of murals in the Nava Jetavana temple, JetavanaPark, Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh, taken by Anandajoti
Date uncertainHeld in Pātaliputra
(Patnal), IndiaPurpose: to
further define authoritative Buddhist dharma Division between
factions widens
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Slide 34
1.5 EMPEROR ASHOKA
Part 4: Buddhism
Session 1: Origins and Early Development
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Slide 35
Emperor Ashoka
Image Source: By Avantiputra7 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33726301
Maurya Empire, c. 250 BC
c. 304-232 BC Expanded
Maurya to most of India
Convened 3rd
Buddhist Council
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Slide 36
Emperor Ashoka
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka#/media/File:Indian_relief_from_Amaravati,_Guntur._Preserved_in_Guimet_Museum.jpg
1 century BC image, possibly of Emperor Ashoka
Conversion by c. 260 BC
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Slide 37
Emperor Asoka
Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG
Fragment of the 6th Pillar Edicts of Ashoka (238 BCE), in Brahmi,
sandstones. British Museum
Edicts and Pillars
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Slide 38
Emperor Asoka
Image Source: By PHGCOM - self-made. Reference: Burjor Avari(2007). India: The Ancient Past. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0415356156. pp. 113., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2254101
By Wes Olson -http://wikitravel.org/upload/shared//b/bf/Ashokanpillar.jpg, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8915465
The "minor" Ashokan pillar at Lumbini
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Slide 39
Emperor Asoka
Image Source: By The original uploader was Dhammajoti at Dutch Wikipedia - Transferred from nl.wikipedia to Commons., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34815115.
Missionary Expansion
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Slide 40
Reflection Question #5
How would you compare and contrast the Buddhist notions of suffering (dukkha) and craving/desire (tanha) with the Christian
concepts of sin and evil?
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