World Regional Geography January 27 & February 1, 2010 Reading: Marston Chapter 2 pages 58–71, 74-95 Goode’s World Atlas pages 145 - 157 Next Week: Map.

World Regional GeographyWorld Regional Geography

January 27 & February 1, 2010January 27 & February 1, 2010

Reading: Marston Chapter 2pages 58–71, 74-95

Goode’s World Atlaspages 145 - 157

Next Week:Map Quiz #1

Paper Topics DueNo US/Canada

EuropeEurope1. Political Boundaries: What/Where is Europe?2. Physical Geography

a. Physiographic Regionsb. Climate & Land Usec. Environmental History & Issues

3. Human Geography1. Population Characteristics2. Migration Patterns / History3. Cultural and Ethnic Characteristics

4. Key Conceptsa. Nations & Statesb. The Welfare State

5. Europe in a Global Context: Historic & Contemporary1. Political2. Economic

Political BoundariesPolitical Boundaries

Physical FeaturesPhysical Features

Physiographic RegionsPhysiographic Regions

Physiographic Regions: a broad region within which there is a coherence of geology, relief, landforms, soils, and vegetation.

1. Northwestern Uplands2. North European Lowlands3. Central Plateaus4. Alpine System

The Gulf Stream and The Gulf Stream and

North Atlantic DriftNorth Atlantic Drift

ClimateClimate

• Maritime / Continental• Humid / Arid

Annual PrecipitationAnnual Precipitation

Average TemperatureAverage Temperature

JulyJuly JanuaryJanuary

• Greater variations are inland. • Mild coastal temperatures in winter.• Cool summer temperatures across

northwest coast.

Forested LandForested Land

Land UseLand Use

see World Atlas see World Atlas pg. 148pg. 148

Environmental HistoryEnvironmental History• Europe was initially dominated by temperate forests

(deciduous). Today only 5% of Europe remains forested.

• 1000 – 1300: Agriculture becomes dominate land-use.• Warm climactic period.• Technological advances in agriculture.• Population boom (~36 million to ~80 million).

• Need for more agricultural land:• Large-scale drainage projects• Sea-reclamation projects• Settlement on less-than-optimal agricultural land.

• 1300 – 1500: Reduction in agricultural land use.• Black Plague • “Little Ice Age” shortens growing season.• Marginal agricultural lands abandoned.

• 18th century industrialization dramatically altered the landscape:

• Population concentration• Mining• Pollution

Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues

• Derelict landscapes:• Strip mining• Exposed chemical hazards

• Air / Water pollution:• Originally a western European issue resulting from

industrialization.• Eastern European countries suffer from sub-standard

industrial infrastructure.

• Water usage / scarcity:• Nine EU nations currently using water at unsustainable

levels.• Agricultural and personal use.

• Natural Resources:• Many resources used in production must be imported. • Over-fishing.

Population DensityPopulation Density

•Dense Core (Golden Triangle)Dense Core (Golden Triangle)•Sparse PeripherySparse Periphery

Population CharacteristicsPopulation Characteristics

RegionRegionPopulationPopulation

(Millions)(Millions)Birth Birth RateRate

Death Death RateRate

Natural Natural IncreaseIncrease

(%)(%)

Net Net MigratioMigration Raten Rate

Projected Projected Pop. Change Pop. Change

(2050)(2050)

NorthernNorthern 9999 1313 1010 0.30.3 44 +20%+20%

WesternWestern 189189 1010 99 0.10.1 11 0%0%

EasternEastern 153*153* 1111 1414 -0.2-0.2 11 -18%-18%

SouthernSouthern 155155 1010 99 0.10.1 66 -3%-3%* Excluding the western portion of Russia.

Population CharacteristicsPopulation Characteristics

RegionRegion Infant Infant Mortality RateMortality Rate

Total Fertility Total Fertility RateRate

% Pop % Pop <15<15

% Pop% Pop

>65>65

Life Life ExpectancyExpectancy

NorthernNorthern 44 1.91.9 1818 1616 7979WesternWestern 44 1.61.6 1616 1818 8080EasternEastern 88 1.51.5 1515 1414 7070

SouthernSouthern 55 1.41.4 1515 1818 8080

RegionRegion HIV/AIDS %HIV/AIDS % % Urban% UrbanGNI PPPGNI PPP

(US$)(US$)

NorthernNorthern 0.20.2 7777 36,09036,090WesternWestern 0.20.2 7575 36,43036,430EasternEastern 0.40.4 6969 14,43014,430

SouthernSouthern 0.40.4 6767 26,74026,740

• Age-Sex PyramidAge-Sex Pyramid• Age-structure of the Age-structure of the

population by sex.population by sex.

• Useful for comparisons.Useful for comparisons.• Male/FemaleMale/Female• Relative size of Relative size of

generationsgenerations• Birth ratesBirth rates

• Can be used to forecast Can be used to forecast future population future population structure.structure.

• Level of development.Level of development.

Population PyramidsPopulation PyramidsMale Female

Male Female

Ukraine

Ireland

• Beginning early in the 19th century there was a Beginning early in the 19th century there was a massive out-migration of Europeans to other parts massive out-migration of Europeans to other parts of the world. of the world.

• Population pressuresPopulation pressures• PovertyPoverty• Poor living conditions due to industrial revolutionPoor living conditions due to industrial revolution

• Largest migration flows: Largest migration flows: • North AmericaNorth America• Central & South America (Spanish & Portuguese)Central & South America (Spanish & Portuguese)• Australia & New Zealand (English, Scottish, Irish)Australia & New Zealand (English, Scottish, Irish)• North Africa (French & Italian)North Africa (French & Italian)• South Africa (Dutch)South Africa (Dutch)

The European DiasporaThe European Diaspora

• IndustrializationIndustrialization• Workers to industrial areas near coal fieldsWorkers to industrial areas near coal fields• Rural to urbanRural to urban

• War and political upheaval War and political upheaval • World warsWorld wars• Ethnic cleansingEthnic cleansing

• Current MigrationCurrent Migration• Rural to urban Rural to urban • Migrant workersMigrant workers• East to westEast to west• Balkan conflictBalkan conflict• RefugeesRefugees

Migration Within EuropeMigration Within Europe

• NorthNorth• ProtestantProtestant• Germanic languagesGermanic languages

• SouthSouth• CatholicCatholic• Larger familiesLarger families• Romance languagesRomance languages

• EastEast• OrthodoxOrthodox• Slavic languagesSlavic languages

Culture & EthnicityCulture & Ethnicity

Nations and StatesNations and States

• A A statestate is an independent political entity with is an independent political entity with boundaries that are internationally recognized by boundaries that are internationally recognized by other states.other states.

• A political identityA political identity

• A A nationnation is a group of people usually sharing is a group of people usually sharing common cultural elements such as religion, common cultural elements such as religion, language, history, or political identity.language, history, or political identity.

• A cultural identityA cultural identity

• A A nation-statenation-state is an independent political entity is an independent political entity whose inhabitants are culturally homogeneous.whose inhabitants are culturally homogeneous.

• When the boundaries of the political and cultural entities When the boundaries of the political and cultural entities coincide. coincide.

Ethnicity & National IdentityEthnicity & National Identity

• A true nation-state rarely exists in practice.A true nation-state rarely exists in practice.

• Distinctive religious, cultural, linguistic, and familial Distinctive religious, cultural, linguistic, and familial patterns led to many unique cultural subregions patterns led to many unique cultural subregions within Europe.within Europe. This has led to:This has led to:

• Regionalization (i.e. Northern Europe)Regionalization (i.e. Northern Europe)• Separation (i.e Basque movement)Separation (i.e Basque movement)• BalkanizationBalkanization• Enclaves and exclavesEnclaves and exclaves• Ethnic cleansingEthnic cleansing

• European cultural diversity has contributed to the European cultural diversity has contributed to the development of the modern nation-state.development of the modern nation-state.

• 1648 The Treaty of Westphalia1648 The Treaty of Westphalia

Nations without StatesNations without States

The European Welfare StateThe European Welfare State

• The The welfare statewelfare state refers to a social system refers to a social system whereby the state assumes primary responsibility whereby the state assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of its citizens, as in matters of for the welfare of its citizens, as in matters of health care, education, employment, and social health care, education, employment, and social security. security.

• Social PolicySocial Policy• ““Decommidification”Decommidification”

• Social servicesSocial services• Basic rightsBasic rights• Individual market performanceIndividual market performance

• The “European Dream”The “European Dream”

The European Welfare StateThe European Welfare State

• Objectives of Social PolicyObjectives of Social Policy• Redistribution of wealthRedistribution of wealth

• Progressive taxes and welfare payments.Progressive taxes and welfare payments.

• Income and standard of living maintenanceIncome and standard of living maintenance• Elderly, disabled, temporary illness.Elderly, disabled, temporary illness.

• Helping disadvantaged social groups / regionsHelping disadvantaged social groups / regions• Rural poverty, families with children, economic Rural poverty, families with children, economic

adjustments.adjustments.

• Public safety netPublic safety net• Last resortLast resort

• Economic governanceEconomic governance• Protect workers, promote collaborationProtect workers, promote collaboration

• Low-income reliefLow-income relief• Poverty alleviation, minimum standard of livingPoverty alleviation, minimum standard of living

Social Policy ModelsSocial Policy Models• Social Democratic Model (Nordic Model)Social Democratic Model (Nordic Model)

• Most universal social welfare model.Most universal social welfare model.• Health care, education, social security.Health care, education, social security.

• Reduces class and income differences.Reduces class and income differences.• Progressive taxes and welfare payments.Progressive taxes and welfare payments.

• Low poverty and unemployment levels.Low poverty and unemployment levels.• Most effective poverty alleviation modelMost effective poverty alleviation model• High rates of public employment.High rates of public employment.

• Social Insurance Model (Continental Model)Social Insurance Model (Continental Model)• Based more on security.Based more on security.

• Pensions, unemployment payments, accident insurance.Pensions, unemployment payments, accident insurance.• Government compensation as opposed to employment.Government compensation as opposed to employment.

• North/Central RegionsNorth/Central Regions• More effective poverty alleviation.More effective poverty alleviation.• Strong health care programs.Strong health care programs.

• Mediterranean RegionsMediterranean Regions• Higher poverty rates.Higher poverty rates.• Excellent pension programs.Excellent pension programs.

Social Policy ModelsSocial Policy Models• Residual Welfare Model (Anglo-Saxon Model)Residual Welfare Model (Anglo-Saxon Model)

• Much lower level of state expenditures.Much lower level of state expenditures.• Smaller pension funds.Smaller pension funds.• Social assistance spending (i.e. unemployment).Social assistance spending (i.e. unemployment).

• Encourages the market to act as a co-provider.Encourages the market to act as a co-provider.• Tax-credits for providing insurance and savings programs.Tax-credits for providing insurance and savings programs.

• Negative stigmatism surrounding social services.Negative stigmatism surrounding social services.• Those that can afford private insurance tend to opt-out.Those that can afford private insurance tend to opt-out.• Creates two-class society (dependent, non-dependent).Creates two-class society (dependent, non-dependent).

• Effective at combating unemployment, but not alleviating Effective at combating unemployment, but not alleviating poverty.poverty.

HighHigh LowLow

HighHigh NordicNordic Continental Continental (North-Central)(North-Central)

LowLow Anglo-SaxonAnglo-Saxon Continental Continental (Mediterranean)(Mediterranean)

Efficiency

Eq

uality

Europe in a Global ContextEurope in a Global Context

• Historical economic influence.Historical economic influence.• Merchant capitalism (15Merchant capitalism (15thth century) century)

• Banking and finance systems.Banking and finance systems.

• Technical innovationTechnical innovation• Mechanization of manufacturingMechanization of manufacturing

• Shipbuilding and navigationShipbuilding and navigation

• Political and economic expansionPolitical and economic expansion• Exploration and exploitationExploration and exploitation

• New commodities and marketsNew commodities and markets

• Reorientation of EuropeReorientation of Europe

• IndustrializationIndustrialization• Diffusion of technologyDiffusion of technology

• The Golden TriangleThe Golden Triangle

Europe in a Global ContextEurope in a Global Context

• Imperialism and WarImperialism and War• Global competition (territorial and economic).Global competition (territorial and economic).

• Geographic expansion to protect national economic Geographic expansion to protect national economic interests.interests.

• Led to imperialism as European countries sought to Led to imperialism as European countries sought to expand administrative control of overseas territories.expand administrative control of overseas territories.

• WarWar• World Wars I and II create rift between Eastern and World Wars I and II create rift between Eastern and

Western Europe.Western Europe.• Unites States heavily involved in reviving economies of Unites States heavily involved in reviving economies of

Western Europe.Western Europe.• Cold WarCold War

• State Socialism in Eastern EuropeState Socialism in Eastern Europe• The Soviet BlocThe Soviet Bloc• Command economiesCommand economies• ““Egalitarian” societies affect on the social and physical Egalitarian” societies affect on the social and physical

landscape.landscape.

The European UnionThe European Union

• Common currencyCommon currency

• Coordination of economic Coordination of economic policy (i.e. agricultural)policy (i.e. agricultural)

• InfrastructureInfrastructure

• Development fundsDevelopment funds

• Addressing environmental Addressing environmental concernsconcerns

• United economic and political United economic and political front.front.

•The European Union in a Global Context The European Union in a Global Context •Protectionist economic polices and barriers to marketsProtectionist economic polices and barriers to markets

•Restructuring of tradeRestructuring of trade

•Integration of Eastern Europe.Integration of Eastern Europe.

Europe in a Global ContextEurope in a Global Context

• Contemporary Europe and the FutureContemporary Europe and the Future• The European UnionThe European Union

• How much power will the E.U. have? How much power will the E.U. have?

• The European identity.The European identity.

• Future expansion.Future expansion.

• Economic ImportanceEconomic Importance• 12% of the world’s population.12% of the world’s population.• 35% of the world’s exports.35% of the world’s exports.• 43% of the world’s imports.43% of the world’s imports.

• Political importancePolitical importance• Economic and military power.Economic and military power.

• Ties with the United States and China.Ties with the United States and China.

• Strong colonial ties still exist.Strong colonial ties still exist.