WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION INSTRUMENTS …library.wmo.int/pmb_ged/wmo-td_587_en.pdf · is not yet the case. ... CIMO-X tasked a Rapporteur to study recent reports of "Radiosonde

WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

INSTRUMENTS AND OBSERVING METHODS

R E P 0 R T No. 56

WMO/TD - No. 587

REPORT BY THE RAPPORTEUR ON RADIOSONDE COMPATIBILITY

MONITORING

PART A- WMO CATALOGUE OF RADIOSONDES AND UPPER-AIR WIND SYSTEl\IS IN USE BY MEMBERS : 1993

PART B- COMPATffiiLITY OF RADIOSONDE GEOPOTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS 1990, 1991 AND 1992.

By Mr T. OAKLEY. UK Meteorological Office MetOOP London Road BrackneiJ, Berkshire. RG12 2SZ

November 1993.

FOREWORD

Radiosonde observations remain of major significance for meteorological operations and research. Within the global network of upper-air stations, a variety of equipment is in use. There are good reasons for this, since competition between manufacturers is necessary to keep· the cost of consumables under restraint. In other cases countries with large networks must be able to manufacture their own equipment in order to minimize expenditure on imported consumables.

Ideally, all the equipment in use would provide measurements of the same quality, but this is not yet the case. In order to improve this situation, it is necessary to identify the equipment types and also specific stations where data do not conform to the desired standard. To this

. end, CIMO-X tasked a Rapporteur to study recent reports of "Radiosonde Compatibility Monitoring" to identify those radiosonde types and stations where significant improvements need to be made.

The information in this report will be useful to a wide variety of readers, including radiosonde manufacturers, Members operating radiosonde stations, weather forecast centres running global and regional forecast models, scientists engaged in climate research and those involved in development of techniques for measuring atmospheric temperature using remote sensing.

I would like to thank Mr. T. Oakley for preparing this report, the Meteorological Office of the United Kingdom for its support to this undertaking and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK for producing the original monthly monitoring statistics used here. I would also like to thank the WMO Secretariat and the many national Meteorological Services who collaborated in th~ survey leading to the update of the Catalogue of Radiosondes and Upper-air Wind Systems in Use by Members. ·

~ (Jaan Kruus)

President of the Commission for Instrumentli and Methods of Observation

FORE\\''ORD

Upper air temperature and geopotential height observations by radiosondes are produced daily at about 900 stations world-wide. Ideally, all the equjprnent in use would provide measurements of similar quality, but this is not yet the case. The Upper Air Working Group established by CllvfO -X in 1989 was tasked with improving the compatibility of these observations. However, it is first necessary to identify the equipment types in use and also the radiosonde stations where significant errors ( sy~tematic or random) remain uncorrected. To help in this task, CIMO-X tasked a specific Rapporteur to study "Radiosonde Compatibility Monitoring " results. This Rapporteur has worked under the guidance of the Chairman of the Upper Air Working Group to provide information to working group members and also to present preliminary results at the TEC0-92, V/M:O Technical Conference in Vienna. The following report is a summary of monitoring results obtained between 1990 and 1992 for every upper station in the global network.

The report includes an updated station by station list of the "Radiosondes and Upper Wind Systems in use by Members". This is followed by a second part that provides long term averages of operational monitoring statistics for each station. These averages allow detailed investigation of the magnitude of the random errors and the systematic bias in radiosonde geopotential height (equivalent to mean layer temperature) observations. Results are also summarised for the main radiosonde types in use.

The information should provide a reliable foundation in planning future policy for a wide variety of interested parties, including the radiosonde manufacturers, Members responsible for operating networks of radiosonde stations, weather forecast centres running global and regional forecast models and scientists engaged in climate research and development of remote sensing techniques for atmospheric temperature .

I would like to thank Tiro Oakley who has worked for several years to prepare this comprehensive report and the WMO Secretariat for their help in obtaining more reliable information on the radiosonde types in use.

J. Nash Chairman of Cit:v10 -X Upper Air Working Group.

PART A

WMO CATALOGUE OF RADIOSONDES AND UPPER-AIR WIND SYSTEMS IN USE

BY MEMBERS : 1993

- 1 -

1. IN1RODUCTION.

Detailed analysis and interpretation of observations from upper-air stations requires accurate and up to date information on the radiosondes and ground equipment being used at .each station. Information on the radiation corrections applied to temperature observations, other local practices, e.g. whether a mixture of radiosondes are used, is also necessary. Hence, at CIMO-X it was agreed that the Rapporteur for Compatibility of Radiosonde Geopotential Measurements would be tasked to maintain and update a directory of Upper-Air stations. This directory. This would then be published as the 'WMO Catalogue of Radiosondes and Upper Wind Systems in Use by Members' at the same time as the final Rapporteur's report.

The last 'WMO' publication of an Upper-Air station catalogue was in Aprill989 as an Appendix. to the Instruments and Observing Methods Report No. 36. This list was used as the basis of the new catalogue. To update this list it was decided that the relevant entries would be sent to each WMO member country. These were accompanied by a letter explaining the importance of an accurate and detailed upper-air catalogue and requesting that the entries be updated (as necessary) and returned to the rapporteur. This approach proved very successful with returns by the beginning of 1993 covering approximately 85% of the global upper-air network (compared with 50% returns from previous questionnaires).

Information from this updated catalogue is listed in Tables 2 and 3.

2. SUMMARY OF CATALOGUE TABLES 2 & 3.

Tables 2 and 3 provide detailed listings of radiosonde types, windfinding equipment, ground systems, radiation corrections etc. for all the stations in the global upper-air network. Although much time has been spent checking the validity and accuracy of the data this cannot of course be guaranteed. The information given represents upper-air operations at the beginning of 1993, however known changes since this date have also been included.

Guidelines on the information/abbreviations used are a5 follows:

Table 2

STATION NUMBER LAT LONG STAT. HGIIT SONDE ALT SONDE TEMPPROG. PILOTPROG. DATEUPD.

Table 3

FREQMHz RADCOR CORR. TYPE

Country number+ Station number given in ascending order. Latitude of the station in degrees, minus indicates degrees South. Longitude of the station in degrees, minus indicates degrees West. Station height in metres above mean sea level (MSL). Radiosonde type in regular use. (see Table la) Alternative radiosonde used, if applicable. (see Table la) Nominal times of TEMP soundings. (i.e. 00 = 00 UTC) Nominal times of PILOT soundings. (i.e. 18 = 18 UTC) Date (month/year) at which information was last updated.

Radiosonde transmitter frequency. Whether a radiation correction is applied (Y=Yes, N=No). If radiation correction applied, type identification if known. (See Table 1 b)

- 2 -

3. UPDATING THE CATALOGVE

If any Member should fmd that the information given in this report is incorrect or has changed, please send an amended printout for the stations concerned to the Wl\10 Secretariat at the address given below.

Wl\10 Secretariat, WWW/OSY 41, Avenue Giuseppe Motta P. 0. Box 2300 CH-1211 GENEVA Switzerland

It would also be helpful if this information could also be copied to :-

.Mr. T. Oakley (Rapporteur)United Kingdom U.K. Meteorological Office (OP), London Road, Bracknell, Berks RG 12 2SZ.

- 3 -

Table la - Description of Radiosonde type used in Tables 2 and 3.

I SONDE I Description I SONDE I Description

BLANK Unknown MRZ-T A-22 Malahit system (fonner USSR) MSS AIR Air intellisonde,AIR inc. (USA ML-SR ELIN ELIN (Austria) SDC IM-MK3 Indian Met. Services Mark 3 SHANG J/YANG Jinyang radiosonde (VIZ type) VAL MARS or Meteorit 1 or 2 system VIZ MET (fonner USSR) MEISEI MEISEI (Japan) VIZB MES Mesural (French) VRS80

MRZ A VK system (fonner USSR)

Table lb- Radiation correction type.

I Correction !ype I Description.

V82 Vaisala RS80 radiation correction 1982. V86 Vaisala RS80 radiation correction 1986 V93 Vaisala RS80 radiation correction 1993 NIR V aisala RS80 solar correction (86) but

no Infra-Red correction. ? with above Some doubt concerning accuracy.

V.I.Z. V aisala RS80 radiosonde PTU,LORAN or Ome a

- 5 -TABLE 2

UPPER-AIR STATIONS AND RADIOSONDE TYPES : 1993

STATION LAT LONG STAT, STATION NAME COUNTRY SONDE ALT TEMP PILOT DATE NUMBER (-•S) (-:rW) HGHT. . .. SONDE PROG, PROG, UPD.

01001 70.93 -8,67 9 JAN MAYEN NORWAY - VRS80N 0012 02/93 01028 74.52 19.02 18 BJORNOYA NORWAY VRS80N 0012 02/93 01152 67.26 14' 37 20 BODO NORWAY VRS80N 0012 02/93 01241 63,70 9.60 10 OR LAND NORWAY VRS80N 0012 02/93 01384 60.20 11. 10 201 OSLO/GARDERMOEN NORWAY VRS80N 0012 02/93 01415 58.88 5.63 14 STAVANGER/SOLA NORWAY VRS80N 0012 02/93 02185 65.55 22.13 34 LULEA/KALLAX SWEDEN VRS80 0012 0618 01/93 02225 63' 18 14.50 366 OSTERSUND/FROSON SWEDEN VRS80 IRREG IRREG 01/93 02365 62.53 17.45 6 SUNDSVALL-HARNOSAND SWEDEN VRS80N 0012 0618 01/93 02465 59.35 17.95 22 STOCKHOLM/BROMMA SWEDEN VRS80N 0012 0618 01/93 02527 57,67 12,30 155 GOTEBURG/LANDVETTER SWEDEN VRS80N 0012 0618 01/93 02544 58.52 14.53 102 KARLSBORG SWEDEN VRS80 IRREG IRREG 01/93 02591 57.65 18.35 47 VISBY AEROLOGISKA SWEDEN VRS80 0012 0618 01/93 02836 67.37 26.65 179 SONDANKYLA FINLAND VRS80N 0012 12/92 02935 62.40 25.68 145 JYVASKYLA FINLAND VRS80N 0012 12/92 02963 60.82 23.50 103 JOKIOINEN FINLAND VRS80N 0012 12/92 03005 60.13 -1.18 84 LERWICK UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 0012 0618 09/93 03026 58.22 -6.32 13 STORNOWAY UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 0012 0618 09/93 03170 56,43 -2.87 s SflANWELL (Closed) UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 0012 0618 03/92 03213 54.32 -3.40 9 ESKMEALS UNITED KINGDOM VRS80L IRREG IRREG 09/93 03240 55.41 -1.60 75 BOULMER UNITED KINGDOM .VRS80L 00061218 09/93 03322 53.55 -2.92 56 AUGHTON UNITED KINGDOM VRS80L 00061218 09/93 03496 52.68 1. 68 14 HEMS BY UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 VRS80L 0012 0618 09/93 03502 52.13 -4.57 134 ABERPORTH UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 IRREG IRREG 09/93 03693 51. ss 0.83 3 SHOEBURYNESS UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 IRREG IRREG 09/93 03743 51.20 -1.80 133 LARKHILL UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 IRREG IRRBG 09/93 03763 51.38 -0.78 74 BEAUFORT PARK UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 IRREG IRREG 10/92 03774 51.08 -0.22 144 CRAWLEY (Closed) UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 0012 0618 09/92 03808 50.22 -5.32 88 CAMBORNE UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 0012 0618 09/93 03882 50.90 0.33 54 HERSTMONCEUX UNITED KINGDOM VRS80L 00061218 09/93 03920 54.48 -6.10 38 LONG KESH UNITED KINGDOM VRS80L 00061218 09/93 03953 51.93 -10.25 14 VALENT IA EIRE VRS80N 0012 18 01/93 04018 63.97 -22.60 38 KEFLAVIK ICELAND VRS80N 0012 12/92 04202 76.52 -68.83 59 THULE AIRPORCE BASE GREENLAND MSS 0012 12/92 04220 68.70 -52.75 40 EGEDBSMINDE GREENLAND VRS80N 0012 12/92 04270 61. 18 -45.43 4 NARSSARSSUAQ GREENLAND VRS80N 0012 12/92 04320 76.77 -18.77 11 DANMARKSHAVN GREENLAND VRS80N 0012 12/92 04339 70.48 -21.97. 6S SCORESBYSUND GREENLAND VRS80N 0012 12/92 04360 65.60 -37.63 so ANGMAGSSALIK GREENLAND VRS80N 0012 12/92 06011 62.02 -6.77 ss THORSHAVN DENUARK ( F AROE ISL) VRS80N 0012 12/92 06030 57.10 9.87 3 ALBORG DENMARK VIZ 06 12/92 06181 55.77 12.52 40 KOBENHAVN DENMARK VRS80N 0012 0618 12/92 06260 52.10 5.18 4 DE BILT NETHERLANDS VRS80N 00061218 12/92 06447 50.80 4.35 104 UCCLE BELGIUM VRS80N 0012 12/92 06476 S0.03 5.40 557 ST-HUBERT BELGIUM VRS80N 0012 12/92 06496 50.47 6.18 570 ELSENBORN BELGIUM IRREG IRREG 12/92 06610 46.82 6.95 491 PAY ERNE SWITZERLAND ML-SRS 0012 0618 12/92 07110 48.45 -4.42 103 BREST PRANCE VRS80L 0012 12/92 0714S 48.77 2.02 168 TRAP PES FRANCE VRS80L 0012 12/92 07180 48.68 6.22 217 NANCY/ESSEY FRANCE VRS80L 0012 12/92 07481 45.73 5,08 240 LYON/SATOLAS FRANCE VRS80L 0012 12/92 07510 44.83 -0.70 61 BORDEAUX/MERIGNAC FRANCE VRS80L 0012 12/92 07645 43.87 4.40 62 NIMES/COURBBSSAC FRANCE VRS80L 0012 12/92 07761 41.92 8.80 9 AJACCIO FRANCE VRS80L 0012 12/92 08001 43.37 -8.42 67 LA CORUNA SPAIN· VRS80N 0012 12/92 08023 43.47 -3.82 6S SANTANDER SPAIN VRS80N 0012 12/92 08160 41.67 -1.02 258 ZARAGOZA A/P SPAIN VRS80N 0012 12/92 08221 40.47 -3.58 633 MADRID SPAIN VRS80N 0012 12/92 08301 39.55 2.61 6 PALMA DE MALLORCA SPAIN VRS80N 0012 12/92 08430 38.00 -1. 17 62 MURCIA SPAIN VRS80N 0012 12/92 0849S 36' 15 -5.33 4 GIBRALTAR GIBRALTAR VRS80N 0012 0618 09/93 08S08 38.73 -27.07 54 LAJES PORTUGAL (ACORES) VRS80N 0012 12/92 08522 32.63 -16,90 56 FUNCHAL PORTUGAL (MADEIRA) VRS80N 0012 12/92 08579 38.77 -9.13 104 LISBOA/GAGO COUTINHO PORTUGAL VRS80N 0012 12/92 08594 16.73 -22.95 ss SAL CAPE VERDE ISLS VIZ 0012 12/92 10035 54.53 9. ss 48 SCHLESWIG GERMANY VRS80 0012 0618 01/93 10046 54.38 10. 15 31 KIEL-KRONSHAGEN GERMANY IRREG IRREG 01/93 10184 54. 10 13.38 6 GREIFSWALD GERMANY VRS80N 00061218 01/93 10200 53.35 7.22 5 EMDEN-KONIGSPOLDER GERMANY VRS80 0012 0618 01/93 10238 52.82 9.93 69 BERGEN GERMANY IRREG IRREG 01/93 10304 S2.72 7.32 26 MEP PEN GERMANY IRREG IRREG 01/93 10338 52.47 9.70 ss HANNOVER GERMANY VRS80 0012 0618 01/93 10384 52.47 13.40 46 BERLIN-TEMPELHOF GERMANY IRREG IRREG 01/93 10393 52.22 14. 12 11S LINDENBERG GERMANY VRS80 00061218 01/93 10410 s 1.40 6.97 153 ESSEN GERMANY VRS80 0012 0618 01/93 10437 51. 13 9.28 223 FRITZLAR-KASSELERW GERMANY IRREG IRREG 01/93 10486 51. 12 13.68 232 WAHNSDORF GERMANY VRS80 0012 0618 01/93 10548 so.ss 10.37 453 MEININGEN GERMANY VRS80 000612 18 01/93 10618 49.70 7.33 377 IDAR-OBERSTEIN GERMANY VRS80 0012 0618 01/93 10739 48.83 9.20 315 STUTTGART GERMANY VRS80 0012 0618 01/93 10771 49.43 11.90 418 GARMERSDORF GERMANY VRS80 0012 0618 01/93

- 6 -TABLE 2


STATION LAT LONG STAT. STATION NAME COUNTRY SONDE ALT TEMP PILOT DATE NUMBER (-=S) (-:oW) HGHT SONDE PROG. PROG. UPD.

10868 48.25 11. ss 489 MUNCH EN GERMANY VRS80 0012 0618 01/93 10921 47.98 8.90 804 NEUHAUSEN OB ECK GERMANY IRREG IRREG 01/93 10962 47.80 11.02 986 HOHENPEISSENBERG GERMANY IRREG IRREG 01/93 11011 48.24 14. 18 298 LINZ/HOERSCHING AUSTRIA ELIN 06 12/92 11035 48.25 16.37 200 WIEN/HOHE WARTE AUSTRIA ELIN . 0012 0618 12/92 11240 47 .oo 15.43 340 GRAZ/THALERHOP AUSTRIA ELIN 06 12/92 11520 50.02 14.45 304 PRAHA-LIBUS CZECH VRS80N 00061218 12/92 11952 49.03 20.32 706 POPRAD/GANOVCE SLOVAKIA VRS80N MARS 000612 18 12/92 12120 54.77 17.57 2 LEBA POLAND VRS80N 0012 01/93 12330 52.42 16.83 92 POZNAN (CLOSED) POLAND 01/93 12374 52.40 20.97 96 LEGIONOWO POLAND VRS80N MARS 0012 06 01/93 12425 Sl. 12 16,88 122 WROCLAW POLAND VRS80N 0012 01/93 12843 47.43 19. 18 139 BUDAPEST/LORINC HUNGARY VRS80N 0012 01/93 12982 46.25 20.10 83 SZEGED HUNGARY MARS 0012 01/93 13130 45.82 16.03 128 ZAGREB/MAKSIMIR X-YUGOSLAVIA VIZ 0012 0618 12/92 13275 44.77 20.42 203 BEOGRAD X-YUGOSLAVIA VRS80N 00 12/92 15120 46.78 23.57 413 CLUJ-NAPOGA ROMANIA VRS80N 0012 0618 12/92 15420 44.50 26. 13 91 BUCARESTI/IMH ROMANIA VRS80N 0012 0618 12/92 15480 44.22 28.63 14 CONSTANT A ROMANIA A-22 0012 0618 12/92 15614 42.82 23.38 591 SOFIA (OBSERV.) BULGARIA MARS 000612 12/92 15730 41.63 25.40 331 KURDJALI (CLOSED) BULGARIA (CLOSED) MARS 12/92 16044 46.03 13. 18 94 UDINE/CAMPOPORMIDO ITALY VRS80N 0012 0618 16080 45.43 9.28 103 MILANO/LINATE ITALY VRS80N 00061218 16144 44.65 11.38 0 S,PIBTRO (BOLOGNA) ITALY VRS80N 0012 16245 41.65 12.43 12 PRATICA DI MARE ITALY VRS80N 00061218 16320 40,65 17.95 10 BRINDISI ITALY VRS80N 00061218 16429 37.92 12.50 14 TRAPANI/BIRGI ITALY VRS80N 0012 0618 16560 39.25 9.05 18 CAGLlARI/ELMAS ITALY VRS80N 00061218 16622 40.52 22.97 4 THESSALONIKI/YIKRA GREECE VRS80N 12 12/92 16716 37.90 23.73 15 ATHENS(HELLINIKON) GREECE VRS80N 0012 0618 12/92 16754 . 35.33 25.18 39 HERAKLION GREECE VRS80N 12 0618. 12/92 17030 41.28 36,33 4 SAMSUN TURKEY VRS80 VIZ 0012 12/92 17062 40.97 29.08 40 ISTANBUL/GOZTEPE TURKEY VRS80 VIZ 0012 12/92 17130 39.95 32.88 894 ANKARA/CENTRAL TURKEY VRS80 VIZ 0012 12/92 17220 38.43 27.17 25 IZMIR/GUZELYALI TURKEY VRS80 VIZ 0012 12/92 17240 37.75 30.55 997 ISPARTA TURKEY VRS80 VIZ 0012 12/92 17280 37.88 40.18 677 DIYARBAKIR TURKEY VRS80 VIZ . 0012 12/92 17352 36.98 35.30 20 ADANA TURKEY VRS80 VIZ 0012 12/92 17607 35.15 33.40 161 ATHALASSA CYPRUS VIZ 12 06 12/92 20046 80.62 58.05 20 GMO IM.E.T.KRENKELJA RUSSIA YRZ 0012 12/92 20069 79.50 76.98 12 OSTROV VIZE RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 20107 78.07 14. 15 75 BARENCBURG RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 20274 77.50 82.23 22 OSTROV UEDINENIJA RUSSIA MARS 0012 .12/92 20292 77.72 104.28 15 GMO IM.E.K. FEDEROVA RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 20353 76.95 68.58 11 MYS ZELANIJA RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 20667 73.20 70.02 7 M,V.POPOVA RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 20674 73.50 80.23 47 OSTROV DIKSON RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 20744 72.38 52.73 19 MAL YE KARMAKULY RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 20891 71.98 102.47 26 HATANGA RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 21358 76.15 152.83 21 OSTROV ZOHOVA RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 21432 76.00 137.90 22 OSTROV KOTEL'NYJ RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 21504 74.67 112.93 34 OSTROV PREOBRAZENIJA RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 21647 73.18 143.93 20 MYS SHALAUROVA RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 21824 71.58 128.92 4 TIKSI RU.SSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 21946 70.37 147.53 61 COKURDAH RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 21965 70.63 162.40 41 OSTROV CETYREH-STOL. RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 21982 70.97 -178.53 3 OSTROV VRANGELJA RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 22113 68.97 33.05 121 MURMANSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 22217 67.13 32.43 26 KANDALAKSA RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 22271 67.88 44.13 10 SHOINA RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 22522 64.98 34.78 8 KEM'-PORT RUSSIA A-22 0012 12/92 22550 64.58 40.50 4 ARHANGEL'SK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 22845 61.30 38.56 126 KARGOPOL RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 23022 69.77 61.68 ss AMDERMA RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 23205 67.65 53.02 6 NAR 'JAN-MAR RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 23330 66.53 66.53 16 SALEHARD RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 23418 65. 12 57.10 61 PECHORA RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 23472 65.78 87.95 38 TURUHANSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 23552 64.92 77,82 27 TARKO-SALE RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 23804 61.67 50.85 116 SYKTYVKAR RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 23884 61.60 90.00 58 BOR RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 23921 60.68 60.43 95 IVDEL' RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 23933 60.97 69.07 44 HANTY-MANSIJSK RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 23955 60.43 77.87 48 ALEKSANDROVSKOB RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 24125 68.50 112.43 203 OLENEK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 24266 67.55 133.38 137 VERHOJANSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 24343 66.77 123.40 80 ZIGANSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 24507 64. 17 100.07 186 TURA RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 24641 63.77 121.62 107 VILJUJSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 24688 63.27 143.15 770 OJMJAKON RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 24817 61. 27 108.02 291 ERBOGACHEN RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92

- 7 -TABLE 2


STATION LAT LONG STAT. STATION NAME COUNTRY SONDE ALT TEMP PILOT DATE NUMBER (-=S) (-=W) HGHT SONDE PROG. PROG. UPD.

24908 60.33 102.27 260 VANAVARA RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 24944 60.40 20.42 135 OLEKMINSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 24959 62.08 129.75 99 JAKUTSK RUSSIA - MRZ 001218 12/92 25123 68.80 161.28 26 CERSKIJ RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 25173 68.92 -179.48 s MYS SHMIDTA RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 25399 66. 17 -169.83 6 MYS UELEN RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 25400 65.44 150.54 43 ZVBJANKA RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 25551 64.68 170.42 26 MARKOVO RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 25563 64.78 177.57 6 ANADYR' RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 25677 63.05 179.32 82 BERINGSKOVKAJA RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 25703 62.92 152.42 207 SEIMCHAN RUSSIA "' MRZ 0012 12/92 25913 59.58 150.78 117 MAGADAN RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 25954 60.35 166.00 4 KORF RUSSIA MRZ 0012 0618 12/92 26038 59.38 24.58 37 TALL IN ESTONIA VRS80 0012 01/93 26063 59.97 30,30 76 LENINGRAD(VDYEYKOVA) RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 26258 57.83 28.35 44 PS KOV RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 26298 57.90 34.05 186 BOLOGOE RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 26422 56.97 24.03 26 RIGA LATVIA MARS 0012 12/92 26629 54.88 23.83 77 KAUNAS LITHUANIA MRZ 0012 0618 12/92 26702 54.70 20.62 21 KALININGRAD RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 26781 54.75 32.07 238 SMOLENSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 26850 53.93 27.63 231 MINSK BELARUS MRZ 0012 12/92 27037 59.28 39.87 127 VOLOGDA RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 27196 58.65 49.62 166 KIROV RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 27553 56.22 43.82 157 GOR'KIJ RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 27595 55.78 49.18 120 KAZAN RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 27612 55.75 37.57 200 MOSKVA(DOLGOPRUDNY) RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 27947 52.73 41.47 161 TAMBOV RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 28275 58.15 68.18 50 TOBOL'SK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 28440 56.80 60.63 287 SVERDLOVSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 28661 55.28 65.24 74 KURGAN RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 28698 54.93 73.40 91 OMSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 28722 54.75 56.00 104 UFA RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 28900 53.25 50.45 45 KUJBYSEV (BEZENCUK) RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 28952 53.22 63.62 171 KUSTANAJ CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 0012 02/93 29231 58.30 82.90 76 KOLPASHEVO RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 29263 58.27 92.09 78 ABAKAN RUSSIA MRZ . 0012 12/92 29282 58.42 97.40 133 BOGUCANY RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 29574 56.00 92.88 206 KRASNOJARSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 29612 55.37 78.40 120 BARABINSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 29634 55.03 82.90 143 NOVOSIBIRSK RUSSIA MRZ-T 0012 12/92 29698 54.88 99.03 411 NIZNEUDINSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 30054 59.45 112.58 190 VITIM RUSSIA MRZ 0012 "12/92 30230 57.77 108.12 259 KIRENSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 30309 56.04 101.50 416 BRATSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 30372 56.55 118.22 711 CARA RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 30521 54.48 105. 10 426 ZIGALOVO RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 30554 54.47 113.58 995 BOGDARIN RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 30635 53.43 108.98 460 UST'-BARGUZIN RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 30673 53.73 119.78 625 MOGOCA RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 30692 54.00 123.97 400 SKOVORODINO RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 30715 52.27 104.35 417 ANGARSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 30758 52.02 113.33 671 CITA RUSSIA MRZ 001218 12/92 30935 50.37 108.75 770 KRASNYJ CIKOJ RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 30965 50.38 116.52 676 BORZJA RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 31004 58.62 125.37 679 ALDAN RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 31088 59,37 143.20 6 OHOTSK RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 31168 56.45 138.15 7 AJAN RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 31300 53.75 127.23 228 ZEJA RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 31329 53.07 132.93 543 EKIMCAN RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 31369 53.15 140.70 46 NIKOLAEVSK-NA-AMURE RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 31510 50.27 127.50 136 BLAGOVESCENSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 31707 47.73 130.97 71 EKATORINO-NIKOL'SKOE RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 31735 48.52 135.17 72 HABAROVSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 31873 45.87 133.73 100 DAL'NERECENSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 31909 45.03 136,67 70 TERNEJ RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 31960 43. 12 131. 90 138 VLADIVOSTOK RUSSIA MRZ-T 0012 12/92 32061 50.90 142.17 31 ALEKSANDROVSK-S'SKIJ RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 32150 46.92 142.73 29 JUZNO-SAHALINSK RUSSIA MRZ 001218 12/92 32165 44.02 145.82 49 JUZNO-KURIL'SK RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 32186 46.20 150.50 76 URUP RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 32217 50.00 155.38 32 SEVERO-KURIL'SK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 32389 56.32 160.83 28 KLJUCI RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 32540 52.97 158.75 84 PETROPAVLOSK-KA'SKIJ RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 32618 55.20 165.98 14 NIKOL'SKOE RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 33008 52. 10 23.70 146 BREST BELARUS MRZ 0012 12/92 33041 52.40 3.0.95 126 GOMEL' BELARUS MRZ 0012 12/92 33345 50.40 30.45 167 KIEV CIS (UKRAINE) MRZ 0012 0618 33393 49.82 23.95 329 L'VOV CIS (UKRAINE) MARS 0012 0618 33631 48.63 22.27 115 UZGOROD CIS (UKRAINE) MRZ 0012 0618 33658 48.27 25.97 214 CHERNOVCY CIS (UKRAINE) MARS 0012 0618

- 8 -TABLE 2


STATION LAT LONG STAT. STATION NAME COUNTRY SONDE ALT TEMP PILOT DATE NU!olBER (-=S) <-.. w) HGHT SONDE PROG. PROG, UPD.

33815 46.97 28.85 180 KISHINEV CIS (MOLDOVA) MRZ 0012 02/93 33837 46.48 30.63 42 ODES SA CIS (UKRAINE) MARS 0012 0618 33946 45.02 33.98 280 SIMFEROPOL' CIS (UKRAINE) MARS 0012 0618 34009 51.65 36.18 248 KURSK RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 34122 51.70 39.17 107 VORONEZ RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 34172 s 1. 57 46.03 170 SARATOV RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 34300 49.93 36.28 147 HAR'KOV RUS.SIA MRZ 0012 12/92 34560 48.68 44.35 141 VOLGOGRAD RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 34731 47.25 39.82 78 ROSTOV-NA-DONU RUSSIA MARS 0012 1.2/92 34858 45.92 43.35 87 DIVNOE RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 34880 46.27 48.03 -17 ASTRAHAN' RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 35108 51.78 55.22 39 URAL'SK CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ MARS 0012 02/93 35121 51.75 ss. 10 120 ORENBURG RUSSIA MRZ 0012 12/92 35229 50.30 57. 15 219 AKTYUBINSK CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 0012 02/93 35394 49.80 73.13 353 KARAGANDA CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MARS 0012 02/93 35700 47.02 51.85 -24 GUR'EV CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 0012 02/93 35746 46.78 61.67 64 ARAL'SK CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 0012 02/93 35796 46.90 75.00 415 BALHAS CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 0012 02/93 36177 50,35 80.25 196 SEMIPALATINSK CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MARS 0012 0618 02/93 36870 43.23 76.93 663 ALMA-ATA CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 0012 02/93 37018 44.10 39.07 95 TUAPSE RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 37054 44.22 43.10 313 MINERAL 'NYE VODY RUSSIA MARS 0012 12/92 37260 43.02 41.00 115 SUHUMI CIS (GEORGIA) MRZ 0012 0618 02/93 37549 41.52 44.97 490 TBILISI CIS (GEORGIA) MRZ 0012 02/93 37789 40.13 44.47 1113 EREVAN CIS (AZERBAYDZHAN) MARS 0012 02/93 37985 38.73 48.83 -13 LENKORAN' CIS (AZERBAYDZHAN) MARS 0012 02/93 38062 44,85 65.50 128 KZYL-ORDA CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 0012 0.2/93 38341 42.85 71.38 652 DZHAYBUL CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 0012 02/93 38353 42.80 74.50 756 BISHKEK CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 0012 02/93 38392 41.83 59.98 87 TASAUZ CIS (TURKMENISTAN) MRZ 0012 02/93 38457 41' 33 69.30 492 TASHKENT CIS (UZBEKISTAN) MRZ-T 0012 02/93 38507 40,03 52.98 90 KRASNOVODSK CIS (TURKMENISTAN) MRZ 0012 02/93 38687 39,08 63.60 190 CHARDZHOU CIS (TURKMENISTAN) MARS 0012 02/93 38750 37.47 53.97 -25 GASAN-KULI CIS (TURKMENISTAN) MRZ 0012 0618 02/93 38836 38.55 68.78 800 DUSHANBE CIS (TADZHIKISTAN) MARS 0012 02/93 38880 37.97 58.33 304 ASHGABAD CIS (TURKMENISTAN) MRZ-T 0012 02/93 38954 37.50 71,"50 2076 HOROG CIS (TADZHIKISTAN) MARS 0012 02/93 40007 36. 12 37.22 425 ALEPPO SYRIA VRS80N 00 0618 01/93 40080 33.42 36.52 611 DAMASCUS A/P SYRIA VRS80N 12 0618 01/93 40100 33.82 35.48 19 BEYROUTH(AEROPORT) LEBANON· VRS80 0012 40179 32,00 34.82 30 BET DAGAN ISRAEL VIZ 0012 0618 40265 32.37 36.27 687 MAFRAQ JORDAN VRS80 0012 12/92 40373 28.19 46.08 357 QAISUMAH SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 0012 12/92 40375 28.37 36.58 776 TABUK SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 0012 12/92 40394 27.43 41.68 1013 HAIL SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 0012 12/92 40416 26.27 50.17 17 DHANRAN SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 0012 12/92 40430 24.55 39.72 636 MADINAH SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 0012 12/92 40437 24.93 46.72 612 KING KHALED INT. A/P SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 0012 12/92 40582 29.22 47.98 55 KUWAIT INT. 'AIRPORT KUWAIT VRS80N 0012 0618 10/92 40650 33.23 44.23 34 BAGHDAD IRAQ VRS80N 0012 0618 40706 38,08 46.28 1361 TABRIZ IRAN VRS80N 00 12/92 40745 36.27 59.63 .980 MASH HAD IRAN VRS80N 0012 12/92 40754 35.68 51.32 1191 TEHRAN-MEHRABAD IRAN VRS80N 0012 12/92 40766 34.32 47.12 1322 KERMANSHAH IRAN VRS80N 0012 12/92 40800 32.62 SI. 67 1590 ESFAHAN IRAN VRS80N 0012 12/92 40809 32.87 59.20 1491 BIRJAND IRAN VRS80 0012 12/92 40841 30.25 56.97 1754 KERMAN IRAN VRS80 0012 12/92 40848 29.33 52.36 1488 SHIRAZ IRAN VRS80 0012 12/92 40875 27. 13 56.22 12 BANDAR-ABBAS IRAN VRS80N 0012 12/92 40938 34.22 62.22 964 HERAT AFGHANISTAN 0012 06 40948 34.55 69.22 1791 KABUL AIRPORT AFGHANISTAN 0012 06 40990 31. so 65.85 1010 KANDAHAR AIRPORT AFGHANISTAN 0012 06 41024 21.67 39. 15 18 JEDDAH (KAA INT.A/P) SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 0012 12/92 41114 18,30 42.80 2054 KHAMIS MUSHAIT SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 0012 12/92 41170 25.25 51.57 10 DOHA INT, AIRPORT QATAR VRS80 00 11/92 41217 24.43 54.65 27 ABU DHABI INT, A/P UNITED ARAB EMIRATE 0012 0618 41256 23.58 58.28 15 SEEB INT. AIRPORT OMAN VRS80N 0012 12/92 41316 17.03 54.08 22 SALALAH OMAN VIZ 0012 12/92 41344 15.52 44.18 2190 SANA'A YEMEN VRS80 12 12/92 41480 12.50 45.02 3 ADEN YEMEN VRS80N 00 0612 12/92 41494 12.38 53.54 47 SOCOTRA YEMEN VRS80N 12 12/92 41530 34.02 71.58 360 PESHAWAR PAKISTAN VRS80 00 061218 12/92 41594 32.05 72.67 188 SARGODHA PAKISTAN VRS80 00 061218 12/92 41640 31.55 74.33 215 LAHORE PAKISTAN VRS80N 00 061218 12/92 41661 30. 18 66.95 1621 QUETTA(SHEIKH MANDA) PAKISTAN VRS80 00 061218 12/92 41675 30.20 71.43 123 MULTAN PAKISTAN VRS80 00 061218 12/92 41739 26.96 64.07 968 PANJGUR PAKISTAN VRS80 00 061218 12/92 41780 24.90 67. 13 22 KARACHI AIRPORT PAKISTAN VRS80 00 061218 12/92 41923 23.77 90.38 9 DHAKA BANGLADESH VIZ MEISEI 00 061218 01/93 42027 34.08 74.83 1587 SRINAGAR INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 42101 30.33 76.47 251 PAT I ALA INDIA IM MK3 0012 12/92

- 9 -TABLE 2


STATION LAT LONG STAT. STATION NAME COUNTRY SONDE ALT TEMP PILOT DATE NUMBER (-=S) (-:oW) HGHT SONDE PROG. PROG. UPD.

42182 28.58 77.20 216 NEW DELHI INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 42314 27.48 95.02 111 DIBRUGARH INDIA IM 1«3 0012 0618 12/92 42339 26.30 73.02 224 JODHPUR INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 42361 26.23 78.25 207 GWALIOR INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 42369 26.75 80,88 128 LUCKNOW/AMAUSI INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 42379 26.75 83.45 87 GURAKHPUR INDIA IM MK3 0012 12/92 42397 26.67 88.37 123 SILIGURI INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 42410 26. 10 91.58 54 GAUHATI INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 42492 25.60 85.10 60 PATNA INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 42647 23.07 72.63 ss AHMADABAD INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 42667 23.28 77.25 S23 BHOPAL/BAIRAGARH INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 42700 23.43 8S.40 606 RANCH I INDIA IM MK3 0012 06 12/92 42724 23.88 91.25 16 AGARTALA INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 42779 22.77 81.90 62S PENDRA ROAD INDIA IM MK3 0012 12/92 42809 22.65 88.45 6 CALCUTTA/DUM DUM INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 42867 21. 10 79.0S 310 NAGPUR SONEGAON INDIA IM 1«3 0012 0618 12/92 42971 20.25 85.83 46 BHUBANESWAR INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 43003 19. 12 72.85 14 BOMBAY/ SANTACRUZ INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 43014 19.8S 75.40 S79 AURANGABAD CHIK AERO INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 43041 19.08 82.03 553 JAGDALPUR INDIA IM MK3 0012 18 12/92 43128 17.4S 78.47 545 HYDERABAD AIRPORT INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 431SO 17.70 83.30 66 VISAKHAPATNAU INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 43185 16.20 80.1S 3 MACHILIPATNAM INDIA IM MK3 0012 0!)18 12/92 43192 1S.48 73.82 60 GOA/ PANJIM INDIA IM MK3 0012 12/92 43279 13.00 80.18 16 MADRAS/ MINAUBAKKAM INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 43285 12.95 74.83 31 MAN GALORE INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 43295 12.97 77.58 921 BAN GALORE INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 43311 11.10 72.70 4 AMINI DIVI INDIA IM MK3 0012 18 12/92 43333 11.67 92.72 79 PORT BLAIR INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 43346 10.92 79.83 7 KARAIKAL INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 43353 9. 95 74.23 2 KUCHI INDIA IM MK3 0012 12/92 43369 8.30 73.00 2 MINI COY INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 43371 8.48 76.95 64 TRIVANDRUM INDIA IM MK3 0012 0618 12/92 43599 -0.68 -73.15 2 GAN MALDIVES 44212 48.98 92.08 939 ULAN-GOM MONGOLIA MARS 12 12/92 44231 49.57 100.17 1283 MUREN MONGOLIA MARS 00 12/92 44259 48.08 114.55 747 CHOIBALSAN MONGOLIA MARS 12 12/92 44277 46.40 96.25 2181 ALTAI MONGOLIA MARS 00 12/92 44288 46.27 102.78 1813 ARBAIHE.R MONGOLIA MARS 00 12/92 44292 47.92 106.87 1306 ULAN-BATOR MONGOLIA MARS 0012 12/92 44354 44.90 110,13 938 SAINSHAND MONGOLIA. MARS 00 12/92 44373 43.58 104.42 1465 DALANZADGAD MONGOLIA MARS 12 12/92 45004 22.32 114. 17 66 KING'S PARK HONG KONG VRS80N 0012 0618 12/92 47041 39.93 127.55 38 HAMHEUNG D.P,R. OF KOREA 0012 47058 39.03 125.78 38 PYONGYANG D.P.R, OF KOREA 0012 47122 37. 10 127.03 52 OSAN AB REP, OF KOREA J/YANG 00061218 12/92 47138 36.03 129.38 6 PO HANG REP. OF KOREA J/YANG 0012 12/92 47158 35.12 126.82 13 KWANGJU AB REP. OF KOREA J/YANG 0012 12/92 47185 33.28 126. 1 7 72 CHEJU UPPER/RADAR REP. OF KOREA J/YANG 0012 12/92 47401 45.42 141.68 11 WAKKANAI JAPAN MEIR80 0012 0618 01/93 47412 43.05 141.33 19 SAPPORO JAPAN MEIR80 0012 0618 01/93 47420 43.33 145.58 . 26 NEMURO JAPAN MBIR80 0012 0618 01/93 47580 40.70 141.38 39 MISAWA JAPAN MEIR80 0012 01/93 47582 39.72 140.10 7 AKITA JAPAN MEIR91 0012 0618 01/93 47590 38.27 140.90 43 SENDAI JAPAN MEIR91 0012 0618 01/93 4 7600 . 37.38 136.90 14 WAJIMA JAPAN MEIR91 0012 0618 01/93 47646 36,05 140. 13 31 TATENO JAPAN MEIR91 0012 0618 01/93 47678 33. 12 139.78 153 HACHIJOJIMA/ OMURE JAPAN MEIR91 0012 0618 01/93 47681 34.75 137.70 45 HAMAMATSU AB JAPAN MEIR80 0012 01/93 47744 35.43 133.35 8 YONAGO JAPAN MEIR91 0012 0618 01/93 47778 33.45 135.77 69 SHIONOMISAKI JAPAN MEIR80 0012 0618 01/93 47807 33.58 130.38 14 FUKUOKA JAPAN MEIR80 0012 0618 01/93 47827 31.63 130.60 283 KAGOSHIMA/ YOSHINO JAPAN MEIR80 0012 0618 01/93 47881 34.13 134.62 8 TOKUSHIMA AB JAPAN MEIR80 00 01/93 47909 28.38 129.55 295 NAZE/ FUNCHATOGB JAPAN MEIR91 0012 0618 01/93 47918 24.33 124. 17 7 ISHIGAKIJIMA JAPAN MEIR80 0012 0618 01/93 47936 26.20 127.68 28 NAHA/ KAGAMIZU JAPAN MEIR80 0012 0618 01/93 47945 25.83 131.23 15 MINAMIDAITOJIMA JAPAN MEIR80 0012 0618 01/93 47971 27.08 142. 18 8 CHICHIJIMA JAPAN MEIR80 0012 01/93 47981 24.78 141. 32 116 TWOJIMA JAPAN MEIR80 00 01/93 47991 24.30 153.97 9 MINAMITORISHIMA JAPAN MEIR80 0012 01/93 48042 21.98 96. 10 76 MANDALAY MYANMAR VRS80N 00 01/93 48097 16.77 96. 17 15 YANGON MYANMAR VRS18 00 01/93 48327 18.78 98.98 314 CHIANG MAl THAILAND VIZ 0012 0618 01/93 48407 15.25 104.87 127 UBON RATCHATHANI THAILAND VIZ AIR 0012 0618 01/93 48455 13.73 100.50 20 BANGKOK THAILAND VRS80N VIZ 0012 0618 01/93 48565 8.07 98. 19 10 PHUK.ET AIRPORT THAILAND AIR 0012 01/93 48568 7.20 100.60 5 SONGKHLA THAILAND VIZ 0012 0618 01/93 48601 5.30 100.27 4 PENANG/BAYAN LEPAS MALAYSIA VRS80 0012 0618 12/93 48615 6. 17 107.27 5 KOTA BHARU MALAYSIA VIZ 0012 0618 12/93 48648 3. 10 101.65 46 KUALA LUMPUR/JAYA MALAYSIA VRS80N 0012 12/93

- 10 -TABLE 2


STATION LAT LONG STAT, STATION NAME COUNTRY SONDE ALT TEMP PILOT DATE NUMBER (-:~S) (-:oW) HGHT SONDE PROG. PROG. UPD.

48657 3.78 103.22 IS KUANTAN UALAYSIA VRS80N 0012 0618 12/93 48698 1. 37 103.98 16 SINGAPORE/CHANGI A/P SINGAPORE VRS80N 0012 0618 12/92 48820 21.02 105.80 6 HA NOI VIETNAM MARS 0012 12/92 48900 10.82 106.67 19 HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM A-22 00 12/92 50527 49.22 119.75 611 HAILAR CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 50557 49. 17 125.22 243 NENJIANG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 50774 47.72 128.90 232 YICHUN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 50953 45.68 126.62 143 HARBIN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 51076 47.73 88.08 737 ALTAY CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 51431 43.95 81.33 663 YINING CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 51463 43.90 87.47 919 URUMQI CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 51644 41.72 82.95 1100 KUQA CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 51709 39.47 75.98 1291 KASHI CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 51777 39.03 88.17 889 RUOQIANG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 51828 37.13 79.93 1375 HOT AN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 51848 37.93 83.65 1264 ANDIR CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 52203 42.82 93.52 739 RAMI CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 52267 41.98 101.07 941 EJIN QI CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 52323 41.63 96.88 1770 MAZONG SHAN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 52418 40.13 94.78 1140 DUNHUANG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 52533 39.77 98.52 1478 JIUQUAN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 52681 38.72 103.10 1367 MINQIN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 52818 36.20 94.63 2809 GOLMUD CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 52836 36.33 98.03 3192 DULAN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 52866 36.75 101.60 2296 XINING CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 52889 36.05 103.88 1518 LANZHOU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 53068 43.65 112.00 966 ERENHOT CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 53463 40.82 1ll.68 1065 HUHHOT CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 53513 40.77 107.40 1041 LINHE CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 53614 38,48 106.22 1112 YINCHUAN CHINA SHANG 0012 i2/92 53772 37.78 112.55 779 TAIYUAN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 53845 36.60 109.50 959 YAN AN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 53915 35,55 106.67 1348 PINGLIANG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 54102 43.95 116.07 991 XILIN HOT CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 54135 43.60 122.27 180 TONGLIAO CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 54161 43.90 125.22 238 CHANGCHUN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 54218 42.27 ll8.97 572 CHIFENG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 54292 42.88 129.47 178 YANJI CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 54337 41.13 121.12 30 JINZHOU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 54342 41.82 123.55 43 SHENYANG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 54374 41.72 126.92 333 LINJIANG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 54497 40.05 124.33 13 DANDONG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 54511 39.80 116.47 ss BEIJING CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 54662 38,90 121.63 97 DALIAN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 54823 36.68 116.98 58 JINAN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 54857 36.07 120.33 77 QINGDAO CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 55299 31.48 92.05 4508 NAGQU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 55591 29.70 91.13 3650 LHASA CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 56029 33.10 96.75 3682 YUSHU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 56080 34.92 103.07 2910 HEZUO CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 56137 31.18 96.98 3307 QAMDO CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 56146 31.63 99.98 3394 GARZE CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 56294 30.67 104.02 508 CHENGDU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 56571 27.88 102.30 1599 XICHANG CHINA SHANG ()012 12/92 56691 26.87 104.28 2236 WEINING CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 56739 25. 12 98.48 1649 TENGCHONG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 56778 25.02 102.68 1892 KUNMING CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 56964 22.67 101.40 1303 SI MAO CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 56985 23.38 103.38 1302 MENGZI CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 57036 34.30 108.93 398 XI 'AN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 57083 34.72 113.65 111 ZHENGZHOU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 57127 33.07 107.03 509 HANZHONG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 57178 33.03 112.58 131 NANYANG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 57447 30.27 109.37 458 ENSHI CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 57461 30.70 111.08 134 YICHANG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 57494 30,63 114. 07 23 WUHAN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 57516 29.52 106.48 260 CHONGQING CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 57679 28.20 113.07 46 CHANGSHA CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 57749 27.57 110.00 261 HUAIHUA CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 57816 26.58 106.72 1222 GUIYANG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 57957 25.33 110.30 166 GUlL IN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 57972 25.75 112.98 185 CHENZHOU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 57993 25.83 114.83 125 GANZHOU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 58027 34.28 117.30 42 XUZHOU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 58150 33.77 120.25 7 SHEYANG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 58203 32.93 llS. 83 39 FUYANG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 58238 32.00 118.80 12 NANJING CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 58367 31.24 121.28 7 SHANGHAI CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 58424 30,52 117.03 20 ANQING CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 58457 30.23 120. 1 7 43 HANGZHOU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 58606 28.67 115.97 46 NANCHANG CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92

- 11 -TABLE 2

UPPER-AIR STATIONS AND RADIOSONDE TYPES ; 1993

STATION LAT LONG STAT. STATION NAME COUNTRY SONDE ALT TEloiP PILOT DATE NUMBER (-=S) (-=W) HGHT SONDE ·PR9G, PROG, UPD.

58633 28.97 118.87 71 QU XIAN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 58666 28.45 121.88 22 DACHEN DAO CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 58725 27.33 117.47 192 SHAOWU . ..--CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 58847 26.08 119.28 85 FUZHOU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 58968 25.03 121.52 9 TAIBEI TAIWAN 0012 59134 24.45 118.07 139 XI AMEN CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 59211 23.92 106.53 242 BOSE CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 59265 23.48 111.30 117 WUZHOU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 59287 23.13 113.32 8 GUANGZHOU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 59316 23.40 116.68 4 SHANTOU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 S9431 22.82 108.3S 73 NANNING CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 S97S8 20.03 110.35 15 HAIKOU CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 S9981 16.83 112.33 s XISHA DAO CHINA SHANG 0012 12/92 60020 28.45 -16.2S 36 SANTA CRUZ TENERIFE CANARY ISL (SPAIN) VRS80N 0012 12/92 601SS 33.57 -7.67 62 CASABLANCA MOROCCO MES 12 000618 60191 32.37 -6.40 468 BENI-MELLAL MOROCCO MES 0012 602SO 30.38 -9.S7 23 AGADIR MOROCCO MBS 00 061218 60390 36.72 3.2S 25 DAR-EL-BEIDA ALGERIA VRS80 0012 0618 60S 50 33.68 1.02 1341 ELBAYADH ALGERIA VRS80 0012 0618 60S71 31.62 -2.22 773 BE CHAR ALGERIA VRS80 0012 0618 60630 27.40 2.8S 268 IN SALAH ALGERIA · VRS80 60680 22.78 5.52 1378 TAMANRASSET ALGERIA VRS80 0012 0618 6071S 36.83 10.23 4 TUNIS CARTHAGE TUNISIA VRS80N 0012 0618 10/92 60760 33.92 8, 12 S1 TOZEUR TUNISIA VRS80N 12 000618 10/92 61024 16.S8 7.S9 S02 AGADEZ-SUD NIGER VRS80N 0012 0618 12/92 61052 13.48 2.17 227 NIAMEY-AERO NIGER VRS80N 0012 0618 12/92 61223 16.72 -3.00 264 TOMBOUCTOU MALI VRS80 12 000618 61291 12.53 -7.9S 381 BAMAKO/SENOU MALI VRS80 0012 0618 6141S 20.93 -17.03 3 NOUADHIBOU MAURITANIA VRS80 .12 000618 61641 14.73 -17.50 24 DAKAR/YOFF SENEGAL VRS80N 0012 0618 04/93 61901 -IS. 93 -5.67 436 ST HBLENA ST HELENA S.ATLANTI VRS80N 12 09/93 61902 -7.97 -14.40 79 WIDE AWAKE FIELD ASCENSION ISL MSS VIZ 12 12/92 61967 -7.35 72.48 2 DIEGO GARCIA DIEGO GARCIA VRS80N 00 12 61976 -1S.88 54.52 14 TROMELIN lLB TROMELIN VWS80 12 12/92 61995 -20.30 57.SO 425 VACOAS MAURITIOUS 01/93 61996 -37.80 77.53 29 MARTIN DE VIVIES I LE AMSTERDAM VRS80N 12 12/92 61998 -49.35 70.25 30 PORT-AUX-FRANCAIS ILES KERGUELEN VRS80N 12 12/92 62010 32.68 13.17 81 TRIPOLI INT AIRPORT LIBYA VRS80N 0012 0618 12/92 62019 31.20 16.58 13 SIRTE LIBYA VRS80N 12/92 62053 32.08 20.27 132 BENINA LIBYA VRS80N 0012 0618 12/92 62062 32.10 23.92 so TOBRUK LIBYA VRS80N 12 000618 12/92 62103 30.13 9.50 357 GHADAMES LIBYA VRS80N 12 000618 12/92 62124 27.02 14.43 432 SEBHA LIBYA VRS80N 12 12/92 62212 2S.08 10.08 692 GHAT LIBYA VRS80N 12 000618 12/92 62271 24.22 23.30 435 KUFRA LIBYA VRS80N 12 000618 12/92 62306 31.33 27.22 30 MERSA MATRUH EGYPT VIZ 0012 0618 12/92 62378 29.87 31.33 141 HELWAN EGYPT VIZ 0012 0618 12/92 62414 23.97 32.78 191 AS SWAN EGYPT VIZ 0012 0618 12/92 62721 15.60 32.5S 380 KHARTOUM SUDAN VRS80N 0012 04/93 63450 8.89 38.80 2324 ADDIS ABABA ETHIOPIA VRS80N 12 11/92 63612 3.70 3S.37 S1S LODWAR KENYA MES73A 0012 01/93 63741 -1.30 36.75 1798 NAIROBI/DAGORETTI KENYA VRS80N 0012 01/93 63985 -4.68 55.53 4 SEYCHELLES INT. A/P SEYCHELLES VRS80 0012 12/92 64650 4.40 18.52 366 BANGUI CENTRAL AFRICAN REP VRS80 12 000618 64910 4.02 9.70 9 DOUALA R.S, CAMEROON VRS80 0012 0618 65578 5.25 -3.93 7 ABIDJAN COTE D' IVIORE VRS80 0012 0618 02/93 67083 -18.80 47.48 1276 ANTANANARIVO/IVATO MADAGASCAR VRS80 0012 06 67197 -25.03 46.95 9 FORT-DAUPHIN MADAGASCAR VRS80 00 0612 67237 -15.10 39.28 441 NAMPULA MOZAMBIQUE VRS80N 12 11/92 67341 -25.92 32.57 44 MAPUTO/MAVALANE MOZAMBIQUE VRS80N 12 67475 -10.20 31. 10 0 KASAMA ZAMBIA 67586 -13.78 33.77 1229 KAMUZU INTL. AIRPORT MALAWI MES73A 12 06 12/92 67666 -15.42 28.32 1280 LUSAKA CITY AIRPORT ZAMBIA VRS80N 12 06 67774 -17.83 31.02 1472 HARARE (BELVEDERE) ZIMBABWE VRS80 00 12 12/92 67843 -18.01 25.85 1062 VICTORIA FALLS ZIMBABWE VRS80 00 12 12/92 67964 -20. 15 28.62 1344 BULAWAYO (GOETZ OBS) ZIMBABWE VRS80 00 12 12/92 68032 -19.98 23.42 945 MAUN BOTSWANA VRS80N 01/93 68040 -21. 25 2S.36 985 LETLHAKANE BOTSWANA VRS80N 12 01/93 68110 -22.S7 17. 10 1700 WINDHOEK NAMBIA VRS80N 0012 01/93 68174 -23.87 29.45 1200 PIETERSBURG SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 0012 01/93 68240 -24.22 25.92 1005 SERETSE KHAMA A/P BOTSWANA VRS80 12 000618 01/93 68263 -25.92 28.22 1500 PRETORIA (IRENE) SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 0012 01/93 68424 -28.40 21.27 800 UPINGTON SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 0012 01/93 68442 -29. 10 26.30 1400 BLOEMFONTEIN (JBMH) SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 0012 01/93 68461 -28.25 28.33 1700 BETHLEHEM AIRPORT SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 0012 01/93 68512 -29.67 17.88 1000 SPRINGBOK SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 0012 01/93 68536 -30.65 24.02 1200 DE AAR SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 0012 01/93 68588 -29.97 30.95 0 DURBAN (LOUIS BOTHA) SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 0012 01/93 68816 -33.97 18.60 0 CAPE TOWN(D.F.MALAN) SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 0012 01/93 68842 -33.98 25.60 0 PORT ELIZABE1H SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 0012 01/93 68906 -40.35 -9.88 0 GOUGH ISLAND SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 0012 01/93

- 12 -TABLE 2


STATION LAT LONG STAT. STATION NAME COUNTRY SONDE ALT TEMP PILOT DATE NUMBER (-=S) (-•W) HGHT SONDE PROG. PROG. UPD.

68994 -46,88 37.87 0 MARION ISLAND SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 0012 01/93 70026 71.30 -156.78 4 BARROW/W.POST W.ROD' UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 70086 70. 13 -143.63 15 BARTER ISLAND UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 70133 66.87 -162.63 5 KOTZEBUE,RALPH WIEN UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 70200 64.50 -165.43 7 NOME UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 70219 60,78 -161.80 46 BETHEL AIRPORT UNITED STATES SDC 0012 12/92 70231 62.97 -155.62 103 MCGRATH UNITED STATES SDC 0012 12/92 70261 64.82 -147.87 138 FAIRBANKS/INT, UNITED STATES SDC 0012 12/92 70266 63.97 -145.70 398 FORT GREELY/ ALLEN UNITED STATES 12/92 70273 61. 17 -150.02 40 ANCHORAGE/ INT. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 70308 57, IS -170.22 9 ST. PAUL UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 70316 55.20 -162.72 31 COLD BAY UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 70326 58.68 -156.65 15 KING SALMON UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 70350 57.75 -152.52 34 KODIAK UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 70361 59.52 -139.67 9 YAKUTAT UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 70398 55.03 -131.57 34 ANNETTE ISLAND UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 70414 52,72 174.10 31 SHEMYA AFB UNITED STATES MSS 0012 12/92 70454 51.88 -176.65 4 ADAK/ NAVY UNITED STATES VRS80N 0012 12/92 71043 65.28 -126.80 95 NORM'WELLS UA,N.W.T, CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71072 76.23 -119.33 12 MOULD BAY,N.W,T. CANADA VIZB 0012 12/92 71081 68.78 -81.25 8 HALL BEACH,N.W,T. CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71082 82.50 -62.33 66 ALERT, N,W,T. CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71109 50.68 -127.37 22 PORT HARDY,B,C. CANADA VRS80N 0012 12/92 71115 50.23 -119.28 555 VERNON, B.C, CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71119 53.55 -114.10 766 EDMONTON STONY PLAIN CANADA· VAL 0012 12/92 71600 43.93 -60.02 4 SABLE ISLAND,N,S, CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71603 43.87 -66.10 9 YARMOUTH N.S. CANADA VIZB 0012 12/92 71801 47.62 -52.75 140 ST.JOHN'S UA, NPLD CANADA VIZB 0012 12/92 71811 50.22 -66.27 53 SEPT-ILES UA, QUE. CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71815 48,53 -58.55 26 STEPHENVILLE, NFLD. CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71816 53.32 -60.42 38 GOOSE UA ,NFLD, CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71823 53.70 -73.67 307 LA GRANDE IV, QUE. CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71836 SI. 27 -80.65 10 MOO SO NEE CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71845 51.28 -90.12 390 PICKLE LANE, ONT. CANADA VIZB 0012 12/92 71867 53.97 -101.10 271 THE PAS, MAN, CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71896 53,88 -122.67 691 PRINCE GEORGE,B.C. CANADA VRS80N 0012 12/92 71906 58.10 -68.42 36 KUUJJAQUA UA, QUE, CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71907 58.45 -78.12 6 INUKJUAK, QUE, CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71909 63.75 -68.55 0 IQALUIT UA, N.W.T, CANADA· VIZB 0012 12/92 71913 58.75 -94.07 29 CHURCH ILL, MAN, CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71915 64.20 -83.37 64 CORAL HARBOUR,N.W.T. CANADA VIZB 0012 12/92 71917 80.00 -85.93 10 EUREKA ,N.W.T. CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71924 74.72 -94.38 67 RESOLUTE, N.W.T. CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71925 69.10 -105.12 27 CAMBRIDGE BAY,N.W.T. CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71926 64,30 -96.00 49 BAKER LAKE UA,N.W.T. CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71934 60.02 -111.97 204 FORT SMITH UA,N.W.T, CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71945 58.83 -122.58 378 FORT NELSON UA,B.C. CANADA VRS80N 0012 12/92 71957 68,30 -133.48 103 INUVIK UA, N.W,T. CANADA VAL 0012 12/92 71964 60.72 -135.07 703 WHITEHORSE, Y.T, CANADA VIZB 0012 12/92 72201 24.55 -81. 7 5 6 KEY WEST/INT, ,FL. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72203 26.68 -80.12 6 WEST PALM BEACH/INT. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72208 32.90 -80.03 15 CHARLESTON/MUN. ,SC, UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72209 31.88 -81.57 14 FT.STEWART,GA. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72210 27.70 -82.38 13 TAMPA BAY AREA,PL. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72213 31.25 -82.40 46 WAYCROSS/WARE CO.,GA UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72214 30.38 -84.35 18 TALLAHASSEE,FL UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72221 30.48 -86.52 29 VALPARAISO/EGLIN A:FB UNITED STATES VRS80L 12 12/92 72225 32.33 -84.83 130 FORT BENNING,GA UNITED STATES VIZ 1218 12/92 72229 32.90 -87.25 140 CENTREVILLE, AL. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72233 30.33 -89.82 8 SLIDEL UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72235 32.32 -90.08 101 JACKSON/ALLEN C.T.FD UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72239 31.03 -93.03 110 FORT POLK, LA. UNITED STATES VIZ 12 12/92 72240 30.12 -93.22 10 LAKE CHARLES/MUN. ,LA UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72247 32.35 -94.65 124 LONGVIEW, TX. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72250 25.90 -97.43 6 BROWNSVILLE/INT. ,TX UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 722.51 27.77 -86.05 12 CORPUS CHRISTIE,TX UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72257 31. 10 -97.33 270 FORT HOOD,TX. UNITED STATES VIZ 12 12/92 72260 32.22 -98.18 402 STEPHENVILLE C FIELD UNITED STATES SDC 0012 12/92 72261 29.37 -100.92 313 DEL RIO/INT. I TX. UNITED STATES SDC 0012 12/92 72265 31.95 -102.18 87~ MIDLAND REG.AIR TERM UNITED STATES SDC 0012 12/92 72269 32.38 -106.48 1244 WHITE SANDS, NM. UNITED STATES VRS80N 061218 12/92 72270 31.80 -106.40 1194 EL PASO/INT, , TX, UNITED STATES SDC 0012 12/92 72274 32.12 -110.93 779 TUCSON/INT, ,AZ. UNITED STATES SDC 0012 12/92 72291 33.25 -119.45 174 SAN NICOLAS IS./NF UNITED STATES VRS80N 18 12/92 72293 32.85 -117 • .12 0 SAN DIEGO/MIRAMAR UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72304 35.27 -75.55 3 CAPE HATTERAS, NC. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72311 33.95 -83.32 247 ATHENS/MUN. ,GA, UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72317 36.08 -79.95 270 GREENSBORO/G.HIGH PT UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72327 36.25 -86.57 0 NASHVILLE/OLD HICK'Y UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72340 "34. 83 -92.27 165 N.LITTLE ROCK M.A/P. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72349 36,88 -93.90 437 MONETT ,MO. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92

- 13 -TABLE 2


STATION LAT LONG STAT. STATION NAME COUNTRY SONDE ALT TEMP PILOT DATE NUUBER (-:oS) (-=W) HGHT SONDE PROG. PROG, UPD.

72355 34.60 -98.40 360 FORT SILL,OK. UNITED STATES VIZ 1218 12/92 72357 37.02 -88,77 126 PADUCAH, KY, UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72363 35.23 -101.70 1099 AMARILLO/INTL. ,TX. UNITED STATES SDC 1218 12/92 72365 35.05 -106.62 1620 ALBUQUERQUE/INT. ,NM. UNITED STATES SDC 1218 18 12/92 72374 35.02 -110.73 1488 WINSLOW/NUN. ,AZ. UNITED STATES SDC 1218 12/92 72381 34.92 -117.90 705 EDWARDS AFB,CA. UNITED STATES MSS 12/92 72387 36.60 -116.00 1009 MERCURY/DESERT ROCK. UNITED STATES VRS80N 0012 12/92 72393 34.75 -120.57 121 VANDENBERG AFB,CA. UNITED STATES MSS 0012 12/92 72402 37.85 -75.48 12 WALLOPS ISLAND, VA. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72403 38.98 -77.47 0 STERLING ,VA. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72407 39.45 -74.57 20 ATLANTIC CITY ,NJ, UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72424 37.90 -85.97 230 FT.KNOX,KY. UNITED STATES VIZ 12 12/92 72425 38.37 -82.55 255 HUNTINGTON/TRISTATE. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72429 39.87 -84.12 0 SULPHER GROVE, OH. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72435 35.23 -97.45 357 NORMAN, OK UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72451 37.77 -99.97 790 DODGE CITY/MUN,,KS, UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72456 39.07 -95.63 270 TOPEKA/MUN. , KS, UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72468 38.70 -104.77 1789 FORT CARSON,CO, UNITED STATES VIZ 1218 12/92 72469 39.75 -104.87 1625 DENVER/STAPLETON INT UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72476 39.12 -108.53 1475 GRAND JN/WALKER FLD. UNITED STATES SDC 0012 12/92 72486 39.28 -114.85 1909 ELY/YELLAND,NV. UNITED STATES SDC 0012 12/92 72493 37.73 -122.20 3 OAKLAND INT, ,CA, UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72518 42.75 -73.80 89 ALBANY CO. ,NY. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72520 40.53 -80.23 0 PITTSBURGH/MOON TOWN UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72528 42.93 -78.73 215 GREATER BUFFALO INT. UNITED .STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72532 40.67 -89.68 202 GREATER PEORIA ,IL. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72553 41.37 -96.02 406 OMAHA, NE. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72562 41.13 -100.68 849 N.PLATTE/LEE BIRD,NE UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72572 40.77 -111.97 1288 SALT LAKE CITY/INTNL UNITED STATES SDC 0012 12/92 72576 42.82 -108.73 1694 LANDER /HUNT,WY. UNITED STATES SDC 0012 12/92 72583 40.90 -117.80 1322 WINNEMUCCA/MUN.,NV. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72597 42.37 -122.87 405 MEDFORD JACKSON CTY, UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72606 43.65 -70.32 19 PORTLAND/INT,JET PT. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72637 42.97 -83.73 233 FLINT/BISHOP,MI, UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72645 44.58 -88.13 214 GREEN BAY/A.STRAUBEL UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72654 44.38 -98.22 393 HURON REGIONAL SD, UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72655 45.55 -94.07 312 ST.CLOUD/WHITNEY,MN, UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72662 44.05 -103.07 966 RAPID CITY/REG. ,SD. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72681 43.57 -116.22 874 BOISE/MUN., ID. UNITED,STATES SDC 0012 12/92 72694 44.92 -123.02 61 SALEM/MCNARY,OR, UNITED STATES VIZ 00'12 12/92 72712 46.87 -68.02 190 CARIBOU/MUN.,ME. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72734 46.47 -84.37 221 SAULT STE.MARIE,MI. UNITED STATES .. VIZ 0012 12/92 72747 48.57 -93.38 361 FALLS INT. MN. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72764 46.77 -100.75 506 BISMARCK/MUN.,ND. UNITED STATES SDC 0012 12/92 72768 48.22 -106.62 700 GLASGOW/INT, ,MT, UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72775 47.48 -111.37 IllS GREAT FALLS /INT. ,MT UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72785 47.63 -117.53 721 SPOKANE/INT. ,WA. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 72797 47.95 -124.55 62 QUILLAYUTE,WA. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 73455 39.10 -96.77 320 FORT RILEY,KS, UNITED STATES VIZ 1218 12/92 74230 46.43 -105.87 801 MILES €ITY ,MT. UNITED STATES VIZ IRREG 12/92 74420 40.30 -109.98 1556 ROOSEVELT,UT. UNITED STATES VIZ IRREG 12/92 74421 40.50 -107.52 1886 CRAIG,CO. UNITED STATES VIZ IRREG 12/92 74494 41.67 -69.97 16 CHATHAM, MA. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 74500 39.00 -121.33 60 SHERIDAN, CA, UNITED STATES VIZ IRREG 12/92 74501 38.75 -120.52 1147 FRESHPOND, CA. UNITED STATES VIZ IRREG 12/92 74504 37.50 -122.50 49 PILAR POINT AFS, CA. UNITED STATES MSS IRREG 12/92 74521 31.20 -107.82 2095 DURANGO, CO. UNITED STATES VIZ IRREG 12/92 74606 34.65 -120.57 112. S.VANDENBERG AFB CA. UNITED STATES MSS IRREG 12/92 74611 35.28 -116.37 716 BICYCLE LAKE AAF,CA. UNITED STATES VIZ IRREG 12/92 74612 35.68 -117.68 696 CHINA LAKE,NAF,CA. UNITED STATES MSS IRREG 12 12/92 74630 33.82 -106.67 1506 STALLION AAF,NM. UNITED STATES VIZ IRREG 12/92 74631 33.17 -106.48 1235 WHITE SANDS SITE 32 UNITED STATES VRS80N IRREG 12/92 74702 36.33 -119.95 73 LEMOORE,CA. UNITED STATES VIZ IRREG 12/92 74718 33.22 -115.87 -69 SALTON SEA, CA. UNITED STATES VIZ 0012 12/92 74731 32.22 -101.52 784 BIG SPRING, TX. UNITED STATES VIZ IRREG 12/92 74733 33.90 -106.40 1193 NORTHRUP LAND. STRIP UNITED STATES VRS80N IRREG 12/92 74734 32.63 -106.40 1204 WHITE SANDS SITE 39 UNITED STATES VRS80N IRREG 12/92 74794 28.30 -80.50 0 CAPE CANAVERAL,FL. UNITED STATES MSS 0012 0618 12/92 76151 29.17 -118.32 23 ISLA GUADAL~PE,U,C. MEXICO VIZ 0012 76225 28.63 -106.07 1435 UNIV,DE CHIHUAHUA. MEXICO VIZ 0012 76256 27.95 -110.80 1! EMPALME, SON. MEXICO VIZ 0012 76394 25.87 -100.23 448 AEROP INT.MONTERREY. MEXICO VIZ 0012 76458 23.18 -105.42 4 COLONIA JUAN CARRAS' MEXICO VIZ 0012 76612 20.60 -103.30 1551 GUADALAJARA, JAL. MEXICO VIZ 12 76644 20.95 -89.67 9 AEROP.INT. MERIDA MEXICO VIZ 0012 76654 19.10 -104. io 3 MANZANILLO,COL. MEXICO VIZ 12 76679 19.43 -99.07 2234 AEROP.INT.MEXICO,D.F MEXICO VIZ 0012 76692 19. 15 -96.12 13 HACIENDA YLANG YLANG MEXICO VIZ 0012 76723 18.72 -110.95 1560 ISLA SOCORRO,COL. MEXICO VIZ 12 78016 32.37 -64.68 6 N.A.S. KINDLEY. BERMUDA VIZ 0012 78073 25.05 -77.47 7 NASSAU AIRPORT BAHAMAS VIZ 12 01/93

- 14 -TABLE 2


STATION LAT LONG STAT. STATION NAME COUNTRY SONDE ALT TEMP PILOT DATE NUMBER (-sS) (- .. w) HGHT SONDE PROG, PROG. UPD.

78355 21.40 -77.92 122 CAMAGUEY,CAMEGUEY. CUBA MARS 0012 78367 19.90 -75. 15 23 GUANTANAMO,ORIENTE. CUBA 0012 0618 78384 19.32 -81.35 3 O.R.A. GRAND CAYt.IAN, CAYMAN ISLANDS VIZ 0012 78397 17.93 -76.78 14 KINGSTON /NOR' t.IAN', JAMAICA VIZ 0012 78486 18.47 -69.88 14 SANTO DOMINGO DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. VIZ 0012 12/92 78526 18.43 -66.00 19 SAN JUAN/INT. PUERTO RI CO - VIZ 0012 78583 17.53 -88.30 5 BELIZE/INT,AIRPORT. BELIZE VIZ 0012 12/92 78762 10.00 -84.22 939 JUAN SANTAMARIA COSTA-RICA VIZ 12 01/93 78861 17.12 -61.78 10 COOLIDGE FIELD. ANTIGUA, VIZ 12 18 78866 18.05 -63.12 9 JULIANA AIRPORT. ST.MAARTEN. VIZ 12 78897 16.27 -61.53 11 LE RAIZET GUADELOUPE VRS80 12 00 12/92 78954 13.07 -59.48 56 GRANTLEY ADAMS BARBADOS VIZ 0012 78970 10.62 -61.35 15 PIARCO INT.AIRPORT. TRINIDAD VIZ 0012 12/92 78988 12.20 -68.97 62 HATO AIRPORT CURACAO VIZ 00 12/92 80001 12.58 -81.72 1 SAN ANDRES-ISLA COLOMBIA VIZ 12 12/92 80035 11.53 -72.09 4 RIOHACHA COLOMBIA VRS80N 12 12/92 80222 4.70 -74. 13 2548 BOGOTA/ELDORADO COLOMBIA VIZ 0012 12/92 80241 4.55 -70.92 167 GAVIOTAS COLOMBIA VRS80N 12 12/92 80398 -4.17 -69.90 84 LETICIA/VASQUEZ COBO COLOMBIA VRS80N 12 12/92 80413 10.25 -67.65 437 MARACAY-B.A. SUCRE VENEZUELA VRS80N 0012 12/92 80447 7.85 -72.45 377 SAN ANTONIO VENEZUELA VIZ 12 12/92 80462 4.60 -o 1. 12 907 SANTA ELENA VENEZUELA VIZ 12 12/92 81405 4.83 -52.37 9 CAYENNE/ROCHAMBEAU FRENCH GUIANA VRS80 12 00 12/92 82193 -1.38 -48.48 16 BELEM (AEROPORTO) BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 82276 -2.32 -44.42 49 ALCANTARA BRAZIL VRS80N 12 12/92 82280 -2.53 -44.30 SI SAO LUIS BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 82332 -3.15 -59.98 84 MANAUS (AEROPORTO) BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 82397 -3.77 -38.60 19 FORTALEZA BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 82400 -3.85 -32.42 57 FERNANDO DE NORONHA BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 82599 -5.92 -35.25 52 NATAL(AIRPORT) BRAZIL VIZB 12 12/92 82678 -6.77 -43.02 128 FLORIANO BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 82765 -7.33 -47.47 193 CAROLINA BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 82824 -8.77 -63.92 95 PORTO VELHO BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 82900 -8.05 -34.92 7 RECIPE (CURADO) BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 82965 -9.87 -56.10 288 ALTA FLORESTA BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 82983 -9.38 -40.48 371 PETROLINA BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 83208 -12.70 -60.10 612 VILHENA BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 83229 -13.02 -38.52 51 SALVADOR BRAZIL VRS80N 12 12/92 83288 -13.27 -43.42 440 BOM JESUS DA LAPA BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 83361 -15.55 -56.12 151 CUIABA BRAZIL VRS80N 12 12/92 83378 -15.87 -47.93 1061 BRASILIA(AIRPORT) BRAZIL VRS80 0012 12/92 83498 -17.73 -39.25 3 CARAVELAS BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 83583 -19.85 -43.95 785 BELO HORIZONTE BRAZIL VRS80N 12 12/92 83612 -20.47 -54.67 567 CAMPO GRANDE(A/P) BRAZIL VRS80 12 12/92 83650 -20.50 -29.32 5 TRINDADE BRAZIL VRS80N 12 12/92 83746 -22.82 -43.25 6 GALEAO BRAZIL VIZB 0012 12/92 83780 -23.62 -46.65 803 SAO PAULO(AEROPORTO) BRAZIL VRS80 0012 12/92 83840 -25.52 -49. 17 908 CURITIBA (AEROPORTO) BRAZIL VIZB 0012 12/92 83971 -30.00 -51.18 3 PORTO ALEGRE (A/P) BRAZIL VIZB 0012 12/92 84008 -0.45 -90.27 16 GALAPAGOS ECUADOR VRS80N 12 12/92 84628 -12.00 -77.12 13 LIMA-CALLAO/AEROP, PERU VIZ 00 18 85201 -16.52 -68.18 4071 LA PAZ/ALTO BOLIVIA VIZ 12 85442 -23.45 -70.43 115 ANTOFAGASTA CHILE VRS80N 12 12/92 85469 -27.17 -109.43 48 ISLA DE PASCUA CHILE VRS80N 00 12/92 85543 -32.83 -71.50 8 QUINTERO CHILE VRS80N 0012 12/92 85799 -41.42 -73.08 80 PUERTO MONTT CHILE VRS80N 12 12/92 85934 -53.00 -70.83 38 PUNTA ARENAS CHILE VRS80N 12 12/92 86218 -25.27 -57.63 101 ASUNCION/AEROPUERTO PARAGUAY VIZ 12 12/92 87047 -24.85 -65.48 1221 SALTA AERO ARGENTINA VRS80 VIZ 12 18 12/92 87155 -27.45 -59.05 52 RESISTENCIA AERO ARGENTINA VRS80N 12 18 12/92 87344 -31.32 -64.22 474 CORDOBA AERO ARGENTINA VRS80 VIZ 12 18 12/92 87418 -32.83 -68.78 704 MENDOZA AERO ARGENTINA VRS80 VIZ 12 18 12/92 87576 -34.83 -58.53 20 EZEIZA AERO ARGENTINA VRS80N 0012 18 12/92 87623 -36.57 -64.27 191 SANTA ROSA AERO ARGENTINA VRS80N 12 18 12/92 87715 -38.95 -68.13 271 NEUQUEN AERO ARGENTINA VRS80N 12 18 12/92 87748 -38.73 -62.17 74 COMANDANTE ESPORA BA ARGENTINA 12/92 87860 -45.78 -67.50 46 COMODORO RIVADAVIA ARGENTINA VRS80N 12 18 12/92 88889 -51.82 -58.45 73 MOUNT PLEASANT FALKLAND ISLANDS VRS80N 00061218 12/92 89001 -70.30 -2.3,5 62 S.A.N.A.E. (CLOSED) ANTARCTICA VRS80 01/93 89002 -70.62 -8.37 40 GEORG VON NEUMAYER ANTARCTICA VRS80N 12 01/93 89009 -90.00 o.oo 2800 AMUNDSEN-SCOTT ANTARCTICA VIZ 0012 12/92 89022 -75.50 -26.65 32 HALLEY BAY ANTARCTICA AIR 12 10/92 89050 -62.20 -58.93 16 BELLINGSHAUSEN ANTARCTICA MET 00 89055 -64.23 -56.72 198 VICECOMODORO ANTARCTICA VRS80N 12 18 12/92 89056 -62.25 -58.93 10 PDTE.EDUARDO PREI ANTARCTICA 12 89532 -69.00 39.58 21 SYOWA ANTARCTICA MEIR80 0012 01/93 89542 -67.67 45.85 40 MOLODEZNAJA ANTARCTICA MET 0012 89564 -67,60 62.87 16 MAWSON ANTARCTICA VRS80N 0012 12/92 89571 -68.58 77.97 13 DAVIS ANTARCTICA VRS80N 0012 12/92 89592 -66.55 93.02 30 MIRNYJ ANTARCTICA MET 00 89611 -66.27 110.53 15 CASEY ANTARCTICA VRS80N 0012 12/92

- 15 -TABLE 2


STATION LAT LONG STAT. STATION NAME COUNTRY SONDE ALT TEMP' PILOT DATE NUMBER (-=S) (-=W) HGHT SONDE PROG. PROG. UPD.

89642 -66.67 140.02 43 DUMONT D'URVILLE ANTARCTICA VRS80N 00 12/92 89664 -77.85 166.67 24 MCMURDO ANTARCTICA VIZ 0012 12/92 91066 28.22 -177.37 13 MIDWAY ISLAND MIDWAY ISL PACIFIC VIZ 0012 12/92 91165 21.98 -159.35 45 LIHUE KAUAI, HAW AI I VIZ 0012 0618 12/92 91217 13.55 144.83 111 GUAM MARIANA ISL, PACIFI VIZ 0012 06 91245 19.28 166.65 4 WAKE ISLAND AIRFIELD WAKE ISLAND PACIFIC VIZ 0012 91285 19.72 -155.07 0 HILO GEN.LYMAN HAW AI I VIZ 0012 0618 12/92 91334 7.47 151.85 2 TRUK CAROL INE ISL PACIFI VIZ 00 12 91348 6.97 158.22 46 PO NAPE CAROL INE ISL PACIFI VIZ 00 0612 91366 8.73 167.73 8 KWAJELEIN/BUCHOLZ MAR SHALL IS PACIFIC MSS 00 0618 91376 7.08 171. 38 3 MAJURO MARSHALL IS PACIFIC VIZ 00 1218 91408 7.33 134.48 33 KOROR PALAU ISL PACIFIC VIZ 00 12 91413 9.48 138.08 17 YAP CAROLINE IS PACIFIC VIZ 00 12 91517 -9.42 159.97 56 HONIARA SOLOMON ISLANDS VRS80N 0012 0618 01/93 91557 -17.70 168.30 21 BAUERFIELD (EFATE) VANUATU PACIFIC VRS80N 00 12 12/92 91592 -22.28 166.45 72 NOUMEA NLLE-CALEDONIE VRS80N 00 12/92 91610 1. 35 172.92 2 TARAWA KIRISATI PACIFIC VRS80 00 12 01/93 91643 -8.52 179.22 1 FUNAFUTI TUVALU PACIFIC VRS80 00 12 01/93 91680 -17.75 177.45 18 NAND! FIJI PACIFIC VRS80 00 12 12/92 91765 -14.33 170.72 3 PAGO PAGO INT. A/P SAMOA PACIFIC VIZ 0012 0618 04/93 91843 -21.20 -159.82 7 RAROTONGA COOK ISL PACIFIC 0012 01/93 91925 -9.80 -139.03 52 ATUONA MARQUESAS ISL FRENCH POLYNESIA VRS80 00 12 12/92 91938 -17.55 -149.62 2 TAHITI-FAAA FRENCH POLYNESIA VRS80 00 12 12/92 91944 -18.07 -140.95 3 HAO (TUAMOTU ISL) FRENCH POLYNESIA VRS80 00 12 12/92 91948 -23.13 -134.97 89 RIKITEA (TUAMOTU IS) FRENCH POLYNESIA VRS80 00 12/92 91952 -21.82 -138.80 3 MURUROA FRENCH POLYNESIA VRS80 00 12 12/92 91954 -23.35 -149.48 3 TUBUAI FRENCH POLYNESIA VRS80 00 12 12/92 91958 -27.62 -144.33 2 RAPA (AUSTRAL ISL) FRENCH POLYNESIA VRS80N 00 12 12/92 93012 -35.20 173.27 86 KAITAIA NEW ZEALAND VRS80 0012 18 01/93 93417 -40.90 174.98 7 PARAPARAUMU NEW ZEALAND VRS80 0012 18 01/93 93844 -46.42 168.33 0 INVERCARGILL A/P NEW ZEALAND VRS80 0012 18 01/93 93944 -52.55 169.15 15 CAMPBELL ISLAND NEW ZEALAND VRS80N 0012 01/93 93986 -43.95 -176.57 44 CHATHAM ISLAND NEW ZEALAND VRS80N 00 01/93 93997 -29.25 -177.92 38 RAOUL ISLAND NEW ZEALAND VRS80N 00 01/93 94014 -5.22 145.80 12 MADANG PAPUA NEW GUINEA VRS80N 00 11/92 94120 -12.40 130.87 30 DARWIN AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 0012 0618 12/92 94150 -12.27 136.82 54 GOVE AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94203 -17.95 122.22 9 BROOME AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94294 -19.25 146.75 6 TOWNSVILLE AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94299 -16.30 149.98 9 WILLIS ISLAND AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94300 -24.88 113.67 7 CANARVON AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94302 -22.24 114.09 5 LEARMONTH AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94312 -20.37 118.62 6 PORT HEDLAND AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94326 -23.80 133.90 544 ALICE SPRINGS A/P AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94332 -20.65 139.48 342 MT ISA AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94380 -23.85 151.27 76 GLADSTONE AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94403 -28.80 114.71 34 GERALDTON AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94461 -25.03 128.30 599 GILES AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94510 -26.42 146.27 304 CHARLEVILLE AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94527 -29.47 149.85 212 MOREE AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94578 -27.43 153.08 6 BRISBANE AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94610 -31.93 115.95 12 PERTH AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRSSO 0012 0618 12/92 94637 -30.77 121.45 360 KALGOORLIE AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94638 -33.82 121.88 26 ESPERANCE AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94646 -30.84 128. 11 160 FORREST AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94659 -31. 15 136.80 167 WOOMERA AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94672 -34.93 138.52 4 ADELAIDE AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 0012 0618 12/92 94711 -31.48 145.82 265 CO BAR AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94750 -34.95 150.53 110 NOWRA AIR STATION AUSTRALIA VRS80N 00 0618 12/92 94767 -33.95 151.18 3 SYDNEY AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 0618 0012 12/92 94776 -32.78 151.82 11 WILLIAMTOWN AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94802 -34.95 117.80 69 ALBANY AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94821 -37.73 140.78 69 MT GAMBlER AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94865 -37.85 144.73 14 LAVERTON AERODROME AUSTRALIA VRS80 0012 0618 12/92 94867 -37.68 144.95 110 MELBOURNE (INACTIVE) AUSTRALIA 12/92 94910 -35. 15 147.45 213 WAGGA AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94975 -42.83 147.50 3 HOBART AIRPORT AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94995 -31.52 159.08 46 LORD HOWE ISLAND AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94996 -29.03 167.93 109 NORFOLK ISLAND A/P AUSTRALIA VRS80 00 061218 12/92 94998 -54.48 158.93 6 MACQUARIE ISLAND AUSTRALIA VRS80N 0012 12/92

96035 3.57 98.68 25 MEDAN/POLONIA INDONESIA VIZB 00 061218 02/93 96163 -0.88 100.35 3 PADANG/TABING INDONESIA VIZB' 0012 0618 02/93 96237 -2. 17 106. 13 33 PANGKALPINANG INDONESIA MESEI 00 0612 02/93

96315 4.93 114.93 43 BRUNEI AIRPORT BRUNEI DARUSSALAM VRS80 0012 0618 12/92

96413 1. 48 110.33 21 KUCHING MALAYSIA VRS80 0012 0618 12/92 96441 3,20 113.03 3 BINTULU MALAYSIA VRS80 0012 0618 12/92

96471 5.93 116.05 2 KOTA KINABALU MALAYSIA VRS80 0012 0618 12/92

96481 4.27 117.88 20 TAWAU MALAYSIA VRS80 0012 12/92

96749 -6. 12 106.65 8 JAKARTA/SOEKARNOHATA INDONESIA IAESEI 0012 0618 02/93 96935 -7.37 112.77 3 SURABAYA/JUANDA INDONESIA VIZB 00 061218 02/93

96996 -12. 18 96.82 3 COCOS ISLANDS A/P COCOS ISLS PACIFIC VRS80N 0012 12/92

- 16 -TABLE 2


STATION LAT LONG STAT. STATION NAME COUNTRY SONDE ALT TEMP PILOT DATE NUMBER (-=S) (-•W) HGHT SONDE PROG. PROG. UPD.

97014 1. 53 124.92 80 MENADO/DR, RATULANGI INDONESIA VIZB 0012 06 02/93 97072 -0.68 119.73 6 PALU/MUTIARA INDONESIA VIZB 00 0612 02/93 97180 -5.07 119.55 14 UJUNGPANDANG INDONESIA VIZB 0012 0612 02/93 97372 -0.17 123.67 108 KUPANG/ELTARI INDONESIA VIZB 0012 0618 02/93 97560 -1.18 136. 12 11 BIAK INDONESIA VIZB 0012 02/93 98223 18. 18 120.53 s LAONG PHILIPPINES VRS80N 00 12 12/92 98444 13.13 123.73 17 LEGASPI PHILIPPINES VRS80N 00 12 12/92 98618 9. 75 118.73 16 PUERTO PRINCESA PHILIPPINES VRS18 00 12 12/92 98646 10.30 123.97 24 MACTAN PHILIPPINES VRS18 00 12 12/92 DBBH o.oo o.oo 0 METEOR GERMANY VRS80N 0012 01/93 DBLK o.oo o.oo 0 POLAR STERN GERMANY? VRS80N 0012 01/93 DUTU o.oo o.oo 0 KALANTIO EREA o.oo o.oo 0 MUSSON USSR MARS 0012 EREB o.oo o.oo 0 VOLNA USSR MARS 0012 EREC o.oo o.oo 0 PRILIV USSR MARS 0012 EREH o.oo o.oo 0 PR I BOY USSR MARS 0012 BREI o.oo o.oo 0 OKEAN USSR MARS 0012 ERES o.oo o.oo 0 VIKTOR BUGAEV USSR MARS 0012 ERET o.oo o.oo 0 GEORGY USHAKOV USSR MARS 0012 EREU o.oo o.oo 0 ERNST KRENKEL USSR MARS 0012 ESGG o.oo o.oo 0 VYACHESLAV PROLOV USSR MARS 0012 PNOR o.oo o.oo 0 PORT ROYAL PRANCE VRS80N 0012 12/92 PNOU o.oo o.oo 0 FORT PLEUR D'EPBE PRANCE VRS80N 0012 12/92 PNPH o.oo o.oo 0 PORT DESAIX PRANCE VRS80N 0012 12/92 PNRS o.oo o.oo 0 PORT SAINT CHARLES PRANCE VRS80N 0012 12/92 GACA o.oo o.oo 0 CUMULUS UNITED KINGDOM VRS80N 00061218 ' 09/93 IBWQ o.oo o.oo 0 FLAUVA ITALY JBOA o.oo o.oo 0 KEIPU MARU JAPAN MEIR80 0012 01/93 JCCI o.oo o.oo 0 CHOPU MARU JAPAN VRS80N 0012 01/93 JDWI o.oo o.oo 0 KOPU MARU JAPAN VRS80N 0012 01/93 LADB2 o.oo o.oo 0 SKAUGRAN CANADA?? VRS80 0012 12/92 LBHA o.oo o.oo 0 NORDKAPP NORWAY VRS80N IRREG 02/93 LDWR 66.00 2.00 0 OWS MIKE NORWAY VRS80L 0012 0618 02/93 ONDA o.oo o.oo 0 CANMAR (STOPPED) UNITED KINGDOM VRS80N 0012 01/93 OVYA o.oo o.oo 0 NUKA ITTUK DENMARK VRS80N 0012 12/92 OZJP o.oo o.oo 0 MAGNUS JENSBN DENMARK VRS80N 0012 12/92 UBNZ o.oo O;OO 0 AKADEMIK SHULIEKIN USSR VRS80 0012 UHQS o.oo o.oo 0 AKADEMIK KOROLEV USSR MARS 0012 UJPO o.oo o.oo 0 PROPES.SOR MULTANOV' USSR VRS80 UMAY o.oo o.oo 0 AKADEMIK SHIRSHOV USSR MARS 0012 UMPW o.oo o.oo 0 PROFESSOR ZUBOV USSR MARS 0012 UPUI o.oo o.oo 0 USSR MET UUQR o.oo o.oo 0 USSR MET UWEC o.oo o.oo 0 USSR MET 0012 UZGH o.oo o.oo 0 PAS SAT USSR MARS 0012 V2LV o.oo o.oo 0 EWL COLOMBIA GERMANY VRS80N 0012 09/93 V2LX o.oo o.oo 0 EWL SURINAMB GERMANY VRS80N 0012 09/93 VRSI o.oo o.oo 0 CANMAR EUROPE UNITED KINGDOM VRS80N 0012 04/93 VSBV3 o.oo o.oo 0 CANMAR (STOPPED) FINLAND VRS80 0012 01/93

- 17 -TABLE 3

UPPER-AIR GROUND SYSTEMS AND WINDPINDING EQUIPI.IENT : 1993.

STATION COUNTRY SONDE FREQ RAD CORR. GROUND WINDFINDING WINDFINDING NUMBER MHz COR TYPE EQUIPMENT SYSTEM EQUIPMENT

01001 NORWAY VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 01028 NORWAY VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 01152 NORWAY VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 01241 NORWAY VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 01384 NORWAY VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 01415 NORWAY VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 02185 SWEDEN VRS80 403 y V86 DIGICORA RADAR 02225 SWEDEN VRS80 403 y V86 DIGICORA RADAR 02365 SWEDEN VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA/LORAN DIGICORA 02465 SWEDEN VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA/LORAN DIGICORA 02527 SWEDEN VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA/LORAN DIGICORA 02544 SWEDEN VRS80 403 y V86 DIGICORA RADAR 02591 SWEDEN VRS80 403 y V86 DIGICORA RADAR 02836 FINLAND VRSSON 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 02935 FINLAND VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 02963 FINLAND VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 03005 UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 403 y V93 PC-CORA RADAR COSSOR 353D 03026 UNITED KINGDOM VRSSO 403 y V93 PC-CO RA RADAR COSSOR 353D 03170 UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR COSSOR 353D 03213 UNITED KINGDOM VRS80L 403 y V93 PC-CORA LORAN-C PC-CORA+SPL11 03240 UNITED KINGDOM VRSSOL 403 y V93 PC-CORA LORAN-C PC-CORA+SPL11 03322 UNITED KINGDOM VRSSOL 403 y V93 PC-CORA LORAN-C PC-CORA+SPLll 03496 UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 403 y V93 PC-CORA RADAR COSSOR 353D 03502 UNITED KINGDOM VRSSO 403 y V93 PC-CORA RADAR COSSOR 353D 03693 UNITED KINGDOM VRSSO 403 y V93 PC-CORA RADAR COSSOR 353D 03743 UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 403 y V93 PC-CORA RADAR COSSOR 353D 03763 UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR COSSOR 353D 03774 UNITED KINGDOM VRSSO 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR COSSOR 353D 03808 UNITED KINGDOM VRS80 403 y V93 PC-CORA RADAR COSSOR 353D 03882 UNITED KINGDOM VRS80L 403 y V93 PC-CORA LORAN-C PC-CORA+SPLll 03920 UNITED KINGDOM VRS80L 403 y V93 PC-CORA LORAN-C PC-CORA+SPL11 03953 EIRE VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA/RADAR NAVAID/COSSOR 04018 ICELAND VRS80N 403 y V86 MARWIN OMEGA MARWIN-12 04202 GREENLAND MSS 1680 N GMD5 RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD5 04220 GREENLAND VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 04270 GREENLAND VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA, MICROCORA 04320 GREENLAND VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA + VLF DIGICORA 04339 GREENLAND VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 04360 GREENLAND VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 06011 DENMARK (FAROE ISL) VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 06030 DENMARK VIZ 1680 N GMD1 RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD1 06181 DENMARK VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 06260 NETHERLANDS VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA+PC OMEGA NAVAID 06447 BELGIUM VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA MWll OMEGA DIGICORA 06476 BELGIUM .VRS80N 403 y V86 MOD CORA OMEGA MOD CORA 06496 BELGIUM

·06610 SWITZERLAND ML-SRS 400 N BASORA SECONDARY RADAR BASORA 07110 FRANCE VRS80L 403 y NIR STAR LORAN-C STAR 07145 FRANCE VRS80L . 403 y NIR STAR LORAN-C STAR 07180 FRANCE VRSSOL 403 y NIR STAR LORAN-C STAR 07481 FRANCE VRS80L 403 y NIR STAR LORAN-C STAR 07510 FRANCE VRSSOL 403 y NIR STAR LORAN-C STAR 07645 FRANCE VRS80L 403 y NIR STAR LORAN-C STAR 07761 FRANCE VRS80L 403 y NIR STAR LORAN-C STAR 08001 SPAIN VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 08023 SPAIN VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 08160 SPAIN VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 08221 SPAIN VRS80N 403 y V82 MOD CORA OMEGA MOD CORA 08301 SPAIN VRS80N 403 y V82 MOD CORA OMEGA MOD CORA 08430 SPAIN VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 0849~ GIBRALTAR VRS80N 403 y V93 PC-CORA OMEGA PC-CORA+SP011 08508 PORTUGAL (ACORES) VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 08522 PORTUGAL (MADEIRA) VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 08579 PORTUGAL VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 08594 CAPE VERDE ISLS VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORPS? 10035 GERMANY VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA(MOD) RADAR EEC 10046 GERMANY 10184 GERMANY VRS80N 403 y V86 PC-CORA OMEGA PC-CORA+SP07 10200 GERMANY VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA(MOD) RADAR 10238 GERMANY 10304 GERMANY 10338 GERMANY VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA(MOD) RADAR EEC 10384 GERMANY 10393 GERMANY VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA(MOD) RADAR GEMATRONIC 10410 GERMANY VRS80 403 y V86. PC-CORA(MOD) RADAR GEMATRONIC 10437 GERMANY 10486 GERMANY VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA(MOD) RADAR GEMATRONIC 10548 GERMANY VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA(MOD) RADAR GEMATRONIC 10618 GERMANY VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA(MOD) RADAR 10739 GERMANY VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA(MOD) RADAR GEMATRONIC 10771 GERMANY VRSSO 403 y V86 PC-CORA(MOD) RADAR

- 18 -TABLE 3

UPPER-AIR GROUND SYSTEMS AND WINDFINDING EQUIPMENT : 1993.


10868 GERMANY VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA(MOD) RADAR GEMATRONIC 10921 GERMANY 10962 GERMANY 11011 AUSTRIA ELIN 403 N AUSTRIAN 11035 AUSTRIA ELIN 403 N AUSTRIAN RADAR GEMATRONIC 11240 AUSTRIA ELIN 403 N AUSTRIAN 11520 CZECH VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 11952 SLOVAKIA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA+MET2 OMEGA/SEC.RADAR DIGICORA+MET2 12120 POLAND VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 12330 POLAND 12374 POLAND VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA/MET2 OMEGA/RADAR DIGICORA/MET2 12425 POLAND VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 12843 HUNGARY VRS80N 403 y NIR DIGICORA MW OMEGA DIGICORA 12982 HUNGARY MARS 1782 y NIR METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 13130 X-YUGOSLAVIA VIZ 1680 N GMD1A SECONDARY RADAR GMD/PLESSEY WF3 13275 X-YUGOSLAVIA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 15120 ROMANIA VRS&ON 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 15420 ROMANIA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA. OMEGA DIGICORA 15480 ROMANIA A-22 216 N MALAHIT SECONDARY RADAR MALAHIT 15614 BULGARIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 15730 BULGARIA (CLOSED) MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 16044 ITALY VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 16080 ITALY VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 16144 ITALY VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 16245 ITALY VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 16320 ITALY VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 16429 ITALY VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 16560 ITALY · VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 16622 GREECE VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 16716 GREECE VRS80N 403 y V86? MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 16754 GREECE VRS80N 403 y V86? MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 17030 TURKEY VRS80 1680 N PPll RADAR MEISEI 17062 TURKEY VRS80 1680 N PPll RADAR MEISEI 17130 TURKEY VRS80 1680 N PP11 RADAR ME I SEI 17220 TURKEY VRS80 1680 N PPll RADAR MEISEI 17240 TURKEY VRS80 1680 N PP11 RADAR MEISEI 17280 TURKEY VRS80 1680 N PPll RADAR MEISEI 17352 TURKEY VRS80 1680 N PPll RADAR MEISEI 17607 CYPRUS VIZ 403 N RADAR PLESSEY 20046 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 20069 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEOR IT 20107 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 20274 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEOR IT 20292 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 20353 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 20667 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 20674 RUSSIA MARS . 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 20744 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 20891 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 21358 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 21432 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 21504 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 21647 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 21824 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 21946 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK. 21965 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 21982 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 22113 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 22217 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 22271 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 22522 RUSSIA A-22 216 MALAHIT RADIOTHEODOLITE MALAHIT 22550 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK. SECONDARY RADAR AVK 22845 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 23022 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 23205 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 23330 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 23418 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 23472 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK. 23552 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR ldETEORIT-2 23804 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK. SECONDARY RADAR AVK 23884 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 23921 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 23933 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 23955 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 24125 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 24266 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK. SECONDARY RADAR AVK 24343 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 24507 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 24641 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 24688 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 24817 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK

- 19 -TABLE 3


STATION COUNTRY SONDE FREQ RAD CORR. GROUND WINDFINDING WINDPINDING NUMBER MHz COR TYPE EQUIPMENT SYSTEM EQUIPMENT

24908 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR MBTEORIT-2 24944 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 24959 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 25123 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 25173 RUSSIA MARS 1782 . y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 25399 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 25400 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 25551 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 25563 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 25677 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 25703 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 25913 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 25954 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 26038 ESTONIA VRS80 403 y V86 DIGICORA NAVAID7 DIGICORA 26063 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 26258 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 26298 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 26422 LATVIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 26629 LITHUANIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 26702 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 26781 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONPARY RADAR AVK 26850 BELARUS MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY.RADAR AVK 27037 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 27196 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEOR IT-I 27553 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 27595 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 27612 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 27947 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 28275 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY ~AR AVK 28440 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 28661 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 28698 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 28722 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 28900 RUSSIA. MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 28952 CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 29231 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 29263 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 ·Y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 29282 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 29574 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 29612 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 29634 RUSSIA MRZ-T 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 29698 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 30054 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 30230 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 30309 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 30372 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 30521 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 30554 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 30635 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 30673 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 30692 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 30715 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 30758 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 30935 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 30965 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 31004 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 31088 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 31168 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEOR IT-I SECONDARY RADAR METEORITE-I 31300 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 31329 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 31369 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 31510 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 31707 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 31735 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 31873 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 31909 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 31960 RUSSIA MRZ-T 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 32061 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 32150 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 32165 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 32186 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 32217 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 32389 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 32540 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 32618 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 33008 BELARUS MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 33041 BELARUS MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 33345 Cl S (UKRAINE) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 33393 cis (UKRAINE) MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 33631 CIS (UKRAINE) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 33658 CIS (UKRAINE) MARS 1782 y METEOR IT-I SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1

- 20 -TABLE 3


STATION COUNTRY SON DE FREQ RAD CORR. GROUND WINDFINDING WINDFINDING NUMBER Mllz COR TYPE EQUIPMENT SYSTEM EQUIPMENT

33815 CIS (MOLDOVA) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 33837 CIS (UKRAINE) MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 33946 CIS (UKRAINE) MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 34009 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 34122 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY ·RADAR AVK 34172 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR METEOR IT 34300 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 34560 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 34731 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 34858 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 34880 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 35108 CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 35121 RUSSIA MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 35229 CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 35394 CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MARS 1782 y METEOR IT SECONDARY RADAR METEOR IT 35700 CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 35746 CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 35796 CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 36177 CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 36870 CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 37018 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 37054 RUSSIA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 37260 CIS (GEORGIA) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 37549 CIS (GEORGIA) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR METEOR IT 37789 CIS (AZERBAYDZHAN) MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 37985 CIS (AZERBAYDZHAN) MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METBORIT-2 38062 CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 38341 CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 38353 CIS (KAZAKHSTAN) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 38392 CIS (TURKMBNISTAN) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 38457 CIS (UZBEKISTAN) MRZ-T 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 38507 CIS (TURKMBNISTAN) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 38687 CIS (TURKMENISTAN) MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 38750 CIS (TURKMENISTAN) MRZ 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 38836 CIS (TADZHIKISTAN) MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 38880 CIS (TURKMBNISTAN) MRZ-T 1782 y AVK SECONDARY RADAR AVK 38954 CIS (TADZHIKISTAN) MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 40007 SYRIA VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 40080 SYRIA VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 40100 LEBANON VRS80 403 PPll 40179 ISRAEL VIZ 1392 RADIOTHEODOLITE BEND IX 40265 JORDAN VRS80 403 N ARIGA/RDS65A 40373 SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 40375 SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 40394 SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 40416 SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 40430 SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N · 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 40437 SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 40582 KUWAIT VRS80N 403 y V86 .DIGICORA OMEGA/RADAR CORA/ENTERPRISE 40650 IRAQ VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA/RAD THEOD MICROCORA/METOX 40706 IRAN VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 40745 IRAN VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 40754 IRAN VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 40766 IRAN VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 40800 IRAN VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 40809 IRAN VRS80 403 PP11 OPT.THEODOLITE 40841 IRAN VRS80 403 PP11 RADAR PLESSBY WF2 40848 IRAN VRS80 403 PP11 RADAR PLESSEY WF2 40875 IRAN VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 40938 AFGHANISTAN 0 40948 AFGHANISTAN 0 40990 AFGHANISTAN 0 41024 SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 41114 SAUDI ARABIA VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 41170 QATAR VRS80 403 41217 UNITED ARAB EMIRATE 0 41256 OMAN VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 41316 OMAN VIZ 400 N LORAN-C VIZ? 41344 YEMEN VRS80 403 RT/AR 41480 YEMEN VRS80N 403 y V86 MOD-CORA OMEGA MOD-CO RA 41494 YEMEN VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 41530 PAKISTAN VRS80 403 N PP11/ME12 RADIOTHEODOLITB 41594 PAKISTAN VRS80 403 N PP11/ME12 RADIOTHEODOLITE 41640 PAKISTAN VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 41661 PAKISTAN VRS80 403 N PP11/ME12 RADIOTHEODOLITE 41675 PAKISTAN VRS80 403 N PP11/ME12 RADIOTHEODOLITE 41739 PAKISTAN VRS80 403 N PP11/ME12 RADIOTHEODOLITE 41780 PAKISTAN VRS80 403 N PP11/ME12 RADIOTHEODOLITE 41923 BANGLADESH VIZ 1680 N RD-65 RADIOTHEODOLITE RD-65 42027 INDIA IM MK3 401 RSGE RADAR BEL( INDIA) 42101 INDIA IM MK3 401 RSGE RADAR BEL( INDIA)

- 21 -TABLE 3


STATION COUNTRY SONDE FREQ RAD CORR. GROUND WINDFINDING WINDFINDING NUMBER !.lHz COR TYPE EQUIPMENT SYSTEM EQUIPMENT

42182 INDIA IM MK3 401 WBRT/SAMEER RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP. USA 42314 INDIA IM MK3 401 RSGE RADAR EEC(USA)+ECIL 42339 INDIA IM MK3 1680 WBRT RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP. USA 42361 INDIA IM MK3 401 SAME ER RADIOTHEODOLITE SAMEER(INDIA) 42369 INDIA IM MK3 1680 WBRT RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP. USA 42379 INDIA IM MK3 401 SAME ER RADJ-OTHEODOLITE SAMEER(INDIA) 42397 INDIA IM MK3 401 SAME ER RADIOTHEODOLITE SAMEER(INDIA) 42410 INDIA IM ldK3 1680 WBRT RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP. USA 42492 INDIA IM MK3 401 RSGE RADAR BEL( INDIA) 42647 INDIA IM ldK3 401 RSGE RADAR EEC li ECIL 42667 INDIA IM MK3 401 RSGE RADAR BEL( INDIA) 42700 INDIA IM ldK3 401 RSGE RADIOTHEODOLITE METOX &: ECIL 42724 INDIA IM MK3 401 SAME ER RADIOTHEODOLITE SAMEER(INDIA) 42779 INDIA IM MK3 401 SMPU RADIOTHEODOLITE SMPU(INDIA) 42809 INDIA IM MK3 1680 WBRT RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP. USA 42867 INDIA IM MK3 1680 WBRT RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP. USA 42971 INDIA IM MK3 401 RSGE RADAR SELENIA & ECIL 43003 INDIA IM MK3 1680 WBRT RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP. USA 43014 INDIA IM MK3 401 SMPU RADIOTHEODOLITE SMPU (INDIA) 43041 INDIA IM MK3 401 SMPU RADIOTHEODOLITE SMPU(INDIA) 43128 INDIA IM MK3 401 RSGE RADAR BEL( INDIA) 43150 INDIA IM MK3 401 RSGE RADAR SELENIA &: ECIL 43185 INDIA IM MK3 401 RSGE RADAR BEL( INDIA) 43192 INDIA IM MK3 401 RSGE RADAR SELENIA &: ECIL 43279 INDIA IM MK3 401 RSGE RADAR BEL (INDIA) 43285 INDIA lM MK3 401 RSGE RADAR S·ELENIA &: ECIL 43295 INDIA IM MK3 401 RSGE RADAR BEL( INDIA) 43311 INDIA · IM MK3 401 SAME ER RADIOTHEODOLITE SAMEER(INDIA) 43333 INDIA IM MK3 401 SAME ER RADIOTHEODOLITE SAMEER(INDIA) 43346 INDIA IM ldK3 401 RSGE RADAR BEL( INDIA) 43353 INDIA IM MK3 401 RSGE ECIL 43369 INDIA IM MK3 401 SAME ER RADIOTHEODOLITE SAMEER(INDIA) 43371 INDIA IM MK3 401 RSGE RADAR BEL( INDIA) 43599 MALDIVES 0 44212 MONGOLIA MARS 1782 METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 44231 MONGOLIA MARS 1782 METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 44259 MONGOLIA MARS 1782 METEORIT-2 SECONDARY-RADAR METEORIT-2 44277 MONGOLIA MARS 1782 METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 44288 MONGOLIA MARS 1782 METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 44292 MONGOLIA MARS 1782 ·METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 44354 MONGOLIA MARS 1782 METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 44373 MONGOLIA MARS 1782 METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 45004 HONG KONG VRS80N 403 y V86 MOD CORA OMEGA MOD CORA 47041 D.P.R, OF KOREA 0 47058 D.P.R. OF KOREA 0 47122 REP. OF KOREA J/YANG 403 N W0-2000A OMEGA W0-2000A 47138 REP. OF KOREA J/YANG. 403 N W0-2000AT OMEGA W0-2000AT 47158 REP. OF KOREA J/YANG 403 N W0-2000A OMEGA W0-2000A 47185 REP. OF KOREA J/YANG 403 N W0-200AT OMEGA W0-2000AT 47401 JAPAN MEIR80 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47412 JAPAN MEIR80 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47420 JAPAN MEIR80 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47580 JAPAN MEIR80 1680 y THEOD, RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47582 JAPAN MEIR91 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47590 JAPAN MEIR91 1680 y THEOD·, RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47600 JAPAN MEIR91 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47646 JAPAN MEIR91 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47678 JAPAN MEIR91 1680 y THEOD, RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47681 JAPAN MEIR80 1680 y THEOD, RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47744 JAPAN MEIR91 1680 y THEOD, RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47778 JAPAN MEIR80 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47807 JAPAN MEIR80 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47827 JAPAN MEIR80 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47881 JAPAN MEIR80 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47909 JAPAN MEIR91 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47918 JAPAN MEIR80 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47936 JAPAN MEIR80 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47945 JAPAN MEIR80 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47971 JAPAN . MEIR80 1680 y THEOD . RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47981 JAPAN MEIR80 1680 THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 47991 JAPAN MEIR80 1680 y THEOD, RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 48042 MYANMAR VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA Ol.lEGA DIGICORA 48097 MYANMAR VRS18 403 y RS18 RADIOTHEODOLITE 48327 THAILAND VIZ 403 N MET OX RAD THEOD/OMEGA METOX/BEUKERS 48407 THAILAND VIZ 403 N METOX/AIR RADIOTHEODOLITE METOX/AIR 48455 THAILAND VRS80N 403 y METOX/MICROCOR RAD THEOD/OMEGA METOX/MICROCORA 48565 THAILAND AIR 1680 N AIR/HP COMP. RADIOTHEODOLITE AIR 48568 THAILAND VIZ 403 N ME TOX RAD THEOD/OMEGA METOX/BEUKERS 48601 MALAYSIA VRS80 403 y pp 11 RADAR PLESSEY WF3 48615 MALAYSIA VIZ 403 y W9000 OMEGA W9000 48648 MALAYSIA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA

- 22 -TABLE 3

UPPER-AIR GROUND SYSTEMS AND WINDPINDING EQUIPMENT : 199:3.


48657 MALAYSIA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 48698 SINGAPORE VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 48820 VIETNAM MARS 1780 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 48900 VIETNAM A-22 216 y MALAHIT RADIOTHEODOLITE MALAHIT 50527 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 50557 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 50774 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 50953 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 51076 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 51431 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 51463 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 51644 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 51709 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 51777 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 51828 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 51848 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 52203 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 52267 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 52323 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 52418 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 52533 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 52681 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 52818 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 52836 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 52866 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 52889 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 53068 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 53463 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 53513 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 53614 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 53772 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 53845 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 53915 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 54102 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 54135 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 54161 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 54218 CHINA· SHANG 400 ·y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 54292 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 54337 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 54342 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 54374 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 54497 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 54511 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 54662 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 54823 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 54857 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 55299 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 55591 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 56029 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 56080 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 56137 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 56146 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 56294 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 56571 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 56691 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 56739 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 56778 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 56964 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 56985 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 57036 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 57083 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 57127 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 57178 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 57447 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 57461 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 57494 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 57516 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 57679 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 57749 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 57816 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 57957 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 57972 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 57993 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 58027 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 58150 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 58203 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 58238 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 58367 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 58424 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 58457 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 58606 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH

- 23 -TABLE 3


STATION COUNTRY SONDE FREQ RAD CORR. GROUND WINDFINDING WINDFINDINO NUMBER MHz COR TYPE EQUIPMENT SYSTEM EQUIPMENT

58633 CHINA SHANO 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 58666 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 58725 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 58847 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 58968 TAIWAN 0 59134 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 59211 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 59265 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 59287 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 59316 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 59431 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 59758 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 59981 CHINA SHANG 400 y SECONDARY RADAR BRIDGE MACH 60020 CANARY ISL (SPAIN) VRSSON 403 y V82 MOD CORA OMEGA MOD CORA 60155 MOROCCO IdES 0 RADIOTHEODOLITE MORIN 60191 MOROCCO MES 0 RADIOTHEODOLITE MORIN 60250 MOROCCO IdES 0 OPT. THEOD? 60390 ALGERIA VRS80 403 y V86 DACOS RADIOTHEDOLITE 60S 50 ALGERIA VRS80 403 y V86 DACOS SECONDARY RADAR 60571 ALGERIA VRS80 403 y V86 DACOS RADIOTHEDOLITE 60630 ALGERIA VRS80 403 y V86 DACOS RADIOTHEODOLITE 60680 ALGERIA VRS80 403 y V86 DACOS RADIOTHEODOLITE 60715 TUNISIA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA . NAVAID 60760 TUNISIA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA NAVAID 61024 NIGER VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA MW11 OMEGA DIGICORA 61052 NIGER VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA MWll OMEGA DIGICORA 61223 MALI VRS80 403 N CITAR/PPll RADIOTHEODOLITE 61291 MALI VRS80 403 N CITAR/PPll RADIOTHEODOLITE 61415 MAURITANIA VRS80 403 CITAR/PPll RADAR'/ 61641 SENEGAL VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 61901 ST HELENA S.ATLANTI VRS80N 403 y V93 PC-CORA OMEGA PC-CORA+SPOll 61902 ASCENSION ISL MSS 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE 61967 DIEGO GARCIA VRS80N 400 y V86 MARWIN OMEGA MARWIN 61976 lLB TROMELIN VWS80 403 N PPll/STAR RADIOTHEODOLITE MES. 61995 MAURITIOUS 0 N RADAR PLESSEY WF3 61996 ILE AMSTERDAM VRS80N 403 y V86 STAR OMEGA STAR 61998 ILES KERGUELEN VRS80N 403 y V86 STAR OMEGA STAR 62010 LIBYA VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 62019 LIBYA VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 62053 LIBYA VRSSON 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 62062 LIBYA VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 62103 LIBYA VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 62124 LIBYA VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 62212 LIBYA VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 62271 LIBYA VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 62306 EGYPT VIZ 403 N U6600 RADAR EEC 62378 EGYPT VIZ 403 N U6600' RADAR EEC 62414 EGYPT VIZ 403 N RADTRAC/PLESSY RADAR PLESSEY 62721 SUDAN VR!80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 63450 ETHIOPIA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA/PPll OMEGA NAVAID 63612 KENYA MES73A 405 N RSV 2/9915 RADAR ZEPHYR 63741 KENYA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 63985 SEYCHELLES VRS80 403 y V86 PPll RADAR PLESSEY WF3 64650 CENTRAL AFRICAN REP VRS80 403 N METOX/PP11 RADIOTHEODOLITE 64910 CAMEROON VRS80 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA NAVAID 65578 COTE D' lVI ORE VRS80 403 N CITAR/PP11 RADAR CITAR 67083 MADAGASCAR VRS80 403 N OMERA/PP11 RADAR'/ 67197 MADAGASCAR VRS80 403 N OMERA/PP11 RADAR'/ 67237 MOZAMBIQUE VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA NAVAID 67341 MOZAMBIQUE VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA NAVAID 67475 ZAMBIA 0 67586 MALAWI MES73A 403 N HEWLETT PACKAR RADIOTHEODOLITE 67666 ZAMBIA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA NAVAID 67774 ZIMBABWE VRS80 403 y V82? PPll RADAR PLESSEY/ZEPHYR 67843 ZIMBABWE VRS80 403 y V86 DIGICORA RADAR DIGICORA/ZEPHYR 67964 ZIMBABWE VRS80 403 y V82? PPll RADAR PLESSEY/ZEPHYR 68032 BOTSWANA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 68040 BOTSWANA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 68110 NAMBIA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA? OMEGA DIGICORA7 68174 SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 1680 PPll OMEGA NAVAID 68240 BOTSWANA VRS80 403 N PP11? RADIOTHEODOLITE 68263 SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 1680 PP11 OMEGA NAVAID 68424 SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 1680 PP11 OMEGA NAVAID 68442 SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 1680 PP11 OMEGA NAVAID 68461 SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 1680 PP11 OMEGA NAVAID 68512 SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 1680 PP11 OMEGA NAVAID 68536 SOUTH AFRICA VRSSON 1680 PPll OMEGA NAVAID 68588 SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 1680 PP11 OMEGA NAVAID 68816 SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 1680 PPll OMEGA NAVAID 68842 SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 1680 PPll OMEGA NAVAID 68906 SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 1680 PPll OMEGA NAVAID

- 24 -TABLE 3

UPPER-AIR GROUND SYSTEMS AND WINDPINDING EQUIPMENT : 1993.

STATION COUNTRY SONDE FREQ RAD CORR. GROUND WINDFINDING WINDFINDING NUMBER MHZ COR TYPE EQUIPMENT SYSTEM EQUIPMENT

68994 SOUTH AFRICA VRS80N 1680 P.Pl1 OMEGA NAVAID 70026 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 70086 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 70133 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 70200 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEOOOLITE SERVO CORP 70219 UNITED STATES SDC 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 70231 UNITED STATES SDC 1680 N RADIOTHEODOI.ITE SERVO CORP 70261 UNITED STATES SDC 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 70266 UNITED STATES 70273 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEOOOLITE SERVO CORP 70308 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 70316 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEOOOLITE SERVO CORP 70326 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 70350 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEOOOLITE SERVO CORP 70361 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 70398 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 70414 UNITED STATES MSS 1680 N GMOS RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD5 70454 UNITED STATES VRS80N 1680 y V86 MARWIN OMEGA NAVAID 71043 CANADA VAL ,1680- N GMO RADIOTHEOOOLITE GMO 71072 CANADA VIZB 403 N VIZ MARK 2 RADIOTHEODOLITE VIZ MARK 2 71081 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71082 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMO 71109 CANADA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGI.CORA 71115 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71119 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71600 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71603 CANADA VIZB 403 N VIZ MARK. 2 LORAN VIZ MARK. 2 71801 CANADA VIZB 403 N VIZ MARK. 2 LORAN VIZ MARK. 2 71811 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71815 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71816 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMO 71823 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEOOOLITE GMD 71836 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71845 CANADA VIZB 403 N VIZ MARK. 2 LORAN VIZ MARK 2 71867 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71896 CANADA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 71906 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71907 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMO 71909 CANADA VIZB 403 N VIZ MARK 2 OMEGA VIZ MARK 2 71913 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71915 CANADA VIZB 403 N VIZ MARK 2 OMEGA VIZ MARK 2 71917 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71924 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71925 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71926 CANADA :VAL 1680 N GMO RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71934 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMO

'71945 CANADA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 7195 7 CANADA VAL 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 71964 CANADA VIZB 403 N VIZ MARK 2 LORAN VIZ MARK 2 72201 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72203 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72208 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72209 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72210 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEOOOLITE SERVO CORP 72213 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72214 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEOOOLITE SERVO CORP 72221 UNITED STATES VRS80L 1680 y V86 DIGICORA LORAN NAVAID 72225 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72229 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEOOOLITE SERVO CORP 72233 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72235 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEOOOLITE SERVO CORP 72239 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72240 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72247 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72250 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72251 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72257 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72260 UNITED STATES SDC 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72261 UNITED STATES SDC 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72265' UNITED STATES SDC 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72269 UNITED STATES VRS80N 1680 y V86 OMEGA NAVAID 72270 UNITED STATES SDC 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72274 UNITED STATES SDC 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72291 UNITED STATES VRSSON 1680 y V86 MARWIN OMEGA NAVAID 72293 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72304 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEOOOLITE SERVO CORP 72311 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72317 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72327 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RAOIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72340 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP 72349 UNITED STATES VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE SERVO CORP

- 25 -TABLE 3

UPPER-AIR GROUND SYSTEMS AND WINDPINDING EQUIPMENT : 1993,

STATION COUNTRY NUUBER

72355 72357 72363 72365 72374 72381 72387 72393 72402 72403 72407 72424 72425 72429 72435 72451 72456 72468 72469 72476 72486 72493 72518 72520 72528 72532 72553 72562 72572 72576 72583 72597 72606 72637 72645 72654 72655 72662 72681 72694 72712 72734 72747 72764 72768 72775 72785 72797 73455 74230 74420 74421 74494 74500 74501 74504 74521 74606 74611 74612 74630 74631 74702 74718 74731 74733 74734 74794 76151 '76225 76256 76394 76458 76612 76644 76654 76679 76692 76723 78016 78073

UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED.STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES MEXICO MEXICO MEXICO MEXICO MEXICO MEXICO MEXICO MEXICO MEXICO MEXICO MEXICO BERMUDA BAHAMAS

SONDE FREQ RAD CORR. GROUND MHz COR TYPE EQUIPMENT

VIZ VIZ SDC SDC SDC MSS VRS80N MSS VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ SDC SDC VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ SDC SDC VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ SDC VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ SDC VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ MSS VIZ MSS VIZ MSS VIZ VRS80N VIZ VIZ VIZ VRS80N VRS80N MSS VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ VIZ

1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 y 1680 N 403 N

1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N .1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 y 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 y 1680 y 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N 1680 N

0 1680 N

V86

V86

V86 V86

MSS DIGICORA MSS

MSS

MSS

MSS

DIGICORA

DIGICORA DIGICORA MSS

GMD-1

WINDFINDING SYSTEM

RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE OMEGA RADIOTHEODOLITE LORAN RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITB RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODQLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE OMEGA RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE OMEGA OMEGA RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE RADIOTHEODOLITE

WINDFINDING EQUIPMENT

SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP MSS NAVAID MSS BEUKERS SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP

.SERYO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVb CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP MSS SERVO CORP MSS SERVO CORP MSS SERVO CORP NAVAID SERVO CORP SERVO CORP SERVO CORP NAVAID NAVAID MSS GMD GMD GMD GMD

RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 1 RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 1 RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 1 RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 1 RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 1 RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 1 RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 1 RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD-1

- 26 -TABLE 3


STATION COUNTRY SONDE PREQ RAD CORR. GROUND WINDPINDING WINDPINDING NUMBER MHz COR TYPE EQUIPMENT SYSTEM EQUIPMENT

78355 CUBA MARS 1782 y METEORIT-2 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-2 78367 CUBA 0 78384 CAYMAN ISLANDS VIZ .1680 RADIOTHEODOLITE 78397 JAMAICA VIZ 1680 RADIOTHEODOLITE 78486 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. VIZ 1680 N GMD-1 RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD-1 78526 PUERTO RICO VIZ 0 RADIOTHEODOLITE 78583 BELIZE VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE 78762 COSTA-RICA VIZ 1680 N GMD-1 RAD IOTHEODOL ITE GMD-1 78861 ANTIGUA, VIZ 1680 GMD4 RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD4 78866 ST.MAARTEN, VIZ 1680 78897 GUADELOUPE VRS80 403 y V86 PP11/STAR RADIOTHEODOLITE IdES. 78954 BARBADOS VIZ 1680 N RADIOTHEODOLITE 78970 TRINIDAD VIZ 1680 N GMD1 RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD1 78988 CURACAO VIZ 1680 N 80001 COLOMBIA VIZ 1680 N GMD1 RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD1 80035 COLOMBIA VRS80N 403 y V86 MARWIN I I OMEGA MARWIN II 80222 COLOMBIA VIZ 1680 N GMD1 RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD1 80241 COLOMBIA VRS80N 403 y V86 MARWIN II OMEGA MARWIN II 80398 COLOMBIA VRS80N 403 N PP11 RADIOTHEODOLITE 80413 VENEZUELA VRS80N 1680 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 80447 VENEZUELA VIZ 1680 N RDGS RADAR RDGS 80462 VENEZUELA VIZ 1680 N RDG5 RADAR RDG5 81405 FRENCH GUIANA VRS80 403 y V86 PP11/STAR RADIOTHEODOLITE MBS. 82193 BRAZIL VRS80 403 AR15/PP11 RADIOTHEODOLITE 82276 BRAZIL VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 82280 BRAZIL VRS80 403 METOX/PP11 RADIOTHEODOLITE ME TOX 82332 BRAZIL VRS80 403 AR15/PP11 RADIOTHEODOLITE 82397 BRAZIL VRS80 403 METOX/PPll RADIOTHEODOLITE .!o!ETOX 82400 BRAZIL VRS80 403 AR15/PP11 RADIOTHEODOLITE 82599 BRAZIL VIZB 1680 N VIZ/W9000 OMEGA 82678 BRAZIL VRS80 403 METOX/PPll RADIOTHEODOLITE MET OX 82765 BRAZIL VRS80 403 METOX/PPll RADIOTHEODOLITE METOX 82824 BRAZIL VRS80 403 AR15/PP11 RADIOTHEODOLITE 82900 BRAZIL VRS80 403 METOX/PP11 RADIOTHEODOLITE METOX 82965 BRAZIL VRS80 403 AR15/PP11 RADIOTHEODOLITE 82983 BRAZIL VRS80 403 METOX/PPll RADIOTHEODOLITE METOX 83208 BRAZIL VRS80 403 AR15/PP11 RADIOTHEODOLITE 83229 BRAZIL VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 83288 BRAZIL VRS80 403 " METOX/PPll RADIOTHEODOLITE ME TOX 83361 BRAZIL VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 83378 BRAZIL VRS80 403 AR15/PP11 RADIOTHEODOLITE 83498 BRAZIL VRS80 403 METOX/PPll RADIOTHEODOLITE MET OX 83583 BRAZIL VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 83612 BRAZIL VRS80 403 AR15/PP11 RADIOTHEDOLITE 83650 BRAZIL VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 83746 BRAZIL VIZB 1680 VIZ/W9000 OMEGA 83780 BRAZIL VRS80 403 AR15/PP11 RADIOTHEODOLITE METOX 83840 BRAZIL VIZB 1680 N VIZ/W9000 OMEGA 83971 BRAZIL VIZB 1680 N VIZ/W9000 OMEGA 84008 ECUADOR VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA NAVAID 84628 PERU VIZ 0 GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 85201 BOLIVIA VIZ 0 85442 CHILE VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 85469 CHILE VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 85543 CHILE VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 85799 CHILE VRS?ON 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 85934 CHILE VRS80N 403 y V86 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 86218 PARAGUAY VIZ 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODALITE GMD 87047 ARGENTINA VRS80 403 N pp 11 RADIOTHEODOLITE 87155 ARGENTINA VRS80N 403 y V86? MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 87344 ARGENTINA VRS80 403 N PP11 RADIOTHEODOLITE 87418 ARGENTINA VRS80 403 N PPll RADIOTHEODOLITE 87576 ARGENTINA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 87623 ARGENTINA VRS80N 403 y V86? MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 87715 ARGENTINA VRS80N 403 y V86? MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 87748 ARGENTINA 87860 ARGENTINA VRS80N 403 y V867 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 88889 FALKLAND ISLANDS VRS80N 403 y V82 MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 89001 ANTARCTICA VRS80 1680 PP11 89002 ANTARCTICA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 89009 ANTARCTICA VIZ 1680 89022 ANTARCTICA AIR 1680 N AIR SYSTEM RADIOTHEODOLITE AIR 89050 ANTARCTICA MET 0 89055 ANTARCTICA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 89056 ANTARCTICA 0 89532 ANTARCTICA MEIR80 1680 y THEOD. RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI 89542 ANTARCTICA MET 0 89564 ANTARCTICA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 89571 ANTARCTICA VRSSON 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 89592 ANTARCTICA MET 0 89611 ANTARCTICA VRSSON 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA

- 27 -TABLE 3



89642 ANTARCTICA VRS80N 403 y NIR STAR OMEGA STAR 89664 ANTARCTICA VIZ 1680 N 91066 MIDWAY ISL PACIFIC VIZ 1680 GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 91165 KAUAI, HAWAII VIZ 1680 GMll RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 91217 MARIANA ISL, PACIFI VIZ 0 GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 91245 WAKE ISLAND PACIFIC VIZ 0 GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 91285 HAW AI I VIZ 1680 GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 91334 CAROL INE ISL PACIFI VIZ 0 GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 91348 CAROL INE ISL PACIFI VIZ 0 GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 91366 MARS HALL IS PACIFIC MSS 1680 MSS RADIOTHEODOLITE MSS 91376 MARSHALL IS PACIFIC VIZ 0 GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 91408 PALAU ISL PACIFIC VIZ 0 GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 91413 CAROLINE IS PACIFIC VIZ 0 GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 91517 SOLOMON ISLANDS VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 91557 VANUATU PACIFIC VRS80N 403 y NIR MICROCORA OMEGA MICROCORA 91592 NLLE-CALEDONIE VRS80N 403 y NIR STAR OMEGA STAR 91610 KIRIBATI PACIFIC VRS80 403 y V82 PPll MDAR PLESSEY WF33 91643 TUVALU PACIFIC VRS80 403 y NIR PPll RADAR PLESSEY WF33 91680 FIJI PACIFIC VRS80 403 y V86 PPll RADAR COSSOR 353 91765 SAMOA PACIFIC VIZ 1680 N GMD RADIOTHEODOLITE GMD 91843 COOK ISL PACIFIC RADAR EEC WF100 91925 FRENCH POLYNESIA VRS80 403 y NIR STAR RADIOTHEODOLITE MES. 91938 FRENCH POLYNESIA VRS80 403 y NIR STAR RADIOTHEODOLITE MES. 91944 FRENCH POLYNESIA VRS80 403 y NIR STAR RADIOTHEODOLITE MES. 91948 FRENCH POLYNESIA VRS80 403 y NIR STAR RADIOTHEODOLITE MES. 91952 FRENCH POLYNESIA VRS80 403 y NIR STAR RADAR 91954 FRENCH POLYNESIA VRS80 403 y NIR STAR RADIOTHEODOLITE MES, 91958 FRENCH POLYNESIA VRS80N 403 y NIR STAR OMEGA STAR 93012 NEW ZEALAND VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR EEC WFlOO 93417 NEW ZEALAND VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR EEC WF100 93844 NEW ZEALAND VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR EEC WF100 93944 NEW ZEALAND VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 93986 NEW ZEALAND VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 93997 NEW ZEALAND VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 94014 PAPUA NEW GUINEA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 94120 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94150 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94203 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94294 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 ·PC-CORA RADAR 94299 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94300 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA. RADAR 94302 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94312 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94326 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94332 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94380 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94403 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94461 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94510 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CO RA RADAR 94527 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94578 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CO RA RADAR 94610 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94637 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CO RA OPT.THEOD ONLY 94638 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CO RA RADAR 94646 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CO RA RADAR 94659 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CO RA RADAR 94672 AUSTRALIA VRS8'0 403 y V86 PC-CO RA RADAR 94711 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94750 AUSTRALIA VRS80N 403 y V86 MARWIN OMEGA MARWIN 94767 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94776 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CO RA RADAR 94802 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94821 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CO RA RADAR 94865 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94867 AUSTRALIA 94910 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94975 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94995 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94996 AUSTRALIA VRS80 403 y V86 PC-CORA RADAR 94998 AUSTRALIA VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA 96035 INDONESIA VIZB 1680 N 8020A/RD65 RADIOTHEODOLITE RD65 96163 INDONESIA VIZB 1680 N RD65 RADIOTHEODOLITE RD65 96237 INDONESIA MESEI 1680 y 8020A/RD65 RADIOTHEODOLITE RD65 96315 BRUNEI DARUSSALAM VRS80 403 y V86 PPll RADAR WF100-5 96413 MALAYSIA VRS80 403 y ? PPll RADAR PLESSEY - WF3 96441 MALAYSIA VRS80 403 y ? PP11 RADAR PLESSEY - WF3 96471 MALAYSIA VRS80 403 y ? PP11 RADAR PLESSEY - WP3 96481 MALAYSIA VRS80 403 y 'I PP11 RADAR PLESSEY - WF3 9674,9 INDONESIA MESEI 1680 y RD65 RADIOTHEODOLITE RD65 96935 INDONESIA VIZB 1680 N 8020A/RD65 RADIOTHEODOLITE RD65 96996 COCOS ISLS PACIFIC VRS80N 403 y V86 PC-CORA OMEGA PC-CORA+SPO'I

- 22 -TABLE 3


STATION COUNTRY SONDE FREQ RAD CORR. GROUND WINDPINDING WINDFINDING NUMBER MHz COR TYPE EQUIPMENT SYSTEM EQUIPMENT

97014 INDONESIA VIZB 1680 N 8020A/RD65 RADIOTHEODOLITE RD6S 97072 INDONESIA VIZB 1680 N 8020A/RD6S RADIOTHEODOLITE RD65 97180 INDONESIA VIZB 1680 N 8020A/RD65' RADIOTHEODOLITE RD65 97372 INDONESIA- VIZB 1680 N RD65 RADIOTHEODOLITE RD65 97560 INDONESIA VIZB 1680 N RD65 RADIOTHEODOLITE RD65 98223 PHILIPPINES VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGIC~ OMEGA DIGICORA 98444 PHILIPPINES VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA . - OMEGA DIGICORA 98618 PHILIPPINES VRS18 25 y 'I AR16/RT 18 RADAR EEC 98646 PHILIPPINES VRS18 25 y 'I AR16/RT 18 RADIOTHEODOLITE DBBH GERMANY VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA DBLK GERMANY'/ VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA DUTU 0 EREA USSR MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 EREB USSR MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORITE-1 EREC USSR MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 EREH USSR MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 BREI USSR MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 ERES USSR MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 ERET USSR MARS •1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 EREU USSR MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 ESGG USSR MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 FNOR FRANCE VRS80N 403 y V86 STAR OMEGA STAR FNOU FRANCE VRS80N 403 y V86 STAR OMEGA STAR FNPH PRANCE VRS80N 403 y V86 STAR OMEGA STAR FNRS PRANCE VRS80N 403 y V86 STAR OMEGA STAR GACA UNITED KINGDOM VRS80N 403 y V93 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA+SPOll IBWQ ITALY 0 NONE JBOA JAPAN MEIR80 1680 y THEOD, RADIOTHEODOLITE MEISEI JCCI JAPAN VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA JDWI JAPAN VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA LADB2 CANADA?? VRS80 403 y V86'1 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA LBHA NORWAY VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA LDWR NORWAY VRS80L 403 y V86 DIGICORA LORAN-C DIGICORA ONDA UNITED KINGDOM VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA OVYA DENMARK VRS80N 403 y V86 MARWIN OMEGA MARWIN OZJP DENMARK VRS80N 403 y V86 MARWIN OMEGA MARWIN UBNZ USSR VRS80 0 UHQS USSR MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 -UJFO USSR VRS80 0 UMAY USSR MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 UMPW USSR MARS 178.2 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 UPUI USSR MET 0 UUQR USSR MET 0 UWEC USSR MET 0 UZGH USSR .MARS 1782 y METEORIT-1 SECONDARY RADAR METEORIT-1 V2LV GERMANY VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA V2LX GERMANY VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA VRSI UNITED KINGDOM VRS80N 403 y V86 DIGICORA OMEGA DIGICORA VSBV3 FINLAND VRS80 403 y V86 ·DIGICORA OMEGA NAVAID

PARTB

COMPATIBILITY OF RADIOSONDE . GEOPOTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS

1990, 1991 AND 1992.

T.OAKLEY

.. Meteorological Office MetOOP London Road Bracknell, Berkshire. RG 12 2SZ, U.K. November 1993.

1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

2. 2.1

2.2

3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

4. 4.1

4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7

~

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ..................................................... Aim of the report.

Summacy of the method. •••••••••••••••••••• c tl ••••••••••••••••••••••••

Sources of error in geopotential measurements. ••••llt•••••••••••••e•••••••••••• Notation. •••••••••••••••e~•••••••••••••••••••e••••••••••••••••••••••

QUALITY OF ECMWF FG FIELDS Evaluation of the systematic bias. 2.1.1 Vaisala RS80 radiosonde

••••••~~~•••••••••e••••••••••o•••••••••••••

2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5

eeeelle~~teeeeeeeo••••••••••••••eeeeeeeeeeee

••••••••• 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 •••••••• VIZ radiosonde :MRZ-3A(A VK) radiosonde Meisei RS2-80 radiosonde

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 •••••

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 ••

Summary of the REF-FG values for the key radiosondes. • • • • • • o • • • • e • • • • • •

Evaluation of the random error. eeeeeoee•••••••••••••••••••e••••••••••••••

DESCRIPTION OF SUMMARY TABLES Origin ()f monitoring statistics. o e e e· e • • e e • e e e e • , e e $ e e • .e e o • e e e ~ e e e e e e e e o e e e e

Data reviewed. •••••••••oee••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Fonnat of SummaiY tables. • o • • • • • • • • • o e • • • • • e • • o • • • • • • • • • • • • • o • • • • • • • •

Advice on interpretation of the station by station summaries. ••••••• Cl •••••••• 0 •••

3.4.1 Systematic error 3.4.2 Random error

••••••••••••••••••••• & •••••• Cl •••••• ·• •••••••••••

•••••••••• 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

SURVEY OF THE GLOBAL RADIOSONDE NETWORK .......... ., ............... . General statistics for the global radiosonde network.

4.1.1 Geographical distribution of radiosonde stations 4.1.2 Summary of the use of main radiosonde types

........................ ••••••••••• Cl •••••••••••••

4.1.3 Summary of monitoring results for the main radiosonde types ............... V aisala RS80 radiosonde ............................................... VIZ and VIZ type radiosondes [plus SDC and MSS] radiosondes o • o o .e o o o • e o o • • e o •

MR.Z and MARS radiosondes Indian :MK3 radiosonde

oooooooooooooooo••••••••••••eooooeoooooooo

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Cl •••• Cl • ~

China (SHANGHAI) radiosonde Japan (Meisei RS2-80) radiosonde.

o o e o • o • o o e o • o o o • • • • e • • o • o • • • o o • o • o • • e o e

................................... Cl • " •

5. ANALYSIS OF TIIE IMPLEMENTATION AND ACCURACY OF TilE 31313 GROUP

6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. • •••••••••••••••••••• Cl •••••••••• Cl Cl ••••••••••••

REFERENCES.

APPENDIX A APPENDIX B.

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••eeooeooeoeeoo

Detailed REF-FG statistics for 100 hPa Detailed REF-FG statistics for 100-30 bPa

••• Cl ••••••••••••••• 8 ••

. .......... ,. ........ .

1 2 3 3

4 4 4 5 5 5 7

7 8 8 9 9 10

11 11 11 12 14 16 19 20 21 22

25 26

27 28

Table List

Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6

Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15

- iii -

Variation of (REF-FG) bias with latitude 1990-1992 Station by Station Summary of (OB-FG) statistics, lOO hPa, OOZ [at end of text] Station by Station Summary of(OB-FG) statistics, 100 hPa, 12Z [at end of text] Station by Station Summary of(OB-FG) statistics, 100-30 hPa, OOZ [at end oftext] Station by Station Summary of (OB-FG) statistics, 100-30 hPa, 12Z [at end of text] Reproducibility of standard pressure levels geopotential heights for the main operational radiosonde types from the WMO Radiosonde Comparison World-wide distribution of upper air stations on land in early 1993 Estimated use of radiosonde types in early 1993 Fraction of stations producing good quality observations, May-July · 1992. Non-standard observation quality from Vaisala radiosondes in 1992

· Summary of (OB-FG) bias for stations using SDC radiosondes in the USA and Alaska Non-standard observation quality from VIZ and MSS radiosondes in 1992 Non-standard observation quality from MARS and .MRZ radiosondes in 1992 (OB- FG) Bias for Meisei RS2-80 radiosondes, 1990-1992 Status of implementation of amended TEMP code messages in mid- 1993

- l.V -

Figure List

Fig. 1 Variation of estimates ofREF-FG between sample periods at 12Z for 30<N to 60<N

Fig. 2 Variation with latitude of the standard deviation of (OB-FG) at 100 hPa for some key radiosonde types


Fig. 4 Variation with latitude of (OB-FG) bias for Vaisala RS80 at OOZ, May-July 1992

Fig. 5 Variation with latitude of (OB-FG) standard deviation for Vaisala RS80 at OOZ, May-July 1992

Fig. 6 Dependence of (OB-FG) standard deviation at 100 hPa at OOZ, May- July 1992, on the ground system used with Vaisala RS80.

Fig. 7 Variation with latitude of (OB-FG) bias for VIZ (SDC) radiosondes at OOZ, May-July 1992

Fig. 8(a) Variation of 100 hPa (OB-FG) bias with solar elevation for VIZ type radiosondes in USA and Canada, at OOZ and 12Z , summer and winter, 1990 to 1992.

Fig. 8(b) Variation of 100-30 hPa (OB-FG) bias with solar elevation for VIZ type radiosondes in USA and Canada, at OOZ and 12Z , summer and winter, 1990 to 1992.

Fig. 9 Variation of 100-30 hPa (OB-FG) bias with latitude for VIZ type radiosondes for solar elevations of20 to 40°, May- July, and -10 to 5°, November to January.

Fig. 10 Variation with latitude of (OB-FG) standard deviation for VIZ type radiosondes at OOZ, May-July 1992

Fig. 11 Variation with latitude of (OB-FG) bias for MRZ and MARS radiosondes at OOZ, May-July 1992

Fig. 12 Variation with solar elevation ofMRZ radiosonde (OB-FG) bias for 100-30 hPa, May-July' 1990 -1992

Fig. 13 Variation with latitude of (OB-FG) standard deviations for MRZ and MARS radiosondes at OOZ, May-July 1992

Fig. 14 Variation with longitude of (OB-FG) bias for China, India, Japan at OOZ, May-July 1992

Fig. 15 Variation with longitude of (OB-FG) standard deviations for China, India and Japan at OOZ, May-July 1992

Fig. 16 Monthly values of (OB-FG) statistics at OOZ for all Indian stations since January 1990.

Fig. 17 Annual averages of (OB-FG) statistics for all Indian stations, 1990 -1992

Fig. 18 Variation of (OB-FG) Bias with latitude for stations in China observing at specific solar elevations, 100 hPa, OOZ and 12Z, May-July 1992

Fig. 19 Variation of (OB-FG) Bias with latitude for stations in China observing at specific solar elevations, 100 hPa, OOZ and 12Z, November 1991-January 1992

Fig. 20 Variation of (OB-FG) Bias with latitude for stations in China observing at specified solar elevations, 100-30 hPa, OOZ and 12Z, May-July 1992

Fig. 21 Variation of (OB-FG) Bias with latitude for stations in China observing at selected solar elevations, 100 -30 hPa, OOZ and 12Z, November 1991-January 1992

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aim of the report Radiosonde observations are still the principal source of upper-air data used in synoptic-scale meteorological analysis. At present there are approximately 940 upper-air stations world-wide and 15 major radiosonde types (see Part A). This compares with 950 stations and 20 major radiosonde types as recorded in 1989, see Kitchen, (1988). Comparison between radiosonde geopotential height observations and shortterm forecast or analysed fields from numerical models confirms that significant biases exist in the observations from different stations, see Radford (1987). The existence of these biases was also highlighted in the previous CIMO reports on radiosonde compatibility (Spackrnan, 1978, Moores, 1982, Nash, 1984 and Kitchen, 1988).

Four WMO Radiosonde Comparis~ns have been conducted since 1984, ( Nash and Schmidlin, 1987, Ivanov et al, 1991), the latest taking place in Japan during 1993. These experiments quantified the differences between the measurements of most operational radiosonde types. However, the WMO Comparisons were conducted under a limited set of atmospheric conditions . Therefore, the results obtained could not represent the complete range of operating conditions found around the global network or take account of differences introduced by specific national practices. Following the WMO Comparisons most of the major radiosonde manufacturers have also continued to develop their radiosondes and the associated ground systems. These developments :rpay have resulted in variations in the measurements from a particular radiosonde type, particularly if the corrections applied to radiosonde measurements by the ground systems have varied with time. One of the aims of this report is to identify those radiosonde stations where there are significant differences from the typical observation quality expected from a given radiosonde type on the basis of the WMO Radiosonde Comparison results.

The daily quality of operational upper air observations is monitored on behalf of WMO by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) using 'first guess' (FG) fields as a monitoring reference. The ECMWF FG fields are forecasts from an. analysis based on observations produced 6 hours earlier than the observations under evaluation. In the previous CIMO Radiosonde Compatibility report , Kitchen used results for the 100 hPa geopotential height from Phases I and IT of the WMO Radiosonde Comparison to check the skill of the FG fields as a monitoring reference on a 3 month average of upper air monitoring results from (May-July) 1988. The present report extends this validation of the FG fields, using results from all the WMO Radiosonde Comparisons (Phases I to IV). Validation checks have been applied to upper air monitoring results obtained in 1990, 1991 and 1992, using 3 month averages from both May to July and November to January. Thus, the stability ofFG fields between 1990 and 1992 and from season to season has now been checked at a range of locations world-wide.

As the upper air temperature measurements from the surface to 100 hPa are important for operational forecasting, much of this report deals with assessment of radiosonde geopotential height measurements at 100 hPa. Data availability to 100 hPa is good at most upper air stations and comprehensive evaluation of the global network is feasible. Interest in the quality of radiosonde observations at pressures lower than 100 hPa has developed with the recent growth in climate research activities . Therefore , assessments of the radiosonde observations of geopotential height increment from 100 hPa to 30 hPa have been added to this report.

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The bias and reproducibility of the geopotential height measurements at each station in the global upper -air network are summarised in the various tables of this report. Thus, it is possible:-

• To identify those stations in the global network which are producing measurements of poor quality or of a quality different from that expected, given the type of radiosonde equipment believed to be in use.

• To identify any differences in performance of the same type of radiosonde in different locations. • To use the results as the basis of a method whereby geopotential height measurements may be

adjusted to be compatible with an arbitrmy reference. • To identify those stations with observation quality most suitable for use as ground truth for remote

sensing studies. • To identify the stations with observation quality best suited for use as climatological references.

1.2 Summary of the method

As a result of the 1984/85 WMO Radiosonde Comparison, a 'reference measurement' for geopotential height was arbitrarily defmed by Kitchen (1988) as the average of the geopotential height measurements from the VIZ and Vaisala RS80 radiosondes in the dark (given that VIZ and Vaisala systems are similar to those operated during the comparison experiment). In this report, this standard is referred to as the WMO reference (REF). ·

nte WMO Radiosonde Comparisons provided two types of infonnation ( see Nash 1987) that were used in the evaluation studies in this report:-:

• Biases between the measurements from eight different radiosonde designs in operational use at the time of the comparisons. These were accurately measured during darkness and during daylight at a limited number of solar elevations. Radiosondes tested in Phases I to m were VIZ, Vaisala RS80, UK Met Office RS3, Graw M60, Indian Met. Service MK3, AVK & Meteorit and Chinese Shanghai . UK Met Office RS3 and GRA W M60 radiosondes are no longer in operational use. Phase IV, Japan 1993, has proVided measurements for two types of Japanese Meisei radiosondes.

• The reproducibility of the measurements from these radiosonde designs was accurately determined. (Table 6 contains values for the six radiosonde types that are currently operational.) Experimental conditions during the comparisons were representative of optimum operational conditions and the results may not reflect the measurement quality actually achieved at operational stations world-wide using the same radiosonde types. However, the WMO Radiosonde Comparison results should represent attainable standards for six radiosonde types still in use operationally at about 775 stations world-wide (approx. 83% ofthe total network).

In this study, the systematic biases between measurements by selected radiosonde types and the arbitrmy WMO reference were taken from the WMO Radiosonde Comparison results, Phases I to IV . These differences were then subtracted from the difference between operational measurements by the same radiosonde types and collocated ECMWF FG fields in order to estimate the difference between the WMO Reference and the FG fields. Selected radiosonde types had to be operated in similar fashion to those of the same type in the WMO Radiosonde Comparison. The updated WMO Catalogue of Radiosondes in Use, see Part A of this report, was used to identify the locations of the various radiosonde types with operational practices similar to those in the WM:O Radiosonde Comparisons.

By this means, the FG fields from 1990 until 1992 have been effectively 'calibrated' in terms of the WMO reference at a wide range of locations world-wide . 100 hPa and 30 hPa geopotential FG fields are used because it has been found that forecast errors at these heights are relatively small and not influenced too heavily by local observation error. With this background knowledge, detailed investigations of the bias and reproducibility of upper air observations can be attempted at all upper air stations world-wide.

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1.3 Sources of error in geopotential measurements There are many potential sources of systematic and random errors in radiosonde geopotential measurements and the sources are different for different methods of geopotential determination. For radiosonde systems where the geopotential is computed by integration of radiosonde measurements of pressure, temperature and relative humidity, the error in geopotential, 4> , at the 100 hPa pressure level can be expressed as follows ( see Nash 1987):

lnp100 -lOOO.R j • dT% dT..,/ * eF ';:! • {er(P ) + ep V d + eu. I au}d(lnp ) 9.80665 In • rp

Po --[1]

where the superscript "' denotes true value, the subscript 0 refers to values at the surface and 100 to values at the 100 hPa level. T v is the virtual temperature attributed to the value of p in the processed radiosonde data. ET is the error in the virtual temperature measurements ( including errors due to imperfections in radiation corrections), Eu is the error in the relative humidity measurement and Ep the error in the pressure measurement. R is the gas constant for dry air.

For radiosondes systems where the geopotential is calculated using geometric height measurements from a tracking system ( e.g. radiotheodolite/transponder systems) and where the radiosonde does not have a pressure sensor the corresponding expression is:

--[2]

Note that errors in the geometric measurements, Ez , can arise from errors in range and/or elevation angle.

Errors introduced by da~ processing procedures and surface pressure measurements have not been considered in the expressions above.

1.4 Notation Throughout this report, the 100 hPa geopotential height and the 100-30 hPa geopotential height increment are described using the following notation:

Symbols OB REF FG

Geopotential height as OBserved by radiosonde. Geopotential height as defmed by the WMO REFerence measurement. Geopotential height from the ECMWF First Guess field at the observation point.

Abbreviations and Subscripts V82, V86 Different temperature correction schemes for the Vaisala RS80 radiosonde, made in Finland VIZ Measurements from the VIZ ( or VIZ type) radiosonde, made in the USA MRZ Measurement from the A VK radiosonde made in the former U.S.S.R. MEI. Measurement from the Meisei RS2-80 radiosonde, made in Japan. 00 (Z) Nominal time of 0000 UTC. 12 (Z) Nominal time of 1200 UTC. 100 Values correspond to 100 hPa geopotential height. 100-30 Values correspond to 100-30 hPa geopotential height increment.

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2. QUALITY OF ECM,VF FG FIELDS

2.1 Evaluation of the systematic bias Radiosonde types with established error characteristics were chosen to check the· quality of the ECMWF FG fields for five sample periods from 1990 until1992 at various locations world-wide. The selection criteria for radiosonde type were as follows :-

• mdiosonde type was operated with automated ground equipment, • radiosonde type has participated successfully in the WMO Radiosonde Comparison, • mdiosonde type was in widespread use from 1990 until 1992, • radiosonde type was representative of the better quality mdiosondes.

The mdiosonde types chosen were Vaisala RS80, VIZ type, MRZ (fanner U.S.S.R.), and Meisei RS2-80. These will be designated the 'key' radiosonde designs.

Simple algorithms were developed to describe the function (OB-REF) for the key radiosonde designs, usually based on comparison data from the four WMO Radiosonde Comparisons. A value ofREF-FG could then be calculated as follows at the upper air stations where key radiosonde types were in use:

(REF -FG) = (OB-FG) - (OB-REF) ------[3]

Further selection criteria, detailed in sections 2.1.1 to 2.1.4, were used to ensure that radiosonde operations at the stations were close to those in the WMO Radiosonde Comparisons before the means and standard deviations of the (REF -FG) for 100 hPa geopotential height and 100-30 hPa geopotential height increment were computed for various latitude bands . The results of these computations are presented in detail in Appendixes A(lOO hPa) RJ?-d B (100-30 hPa.).

2.1.1 Vaisala RS80 radiosonde Differences between the Vaisala mdiosonde systems used in the WMO Radiosonde Comparisons and the systems in use at operational stations may not be negligible. In particular, there are still several different radiation temperature correction tables being used with Vaisala radiosondes:

(1) V82 : Vaisala '1982' corrections, (2) V84 : Vaisala '1984' corrections (used at 1984 & 1985 WMO comparisons) (3) V86 : Vaisala '1986' corrections (used at 1989 & 1993 WMO comparisons).

The values of (OB-REF) at 100 hPa for these different Vaisala radiation corrections were computed in detail in Kitchen (1988) and the resulting algorithms have also been used to compute the (REF -FG) from (OB-REF) in this report. New (OB-REF) algorithms for the 100-30 hPa pressure level were calculated for Vaisala '1986' corrections and have been used in the 100-30 hPa (REF-FG) calculations presented in this report.

As Vaisala RS80 radiosondes are used with a variety of ground equipment of differing age and sophistication,. the reproducibility of the Vaisala geopotential height observations is strongly dependent on the type of ground equipment at a station. Modem ground systems with automated processing are more reliable and have a higher accuracy than semi.;.automated systems. Therefore the calculation ofREF -FG for the Vaisala RS80 was limited to stations using automated ground equipment (i.e. MicroCORA, DigiCORA and PC-CORA).

2.1.2 VIZ radiosonde Almost all stations using VIZ or VIZ type radiosondes do not apply radiation corrections to the temperature measurements. However, the WMO Radiosonde Comparisons demonstrated that the VIZ temperature sensor has significant radiation errors both in daylight and darkness. The algorithms used to calculate the (REF-FG) values at VIZ locations were based on average temperature correction tables provided by Schmidlin (1991). These tables covered a wider range of solar elevations than those encountered in the WMO Comparisons. The correction tables were related to the WMO Reference using the night-time VIZ measurements from the WMO Radiosonde Comparisons . The Schmidlin temperature correcti~ns were the

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result of independent measurements of the radiation errors using the "three thermistor technique" and differ from the corrections used by Kitchen (1988) in daytime conditions.

2.1.3 1\IRZ-JA (AYK) radiosonde The :MRZ radiosonde tracked by the A VK secondary radar is in widespread use in the countries that were formally part of the U. S.S.R .. The :MRZ has automated grotmd equipment and· has replaced the MARS radiosonde system at many locations in the former U.S.S.R. in the last five years. However, the MARS radiosonde , tracked by the Meteorit 1 or Meteorit 2 secondary radar, also remains in use at many stations in the former U.S.S.R.. The Meteorit radar is operated using two different operating systems, one is automatic, the other semi-automatic. As shown in section 4.4, the MARS system has a lesser accuracy and consistency than the :MRZ system. Therefore ,(REF- FG) values were only calculated for those former U.S.S.R. stations that have been using the :MRZ radiosonde for the whole period from 1990 to 1992. The (OB-REF) algorithms used in these calculations were based on the results of the WMO Radiosonde Comparison in Dzhambul, USSR, now Kazakhstan (see Ivanov et al1991).

2.1.4 Meisei RS2-80 radiosonde The Meisei RS2-80 radiosonde has been used in Japan for some time. In recent years it has been operated using a modem automated ground station. During the periods covered by this report it was used·at all Japanese stations. However, from the end of 1992 a new Meisei RS2-91 radiosonde was introduced into the Japanese network. Phase IV of the WMO Radiosonde Comparison was recently conducted in Japan (Feb. 93) .Initial results for (OB-REF) for the Meisei RS2-80 radiosonde were used to calculate (REF-FG) for night flights only (i.e. 12Z in Japan).

2.1.5 Summary of the REF-FG values for the key radiosondes Mean values of (REF- FG) from the five 3-month periods considered in this report and the standard deviations about these means for the five sample periods are presented for each key radiosonde type in Tables 1 (a) and 1 (b) . Values are presented for six selected latitude bands. Detailed statistics of (REF -FG) Bias for each sample period are contained in Appendices A(100 hPa) and B(I00-30 hPa).

The mean values of (REF -FG) at 12Z for the latitude band 30-60<N for each key radiosonde type are plotted for successive sample periods in Figure 1, together with the standard deviations about the mean of (REF-FG) for each sample period.

100 hPa (OOZ) CREF - FG )(m)

Key radiosonde 60°S to 30°S 30°S to oos 0°Nto 30°N 30°Nto 60°N 60°Nto90°N type. BIAS SD BIAS SD BIAS SD BIAS SD BIAS SD Vaisala RS80 1 7 -12 10 -12 3 -4 5 VIZ -5 9 -8 4 -11 '• 4 AVK -8 4 -2 5 MEISEI

100 hPa (12Zl lREF - FG) (m)

Key radiosonde 60°S to 30°S 30°S to oo~ 0°N to 30°1\ 30°Nto 60°N 60°N to 90°1\ type. BIAS SD BIAS SD BIAS SD BIAS SD BIAS SD Vaisala RS80 -6 5 -10 9 -7 8 -3 3 VIZ -5 10 -11 6 -17 7 AVK 1 3 0 6 MEISEI -9 8 -6 6

Table 1(a) Variation of CREF-FG) Bias with latitude 1990-1992, 100 hPa geopotential height

The small range of values for (REF-FG) seen in Fig. 1 and Table 1(a) indicates that the long-term consistency between the ECMWF 100 hPa FG field and the key radiosonde observations was good and that

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the FG fields were still able to identify the differences between the key radiosonde types. The average systematic bias between the estimated WMO REF and the ECMWF FG field was about -7m, with a range no greater than ± 1 Om between the different latitude bands and observation times. This corresponds to a consistency in mean layer temperature between key radiosondes and the ECMWF FG field of at worst± 0.2K. Standard deviations in the systematic biases for the five sample periods, see Table 1(a), are typically about 6m, except for observations in the tropics. The larger variation of (REF -FG) between the sample periods in the latitude bands 30°N to 30°S merits investigation since it is unclear whether this is due to higher instability in the FG fields or higher instability in radiosonde observations under tropical conditions.

The values ofFG-REF found here were significantly lower than the average value of -25 m found by Kitchen for 1988. This may be due in part to a positive change in the ovemll systematic error of Vaisala and VIZ mdiosondes. Radiosonde comparison tests using the UK RS3 radiosonde as a reference from 1984 until 1991 indicated that a positive change of0.2 Kin Vaisala tempemtures may have occurred (Nash, 1992) in this period. On the other hand , a change of at least 1 Om in the ovemll systematic error in FG fields between 1988 and 1992 cannot be discounted.

100-30 hPaJOOZ1 tREF - FG) (m)

Key mdiosonde 60°S to 30°S 30°S to oos 0°Nto 30°N 30°Nto 60°N 60°N to 90<>N type. BIAS SD BIAS SD BIAS SD BIAS SD BIAS SD Vaisala RS80. -12 10 -19 13 -10 4 -6 5 VIZ 4 7 -7 3 -14 3 AVK -4 9 -1 14 :MEISEI

100-30 hPa l12Z tREF - FG) (m) Key radiosonde 60°S to 30°S 30°S to 0°S 0°Nto 30°N 30°Nto 60°N 60°Nto 90°N type. BIAS SD BIAS SD BIAS· SD BIAS SD BIAS SD Vaisala RS80 -7 7 -10 8 -8 5 -5 .6 VIZ 12 10 -5 4 -14 8 AVK -4 8 -9 12 :MEISEI 16 10 -3 10

Table 1(b) increment

Variation of CREF-FGl Bias with latitude 1990-1992, 100-30 hPa geopotential

At 100-30 hPa the long-term consisten~y between the key mdiosondes and the ECMWF FG field is not quite so good as at 100 hPa (see Table 1(b)). Typical systematic biases were centred at -5m with a range of about ± 1 Om, except for VIZ and :MEISEI measurements in the tropics. This corresponds to a consistency in the mean layer tempemture of about± 0.3 K. These values are supported by tests in the UK that have shown that the ECMWF 100-30 hPa FG field at a given station identified known variations in radiosonde observations to better than± 0.2K, equivalent to about± 7m in geopotential increment (see Oakley and Nash 1992). The standard deviations of the systematic biases for the five sample periods were typically about 8m , slightly higher than at 100 hPa. Estimates of (REF -FG) from both VIZ and :MEISEI radiosondes in the tropics had a significant positive anomaly relative to the values in mid-latitudes from the same radiosonde types. This suggests that there was a difference in VIZ and :MEISEI measurement quality between the two latitude bands, with measurements in the tropics approximately 0.5°C warmer on average than at mid-latitudes. This type of effect might be expected where tempemture sensor errors vary significantly with ambient atmospheric tempemture because of infrared radiative heat exchange between the sensor and its environment, e.g. see Luers (1990).

The (REF -FG) plots in Fig. 1 indicate that the consistency between the key mdiosondes and the ECMWF FG field is maintained through different seasons at both 100 hPa and 100-30 hPa, although at the 100-30 hPa level some of the key radiosondes types show a slight variation with season.

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2.2 Evaluation of the random error Figures 2 and 3 show plots of the average standard deviations of (OB-FG) for the Vaisala RS80, VIZ and :tvffiiSEI radiosondes at 100 hPa and 30 hPa respectively. The averages were calculated from the five sets of statistics included in Tables 2 to 5. An average was only calculated where more than 20 observations per./month were received for all five periods, with stations selected using the criteria described in section 2.1.

At 100 hPa, the WMO Radiosonde Comparisons showed that the random errors in the Vaisala RS80, VIZ and :tvffiiSEI geopotential heights ought to be less than 1 Orn (see Table 6). Independent analyses of time series of operational measurements, as described in Kitchen (1988), confirm that random errors in operational observations by these two radiosonde types were close to 1 Orn. Thus, the standard deviations of (OB-FG) for the Vaisala RS80 and Meisei RS2-80 radiosondes in Fig. 2 suggest that random errors in FG at 1 00 hPa at OOZ and 12 Z were probably in the range 1 Orn to 25m, with the highest values occurring in the southern hemisphere to the south of 45°S. However, the standard deviations of (OB-FG) for VIZ radiosondes were clearly larger on average and showed more variation (in the range 15m to 35m) than for Vaisala and Meisei radiosondes. It is unlikely that FG errors were significantly larger in North America than in Europe or East Asia, so it is probable that VIZ observations had larger random geopotential height errors at 100 hPa than the operational observations of the other two radiosonde types.

At 30 hPa, the WMO Radiosonde Comparison found that the random error in the Vaisala RS80, VIZ and lvtEISEigeopotential heights ought to be less than 15m (see Table 6). Analyses oftirne series of operational observations demonstrate that operational measurements by Vaisala and Meisei radiosondes have random errors of this magnitude. Thus, the standard deviation of (OB-FG) for the Vaisala RS80 and MEISEI radiosondes in Fig. 3 suggests that random errors in FG at 30 hPa were probably in the range 15m to 30rn at 00 and 12 Z. The standard deviation of (OB-FG) for VIZ radiosondes at 30 hPa, shows much greater variation than for the Vaisala and Meisei radiosondes, with many values between 35 and 55m. As with observations at 100 hPa , it is probable that operational VIZ radiosonde observations had larger random geopotential height errors at 30 hPa than the operational observations of the other two radiosonde types.

3. DESCRIPTION OF SUMMARY TABLES

3.1 Origin of monitoring statistics The data used to generate this .report were originally produced by ECMWF, Reading as monthly summaries of the mean difference and standard deviation of the differences between radiosonde observations (OB) and collocated ECMWF First Guess (FG) fields. These monthly summaries were accessed regularly each month using the dedicated link between ECMWF and the U.K. Meteorological Office, Bracknell and archived in the Meteorological Office, by means of software developed by the Quality Evaluation Section of the Observation Provision Branch to provide a specialised quality evaluation data base to support U.K. radiosonde operations and the specialised investigations of the CIMO Rapporteur.

This CIMO report is primarily concerned with identifying the characteristics of long term systematic errors in radiosonde measurements, rather than specific short term problems that occur occasionally from month to month throughout the year. These shorter term problems are usually notified to network operators by ECMWF representatives, acting in the role of CBS Lead Centre for Upper:-Air Monitoring. Thus, in this report radiosonde performance is evaluated solely in terms of averages over 3 months. Monthly values of the mean difference and standard deviations of (OB-FG) have been averaged together for three months, irrespective of the number of comparison samples in each month. Whilst this procedure may be less than ideal for stations with small or irregular observing programs, satisfactory results are produced for those stations with regular observing programs, i.e. the stations where there is some value in examining the characteristics of the radiosonde observations in detail.

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3.2 Data reviewed The data reviewed in this report are the ECMWF monitoring statistics for 100 hPa geopotential height (absolute value usually close to 16 km) and (100-30) geopotential height increment (absolute value usually close to 8lan). Observations obtained at OOZ are reviewed independently of those at 12Z. Monitoring statistics were taken from five 3 month periods between May 1990 and July 1992, with two periods in northern hemisphere wintertime conditions and three periods in northern hemisphere summertime conditions. Station by station summaries of the radiosonde monitoring results are presented in Tables 2 to 5 as follows:-

Table 2. 1 00 hPa geopotential height, OOZ 1 00 hPa geopotential height, 12Z Table 3

Table 4 Table 5

(1 00-30)hPa geopotential height increment, OOZ (1 00-30)hPa geopotential height increment, 12Z

3.3 Format of summary tables The format used in the summary tables is as follows:-WMO NO. WMO Station Number , in ascending order, ships at the end of the list. SONDE. Radiosonde flown as given in the WMO catalogue of Upper-Air station and equipment.

(See PART A of this report.) The radiosondes in use are denoted as follows:

SONDE MRZ MRZ-T MSS :ML-SR SDC SHANG VAL

VIZ VIZB VRS80 Vaisala RS80 radiosonde

TU, LORAN or OMEGA Note:- The radiosonde indicated in Tables 2 to 5 is the radiosonde in use at the end of 1992. An asterisk (e.g. VRS80"') is used to indicate .stations where the radiosonde used ifi known to have changed during 1990-92 or the station uses more than one type of radiosonde .

LAT. LONG. SE1/SE2 12Z)

BIAS/SD

NUMBER OFOBS.

Latitude of the station, . minus sign (-) represents degrees South. Longitude of the station, minus sign(-) represents degrees West. Solar elevation of the station calculated for the nominal time of the table ( either OOZ or

using the midpoint day of the 3 month period. [i.e. May-July: June 16th (SE1), Nov-Jan: December 16th (SE2).] 90 OB-FG 3 monthly average Bias/SD for May-July 1990. 90/1 OB-FG 3 monthly average Bias/SD for Nov.-Jan. 1990/91. 91 OB-FG'3 monthly average Bias/SD forMay-July 1991. 91/2 OB-FG 3 monthly average Bias/SD for Nov.-Jan. 1991/92. 92 OB-FG 3 monthly average Bias/SD for May-July 1992. Total number of observations used to calculate the averag~ Bias & SD.

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3.4 Advice on interpretation of the station by station summaries Tables 2 to 5 provide users of upper air data with comprehensive information from 1990 until 1992 on the typical number of observations reported , probable magnitude of systematic error and consistency of height (and hence temperature) observations at each upper air station in the Global Observing System.

Note: To a first approximation, an error of 1 K in layer temperature from the surface to 100 hPa corresponds to a 65m 100 hPa geopotential heighf error, whilst a 1 K layer temperature error from 100 hPa to 30 hPa corresponds to a 36m error in 100-30 hPa geopotential increment.

3.4.1 Systematic error In section 2.1 the average (REF- FG) was close to -5m for both 100 hPa geopotential and 100 - 30 hPa geopotential increment. However, the FG fields at 100 hPa and (1 00-30) hPa were probably not consistent to better than± 10 m from station to station, see Table 1, and systematic differences may be larger than this south of 45°S. At 100 hPa, differences in key radiosonde temperatures from the temperatures corresponding to the WMO Reference at night were less than ±0.3 K , once corrected for known measurement error , see results from Phase IV of the WMO Radiosonde Comparison ( to be published by WMO). Temperature differences of this magnitude would produce height differences of at most± 20 m from the WMO Reference for 100 hPa geopotential and ± 12m from the WMO Reference for 100 - 30 hPa geopotential increment.

• Thus, it is suggested that for 100 hPa geopotential, see Tables 2 and 3, observations from stations with OB-FG bias in the range-35m to +25m were probably closest to the WMO Reference. Observations from stations where OB-FG bias for 100 hPa geopotential was larger than 30m or less than -40m in Tables 2 and 3 have a high probability of significant systematic error in geopotential and temperature measurements. H most of the radiosondes of a given type have similar bias, the performance of the type needs further investigations. H larger than normal systematic bias is only evident at a few stations of a given radiosonde type, the operators at those stations need to examine their operational procedures to identify the origin of the anomaly.

• For the 100-30 hPa geopotential increment, it is suggested that temperature observations at stations with OB-FG bias within the range -30m to +20m in Tables 4 and 5 were most likely to be within ± 0.5 K of the WMO Reference. Stations with values of OB-FG bias significantly smaller or larger than this probably have systematic errors that need to be corrected.

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3.4.2 Random error

NOTE: VALUES OF (OB-FGl SD IN TABLES 4 AND 5 ARE FOR 30 hPa GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT AND NOT 100 - 30 hPa GEOPOTENTIAL INCREMENT

Estimates of the reproducibility of radiosonde geopotential height measurements deduced from the WMO Radiosonde Comparison tests are summarised in Table 6. These estimates imply that all main radiosonde types should measure 100 hPa geopotential heights with a random error lower than 30 m and also measure 30 hPa geopotential heights with a random error lower than 45 m, given correct observing practices. These height errors are equivalent to error in mean layer temperature from the surface to the pressure level concerned of less than or equal to 0.5 K.

• Observation errors of 30m at lOO hPa would be substantially larger than the FG field errors estimated in section 2.2 ~t most latitudes apart from the regions south of 45°S where the FG field errors seem to be larger than at other latitudes. Thus, for latitudes north of 45°S at 100 hPa, a standard deviation of OB-FG higher than 30m in Tables 2 and 3 identifies stations where the quality of radiosonde observations is less than optimum for any of the radiosonde types in use. Similarly, at 30 hPa, a standard deviation of OB-FG higher than 45m in Tables 4 and 5 identifies less than optimum measurement quality for any of the radiosonde types in use.

• At stations with larger than expected standard deviations for OB-FG, station operators need to check pre-launch and in-flight procedures , methods of observation , the quality of the radiosonde supplied for operations , the state of repair of the ground equipment or the suitability of the system processing software to identify and remedy the reason for the relatively poor observation quality.

• The typical standard .deviation of OB-FG for a station is a good indicator of measurement quality, with the most reliable stations characterised by values less than or equal to 20m at 100 hPa and less than or equal to 30m at 30 hPa at all latitudes north of 45°S. The observation quality achieved at a given station should be taken into account when plaiming specialised networks for climatology or remote sensing studies .

Estimated Reoroducibilitv of ~eoootential heiehts (1 s. d.) (m

Pressure· Vaisala+ VIZ+ INDIA# AVKb SHANCJb MEISEI* (hPa) RS80 MK3 CHINA RS2-80 500 4 4 11 10 11 3 250 6 6 20 15 17 5 100 9 9 27 20 19 8 50 11 11 32 28 28 10 20 15 15 45 43 35 16 10 25 25 60 60 49 23

+ Values are averages from Phase I and Phase II of the WMO Comparison. # Values calculated from results of Phase II of the WMO Comparison. b Values calculated from the results of Phase Ill of the WMO Comparison. * Values calculated from initial results of Phase IV of the WMO Comparison.

Table 6 Reproducibility of standard pressure level geopotential height for the main operational radiosonde types obtained from the WMO Radiosonde Comparison

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4. SURVEY OF THE GLOBAL RADIOSONDE NET\VORK

4.1 General statistics for the global radiosonde network 4.1.1 Geographical distribution of radiosonde stations At the beginning of 1993 there were approximately 940 known upper -air stations world-wide, although not all of these were providing regular observations. The distribution of these stations with respects to latitude shows a significant bias to the northern hemisphere. 739 (82%) of the land stations reside in the northern hemisphere, of these 453 (50%) are in the 30°N to 60°N latitude band. The southern hemisphere has a total of 161 stations, 18% of the total network (see Table 7). The WMO Catalogue of Radiosondes in use has 39 call signs for ships producing radiosonde ascents, although a large number of these report very few , if any, operational soundings.

Latitude Band Number of Stations Fraction of Total (per cent)

60°Nto 90°N 97 11 30°Nto60°N 453 50

0°Nto 30°N 189 21 oos to 30°S 105 11

30°S to 60°S 42 5 60°S to 90°S 14 " 2

Table 7 World-wide distribution of upper-air stations on land in early 1993.

4.1.2 Summary of the use of main radiosonde types The WMO Catalogue of Radiosondes and Upper-Air Wind Systems in Use by Members' (See Part A of this report) shows that 16 main types of radiosondes are in use world-wide, although only about 7 of these are in operational use at a significant num~r of stations, see Table 8.

Manufacturer or Radiosonde Name Number of Fraction of total Country of orhdn stations in use (percent) Vaisala, Finland Vaisala RS80 331 35 USA VIZ ,incl. (VIZAIVIZB) 159 17 Canada VALCOM 21 2 USA SDC/MSS 26 3 USA AI.R 2 FonnerUSSR MRZ(AVK) 109 12

MARS (Meteorit) 75 8 A-22/Met 8 1

China SHANG 89 9 India IM-MK3 35 4 Japan MEISEI (R80/R91) 26 3 France, Korea, (lvfES I JINY ANG I ELJN 13 1 Austria, Switzerland I Meteolabor ) Mixture Flown Various of above 16 2 Unknown 29 3

TOTALS 939 100

Table 8 Estimated use of radiosonde types in early 1993

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4.1.3 Summary of monitoring results for the main radiosonde types The fraction of stations observing with a given radiosonde type that produce observations within the quality limits suggested in section 3.4 was summarised for May-July 1992 .in Table 9. The four parts of Table 9 include data for 100 hPa and 100-30 hPa geopotential at both OOZ and 12Z, with systematic bias and random error limits considered independently. In general about 65 per cent of the radiosonde stations in 1992 were producing observations within the suggested quality limits. Changes since 1988 at 100 hPa, can be judged by comparison with equivalent values derived from Kitchen (1988) , included in parentheses in Table 9. As the extent to which the systematic error in FG changed between 1988 and 1992 is unclear, two sets of systematic error limits were applied to 1988 monitoring statistics, see Table 9, the first used the same limits as in 1992 and the second assumed that FG fields in 1988 were 15m lower on average than in 1992 .

Radiosonde Type

VRS80 VIZ Type SDC MRZ MARS IM-MK3 SHANG :MEISEI OVERALL

Table 9(a)

Radiosonde Type

VRS80 VIZ Type SDC MRZ MARS IM-MK3 SHANG :MEISEI OVERALL

Table 9(b)

100 hP te ti I 100 hP a eeopo n a te ti I a eeopo n a Number of Fraction of stations. Fraction of stations stations making with OB-FG Bias, with OB-FG SD, regular 100 hPa -30m < BI < 20m SD<30m observation at OOZ (per cen!}_ _ip_e~ cen!}_

207 (118) 86 (85, 7511) 92 (88) 116 _(149) 66 _(79,4~ 88 _(8~

17 (O) 0 ---- 100 --96 (0) 74 --- 56 --46 (170) 37 (50, 34!2_ 37 _(2~ 30 (29) 30 (24, 3111) 0 (0) 87 (90) 14 _(22, 1~ 3 _(:D_ 23 (21) 100 (96, 901t) 96 (100)

622 (577) 62 (61, 441t) 65 _f5U

Fraction of stations producing good quality observations at 100 hPa for the main radiosonde types, May-July 1992 at OOZ ~ ) are values for May- July 1988 at OOZ derived from Kitdlen (1988)

values for -45m < BI < 5m for May- July 1988 at OOZ from Kitchen (1988)

1 00-JQl hP a Jteo_l!_otentlal 30 bPa _g_eo~tenttal Number of Fraction of stations Fraction of stations stations making with OB-FG Bias, with OB-FG SD, regular 30 hPa -30m < BI < 20m SD <4Sm observation at OOZ _{j)_er cent}_ _{j)_er cent}_

174 86 97 101 64 90

16 0 100 85 79 42 43 67 40 22 23 0 87 59 1 22 86 100

550 70 64

Fraction of stations producing better quality observations at [100- 30) hPa for the main radiosonde types, for May -July 1992 at OOZ

Radiosonde Type

VRS80 VIZ Type SDC MRZ MARS Ilvi-MK3 SHANG l\.1EISEI OVERALL

Table 9(c)

Radiosonde .Type

VRS80 VIZ Type SDC MRZ MARS Ilvi-:MK3 SHANG l\.1EISEI OVERALL

Table 9(d)

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0 1 0 hP a 2eoootentia I 1 00 hPa geoootential Number of Fraction of stations Fraction of stations stations making with OB-FG Bias, with OB-FG SD, regular 100 hPa -30m < BI < 20m SD<30m observation at 12Z (per cent) (per cent)

222 (116) 90 (74, 71 #) 88 (78) 138 (160) 67 (76, 69#) 85 (82)

17 (0) 94 ---- 100 94 (0) 80 ---- 62 47 (170) 32 (41, 29#) 28 (20) 32 (27) 50 (11,11#) 0 M 87 (89) 9 (27, 11 #) 3 (1)

22 (21) 100 (62, 95#) 100 (loO) 659 (583) 67 (55, 47#) 65 (48).

Fraction of stations producing good quality observations at 100 hPa for the main radiosonde types, May -July 1992 at 't2Z ~ ) are values for May- July 1988 at OOZ derived from Kitchen (1988)

values for -45m < BI < 5m for May- July 1988 at OOZ from Kitchen (1988)

1100-301 bPa 2eonotential 30 bPa 2eonotential Number of Fraction of stations Fraction. of s~tions stations making with OB-FG Bias, with OB-FG SD, regular 30 hPa -30m < BI < 20m SD <45m observation at 12Z (per cent) (percent)

170 86 91 113 42 88

16 25 100 80 83 53 39 56 31 22 13 5 87 70 15 21 90 100

548 67 66

Fraction of stations producing better quality observations at [100 - 30] hPa for the main radiosonde types, for May-July 1992 at 12Z

Tables 9(a) and (c) show clear evidence of a reduction in the number of stations between 1988 and 1992 where observations using the main radiosonde types had random errors significantly larger than those usually obtained by optimum methods of observation. The evidence about trends in the systematic errors in the obsetvations is more difficult to interpret, since the trend from 1988 until1992 clearly depends upon the stability of the FG fields, and this is open to question.

The most noticeable improvement in observation quality between 1988 until 1992 took place in the former U.S.S.R. with the introduction of the MRZ radiosonde system. The use of Vaisala radiosondes with automated ground systems increased significantly between 1988 and 1992 .In many cases, Vaisala radiosondes replaced national radiosondes in use in 1988, but not included in Table 9, e.g. Mesural in France, Graw and Sprenger in Germany, RS3 in the U.K., and Mars systems in eastern Europe.]

The following sections contain detailed investigations of the observation quality of the main radiosonde types

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4.2 Vaisala RS80 radiosonde In early 1993, Vaisala RS80 radiosondes were used at approximately 35 per cent of the global upper-air network stations, i.e. at about twice as many stations as any other radiosonde type. The greatest concentrations in use were in Europe, Africa and Australasia.

The consistency of Vaisala measurements world-wide can be judged from the plots of monitoring statistics from May-July 1992 at OOZ in Fig. 4 . (OB-FG) bias was plotted as a function of station latitude for 100 hPa geopotential and also for 100-30 hPa geopotential increment. The cluster of values plotted at oo were from ship observations, with no designated latitude in Part A of this report.

Some of the variation in (OB-FG) in Fig. 4 must be due to localised differences in the FG field. However, the use of different ground systems and pre-launch correction procedures also contributed to the scatter. In 1992, ground systems supplied by Vaisala were usually applying one of 2 different radiation correction schemes to tempemture measurements, V82 and V86 (see section 2.1.1). The effects on the mdiosonde performance of the V82 corrections can be seen in Fig. 4 , between latitudes of about 38°N and 46°N, where some stations in Italy and Spain were still working with the V82 corrections. The V82 correction scheme applied a much larger positive tempemture correction at night than the V86 scheme, see Nash and Schmidlin (1987) for details. Thus, observations from the V82 stations atnight should have a significant positive bias with respect to the majority of the Vaisaia·stations. This is identified by the monitoring statistics, with (OB-FG) between +25 m and +45m at 100 hPa and between +25 m and +40m for 100-30 hPa for the V82 stations in Spain and Italy. The ground systems using V82 required replacement hardware to amend the mdiation corrections, but although this hardware was introduced at many stations after 1986, the process had not been completed. Furthermore, another revision of Vaisala mdiation corrections (V93) will be introduced towards the end of 1993. This correction scheme will again reduce the tempemture corrections for infra-red heat exchange applied at night, in this case to values consistent with recent tests using 11 3 thermistor 11 reference techniques .. The changes in V93 will mainly affect observations in the stratosphere above 100 hPa.

The 3 month (OB-FG) bias for 100 hPa at most stations using Vaisala radiosondes was within the range -20m to +20m, ignoring stations using V82 corrections. Hthis range in (OB-FG) was solely due to variation in radiosonde observations from one station to another it would correspond to a maximum range of ±0.3 K from the average Vaisala mean layer temperature measurement from the surface to 100 hPa . For 100 -30 hPa increment the 3 month (OB-FG) bias was usually within the range -15 to +20m , ignoring stations using V82 corrections, corresponding to a range of about± 0.5 K from the average Vaisala mean layer temperatures between 100 hPa and 30 hPa.

The random errors in Vaisala radiosonde observations can be judged from the (OB-FG) standard deviations. plotted as a function of latitude in Fig. 5 for OOZ from May-July 1992. Plots for 100 hPa and also 30 hPa geopotential heights are included. At most stations the standard deviations were less than 30m. at both heights. However, there were some stations where the standard deviations of (OB-FG) was consistently higher than 40m. A wide mnge of ground systems is used with Vaisala mdiosondes. These vary from the modern automated PC-CORA, DigiCORA and the earlier MicroCORA and CORA systems, to semiautomated and manual systems based around the Vaisala PP11 processor unit, and in the case of France, to an automated processor manufactured by another company. The effect of the ground system in use on the observation quality can be seen in Fig. 6, where (OB-FG) standard deviations at 100 hPa are shown for different Vaisala ground systems. Stations using manual or semi-automated processing with the PP11 system have the highest standard deviations (i.e. largest random errors). The larger random errors were most probably due to manual processing allowing a greater number of opemtor selection and coding errors , but could also have resulted from poor radiosonde reception using non-standard ground system receiver and antenna.

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Table 10 lists stations using Vaisala RS80 radiosondes that have been flagged because the 100 hPa (OBFG) bias and/or the (OB-FG) standard deviation values for 1992 were outside the limits expected from a station operating with typical Vaisala performance. [ Criteria for listing stations were:- BIAS < -17m or> 23m, SD > 30rn ( > 40rn south of 50° S.]. Possible reasons for non-standard observation quality are given where information was available.

WMO REASON FOR POSSffiLE CAUSE, IF INFORMATION NUMBER FLAGGING AVAILABLE

04320 Positive Bias [12Z] 08001,08221 Positive Bias [OOZ] V82 Correction in use. 08430 12120, 12374 Positive Bias [OOZ, 12Z] Changed to VRS80 during monitoring period, 12425 High S.D. [i2Zl includes some data from MARS radiosonde. 16080, 16144 Positive Bias [OOZ) V82 Correction in use. 16245, 16429 16560 17030, 17062 Large Bias [OOZ, 12Z] Mixture of VRS 80 and VIZ radiosondes 17130, 17220 High S.D. [OOZ, 12Z] being used. 17240, 17280 17352 40809,40841 Negative Bias [OOZ] Manual PP11 processing. Possible wrong

High s.n. rooz, 12z1 night-time correction. 60680 High S.D. [OOZ, 12Z] 60760 High S.D.l12ZJ 61223,61291 Positive Bias [12Z] Manual PP11 processing 61998 Positive Bias [12Z] 65578 Positive Bias [12Z] Manual PPll processing

High S.D. _lOOZ, 12ZJ 61774,67964 Positive Bias [OOZ] Manual PP11 processing

High S.D._lOOZ] + V82 correction? 68994 High S.D. [OOZ, 12Z] 72387 Negative Bias[12Z]

High S.D. [12Z] 85543 Positive Bias [OOZJ V82 correction? 87576 Positive Bias [OOZ] V82 correction? 89642 Positive Bias [OOZ, Dark] V82 correction? 91610,91643 Positive Bias [OOZ] PP11 manual processing. 91944,91952 Positive Bias [OOZ]

High S.D. [OOZJ

Table 10 Non-standard observation quality from Vaisala radiosohdes in 1992

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4.3 VIZ and VIZ type radiosondes [plus SDC and MSSJ radiosondes VIZ and VIZ type radiosondes were used at 22 per cent of the global upper -air network stations in late 1992. The Valcom (V AL) radiosonde was a VIZ radiosonde produced under licence and used in Canada. SDC radiosondes were used in some regions of the~YSA network and . MS S radiosondes were used at a limited number of sites operated in conjunction with the USAF or range operations. (OB-FG) bias for 100 hPa and 100-30 hPa from OOZ in May-July 1992 was plotted as a function of latitude for these radiosondes in Fig. 7.

Geopotential height computations from VIZ and SDC measurements in the USA had a computational error of 11m at 100 hPa and 6m at 100-30 hPa during the periods considered here .. A value of 9.8 instead of 9. 80665 m. s-2 was used for the gravitational constant in the height computation, see equation [ 1] in section 1.3. Operational software was changed to eliminate this problem in late 1993.

The range of values for (OB-FG) bias at a given latitude for VIZ radiosondes at 100 hPa was -20 to +50rn , see Fig. 7. If the FG fields'\vere relatively stable in systematic error across North America, this would correspond to a range of at least ±0.5 K in station seasonal temperatures about the average VIZ temperature from the surface to 100 hPa. For 100-30 hPa increment, the typical range of values of (OB-FG) bias was again -20 to +50rn, corresponding to a range of ±1 Kin mean temperature about the average VIZ temperature from 100 hPa to 30 hPa. These ranges were nearly twice as large.as those found with Vaisala radiosondes.

However, much of this scatter was the result of the national practice of reporting observations without correction for temperature sensor radiation errors (solar and infrared) . In Fig. 8 (a) and (b) the USA VIZ height observations have been corrected for the gravity constant error and then combined with Canadian observations for all the available sample periods to produce plots of (OB-FG) bias as a function of solar elevation . Observations from May-July and November - January were considered separately for both observation tirries. The range of (OB-FG) at 100 hPa for a given solar elevation and a given time of year then reduced to about 20rn. This . corresponded to a range of less than± 0.2 Kin station temperature about the average VIZ temperature from the surface to 100 hPa for that season. The variation of (OB-FG) bias with solar elevation was similar for both times of observation in a given season,. However, there were significant differences between the two seasons with corrected values of (OB-FG) bias at solar elevations between -15° and 0° of -40m for May-July and -15m for November January. The origins of the variation between seasons may in part be related to seasonal differences in the geographical location of the stations observing at these solar elevations and requires further investigation. The range of (OB-FG) bias between stations at 100 -30 hPa for a given solar elevation and time of year was found to be around 40m on average, see Fig. 8(b) This corresponded to a range of± 0.5 Kin mean temperature about the average VIZ temperature from 100 to 30 hPa.

(OB-FG) bias for 100-30 hPa was also plotted as a function of latitude using stations observing at similar solar.elevations at 12Z, see Fig. 9. Stations with solar elevations between 20 and 40° were chosen for May- July at 12Z and solar elevations between -10 and 5° for November to January. The geographical locations of the stations were similar but not identical for the two seasons. In winter , OB-FG bias did not vary significantly with latitude. However, in summer (OB-FG) bias was much higher at 25'N than at 55'N. This could be explained if a positive bias from infrared heat exchange errors increased as mean temperature for 100 -30 hPa decreased in the summer from the north towards the equator,. However, additional changes in radiation errors produced by variation in the average cloud cover with latitudes must also be considered. At this stage, the stability of the FG fields in the summer also needs to be checked. The susceptibility to infrared heat exchange errors of white painted thermistors used with these radiosondes, ( e.g. see Luers, 1990) makes radiation correction more difficult than for radiosondes with negligible infrared heat exchange errors.

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The geopotential error curves for VIZ measurements generated by Schmidlin (1991) from independent tests have also been superimposed on the monitoring statistics in Fig. 8. Application of these corrections before issue of the TEMP reports would improve the consistency of the VIZ temperature and geopotential height observations from North America for external users of the observations.,

·. The standard deviations of (OB-FG) for 100 hPa and for 30 hPa geopotential at OOZ from May -July 1992 have been plotted as a function of latitude for VIZ type and SDC radiosondes in Fig. 10. As noted earlier, the values for VIZ and SDC radiosonde observations are larger on average than those for Vaisala radiosondes at similar latitudes. It is estimated that random errors for VIZ mean layer temperatures from the surface to 100 hPa and from the surface to 30 hPa were typically less than or equal to 0.3 K (1 s.d.) for stations with good observing practices, whereas for Vaisala radiosondes the equivalent errors were less than or equal to 0.2 K (1 s.d.) for stations with good observing practices.

. SDC radiosondes have been used instead of VIZ type radiosondes in parts of Alaska and the southwest USA for some time. A summary of (OB-FG) bias for stations using SDC radiosondes and neighbouring stations using VIZ observations at similar solar elevations is presented in Table 11 for 1990 to 1992. These results indicate large positive bias in SDC temperature observations in daytime , with an extremely rapid change in error between night-time and daytime conditions at solar elevations lower than I oo . The solar elevations at individual stations in Table 1 varied by up to 1 oo from the average quoted ,so that to be certain that all stations in a given category were observing in the dark, mean solar elevation should be less than -18°. The large SDC daytime temperature bias is thought to result from significant heat conduction errors from the supporting outrigger and mount to the temperature sensor, coupled with direct radiative heating of the sensor.

A careful review of Tables 2 to 5 showed that there were certain VIZ and MSS radiosonde stations in 1992 that had consistently large bias errors·that were not compatible with the average performance of the radiosonde types. These stations have been listed in Table 12, along with the reasons for flagging observations as non-standard.

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100 hP aJZeooo entia e121 t t ' I h ' h

Av. Solar Time Season Location (OB-FG) (OB-FG) (OB-REF) elevation UTC bias, VIZ bias, SDC bias, SDC

(0) (m) (m) = ~T (K)

48 00 Summer Alaska 31 79 +1.2 31 00 Summer SW USA 24 56 +0.8 2 00 Winter Alaska -4 24 +0.3 0 00 Winter SW USA 8 18 +0.2 -2 12 Summer Alaska -20 -21 -0.4 -1 12 Summer SW USA -13 -21 -0.4 -25 12 Winter SW USA -5 -17 -0.3 -48 12 Winter Alaska -12 -16 -0.3

100 30 hP - t t' I ' a 2eooo en aa mcremen t Av. Solar Time Season Location (OB-FG) (OB-FG) (OB-REF) elevation UTC bias, VIZ bias, SDC bias, SDC

(0) (m) (m) =~T (K) 45 00 Summer Alaska 33 85 +2.4 21 00 Summer SW USA 15 76 +2.1 8 12 Summer SW USA 4 40 +1.1 0 00 Winter Alaska -6 40 +1.1 0 12 Summer Alaska -24 -4 -0.1 -9 00 Winter SW USA -13 2 +0.1

-20 12 Winter SW USA -17 -15 -0.4 -44 12 Winter Alaska -25 -26 -0.7

= ~ T was the mean layer temperature bias equivalent to the geopotential height bias, given the height computational error was compensated and assuming the average value for REF -FG.

Table 11 Summary of (OB-FG) bias for stations using SDC radiosondes in the USA and Alaska for OOZ and 12Z, including values for summer and winter, together with COB-FG) bias for neighbouring VIZ stations observing at similar solar elevations.

WMO RADIOSONDE REASON FOR NUMBER TYPE FLAGGING

40179 VIZ Positive Bias [OOZ, 12Z] 48327,48407 VIZ Variable Bias [OOZ, 12Z] Mixture ofRadiosonde 48455,48568 High S.D. [OOZ, 12Z] types being used? 62306 VIZ Large Positive Bias [12Z]

HighS.D. _[12Z] 70308, 70316 VIZ Positive Bias (OOZ] Alaskan stations. 70350 Negative Bias [ 12Z]

Anomalies pronounced for 100-30 hPa

70414 MSS Positive bias [12ZJ. 71926 VAL Positive Bias (OOZ, 12Z] 72493 VIZ Positive Bias [OOZ] Similar characteristic to

Alaskan stations above 76654 VIZ Large Negative Bias[l2Z]

Table 12 Non-standard observation quality from VIZ and MSS radiosondes in 1992.

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4.4 MRZ and MARS radiosondes

The MRZ (used with A VK-1 secondary radar) and MARS (used with Meteorit-112 secondary radars) radiosonde systems were in operation mainly in the former USSR at the end of 1992. The :MRZ system was used at approximately 11% of the global upper -air network stations and the MARS system at approximately 8%. The systems were described in some detail in Ivanov, et al (1991) Both apply daytime radiation corrections to temperature observations. The radiosondes do not have pressure sensors and pressure is computed from the radiosonde temperature and relative humidity observations together with radiosonde height measurements from the secondary radar. The error characteristics for geopotential will therefore be as described in equation[ 2] of section 1.3. Systematic height errors from radar tracking errors are more likely to influence 100 hPa geopotential observations than 100-30 hPa geopotential increment , since vertical temperature gradients are highest on average in the troposphere. for the latitudes where :MRZ and MARS systems are usually operated.

OB-FG bias at OOZ for the sample period May-July 1992 has been plotted as a function of latitude for both systems in Fig. 11. Although both radiosondes use the same temperature sensor, the :MRZ systems show less scatter in (OB-FG) bias from station to station at 100 hPa than the MARS systems. Furthermore, the distribution of (OB-FG) bias for :MRZ observations at 100 hPa was centred much closer to the value expected for the. WMO Reference than the distribution for MARS observations . As the differences in (OB-FG) bias between the two systems were much smaller for 100 -30 hPa increment , it is concluded that most of the differences at 100 hPa were the results of systematic differences between the tracking characteristics of the two types of secondary radars.

The range of (OB-FG) bias at 100 hPa for a given latitude was less than or equal to 60m for :MRZ systems and less than or equal to 1 OOm for MARS systems, corresponding to a range in mean layer temperatures about the average for the radiosonde type from the surface to 100 hPa of ± 0.5 K for MRZ systems and± 0.8 K for MARS systems. In the lower stratosphere, a range of 60m in (OB-FG) bias at a given latitude for 100-30 hPa increment covered the range in seasonal averages of both systems .. This corresponded to a range of ± 0.8 K. in mean layer temperature around the mean temperature for MRZ and MARS systems from 100 hPa to 30 hPa

OB-FG bias for :MRZ radiosondes at OOZ, averaged station by station for May-July 1990, 1991 and 1992, has been plotted as a function of solar elevation for 100-30 hPa increment in Fig. 12. Although the temperature observations of these radiosondes had been corrected for radiation errors the systematic bias in the corrected observations still varied significantly with solar elevation. In particular, (OB-FG) bias increased from -10 m to +25 m on average at solar elevations between 0°and 15°. Whilst it is possible that this was due to localised variations in the FG fields there is a strong suggestion that the variation reflects

· errors in the radiation correction procedures.

The standard deviations of (OB-FG) for MRZ and MARS radiosondes at 100 and 30 hPa have been plotted as a function of latitude in Fig. 13. It is deduced from these plots that the random errors in mean layer temperature measurements of both systems from the surface to 30 hPa were to a first approximation 0.5 K (1 s.d.).

Tables 2 and 3 were reviewed to identify those :MRZ and MARS stations where (OB-FG) bias at 100 hPa were consistently more than 30 m from the expected value of the WM:O Reference in 1992. These stations are listed in Table 13.

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I 0 I RADIOSONDE

=ER .TYPE

I REASON FOR FLAGGING

20744 MARS Positive Bias fl2Zl 21647 MARS Positive Bias [OOZ, 12Zl 21965 MARS Positive Bias [OOZ] 21982 MARS Positive Bias fOOZ, 12Zl 22271 MARS Positive Bias [12il 23330 MARS Positive Bias fOOZ, 12Zl 23552 MARS Positive Bias [12Zl 23933 MARS Positive Bias f12Zl 24641 MRZ Large Positive Bias fOOZ, 12Zl 24944 MRZ Positive BiasTooz, 12Zl 26038 MARS Positive Bias fOOZ, 12il 26422 MARS Large Negative Bias [OOZ] in

winter 27947 MARS Positive Bias [12Zl 28952 MRZ Negative Bias fOOZl 30635 MRZ Large Positive Bias fOOZ, 12Zl 31168 MARS Large Positive Bias fOOZ, 12Zf 31369 MRZ Positive Bias fOOZl 32165 MARS Positive Bias fOOZ, 12if 33658 MARS Positive Biasfl2Zl 33837 MARS Positive Bias T12Zl 33946 MARS Positive Bias [12Zl 36870 MRZ Large Negative Bias [OOZ, 12Zl 37054 MARS Large Positive Bias [OOZ, 12Zl 37985 MARS Positive Bias [OOZ, 12Zl 38687 MARS Negative Bias fOOZl 38836 MARS Positive Bias f12Zl

Table 13 Non-standard observation guality from MARS and MRZ radiosondes in 1992

4.5 Indian MK3 radiosonde The Indian :MK3 mdiosonde is flown at 35 stations in India , constituting about 4 per cent of the global upper -air network.

(OB-FG) bias at OOZ for May-Juiy 1992 has been plotted as a function of longitude for Indian, Chinese and Japanese mdiosonde types in Fig. 14, whilst Fig. 15 has plots of (OB-FG) standard deviations for the same radiosonde types . The random errors in Indian measurements were the largest of any major radiosonde type, and thus any evaluation of systematic bias errors benefits from a larger data set than that provided by one 3 month sample period. The random height errors shown in Fig. 15 for Indian measurements correspond to random errors in mean layer tempemtures of about 2 K from the surface to both 100 hPa and 30 hPa.

(OB-FG) bias for 100 hPa at OOZ was plotted for all Indian stations for each month since the beginning of 1990 in Fig. 16. This showed that the systematic bias of Indian measurements changed significantly between late 1990 and early 1991. This change was produced by the introduction of semi-automated processing of mdiosonde reports at all the network stations. The semi-automated processing uses a much higher sampling mte of radiosonde tempemture observations in the geopotential height computations than the limited nUn1ber of significant levels values selected by the opemtors in the earlier operational pmctices. Thus, a much better representation of the mean layer tempemtures between standard pressure levels resulted.

- 21 -

However, the change in processing did not produce any significant improvement in the random errors of the Indian observations , as can be seen from the time series of monthly 100 hPa (OB-FG) standard deviation in Fig 16. This was even though the semi-automated processing system applied quality checks to prevent operators entering erroneous data samples.

Fig. 17 shows the overall annual averages of (OB-FG) bias and standard deviation for India plotted against log pressure ( equivalent to height to a first approximation). The average random errors in geopotential heights increased linearly with height from the surface to 30 hPa for all stations. This suggests that calibration offsets in the temperature measurements from flight to flight were the primary reason for the poor reproducibility of the Indian geopotential heights, as random errors in mean layer temperature introduced by pressure sensor offsets would not increase linearly with height through the tropopause, see equation [1 ], section 1.3. The origin of the large scatter in Indian measurements was investigated further by isolating the most obvious anomalous Indian observations produced at low latitudes in South India for several months in late 1992. In almost every anomalous observation , there was no significant anomaly in the tropopause height compared to the remainder of the observations during the month, but the temperatures were usually offset by several degrees from the monthly average for most pressure levels from the surface to balloon burst. Thus, it appears that the pre-flight calibrations and ground checks used in India did not identify temperature sensor calibration errors reliably .

When values of(OB-FG) for the three sample periods from May 1991 in Tables.2 to 5 were averaged together, the station to station range of (OB-FG) bias at lOO hPa was about -lOOm to +50m, corresponding to a range in mean layer temperature from the surface to 100 hPa of ± 1.1 K. about the average Indian measurement. Similarly, for 100 - 30 hPa geopotential increment the station to station range in (OB-FG) bias was from + 10 to +90 m, corresponding to a range in mean layer temperature for 100 to 30 hPa of again ± 1.1K from the average Indian measurement. The positive bias of Indian temperature observations relative to the WMO reference between 100 and 30 hPa contrasts with the negative bias for the layer from the surface to 100 hPa. This may be the result of a positive systematic error in the Indian pressure sensor measurements.

4.6 China CSHANGHAD radiosonde

The Shanghai radiosonde was used at 89 stations in China in 1992 , constituting about 9 per cent of the global upper-air network. A description of the system can be found in Ivanov, et al (1991). (OB-FG) bias at 100 hPa ranged from Om to 90m at OOZ for May-July 1992, whilst (OB-FG) bias for 100-30 hPa increment had a slightly larger range from -40m to +60m, see Fig. 14. These results were typical of radiosonde monitoring results from China for at least the last five years. However, Chinese observations in Phase m of the WMO Radiosonde Comparison did not have large biases relative to the WMO Reference Ivanov, et. al (op. cit.).

The random errors in the Chinese geopotential measurements, see Fig. 15, were fairly close to those for the MARS and :MRZ systems examined earlier, and corresponded on average to random errors in mean layer temperature measurements from the surface to either 100 or 30 hPa of about 0. 6 K (1 s.d .. ). These were higher than those of the Chinese observations in the WMO Radiosonde Comparison, see Table 6.

100 hPa (OB-FG) bias for Chinese observations was plotted as a function of latitude using stations observing at a limited range of solar elevations , as indicated on the plots for May-July 1992 in Fig. 18 and for November 1991 until January 1992 in Fig. 19. Similar plots of (OB-FG) bias for 100-30 hPa increment as a function of latitude for the two seasons can be seen in Figs. 20 and 21. (OB-FG) bias for Chinese radiosondes was clearly related to station latitude in each of these plots. A simple linear regression was calculated for each category and the associated regression line drawn as a solid line on each plot.

- 22 -

The WMO Radiosonde Comparison tests contained a hint that Chinese radiosondes might have significant systematic pressure errors. Other evidence of a significant pressure bias from internal checks in China was communicated personally to the CIMO Upper Air Working Group in early 1993. Thus, in order to compute the influence of a possible significant systematic pressure error on Chinese geopotential height observations, 3 stations from North China (50557, 53463, 54374) and 3 stations from South China (57957, 57993, 59265) were selected at random. Monitoring data for these stations has been indicated by crosses in Figs. 18 to 21 TEMP message reports stored in the Synoptic Data Bank of the UK Met. Office were used to produce a detailed average temperature profile for both Chinese regions in the two seasons considered. These temperature profiles were then checked against the CLIMAT TEMP messages for the same regions and period. No major differences were found between the 3 station averages and CLIMAT temperature profiles , so the average profiles were used to estimate the geopotential height error that would be caused by a constant systematic bias throughout a flight of -5 hPa in the Chinese pressure sensor observations . The height errors produced by the pressure errors were subtracted from the relevant portion of the original regression line in each category and the "adjusted pressure" values of (OB-FG) bias were then linked by dotted lines in Figs. 18 to 21. The resultant dotted lines had minimal gradient with latitude for both seasons and both observation times at 100 hPa The "adjusted pressure "values of (OB-FG) bias at 100 hPa were in the range ±20m, see Figs. 18 and 19 and these were judged as compatible with the differences of Chinese temperature observations from the WMO Reference in Phase ill of the WMO Radiosonde Comparison. The "adjusted pressure " (OB-FG) bias for 100-30 hPa increment showed less dependence on latitude than the unadjusted. (OB-FG) bias,, see Figs. 20 and 21, but the "adjusted pressure " (OB-FG) biases were in the range from +20 to +50m ;significantly larger than the values expected from the Chinese temperature observations in the WMO Radiosonde Comparison .. It is possible that in China the use of short radiosonde suspensions from the balloon may lead to positive temperature bias in daytime flights at pressures lower than 100 hPa. However, more results from radiosonde tests in China or a additional bilateral radiosonde comparisons are required before a full explanation of the Chinese monitoring results can be offered and reliable adjustment procedures for Chinese measurements provided.

4. 7 Japan (Meisei RS2-80) radiosondes In 1992, Meisei RS2-80 radiosondes were in use in Japan, aboard the Japanese ocean weather ship and at one station in Antarctica. Radiation correctiom were applied to daytime temperature observations.

(OB-FG) bias at 100 hPa for seasonal Meisei observations from 1990 to 1992 had a range of 25m or less , whilst (OB-FG) bias for 100 -30 hPa had a larger range of about 50m, . see Fig 14 for May-July 1992 data. This means that seasonal mean layer temperatures in Japan probably had a range of less than ±0.2 K from the surface to 100 hPa and less than ±0. 7 K from 100 to 30 hPa. about the average Meisei layer temperature for a given observation time. The stability of (OB-FG) bias between different observation times, seasons and between the north and south of the Japanese networks can be judged from the average ·values for 1990 to 1992 summarised in Table 14. The standard deviations of the 10 station averages in each latitude band were typically 9 or 10 m , with 30 samples in the summer category and 20 samples in the winter category. This suggests that for 100-30 hPa the 20m differences between most summer and winter categories were significant. A better understanding of the detailed quality of the FG fields over Japan and variation in Meisei RS2-80 observations from changes in the infrared background in the vicinity of Japan is required before the origin of the variations in (OB-FG) bias can be reliably identified.

- 23 -

Pressure Season Time, Solar 24°N to 34°1' 35°N to 45°1\ (hPa) UTC elevation (OB-FG) bias (OB-FG) bi~

(0) (m) (m) 100 Summer 12 -17 -21 -14 100 Winter 12 -48 -10 -8 100 Summer 00 47 -4 5 100 Winter 00 18 -2 4 100-30 Summer 12 -23 16 -5 100-30 Winter 12 -57 -3 -24 100-30 Summer 00 57 17 9 100-30 Winter 00 24 6 -15

Table 14 (OB-FG) bias for Meisei RS2-80 radiosondes, in latitude bands 24°N to 34°N and 35°N to 45°N, for OOZ and 12 Z and for summer and winter seasons, 1990 to 1992

The (OB-FG) standard deviations for Meisei radiosonde shown in Fig. 15 for May- July 1992, i.e. about 15 m at lOO hPa and 20 to 25m at 30 hPa, were typical of those found throughout 1990 to 1992. Thus, random errors in_ Meisei mean layer temperature observations from the surface to both 100 hPa and 30 hPa were probably close to 0.2 K ( 1 s.d.)

Phase IV of the WMO Radiosonde Comparison was completed in Japan in early 1993. Although some of the initial results from this test have been used in this report (see section 2.1.4), further processing is necessary before the fmal data sets are available for use in a more detailed analysis of monitoring results.

5. ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND ACCURACY OF THE 31313 GROUP

From 1st November 1991 an amendment to the FM35- FM38 TE~ message introduced a new group into part B (31313) and added an additional standard level (925 hPa). The new 31313 group gives information on the radiosonde and equipment in use, type of radiation correction being applied (if any) and actual

· launch time. This new code is as follows:

where Solar and infra-red radiation .correction. Radiosonde/Sounding system used. Tracking technique/Status of system used. Actual launch time in hour and minute UTC.

As already stated in this report , detailed and accurate information on the radiosondes and ground systems in use at each radiosonde station is crucial. Users around the world need to make adjustments depending on the characteristics of the radiosonde/equipment being used. The 31313 group should readily provide this information. However the maximum value from the 31313 group can only be obtained if all stations adopt its use and ensure that the data information given is correct. This is especially significant for those stations that use a mixture of radiosonde types and often compile the TEMP messages manually.

To check on the status of implementation of the code changes, all upper-air TEMP messages received in the Synoptic Data Bank at the U.K. Met. Office were monitored for 1 day in March 93 and again over 7 days in June 93. The total number of messages received and the total number of reports with the 925 hPa standard level and the 31313 group were recorded. A percentage of the number of stations using the new code could

- 24 - '

then be calculated. The results are presented in Table 15. The fall in the use of the 31313 group with time in some regions was cross-checked and appeared to be real. Hopefully , this was only a temporary drop in use.

Fraction of stations Fraction of stations reporting 925 hPa level reporting 31313 group

Percent Per cent CONTINENT Marcb93 June93 Marcb93 June93 (Block No.) ooz 12Z ooz 12Z ooz 12Z ooz 12Z Europe (01-17) 74 64 68 68 70 60 54 56 Russia/CIS (20-38) 97 97 97 98 0 0 0 0 Asia ( 40-59) 83 84 80 83 5 5 5 6 Africa ( 60-68) 39 40 34 33 17 17 12 20 Americas (70-87) 55 49 55 53 40 40 10 15 Australasia+ (80-97). 34 56 40 50 20 20 21 25

Table 15 Status of implementation of amended TEMP code messages in mid - 1993. Data for March is based on observations from 9/3/93 and data for June is an average from 7 days observations (24/693 - 30/06/93). The values given are based on TEMP messages received in the United Kingdom.

The accuracy of the 31313 group information was checked by decoding the data received for 9th March 1993 and comparing this with the information in the upper-air station catalogue. Results were encouraging with over 90% of the 31313 group information agreeing with the station catalogue. The main areas of differences were where the 31313 group indicated 'no equipment or equipment type unknown' or where stations were using a mixture of radiosonde types.

A more detailed check of the 31313 group should be undertaken once more countries have adopted the code amendment Any areas of discrepancies between the reported 31313 group and the upperair catalogue should be followed up to identify which is in error. Members who have not yet adopted the coding amendment are urged to implement the use of the 31313 group as soon as possible ..

6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Using results from the WMO Radiosonde Comparisons (Phases I-IV) it has been possible to model the opemtional performance of about 70 per cent of the global upper air stations. These results have been used to evaluate the ECMWF FG field for both the 100 hPa and 100-30 hPa geopotential increment and thus asses the usefulness of the FG field as a monitoring tool. At 100 hPa the long-term consistency of the FG field from 1990 to 1992 was good. Random errors in FG, estimated from the OB-FG average standard deviations for key mdiosonde types, varied from about 8 to 25 m depending on latitude ..

6.2 Systematic variations in (OB-FG) bias for many of the national networks have been identified, many of which require further investigation. Various actions need to be taken to minimise the spread in systematic bias between different radiosonde types. This should include improving mdiation and infra-red correction procedures and elimination of large pressure sensor errors where these have been identified.

6.3 In 1992, at least 20 per cent of the operational mdiosonde stations were obtaining significantly poorer results from the mdiosondes flown than was expected on the basis of demonstmted capability of the radiosonde type. Further, automation of processing, improvement in quality control checks and tmining of operators is required to improve the observation quality.

6.4 The accuracy of data monitoring investigations is highly dependent on timely and accurate information on the mdiosonde types and equipment. being used at each station. A great amount of time

- 25 -

was spent ensuring that the details used for this report were as accurate as possible. This represents a substantial workload and this should be remembered when planning future mechanisms for updating the Catalogue of Radiosondes in Use by Members.

It is recommended that:-• the summarising work of the rapporteur on Radiosonde Compatibility should be continued by

CIMO, since there is still much effort needed from CIMO to improve measurement compatibility.

• the monitoring statistics based on differences between the observations and the ECMWF first guess field should continue to be compiled and used to evaluate long-term consistency

of both the forecast fields and the observations themselves. • a close working link between the rapporteur and the Upper-Air working group should

continue so that radiosonde performance information can be discussed and distributed as necessary

Liaison with ECMWF, the CBS lead centre for upper-air monitoring, needs to be sustained. • the use and accuracy of the 31313 group in the TEMP message requires further monitoring.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENfS

• Dr J. Nash provided insight and guidance in the analysis of the data, and in the interpretation of the ECMWF monitoring statistics.

• Dr B. Strauss for his assistance in accessing and interpreting the ECMWF monitoring statistics. • Mr P. Ellis for his support work in accessing, processing and archiving the ECMWF data. • Mr D. Marsh supported the investigations of the origin of Indian observation anomalies.

- 26 -

REFERENCES

Kitchen, M.: Compatibility of Radiosonde Geopotential Measurements 1988. OSM No. 38, Meteorological Office, Bracknell, 1982.

Moores, W. H.: Compatibility of radiosonde measurements in the upper troposphere for the period 1111/80 to 31/10/81. OSM 19, Meteorological Office, Bracknell, 1982.

Ivanov, A. A., Kats, S., Kurnosenko, S., Nash, J., and Zaitseva, N. WMO International Radiosonde Intercomparison. Phase III (Dzhambul, USSR, 1989) Final report. WMO!fD-No. 451. Instrument and Observing Methods Report No. 40, 135, 1991.

Luers, J. K. Estimating the temperature error of the radiosonde rod thermistor under different environments. J. A1mos. Oceanic Techno1. 7, pp 882-895, 1990

N ash, J. : Compatibility of radiosonde measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere for the period 1111181-31110/82. OSM 24, Meteorological Office, Brackriell, 1984. ·

Nash, J. :The relevance of the WMO international radiosonde comparison results to the global operational radiosonde network. ECMWFIWMO workshop on radiosonde data quality and monitoring. ECMWF 14-16 December 1987, pp. 207-226, 1987.

·Nash, J. Link radiosondes for future WMO Radiosonde Comparisons. WMO Instruments and Observing Methods Report No. 49 pp 134-138. WMO Austria 1992.

Nash, J. and Schmidlin, F. J. : WMO International Radiosonde comparison (UK. 1984, USA 1985). Final report. WMO Instruments and Observing Methods Report No. 30. WMO Geneva, 1987.

Oakley, T. J. and Nash, J.: The Quality of Radiosonde Geopotential Height Observations in 1990/91. WMO Instruments and Observing Methods Report No. 49 pp 450-454. WMO Austria 1992.

Radford, A. M. : ECMWF monitoring results. ECMWF/WMO workshop on radiosonde data quality and monitoring. ECMWF 14-16 December 1987, pp. 95-114, 1987.

Schmidlin, F. J.: Tables ofTemperature corrections applicable only to the US standard radiosonde using the outrigger type white thermistor. NASA 1991.

Spackman, E. A.: The compatibility of upper-air data, Part II- The compatibility and performance of radiosonde measurements of geopotential height in the lower stratosphere for 1975-1976. WMO Tech Note 163, 1978.

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APPENDIX A.

Mean and Standard Deviations ofREF-FG values, calculated at 100hPa as a fimction oflatitude using selected stations1 from 4 automated radiosonde types2. The values represent the following periods: (A) May-July 1990, (B) Nov.-Jan. 1990/91, (C) May-July 1991, (D) Nov.-Jan. 1991192 and (E) May-July 1992.

ooz Latitude Bands 12Z Latitude Bands Son de -60° -30° -30° oo oo 30° 30° 60° 60° 90° Son de -60° -30° -30° oo oo 30° 30° 60° 60° Type BI SD BI SD BI SD BI SD BI SD Type BI SD BI SD BI SD BI SD Bl RS80 -8 11 -25 13 - - -11 8 -3 12 RS80 -14 19 -25 11 - - -16 7 -7 VIZ - - - - -20 11 -14 16 -13 14 VIZ - - - - -21 23 -17 lS -24 MRZ - - - - - - -10 19 -3 10 MRZ - - - - - - 1 20 1 MEJ. - - - - - - - - - - MEI. - - - - -23 5 -16 8 -

RS80 -7 9 -21 11 - - -19 7 -12 16 RS80 -2 7 -11 8 - - -6 7 -7 VIZ - - - - 3 10 -5 14 -17 14 VIZ - - - - 5 17 -5 21 -11 MRZ - - - - - - -15 21 -11 15 MRZ - - - - - - -4 17 -9 MEI. - - - - - - - - - - MEI. - " - - -4 10 0 7 -

RS80 6 7 -11 8 - - -11 5 3 16 RS80 -7 7 -14 11 - - -8 6 1 VIZ - - - - -10 10 -11 13 -8 12 VIZ - - - - -13 15 -17 16 -20 MRZ - - - - - - -4 19 3 13 MRZ - - - - - - 3 16 6 MEI. - - - - - - - - - - MEI. - - - - •14 8 -11 8 -RS80 4 4 -2 6 - - -10 6 -2 13 RS80 0 5 -2 5 - - 7 6 -1 VIZ - - - - 4 13 -6 10 -7 13 VIZ - - " - 2 29 -4 12 -6 MRZ - - - - - - -5 19 -3 11 MRZ - - - - - - 1 15 -3 MEI. - - - - - - - - - - MEI. - - - - -3 12 -3 7 -

RS80 9 6 1 7 -4 3 -11 6 -5 10 RS80 -6 5 0 8 -2 8 -10 8 -2 VIZ - - - - -4 17 -6 15 -12 12 VIZ - - - - 0 19 -13 15 -25 MRZ - - - - - - -5 18 3 19 MRZ - - - - - - 3 25 5 MEI. - - - - - - - - - - MEI. - - - - -3 9 -1 9 -

1. Criteria for selection was that the station was known to be using an automated radiosonde system throughout the 3 month period. Station data were omitted where the total number of ascents for the 3 month period was< 10.

2. REF-FG values for the MEISEI radiosonde were only calculated for flights in the dark (ie 12Z only).

NB Values of REF-FG for a particular radiosonde are included in the above table only when more than 5 stations are reporting regularly within the latitude band.

90° SD 7

10 15

-

12 15 18

-10 11 19 -

12 13 12

-14 11 17

-

- 28 -

APPENDIX B.

Mean and Standard Deviations of REF -FG values, calculated at 1 00-30hPa as a function oflatitude using selected stations1 from 4 automated radiosonde types2. The values represent the following periods: (A) May-July 1990, (B) Nov.-Jan. 1990/91, (C) May-July 1991, (D) Nov.-Jan. 1991/92 and (E) May-July 1992.

ooz Latitude Bands . 12Z Latitude Bands . Son de -60° -30° -30° oo oo 30° 30° 60° 60° 90° Sonde -60° -30° -30° oo oo 30° 30° 60° 60° Type BI SD BI SD BI SD BI SD BI SD Type BI SD BI SD BI SD BI SD BI RS80 -2o 10 -3I 8 - - -IS 6 -IO 11 RS80 -6 10 -11 I6 - - -14 9 -9 VIZ - - - - 6 12 -4 15 -12 11 VIZ - - - - 12 18 -5 20 -20 MRZ - - - - - - 3 19 1 I3 MRZ - - - - - - 3 16 -4 MEI. - - - - - - - - - - MEI. - - - - 21 9 3 11 -

RS80 -23 9 -34 6 - - -S · 13 3 10 RS80 -8 6 -20 18 - - -2 10 8 VIZ - - - - -10 7 -11 14 -13 20 VIZ - - - - -7 18 -6 13 -3 MRZ - - - - - - -I2 16 -15 21 MRZ - - - - - - -7 31 -18 MEI. - - - - - - - - - MEI. - - - - 1 9 -19 12 -

RS80 -3 7 -12 6 - - -I3 5 -7 IO RS80 -1 s -7 9 - - -9 s -8 VIZ - - - - 3 14 -7 17 -I3 12 VIZ - - - - 15 16 -10 22 -16 MRZ - - - - - - 3 16 13 14 MRZ - - - - - - -4 15 2 MEI. - - - - - - - - - - MEI. - - - - 25 9 6 13 -

RS80 -17 4 -20 4 - - -6 11 -8 9 RS80 -19 4 -I4 9 - - -2 12 -9 VIZ - - - - 11 17 -5 14 -I3 I6 VIZ - - - - 22 20 2 25 -7 MRZ - - - - - - -I8 18 -20 19 MRZ - - - - - - -17 I8 -29 MEI. - - - - - - - - - - MEI. - - - - 9 I2 -10 10 -

RS80 1 6 3 6 - - -I2 IS -10 9 RS80 -I 6 3 IO - - -11 s -s VIZ - - - - 8 19 -8 I7 -I9 13 VIZ - - - - I9 I4 -8 22 -23 MRZ - - - - - - 5 I8 I4 IS MRZ - - - - - - 5 17 3 MEI. - - - - - - - - - - MEI. - - - - 26 9 4 IO -

1. Criteria for selection was that the station was known to be using an automated radiosonde system throughout the 3 month period. Station data were omitted where the total number of ascents for the 3 month period was < 10.

2. REF-FG values for the MEISEI radiosonde were only calculated for .flights in the dark (ie 12Z only).

NB Values ofREF-FG for a particular radiosonde are included in the above table only when more than 5 stations are reporting regularly within the latitude band.

90° SD 7

10 I8

-

11 18 17

-

9 7

17

-

9 22 17

-

7 10 14

-

Tables which are not contained in the text

- ._,

TABLE 2 : SUYUARY OF ECYWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 YONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-IULY,NOVEUBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTBNTIAL HEIGHT - 100hPa (OOZ NOMINAL TIME),

WNO SONDB LAT LONG SE SB [ OB-FG BIAS ] [OB-FG ST.DBVIATION ] [ NUMBER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) (-=1J) 1 2 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

01001 VRS80 71 -9 5 -42 20 25 34 31 1 19 20 34 20 22 89 74 78 80 75 01028 VRS80 75 19 8 -38 8 19 18 17 14 12 17 12 14 16 86 78 83 78 86 01152 VRS80 67 14 1 -45 23 -28 -6 -24 -15 20 16 17 18 12 63 85 72 89 85 01241 VRS80 64 10 -3 -49 -1 -8 -1 -3 -9 11 16 10 24 21 90 85 59 87 85 01384 VRS80 60 11 -6 -53 -8 -19 -10 -13 -9 13 16 11 IS 10 89 89 82 91 86 01415 VRS80 59 6 -8 -54 -I9 -19 -12 -17 -1 I:Z 14 10 21 13 82 88 65 90 85 02185 VRS80 66 22 -1 -46 -2 -11 -5 -4 -3 I7 15 IS 22 15 79 79 49 49 51 02365 VRS80 63 17 -3 -49 -2 -3 15 10 6 17 14 18 17 11 89 87 81 84 83 02465 VRS80 59 18 -7 -52 6 -13 5 4 2 7 15 10 16 9 89 87 76 87 84 02527 VRSSO 58 12 -9 -ss -2 -13 -1 5 -s 8 18 19 16 12 89 86 79 88 84 02591 VRS80 58 18 -8 -54 -19 -17 -1 -15 -6 15 13 13 25 13 82 79 71 76 61 02836 VRS80 67 27 2 -43 -7 -25 -5 -1 -9 18 15 12 14 12 92 87 83 91 84 02935 VRSSO 62 26 -3 -48 -5 -8 -1 4 -5 13 13 10 14 12 90 88 78 87 83 02963 VRS80 61 24 -4 -so -3 -5 1 1 -3 9 14 9 15 9 92 87 82 90 85 03005 VRS80 60 -1 -6 -53 2 -10 1 -8 -1 10 15 9 15 11 91 90 84 85 86 03026 VRS80 58 -6 -8 -54 -1 -10 -7 -8 -14 13 12 12 15 13 89 90 84 89 86 03170 VRS80 56 -3 -9 -57 -4 -3 1 1 16 15 11 15 92 91 84 86 03213 VRS80 54 -3 -12- -59 -4 1 03240 VRS80 55 -2 -11 -59 -1 11 82 03322 VRS80 54 -3 -13 -59 -1 -16 -8 -4 -6 12 17 11 15 13 92 89 84 88 84 03496 VRS80 53 2 -14 -61 2 -18 -7 -2 -2 9 15 11 12 10 91 85 83 87 87 03502 VRS80 52 -s -14 -61 -2 1 03693 VRS80 52 1 -15 -62 03743 VRSSO 51 -2 -15 -62 -7 1 03774 VRSSO 51 -1 -16 -62 -s -7 -1 -1 -4 11 23 12 14 9 92 89 83 92 86 03808 VRS80 so -s -16 -62 -4 -14 -2 -6 -2 10 15 10 14 12 92 89 84 91 87 03920 VRS80 54 -6 -12 -58 1 3 2 2 2 11 16 12 13 19 92 90 83 92 87 03953 VRS80 52 -10 -14 -60 -9 -13 -2 -1 6 IS 16 12 15 10 90 77 80 86 84 04018 VRS80 64 -23 -1 -46 -7 -17 -2 -6 1 12 . 16 12 18 11 90 75 79 78 79 04202 1188 77 -69 19 -27 41 -4 36 7 11 42 30 42 30 15 62 27 70 42 69 04220 VRS80 69 -53 11 -34 21 15 25 25 4 12 31 11 19 10 92 79 84 89 86 04270 VRS80 61 -45 3 -40 26 14 4 5 -1 15 18 15 21 13 86 76 82 81 86 04320 VRS80 77 -19 11 -35 -4 -10 17 11 13 12 15 12 17 12 88 77 81 84 86 04339 VRS80 70 -22 6 -41 7 20 21 -3 -11 10 18 11 15 11 91 79 82 88 87 04360 VRS80 66 -38 4 -41 20 22 14 '-13 -12 13 16 12 16 11 88 80 79 83 83 06011 VRS80 6·2 -7 -4 -51 4 -9 6 I 1 11 17 12 19 13 87 77 82 88 76 06181 VRS80 56 13 -11 -57 13 -s -1 -7 ..,s IS 16 14 15 8 92 87 80 92 84 06260 VRS80 52 5 -15 -61 -4 -17 -10 -4 -7 11 15 10 14 11 92 90 83 92 85 06447 VRS80 51 4 -16 -62 -2 -11 -4 I 5 13 16 12 11 12 84 79 72· 88 68 06476 VRS80 so 5 -17 -63 29 -3 2 I 1 10 13 15 13 16 89 90 82 88 82 06610 UL-SR* 47 7 -20 -66 -18 -12 -15 I -3 23 18 19 22 24 81 85 78 85 81 07110 VRSSO* 48 -4 -18 -64 -20 4 8 6 -1 44 14 11 15 23 86 68 74 79 67 07145 VRS80 49 2 -18 -65 2 6 5 10 5 14 19 15 25 13 80 80 78 79 85 07180 VRSSO 49 6 -18 -64 6 3 s 15 16 75 07481 VRS80* 46 5 -21 -67 -18 4 3 4 1 29 23 17 16 14 80 74 75 83 82 07510 VRS80 45 -1 -22 -68 -1 -2 5 1 2 15 16 10 14 13 82 83 82 86 82 07645 VRS80 44 4 -23 -69 -1 4 -1 2 -4 11 IS 15 15 11 85 80 78 86 80 07761 VRS80* 42 9 -25 -71 -22 13 4 -4 -IS 33 27 13 17 15 82 72 77 73 78 08001 VRS80 43 -8 -22 -68 26 23 27 22 30 15 20 14 16 11 87 85 78 70 81 08023 VRS80 43 -4 -23 -69 13 6 3 11 12 13 17 13 12 13 80 83 72 69 80 08221 VRS80 40 -4 -26 -72 32 30 32 28 43 14 14 10 15 17 90 87 82 91 83 08302 VRS80 40 3 -27 -74 10 6 27 08430 VRS80 38 -1 -29 -75 40 3( 35 33 33 17 19 15 13 15 87 86 83 80 80 08495 VRS80 36 -5 -30 -75 -5 -5 -2 -4 3 18 18 14 16 11 90 83 78 89 81 08508 VRS80* 39 -27 -22 -60 -20 -16 -8 7 -12 24 37 11 22 14 28 31 9 ss 75 08522 VRS80 33 -17 -31 -70 -4 -9 6 7 -6 8 23 18 6 13 19 ss 51 9 74 08579 VRS80 39 -9 -27 -72 33 27 29 -8 3 16 15 26 10 11 63 61 58 31 80 08594 VIZ 17 -23 -42 -65 09184 VRS80* 54 13 -12 -58 -13 -12 4 -6 26 21 ss 9 85 75 73 88 09393 VRS80* 52 14 -14 -60 -11 -17 1 -ll 17 22 25 12 90 86 82 90 09486 VRS80* 51 14 -15 -61 -4 10 91 09548 MARS 51 10 -16 -62 -14 -49 -10 1 23 33 24 22 90 83 80 84 10035 VRS80* 55 10 -12 -58 -1 -14 5 1 -1 19 18 14 15 10 91 86 78 88 85 10338 VRS80* 52 10 -14 -60 -25 -22 -7 -6 -6 12 14 15 21 13 88 77 75 75 74 10384 VRS80* 52 13 -14 -60 10410 VRS80* 51 7 -IS -62 -21 -22 -6 -5 -7 13 13 13 13 11 89 89 83 92 85 10739 VRS80* 49 9 -18 -64 -21 -23 -4 -4 -5 10 12 18 15 11 89 89 84 91 84 10868 VRS80* 48 12 -18 -64 -19 -21 -7 -9 -10 11 11 17 13 10 91 90 83 92 85 11035 BLIN 48 16 -18 -63 -28 -34 -28 -25 -19 17 14 16 16 18 91 91 81 91 84 11520 VRS80* 50 14 -16 -62 -21 -14 -3 -6 -1 28 25 20 19 10 92 90 81 85 83 11952 VRS80* 49 20 -16 -61 5 4 14 -7 -9 22 26 18 13 11 92 90 82 92 85 12120 VRS80* ss 18 -11 -57 4 s 44 37 2 29 29 26 30 9 52 46 49 75 79 12330 MARS 52 17 -13 -59 27 7 40 49 40 28 33 29 47 36 36 41 12374 VRS80* 52 21 -13 -58 39 20 48 8 35 26 29 24 17 21 81 76 73 77 79 12425 VRS80* 51 17 -IS -60 31 16 22 ss 14 56 52 54 58 7 57 57 59 42 3 12843 VRS80 47 19 -18 -62 12 -2 -7 -s -9 29 34 14 12 13 87 83 81 89 77 12982 MARS 46 20 -19 -63 -24 -38 -25 -so -34 44 41 45 53 51 90 87 79 ss 84 13130 VIZ 46 16 -20 -65 IS 5 -15 27 29 30 73 61 42 13275 VRS80 45 21 -20 -64 -15 -16 4 -3 -10 14 14 13 16 12 76 83 77 88 82 15120 VRS80* 47 24 -18 -61 -34 -43 -12 -27 87 25 46 11 3 1

- ...... v ~·

TABLE 2 : SUYYARY OF ECUWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-JULY,NOVBUBER-JANUARY (Units-Yeters)

GBOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100hPa (OOZ NOYINAL TIYB).

WUO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE NO. (-=S) (-=Y) 1 2

[ OB-PG BIAS ] 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992

[OB-PG ST.DEVIATION ] 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992

15420 VRS80* 15480 A-22 15614 YAKS 15730 YAKS 16044 VRS80 16080 VRS80 16144 VRS80 16245 VRS80 16320 VRS80 16429 VRS80 16560 VRS80 16622 VRS80* 16716 VRS80 16754 VRSSO 17030 VRSSO* 17062 VRSSO* 17130 VRSSO* 17220 VRSSO• 17240 VRSSO* 17280 VRSSO• 17352 VRSSO• 17607 VIZ 20046 loiRZ 20069 YAKS 20107 loiRZ* 20274 YAKS 20292 loiRZ 20353 YAKS 20674 YAKS 20744 YAKS 20891 loiRZ 21432 YAKS 21504 loiRZ 21647 YAKS 21824 loiRZ 21965 YAKS 21982 YAKS 22113 loiRZ 22217 YRZ 22271 YAKS 22522 A-22 22550 WlZ 22802 A-22 23022 YRZ 23146 A-22 23205 loiRZ* 23330 YAKS 234I8 YAKS 23472 loiRZ* 23552 YAKS 23804 loiRZ 23884 YRZ* 23921 YRZ 23933 NARS 23955 loiRZ 24125 loiRZ* 24266 J.IRZ• 24343 YRZ* 24507 YRZ* 24641 loiRZ* 24688 loiRZ 248I7 YRZ* 24908 NARS 24944 YRZ* 24959 amz 25123 YRZ 25173 YAKS 25399 loiRZ 2SSS1 NARS 25563 YAKS 2SS94 YAKS 25677 YRZ 25703 loiRZ* 25913 NARS 25954 YRZ* 26038 NARS 26063 YRZ 26258 NARS 25298 YRZ 26422 NARS

26 -I9 -6I 29 -19 -60' 23 -2I -64 2S -22 -64 I3 -20 -66

9 -21 -67 I1 -22 -67

-25 -70 12 18 13

9 23 24 25 36 29 33 27 3I 40 3S 33 58 77 14 82

104 69 80 53

I02 138 113 144 I29 162

-179 33 32 44 3S 41 3I 62 74 53 67 57 88 78 SI 90 60 69 78

112 I33 123 IOO 122 I43 I08 I02

20 I30

-25 -68 -28 -73 -27 -73 -24 -66 -26 -67 -28 -67 -I9 -57 -22 -62 -21 -59 -24 -64 -24 -62 -20 -ss -23 -59 -25 -6I

IS -28 20 -26 12 -35 20 -25 25 -20 I7 -28 I9 -26 I1 -34 25 -I9 33 -I3 27 -I7 36 -IO 33 -12 41 -s

·42 -4 5 -4I 3 -42 6 -39 1 -43 2 -42

-2 -47 I2 -32 1S -28

8 -36 Il -32

7 -36 I9 -23 IS -27

3 -40 I9 -22 6 -36 9 -32

I3 -27 28 -IS 36 -8 33 -IO 24 -18 33 -9 42 -2 27 -13 24 -IS -s -SI 37 -s

4S 44 43 42 46 4S 4S 42 4I 38 39 41 38 35 4I 4I 40 38 38 38 37 3S 81 80 78 78 78 77 74 72 72 76 75 73 72 71 71 69 67 68 65 6S 62 70 69 68 67 65 66 6S 62 62 61 61 60 69 68 67 64 64 63 6I 60 60 62 69 I61 69 -I79 66 -I70

170 I78

-I73

43 44 47

-3 -2

I 2 2 2 4 1 3

65 65 64 63 63 60 60 59 60 ss 58 57

179 152 ISI 166

2S 30 28 34 24

48 48 49 so 45 47 51 s -5 -51 -4 -49 -6 -51 -s -49 -8 -53

-20 -12

-3 57

7 s

32 28

2 34 25

12 s

-19 -28

8

-56 -11 -31

-s

59 34 0

32 26 20

-16 17 4

32 -2 26 28 -4 10 13 -6

-18 -6 -3 16 -3 57 -7 36 2S

-16 44

1 35 -2 -3 34

7 40 62

-19 -8 19 49 -7 18 29 -2 43 18

179 3 8

29 18 27 -8

-29 -9

-37

-IS -20 -42 -30 -I

-15 16 -40 13 47 IS I7 16 11 5 38 21 22 28 27 35 40 14 I 4 36 36 32 30 39 33 23 -7 17 14

-33 -24 -35 -7 -3 -32

-16 -IS -26 -2 14 -22

·-39 -20 -14 -53 -so -40 -32 -3I -28

7~ 39 ;to

32 .:lt

43 ::t 2 ,.

42 ~ 37 st

12

-24 -9

-35 -6 -4

-41 -12

3 21 11 30 -19 28 8 -8 11 6 -41

9 -8 19 -3 19 17 39 8

7 18 -14 24 28 8 41 s

-23 6 2 -3 8 13 0 27

-20 0 7 11 24 48. 23 47 -6 11 -11 -4 18 44 -8 34 16 22 4 54

-16 -1 -21 -30 10 s 13 -s 32 22 24 13

-32 -4 -27 -13 1 -10 -7

-17 -2 3 23 -20 16 -3 -32 9 s -5

IS 39 20 48 1 34 -2 -2

-s -2 -4 -14 -2 43 14 39

-47 -11 -28 -31 4S 54 -4 -2

1 2 3 -8 18 32 34 24

-11 -8 -17 -2 -s 53 1 31

1 13 1 24 -9 31 -13 6

-28 15 -19 1 32 78 65 100

-34 -12 -16 li -22 -11 -4 8

22 19 6 30 41 73 33 43 -8 4 3 18

-24 -2 12 3 5 51 15 46

-1 2 12 22 26 34 23 34 12 12 2S 32 87 56

3 -13 7 20 10 -12 3 36 37 15 13 18 9 20 3S

6 37 37 46 6 -37 -1 -15

-19 -14 -15 -22 -2 -18

-100 -39 -127 -13

69 82 28 65 11 13 12 ID 10 20 IS

13 4

53 38 23

43 49 42

25 22 59 2S 26 27 24 38 28 24 40 23 25 21 18 25 32 26 73 22 59 29 ss 53 36 37 32 31 23 31 18 26 23 37 59 38 37 39 28 43 31 43 25 42 20 32 29 24 69 25 35 33 52 37 29 37

39

14

31 13 13 14 13 24 13 16

13

40 23 21 21 31 22 45

22 24 27 32 24 21 21 38 32 23 28 25 27 29 29 38 39 28 72 2S 38 34 64 52 44 45 54 25 44 34 37 44 IS 4S 21 38 39 41 23 27 36 53 2S 32 28 35 28 31 41

33 31 35 34 39 36

8 45

18 7

17

14 IS 12 IS 11 16 13

14

37 so 26 67 18 33 29

22 13 30

38 29 25 29 26 35 25 16 48 32 42 23 23 38 26 29

28 52 25 35 43 25 25 2S 27 27 35 22 34 23 35 31 38 30 14 28 36 25 23 33 35 27 29 10 34 30 26 18 36 21 15 27 38

14 14 15 13 15 18 22

17

32 so 22 39 28 26 26

29

41

21 19 37 51 30 17 24 30 26 32 32 19 30 47

22

24 37 23 38 40 34 40 26 29 32 36 29 23 29 30 28 3S 36

4 32 52 29 36 32 34 31 29

35 28 30 28 40 26

32 ss

36 6

12 14 11 12 13 16 16

16

so 41 26 44 19 32 30

25

33

28

41 36 27 37 18 28 21 29 36 31 25 22

25

36

31 42 37 3S 17 30 22 2S 30 17 27 27 23 28 38 30 32 38 6S 22 25 31 36 36 24

30 26 26 34 22 28

31 41

[ NUYBER OF OBS. ] 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

24 11 25 2 42 4 8 12 2 10 2 7 21 6 89 81 78 91 86 86 88 80 88 86 47 84 67 82 76 83 82 77 82 84 77 84 77 84 85 80 84 78 84 77 86 83 81 91 81

1 86 91 80 82 84

6 77 80 79 79 81 79 68 66 79 75 88 85 83 90 85

9 69 84 82 51 11 14 58 70 66 87 66 83 87 73 83 73 87 78

88 63 58 66 78 80 57 49 1 18 41 48 44 44 49 66 1 80 83 53 75 66 85 69 60 26 77 69 69 6~ 69 74 41 65 61 68 91 84 72 80 71 53 57 29 28 41 82 85 67 84 53 ss 42 10 33 32 56 35 32 22 23 84 84 67 81 46 86 74 66 88 66 79 75 77 68 67 76 77 76 72 70 47 77 73 73 76 87 35 28 84 73 80 90 53

87 85

68 74 68 71 65 37 36 38

49

82 86 70 ss 79 57 54 56 49 43 80 81 74 78 82 81 81 74 85 73 62 59 58 46 28 87 82 79 85 83 90 80 78 67 49 90 79 79 88 68 83 71 62 52 54 88 54 78 69 78 44 68 40 68 49 70 72 69 80 69 72 83 72 80 74 69 76 62 66 68 72 79 59 67 ~3

64 56 66 82 75 72 75 53 20 56 70 69 ss 73 71 78 86 58 83 70 77

79 76 78 67 87 68 87 77 15 23 2S 37 83 66 86 73 76 57 51 57 54 73 47 49

78 81 68 77 72 59 62 26 81 80

71 89 80

79 86 69 81 84 79 83 82 69 60 36 40 44 31 11

1 4 73 79 67 66

58 71 57 65 85 78 76 80 80 31 83 80

SI 71

77 71

- '-'-'- -

TABLE 2 : SUWARY OF ECYWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-JULY,NOVEUBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100hPa (OOZ NOMINAL TIME).

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] (OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUMBER OF OBS. 1 NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

26629 YRZ ss 24 -10 -ss -11 -12 -2 22 17 39 32 31 63 24 45 74 58 47 63 26702 MARS ss 21 -11 -56 49 24 10 9 21 34 31 44 31 26 64 ss 63 58 72 26781 YRZ 55 32 -8 -52 -26 -32 -23 -26 -10 23 29 27 28 24 80 53 65 78 63 26850 YRZ 54 28 -10 -54 -18 -54 -26 -13 2 22 36 28 22 20 89 80 81 86 83 27037 YRZ 59 40 -2 -45 -31 -33 -23 -18 -35 26 28 24 27 25 81 82 75 85 86 27196 MARS 59 50 1 -42 -18 -33 -26 -41 -28 36 37 31 38 28 71 77 69 81 75 27553 YJI.Z 56 44 -4 -45 -25 -26 -23 -27 -21 22 25 28 26 22 86 88 75 86 86 27595 YIIZ* 56 49 -2 -43 8 -17 17 19 -10 60 65 29 34 33 87 81 71 71 81 27612 YRZ 56 38 -6 -49 -20 -32 -28 -17 -18 30 23 29 23 33 89 79 73 79 81 27947 YAilS 53 41 -7 -48 19 7 21 34 26 25 24 26 31 28 86 86 76 73 75 28275 YRZ 58 68 7 -32 -2 -38 2 7 16 32 47 22 27 22 73 78 76 74 76 28440 YRZ 57 61 3 -37 5 -7 -1 -9 -14 26 36 17 27 33 87 83 76 80 76 28698 YRZ ss 73 8 -30 -4 -24 3 -4 -7 22 27 33 29 24 88 81 78 78 83 28722 MARS 55 56 -1 -40 -11 26 3 1 -5 36 28 31 44 39 40 68 65 68 67 28900 YRZ 53 50 -3 -43 -41 -8 -29 -10 -29 29 24 26 32 31 79 91 78 89 81 28952 YRZ* 53 64 2 -36 13 36 39 -35 -43 22 34 32 32 31 62 68 65 69 64 29231 YRZ 58 83 14 -25 25 6 24 16 25 25 23 29 34 29 77 51 72 81 69 29282 MARS 58 97 22 -17 31 -11 25 7 30 36 46 32 25 30 65 62 71 51 42 29574 YRZ 56 93 19 -19 -23 -41 -14 -26 -9 19 21 26 28 31 81 53 76 60 71 29612 YRZ 55 78 11 -27 -8 -22 -19 -19 -22 23 22 23 32 26 81 43 75 69 65 29634 YRZ-T 55 83 13 -24 -4 -is -13 -12 -13 32 25 30 25 33 81 46 75 88 81 29698 YRZ* ss 99 22 -15 23 -11 -6 2 13 31 14 22 21 24 84 56 78 73 67 30054 YRZ* 59 113 29 -10 -3 -6 7 21 11 62 85 33 16 32 84. 76 18 27 65 30230 YRZ* 58 108 27 -12 37 -18 -2 -22 2 41 36 17 27 24 84 78 78 52 79 30554 MARS 54 114 30 -7 so 31 70 8 49 54 57 25 28 36 88 76 77 87 78 30635 YRZ* 53 109 27 -9 88 56 63 89 89 30 48 34 31 41 88 67 78 71 50 30673 MARS 54 120 34 -4 20 84 63 -21 -10 75 56 69 29 33 72 70 38 74. 41 30692 YRZ* 54 124 36 -2 87 51 12 21 21 29 39 26 56 30715 YRZ 52 104 25 -11 1 -14 -s -17 13 19 27 27 34 27 89 86 75 83 77 30758 YRZ 52 113 30 -6 5 -18 2 -20 1 20 36 27 28 25 83 68 78 85 74 30935 MARS 50 109 27 -8 29 13 34 22 26 36 36 39 25 38 83 80 79 81 82 30965 YRZ 50 117 32 -4 -12 4 11 -10 5 26 23 34 30 24 81 73 78 80 73 31004 YRZ 59 125 36 -4 25 -17 12 -16 15 38 37 30 34 18 84 62 72 50 63 31088 YAilS 59 143 44 1 -9 12 12 35 1 28 9 29 34 35 89 9 75 89 80 31168 MARS 56 138 43 2 78 70 83 95 36 29 42 24 73 63 66 40 31300 YRZ 54 127 38 -1 -s 8 2 16 6 20 34 24 30 8 82 77 73 66 27 31329 YRZ 53 133 42 2 -13 7 18 39 -1 23 7 29 53 32 75 16 63 73 73 31369 YRZ* 53 141 46 5 80 80 69 38 33 32 33 30 20 33 87 79 74 77 80 31510 YRZ* 50 128 39 2 69 71 39 32 28 26 36 22 58 29 60 29 31707 MARS 48 131 42 5 86 45 73 55 28 45 37 23 31 31735 YRZ 49 135 44 7 -1 11 6 9 29 28 26 35 75 82 75 83 31873 YRZ 46 134 44 8 -23 -3 -5 31 33 27 30 30 25 34 79 81 79 85 41 31909 YRZ 45 137 46 10 -6 25 11 17 23 25 29 33 77 86 79 59 31960 YRZ-T 43 132 43 9 21 24 -8 12 10 48 24 25 23 38 85 83 69 82 77 32061 YRZ 51 142 48 8 1 31 13 2 19 28 38 25 26 24 87 62 78 87 73 32150 YRZ* 47 143 so 11 26 42 3 8 2 39 25 32 26 27 74 60 41 81 78 32165 MARS 44 146 53 15 43 45 28 57 72 39 38 37 32 37 80 80 78 77 79 32186 IOlZ 46 151 ss 15 -11 23 -2 24 24 42 29 34 25 20 77 73 70 66 48 32217 YRZ* so 155 ss 13 20 44 23 -s -4 34 53 29 28 36 83 85 41 56 68 32389 YRZ* 56 161 53 8 -7 -57 13 1 9 71 60 63 14 26 59 87 36 42 81 32540 YRZ* 53 159 ss 11 21 31 25 16 23 23 49 32 23 42 85 89 77 86 80 32618 IOlZ ss 166 ss 10 -14 -4 18 13 3 29 41 26 26 33 88 80 77 81 79 33008 IOlZ 52 24 -13 -57 -10 -29 -20 -34 -17 23 26 20 35 21 87 88 81 86 85 33041 URZ 52 31 -11 -54 -33 -27 -12 -18 -22 31 27 30 30 34 84 87 80 84 80 33345 IOlZ so 30 -13 -ss -56 -44 -27 -37 -14 26 27 17 26 22 87 87 80 82 86 33393 MARS so 24 -IS -59 -10 -22 41 -12 4 86 84 32 65 38 82 44 31 19 43 33631 YRZ 49 22 -16 -60 -25 -41 -23 -44 -17 20 28 24 35 18 82 80 79 76 87 33658 MARS 48 26 -16 -59 48 24 34 19 20 40 46 30 39 43 82 64 78 88 78 33815 IOlZ 47 29 -16 -58 -10 -29 -10 -17 -31 23 25 21 25 45 83 73 45 61 28 33837 MARS 46 31 -16 -58 1 27 10 12 34 34 42 25 26 34 68 51 ss 78 65 33946 MARS 45 34 -16 -56 18 11 47 17 25 30 28 23 32 31 82 81 70 78 75 34009 IOlZ 52 36 -10 -52 -20 -32 -20 -19 -25 23 24 22 32 39 82 80 78 89 73 34122 YRZ* 52 39 -9 -so 38 5 -7 -11 -2 32 32 40 44 13 73 59 62 65 52 34172 YRZ 52 46 -6 -46 30 10 34 36 21 26 56 24 30 30 87 78 75 81 83 34300 IOlZ so 36 -11 -53 25 -12 -10 -11 -2 35 24 27 23 21 76 58 65 64 78 34560 YRZ 49 44 -9 -49 -2 -16 9 -12 2 26 30 29 31 24 82 88 74 87 77 34731 MARS 47 40 -12 -52 -36 -60 7 -38 -23 43 53 49 57 43 87 84 78 78 79 34858 YRZ 46 43 -12 -so -11 -23 10 -13 -3 22 23 21 35 37 82 84 76 73 81 34880 YRZ 46 48 -10 -47 -18 -37 -26 -24 -20 27 26 34 24 .25 89 87 77 83 79 35108 YRZ 51 51 -5 -43 -1 -1 15 26 11 76 35121 IOlZ 52 55 -3 -41 -21 -13 -6 -11 -16 34 25 28 36 32 68 83 82 86 81 35229 YRZ* 50 57 -3 -40 -12 -29 12 -12 5 63 70 36 23 24 62 53 42 77 78 35394 MARS 50 73 5 -30 -1 -39 46 10 -3 35 46 40 50 35 83 87 72 84 72 35700 IOlZ 47 52 -7 -44 -9 -15 -15 -11 -14 28 37 28 25 32 76 64 72 74 79 35746 YRZ 47 62 -3 -38 -29 -45 -18 -17 -26 23 28 26 35 30 86 78 72 78 75 35796 YRZ 47 75 s -29 48 -19 -1 -13 -24 40 20 25 30 36 62 60 66 86 68 36177 MARS 50 80 10 -25 -4 -6 4 -5 -4 23 32 40 33 16 73 85 77 86 76 36870 IOlZ 43 77 4 -27 -43 -55 -34 -32 -99 23 27 23 26 59 80 77 70 71 68 37018 MARS 44 39 -15 -54 -6 -16 -3 -4 -8 25 37 21 25 36 81 78 78 80 76 37054 MARS 44 43 -13 -51 40 53 47 63 40 18 28 22 32 34 30 38 44 37 59

- VL -

TABLE 2 : SUYYARY OF ECUWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 UONTHLY AVERAGES WAY-IULY,NOVEWBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - IOOhPa (OOZ NOMINAL Tllm).

wuo SONDE LAT WNG SE SE [ 08-FG BIAS ] [08-FG ST.DBVIATION ] [ NUUBBR OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) (-=W) I 2 I990 90/1 I991 9I/2 I992 1990 90/1 1991 9I/2 1992 90 90/I 9I 9I/2 92

37260 URZ 43 4I -IS -53 -53 -54 -74 -16 3I 36 36 9 76 43 33 17 37549 URZ 42 45 -IS -so -16 -30 -3I -13 -4 32 34 47 25 29 75 68 64 44 6I 37789 WARS 40 44 -16 -SI -2 8 2 -37 29 35 1 17 21 3 I 37985 WARS 39 49 -IS -48 -8 9 67 53 59 ~'37 34 32 34 41 80 68 68 61 59 38062 URZ* 45 66 -2 -35 -26 -9 -8 10 -37 28 37 38 45 SI 79 78 71 73 70 38341 URZ 43 71 -4 -37 :s4 -29 -13 -31 33 21 28 24 65 79 78 68 38392 URZ 42 60 -7 -39 -28 -6 -20 -I7 -21 22 26 22 35 30 58 so 56 70 77 38457 URZ-T 41 69 -1 -32 4 9 21 57 -IS 40 48 47 42 23 89 87 82 88 86 38507 URZ 40 53 -12 -45 -23 -29 -s 1 -13 30 26 25 34 34 64 80 78 85 82 38613 WARS 41 73 I -29 59 -8 35 56 41 43 33 25 75 47 45 I2 38687 WARS 39 64 -6 -36 -42 -28 -I4 -3 -ss 33 43 28 32 4I 72 SI 70 72 82 38750 URZ 37 54 -I3 -44 -20 -13 -26 -9 -32 25 31 25 23 28 82 79 76 56 78 38836 MARS 39 69 -3 -32 26 -so 11 13 43 4I 35 33 42 46 49 37 38880 URZ-T 38 58 -10 -4I 39 -8 7 -22 -3 34 25 30 I7 23 69 26 48 37 67 38954 WARS 38 72 -2 -30 -s 9 18 3I 33 36 53 53 41 40I79 VIZ 32 35 -27 -60 43 36 39 I9 19 25 29 24 29 3I 90 75 83 84 84 40265 VRS80 32 36 -26 -59 -4 -8 -I3 -2I -29 16 IS 8 IS 20 14 4 11 IS 40375 VRS80 28 37 -29 -59 s 20 I 26 s I6 I9 I6 19 17 87 62 78 88 84 40394 VRS80 27 42 -27 -ss 12 9 IS IO I7 19 14 I7 62 37 63 56 404I6 VRS80 26 so -23 -47 -18 -4 -2 7 3 13 20 I3 17 13 84 ss 53 3I 40 40430 VRS80 25 40 -31 -56 11 I I9 3 20 20 18 I4 6I so 42 33 40437 VRS80 25 47 -26 -so IO 7 17 I IS 16 14 19 31 82 57 43 29 29 40582 VRS80 29 48 -22 -49 -s 7 -3 9 24 IS 39 71 26 40650 VRS80 33 44 -22 -52 -11 27 77 40706 VRS80 38 46 -17 -so -23 8 -8 I2 -7 14 2I 14 22 14 53 8 6I 53 52 40745 VRS80 36 60 -10 -40 -I3 -6 3 11 s 23 23 33 17 I6 49 26 35 60 Sl 40754 VRS80 36 51 -16 -46 -10 9 -3 16 I 13 20 17 24 19 47 34 62 58 53 40766 VRS80 34 47 -19 -so -26 8 -7 3 2 18 s 10 16 19 44 IS 28 27 36 40800 VRS80 33 52 -18 -46 -22 3 -I3 -8 -1 26 24 26 20 14 32 23 SI 61 49 40809 VRS80 33 59 -I3,-40 -IO -36 24 30 26 22 40841 VRS80 30 57 -16 -41 -74 -23 -42 -26 -42 34 18 23 25 37 47 16 28 21 22 40948 35 69 -s -32 -17 59 6 61 3 10 41024 VRS80 22 39 -33 -56 -1 6 9 30 17 IS 18 12 16 IS 87 62 79 92 80 41114 VRS80 I8 43 -34 -52 -13 -3 -7 21 11 21 16 IS 17 14 80 60 80 90 85 41217 24 ss -21 -43 -10 -s -7 -4 -s 19 17 19 22 17 66 38 49 53 62 41256 VRS80 24 ss -19 -39 7 13 10 4 9 9 413I6 VIZ* 17 S4 -26 -41 -6 IS -1 11 83 2S I6 24 32 11 11 33 41344 VRS80 16 44 -3s -so 41530 VRS80 34 72 -4 -30 26 -1 3 7 101 s 34 7.1 25 3 so 42 41661 VRS80 30 67 -9 -33 -25 -19 -1 -27 63 24 36 33 33 19 35 16 41780 VRS80 2S 67 -12 -32 -24 -98 -24 4 25 2S IS 16 17 13 11 s 41923 VIZ* 24 90 6-11 -71 -27 -13 -14 -19 33 42 34 42 46 44 70 58 52 67 42027 Ill 111:3 34 75 -1 -27 97 92 57 9 30 1 3 10 42101 I)( 111:3 30 76 -2 -25 171 76 14 1 -42 78 77 I08 121 121 I6 16 22 29 33 42182 IU 111:3 29 77 -2 -24 56 -104 -83 -126 1 128 80 118 83 106 66 21 ss 37 20 42314 IU 111:3 27 95 12 -8 -ss -38 -8 -68 27 19 I3 104 125 1S8 3 2 12 28 30 42339 IU 111:3 26 73 -7 -27 -30 -68 -4 -58 -100 54 113 143 130 134 s 19 34 38 45 42361 IU 111:3 26 78 -3 -22 54 71 -64 -22 -60 153 101 liS 89 103 3S 10 28 28 30 42369 IU 111:3 27 81 -1 -20 67 -28 44 29 IS 80 32 I20 110 84 20 3 39 43 30 42397 IU 111:3 27 88 6 -14 -7 40 -64 -64 -24 124 119 ISS I03 86 20 9 lS 21 20 42410 IU 111:3 26 92 8-11 94 3 -81 -so 10 98 I06 lOS 100 120 36 49 56 63 S7 42492 IU 111:3 26 85 3 -16 179 90 35 -8 2 78 91 I02 126 116 30 17 24 36 17 42647 IU 111:3 23 73 -9 -26 98 -2 -70 -97 -45 99 85 135 I09 126 35 19 41 39 21 42667 IU 111:3 23 77 -s -22 164 38 -106 -119 -45 74 99 18 116 lS 2 22 6 14 42700 IU 111:3 23 85 2 -IS ss 108 -22 -30 -39 93 6 80 64 6 3 2 lS 6 42724 IU 111:3 24 91 7 -10 172 -so -33 -37 69 94 lOS I02 124 IS 3 30 29 22 42779 IU 111:3 23 82 -1 -18 liS 88 -16 128 2 98 36 72 6 1 4 3 13 42809 IU 111:3 23 88 4, -12 80 -12 -30 -s 7 89 102 120 114 144 30 40 3I 75 59 42867 IU 111:3 21 79 -4 -20 lOS -37 -41 -29 -56 122 135 141 111 135 24 52 52 SI 46 42971 IU 111:3 20 86 1 -20 28 -10 -35 -107 -41 132 122 122 81 ll7 so ss 63 63 60 43003 IU 111:3 19 73 -10 -25 25 -96 -73 -77 -81 138 108 128 112 liS 19 29 31 43 52 43014 IU Yl:3 20 7S -8 -23 138 20 3 42 -24 98 47 104 146 38 10 6 16 17 7 43041 IU Yl:3 19 82 -3 -17 lll 108 78 90 46 SI 41 90 90 115 18 11 14 18 20 43128 Ill 111:3 17 78 -6 -19 129 57 -75 -30 -36 ll2 130 136 135 126 39 44 53 53 47 43150 Ill YK3 18 83 -2 -IS 136 76 -1 -ss 1 99 132 I04 77 78 22 14 26 11 28 43185 Ill Yl:3 I6 80 -6 -17 225 62 -IS -I02 -40 69 57 I2S I07 110 11 7 29 4I 43 43I92 Ill Y1:3 IS 74 -ll -23 I82 ll -99 -92 -87 8 I2I I30 ll3 11I 4 21 38 36 27 43279 Ill 111:3 13 80 -7 -16 I72 2 -60 -75 -87 83 I06 I3S 113 112 38 22 SI 58 58 43285 Ill 111:3 13 7S -12 -21 ll9 76 -so -114 -32 117 92 127 I07 I48 34 I9 32 34 35 43295 Ill 111:3 13 78 '-9 -I9 163 110 66 35 22 lOS 109 90 112 97 27 33 36 49 38 433ll Ill IIK3 11 'f3 -14 -22 35 -13S -28 -65 32 66 34 126 4 8 4 28 43333 Ill 111:3 12 93 4 -4 -49 -IS7 -4I 2 so 2 6 2 43346 Ill IIK3 11 80 -8 -I6 I 57 62 -7I -39 -44 89 110 145 I27 I06 34 20 40 57 47 43369 Ill 111:3 8 73 -IS -2I I46 99 -30 -47 -86 113 I35 78 IOI 96 27 I4 9 26 38 4337I Ill 111:3 8 77 -I2 -18 I37 I7 -93 -IS -6I 94 I35 135 121 I2I 62 ss ss 59 48 442I2 MARS so 92 17 -18 123 -11 36 78 53 37 63 67 49 44231 liARS so 100 22 -13 114 so 88 65 29 23 80 20 s 44259 WARS 48 115 31 -4 -95 57 6 79 41 41 57 19 32 44277 liARS 46 96 18 -14 33 -5 66 23 63 2I 44288 liARS 46 103 23 -10 -77 -40, I63 lOS 54 64 59 7S 61 39 3

- 0v -

TABLE 2 : SUUUARY OF ECUWF YONITORING STATISTICS I990-1992 3 YONTHLY AVERAGES UAY-JULY,NOVEUBER-JANUARY (Units-Ueters)

GBOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - IOOhPa (OOZ NOMINAL TIUB).

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] [OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUUBER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) (-='W) I 2 1990 90/I I99I 91/2 I992 I990 90/I I99I 9I/2 I992 90 90/I 9I 91/2 92

44292 UARS 48 107 26 -8 -71 -s -S6 -11 -23 4I 6I S9 I6 S9 67 IS 30 3 4 44354 UARS 45 110 28 -s 65 IS 54 27 67 IS 44373 UARS 44 I04 23 -s 77 22 S3 IS 42 11 45004 VRSSO 22 114 27 9 -IO 7 3 I2 s 12 IS 17 IS 14 84 81 75 so 73 47041 40 I2S 40 9 2 -25 113 6 92 12 32 29 36 4 2 7 4 s 470SS 39 126 39 s 27 -10 53 -23 7 70 64 61 70 94 25 26 25 39 34 47122 J/YAN* 37 127 40 10 -17 -17 -s -6 16 2S 24 3S 26 20 S9 89 so S9 ss 47138 J/YAN* 36 129 42 I2 -14 25 25 24 40 62 37 36 3S 39 87 91 S4 S9 84 471SS J/YAN* 35 I27 40 11 -12 -19 11 s 23 46 23 49 31 23 S6 84 82 ss 73 47ISS J/YAN* 33 126 39 12 -56 4 -s 20 29 63 53 52 41 so 80 ss 74 so 80 47401 UBISEI 45 142 49 12 2 s 14 -4 17 14 17 14 18 IS 88 87 81 S9 80 47412 UBISEI 43 I41 so 14 -16 -2 -1 -9 3 13 13 13 I6 IS 87 87 81 90 79 47420 UBISEI 43 I46 53 IS -2 6 IS 6 19 14 16 18 I4 14 86 87 S1 90 80 47SSO UBISEI 41 141 SI IS -2 I 12 3 9 17 18 13 24 13 84 88 79 S9 82 47SS2 UBISEI 40 140 so 16 -s s 13 -6 14 16 23 IS 21 16 87 8S 80 89 79 47590 UBISEI 3S 141 Sl 17 -12 14 8 12 12 17 23 17 17 12 8S 88 81 90 80 47600 UBISEI 37 137 4S 16 -2 s 2 11 13 IS 20 16 20 16 84 S9 81 90 80 47646 UBISEI 36 140 so 18 -9 8 -4 -4 16 13 IS 12 IS 13 87 87 81 90 81 47678 UBISEI 33 140 so 20 -6 9 4 6 14 17 20 IS I7 13 88 86 82 90 80 476Sl UBISEI 35 13S 48 18 1 8 10 11 17 17 17 12 IS 16 ss 86 80 S6 83 47744 UBISEI 35 133 45 IS -2 IS -3 -1 8 25 19 12 17 IS ss 89 81 S7 80 47778 UBISEI 33 136 47 18 -17 1 -2 3 12 17 23 18 I4 IS 87 87 83 S9 ·. 81 47807 UBISEI 34 130 42 IS -18 -12 -12 -6 1 IS IS 12 I6 14 S8 87 82 90 80 47S27 UBISEI 32 131 43 16 -12 -3 -1 -s 8 I7 17 IS 18 16 87 87 82 9I 80 47881 UBISEI 34 I3S 46 17 -10 -9 -7 -i 4 17 21 1S 21 32 35 29 32 25 29 47909 UBISEI 28 130 41 17 -17 -14 -9 -3 1 16 18 17 IS 16 S9 87 82 90 81 4791S UBISEI 24 124 36 16 -19 -IS -14 -14 -2 17 I9 IS 19 14 S9 S7 S2 90 81 47936 UBISEI 26 128 39 17 -18 -6 -8 -6 IS 12 13 12 17 12 88 87 S2 90 S2 47945 UBISEI 26 13I 42 20 -I6 -1 -6 -6 3 13 13 10 IS 14 S9 87 S2 88 8I 4797I UBISEI 27 142 52 26 -9 7 -2 10 8 21 17 14 IS 17 S6 ss SI 90 81 4799I UBISEI 24 154 63 35 -20 11 2 22 IO 26 16 I4 IS 17 S4 82 82 89 82 48327 VIZ* 19 99 12 -2 -82 -44 10 IS -28 62 65 69 67 73 77 2S 30 32 42 48407 VIZ* IS lOS 16 s -30 35 2 12 -18 46 42 so 21 41 61 57 SI 49 67 484SS VIZ* I4 10I 11 2 -59 -27 -29 -12 -23 62 20 I9 20 25 72 74 73 S4 75 48S6S VIZ* 7 101 9 4 -76 -I4 -s 30 -13 44 SI 40 4I 4I so 72 67 79 69 48601 VRSSO s IOO s s -43 -I8 -20 -11 -8 17 17 19 20 19 77 82 61 so 7S 48615 VRSSO* 6 I02 10 6 -58 -36 -18 -2 29 28 25 29 79 59 68 71 4864S VRSSO 3 102 s 7 -38 -12 -18 -9 6 22 19 14 14 IS 70 85 66 SI Sl 4S6S7 VRSSO 4 I03 10 8 -11 3 -3 -'1 -3 24 23 17 12 17 70 74 56 75 75 48698 VRSSO 1 104 10 10 -33 -s -11 s 1 11 IS 14 12 17 58 81 67 SI 78 48S20 UARS 21 106 I9 3 36 60 -26 12 -63 69 44 33 s 49 42 16 30 s 25 48900 A-22 11 I07 16 8 61 I2S 137 114 21 56 69 35 s 25 27 9 SOS27 SHANG 49 120 34 -1 4S 20 57 13 63 40 36 44 35 57 72 72 so 83 78 SOSS7 SHANG 49 125 38 1 ss 26 66 17 49 31 29 29 42 35 S7 86 76 ss 85 50774 SHANG 4S 129 40 4 69 17 83 23 69 33 36 32 30 38 87 87 77 90 S2 S09S3 SHANG 46 127 39 4 56 22 64 20 59 32 33 30 35 37 ss 88 77 92 83 51076 SHANG 48 ss I3 -20 14 . 26 37 32 20 37 39 39 35 44 87 83 79 84 82 51431 SHANG ·44 SI 8 -24 10 IS 4 29 -7 44 42 34 39 31 83 87 78 9I 7S SI463 SHANG 44 S7 12 -I9. 16 13 -I IO 3 30 44 35 41 31 83 83 78 ss 80 51644 SHANG 42 S3 s -22 IO 40 17 67 19 32 34 34 45 35 86 78 74 83 80 51709 SHANG 39 76 2 -27 17 24 23 14 6 33 34 39 41 37 86 83 75 S7 80 51777 SHANG 39 ss 10 -18 4 4 17 IS 20 31 38 35 31 42 83 82 78 90 81 51828 SHANG 37 so 4 -23 -IS 12 -9 9 -9 40 2S 31 32 34 ss 80 78 S4 81 Sl84S SHANG 38 S4 7 -21 s 12 21 9 16 35 36 33 27 37 85 83 73 89 76 52203 SHANG 43 94 IS -IS IS 19 21 7 30 35 40 33 36 32 SI 81 75 84 80 52267 SHANG 42 101 21 -9 10 s 21 1 30 35 39 32 36 33 S7 82 SI ss 84 52323 SHANG 42 97 17 -I2 13 s 24 19 26 39 43 37 3I 27 90 88 79 ss ss S24I8 SHANG 40 95 16 -I3 IO -s 6 -I I2 29 30 34 30 37 S7 88 80 ss 83 52533 SHANG 40 99 18 -IO 10 8 12 17 41 34 32 40 27 34 ss 87 80 92 84 S26SI SHANG 39 103 21 -7 28 3 21 -7 37 30 33 37 23 30 89 83 81 87 82 52818 SHANG 36 95 14 -12 21 -2 -I -12 IS 31 33 40 40 36 90 ss 80 87 86 52836 SHANG 36 98 17 -9 22 3 40 11 19 SI 46 39 36 42 89 8I SI 91 79 52866 SHANG 37 102 20 -7 I8 -IO IS -6 25 32 36 37 30 3I 87 87 82 90 84 52889 SHANG 36 I04 2I -s 7 11 11 -8 20 31 28 33 26 30 88 87 81 87 71 53068 SHANG 44 112 29 -3 30 2 35 -I 36 37 33 36 40 44 S4 8S 76 ss 80

. 53463 SHANG 41 112 28 -2 27 s 41 -25 47 46 42 42 33 39 8S 88 78 80 83 S3SI3 SHANG 4I I07 25 -s I9 -11 33 -2 28 45 34 38 37 47 85 80 78 82 84 S36I4 SHANG 3S I06 24 -4 45 I8 32 s 52 3I 33 30 29 33 90 83 78 90 83 53772 SHANG 38 113 28 0 58 -3 65 12 62 40 36 45 39 43 90 89 78 85 85 53845 SHANG 37 110 26 -I 20 2 32 2 47 37 37 4I 31 34 S6 84 77 88 84 53915 SHANG 36 I07 2.3 -3 43 18 ss 11 46 31 29 29 27 37 89 88 83 89 86 54I02 SHANG 44 116 32 -I 27 -20 35 -31 27 39 40 39 44 51 84 86 69 81 80 S4I35 SHANG 44 122 36 3 61 I8 so 7 89 48 47 37 33 39 85 86 79 88 82 S4I61 SHANG 44 I2S 38 s 62 28 66 17 77 38 39 45 so 49 84 80 67 84 72 54218 SHANG 42 119 34 2 67 26 75 30 72 34 3I 37 33 3I 90 90 79 84 85 54292 SHANG 43 129 41 8 56 34 58 29 64 31 32 31 30 29 82 80 80 87 78 54337 SHANG 41 I21 35 4 35 -21 4 -35 37 76 108 83 111 96 72 73 60 66 77 54342 SHANG 42 124 37 s 35 19 73 9 63 46 41 35 43 36 81 87 74 87 85 54374 SHANG 42 I27 40 7 so 13 73 IO 69 32 39 41 33 39 88 87 77 88 77 54497 SHANG 40 I24 38 7 35 8 JI 16 52 47 53 58 54 60 76 79 72 87 74

- 0'-t -

TABLE 2 : SUYYARY OF ECMWF YONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES MAY-IULY,NOVEUBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100hPa (OOZ NOMINAL TIME).

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992

[OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 NO. (-=8) (-=W) 1 2

54511 SHANG 54662 SHANG 54823 SHANG 54857 SHANG 55299 SHANG 55591 SHANG 56029 SHANG 56080 SHANG 56137 SHANG 56146 SHANG 56294 SHANG 56571 SHANG 56691 SUANG 56739 SHANG 56778 SHANG 56964 SHANG 56985 SHANG 57036 SHANG 57083 SHANG 57127 SHANG 57178 SHANG 57447 SHANG 57461 SHANG 57494 SHANG 57516 SHANG 57679 SHANG 57749 SHANG 57816 SHANG 57957 SHANG 57972 SHANG 57993 SHANG 58027 SHANG 58150 SHANG 58203 SHANG 58238 SHANG 58367 SHANG 58424 SHANG 58457 SHANG 58606 SHANG 58633 SHANG 58666 SHANG 58725 SHANG 58847 SHANG 58968 59134 SHANG 59211 SHANG 59265 SHANG 59287 SHANG 59316 SHANG 59431 SHANG 59758 SHANG 59981 SHANG 60020 VRS80 60155 YES 60191 YES 60390 VRS80 60571 VRS80* 60630 VRS80 60680 VRS80 60715 VRS80 60760 VRS80* 61052 VRS80 61223 VRS80 61291 VRS80 61415 VRS80 61641 VRS80 61901 VRS80 61902 YSS* 61967 VRS80 61996 VRS80 61998 VRS80 62010 VRS80 62019 VRS80 62053 VRS80 62103 VRS80 62124 VRS80 62306 VIZ 63741 VRS80* 63985 VRS80 64650 VRS80

40 39 37 36 31 30 33 35 31 32 31 28 27 25 25 23 23 34 35 33 33 30 31 31 30 28 28 27 25 26 26 34 34 33 32 31 31 30 29 29 28 27 26 25 24 24 23 23 23 23 20 17 28 34 32 37 32 27 23 37 34 13 17 13 21 IS

-16 -8 -7

-38 -49

33 31 32 30 27 31 -1 -s

4

116 32 2 122 36 6 117 32 4 120 34 7

92 11 -12 91 9 -12 97 15 -9

103 20 -5 97 14 -8

100 17 -6 104 20 -3 102 18 -3 104 19 -1

98 14 -s 103 17 -1 101 15 -1 103 17 0 109 25 -1 114 29 3 107 23 -1 113 28 3 109 24 2 111 26 3 114 28 s 106 22 0 113 27 6 110 24 4 107 21 1 110 24 5 113 26 7 115 28 8 117 32 s 120 34 8 116 30 s 119 33 8 121 35 10 117 31 7 120 33 10 116 30 8 119 32 9 122 35 12 117 31 9 119 32 11 122 34 14 118 31 11. 107 20 2 111 24 7 113 26 8 117 29 11 108 21 4 110 22 7 112 23 11 -16 -35 -72 -8 -32 -76 -6 -33 -78

3 -30 -77 -2 -35 -81

3 -39 -86 6 -44 -87

10 -30 -75 8 -33 -78 2 -53 -80

-3 -49 -82 -8 -52 -75

-17 -41 -72 -18 -47 -69 -6 -78 -so

-14 -67 -ss 72 -22 -15 78 -26 3 70 -33 4 13 -33 -77 17 -34 -75 20 -32 -72 10 -36 -81 14 -39 -79 27 -31 -67 37 -Sl -49 56 -37 -31 19 -59 -66

48 IS 56 6 48 23 46 24 65 IS 53 6 34 27 61 26 39 30 25 49 49 9 61 -1 26 13 21 8 25 1 37 s 47 20 52 31 45 21 61 21 37 23 47 17 28 29 19 31 -9 20 22 23 38 45 50 50 29 40 42 32 50 66 61 44 41 41 39 38 ss 15 68 23 56 10 48 20 55 28 60 32 69 23 62 -2 41 21 42 26 49 9 39 4 ss 36 63 32 43 21 71 37 89 39 87 51 61 51 65 40 43 26 44 19 48 48 76 52 53 42 69 47 45 39 64 33 49 21 59 8 61 46 73 34 27 12 52 25 72 49 81 14 61 29 29 80 57 78 44 64 41 64 41 37 31 so 34 36 19 52 20 63 42 53 43 32 Sl . 31 57 34 80 10

-19 -32 -37 -10 56 26 63 42 54 43 so 42 69 58 70 46 75 53 91 45 34 45 63 37 46 46 43 9 49 47 60 64 54 lOO 64 78

3 11 IS 14

-16 -9 -s -9 -2 -6 -14

-23 -30 -19 -9

-43 -23 -19 -1 6 1 3

-19 -8 1 -2 s

16 -11 12 -1 4

-18 -8 -23 -11

-38 -14 17

3 -9

41 44 47 44

31 21 35

-28 -10 -53 -3

-24 8 7 2

53 78 59 53 34

-11 13 48 30 44 64 32 41 ss 52 48 57 59 81 53 32 59 68 71 89

104 71 42 82 69 85 61 64 56 79

79 72 74 58

70 83

-16 so 60 82 92 40 43 85 93 8"*

-16

-9 3

16 9

13

14

-9

3

34 "*'

48 -6

16

33 32 39 29 35 64 42 37 36 38 43 36 31 36 36 37 38 41 45 35 35 34 39 41 45 39 35 33 34 46 37 33 41 Sl 40 44 39 31 43 34 33 37 45 79 35 35 36 37 56 39 46 56 21

26 42

35 IS

16

23

16

14

20

8

16

28

35 33 41 26 34 53 43 33 20 41 33 37 32 38 46 43 37 35 39 33 37 32 34 46 52 34 37 30 42 35 26 47 30 34 38 37 31 37 30 32 40 27 31 25 34 37 38 31 53 35 36 36 24

21 34 43

21 29 45 11

26

23

16

20

10

16

8

33 36 43 37 37 38 33 27 37 32 47 65 36 46 36 29 43 38 35 32 32 35 40 39 28 37 37 34 36 33 45 32 40 36 36 42 47 31 35 31 41 32 40 35 34 29 47 39 45 34 36 36 29 . 32 56 41 35 37 34 33 40 33 40 33 31 35 43 35 41 31 21 31 33 35 33 34 33 33 29 25 31 36 so 32 36 48 37 27 34 31 31 35 36 36 so 49 40 36 44 36 26 30 20 22

7 20 25 17 40 28

26 34 IS 20

11 3

18 19

14 20

14 14

22 19

16

47 16

IS 25

57 43 49 34 37 64 41 41 33 38 32 45 35 33 35 31 32 35 45 33 40 33 34 37 40 42 47 45 40 34 37 40 31 40 35

60 36 34 30

37 40 52 33 38 41 32 42 43 39 42 16 40

19 23

39 23

18

21

16

12

46 14

18

[ NUMBER OF OBS. ] 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

88 86 82 89 86 88 89 84 90 85 83 85 79 84 81 85 86 78 79 78 71 69 47 73 70 64 66 70 79 66 86 81 65 83 85 91 88 80 90 82 71 23 70 31 66 87 89 80 80 79 87 84 77 82 79 86 86 75 85 81 84 86 76 75 82 83 84 78 87 84 83 86 81 86 83 80 86 79 81 86 77 82 79 87 80 90 ss 80 83 84 86 74 70 75 72 84 88 79 84 82 83 79 74 76 80 85 88 78 83 80 83 87 80 91 86 86 85 76 89 80 83 86 75 84 82 77 82 67 79 66 81 89 75 89 79 78 78 76 82 79 87 88 82 87 83 82 89 80 86 81 86 88 83 89 86 86 88 82 91 83 86 90 82 90 86 82 89 73 84 81 87 88 78 90 83 77 87 44 82 88 74 87 84 86 89 81 88 85 89 84 83 88 86 85 86 82 66 82 87 80 42 89 86 79 84 78 83 90 79 90 82 78 88 79 90 85 85 88 80 86 80 86 84 80 91 83 91 88 83 91 82 87 90 78 91 83 84 83 75 88 82 84 87 78 86 84 87 86 83 87 79 57 57 23 63 60 84 84 76 87 82

52 66 62 45 70

59 s 49

76 80 79 54 80 81

11 47 33 72 73 81 74 66 69 84

12 81 59 62 9 65

1 74 49 73 57 67

78 79 80 67 68

42 65 22 16 16 1

42 39 51 ss

7 10 14 2

22 84 88 67 84 82

11 4 4 8 42

- v-· -

TABLE 2 : SUWARY OF ECUWF MONITORING STATISTICS I990-I992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES MAY-JULY,NOVEYBER-JANUARY (Units-Yeters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - IOOhPa (OOZ NOMINAL TIME).

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] [OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUMBER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

64910 VR880 4 10 -62 -70 -11 6 28 2 43 65578 VR880 5 -4 -60 -71 -4 -3 -15 15 23 22 22 29 49 43 66 80 73 66 76 67083 VR880 -19 47 -49 -29 -9 -6 -7 -so ' 1 13 23 22 8 19 12 36 49 18 38 67197 VRS80 -25 47 -51 -25 8 6 -10 9 25 25 14 5 18 18 9 14 7 13 35 67341 VRS80 -26 33 -64 -33 67586 MBS73A -14 34 -60 -42 67666 VR880 -15 28 -66 -44 8 1 67774 VR880 -18 31 -64 -40 ss 77 60 98 78 "' 27 39 37 38 35 28 48 27 23 50 67964 VRS80 -20 29 -67 -40 4 30 35 38 58 'lt 30 31 22 36 46 72 68 55 61 46 68174 VRS80 -24 29 -67 -36 -14 -10 -4 -19 8 30 16 21 19 17 86 77 74 77 81 68240 VRS80* -24 26 -70 -37 68263 VRS80 -26 28 -68 -35 -17 -20 -14 -17 -8 21 21 17 17 18 87 87 81 82 86 68424 VR880 -28 21 -73 -35 -24 -1 -9 -IS -6 26 21 20 31 22 88 88 74 81 83 68442 VRS80 -29 26 -69 -33 -10 -8 1 -11 -9 24 22 23 17 18 87 86 80 75 84 68461 VR880 -28 28 -67 -33 68512 VRS80 -30 18 -76 -35 -30 -18 -5 -6 -10 20 28 23 18 22 89 87 80 80 80 68588 VR880 -30 31 -65 -30 -20 -11 -2 -5 16 22 33 17 20 30 90 89 77 84 84 68816 VRS80 -34 19 -73 -31 -40 -21 -20 -11 -15 20 31 20 19 30 88 89 77 85 83 68842 VRS80 -34 .26 -68 -29 -26 -12 -2 -2 -7 27 22 28 23 22 81 81 77 81 85 68906 VRS80 -40 -10 -69 -25 -61 -14 -31 -3 -11 29 24 25 24 22 89 84 79 91 84 68994 VRS80 _-47 38 -54 -13 -51 -19 -27 -5 -19 30 27 27 32 27 87 89 76 84 79 70026 VIZ 71 -157 41 -6 28 -10 33 5 24 22 19 16 18 16 90 85 73 83 79 70133 VIZ 67 -163 46 -1 32 -12 27 -2 25 17 25 23 22 25 87 87 81 84 82 70200 VIZ 65 -165 48 2 30 -6 33 -6 25 30 22 17 26 20 89 85 81 84 74 70219 SDC 61 -162 51 s 80 40 81 44 102 13 19 .12 28 21 86 66 75 88 81 70231 SDC 63 -156 48 2 77 19 66 30 90 14 19 11 17 IS 84 90 77 88 82 70261 SDC 65 -148 45 -1 72 1 65 7 76 15 20 10 20 18 85 87 81 91 79 70273 VIZ 61 -ISO 48 3 38 2 37 7 24 23 20 24 18 20 89 87 82 87 81 70308 VIZ 57 -170 56 9 33 -1 38 -s 32 25 39 24 22 33 90 85 80 88 81 70316 VIZ ss -163 57 11 59 16 49 15 45 35 27 25 22 43 90 82 82 86 80 70326 VIZ 59 -157 52 6 32 12 41 9 29 32 28 19 20 18 87 79 79 87 85 70350 VIZ 58 -153 52 6 51 -2 57 2 46 27 38 34 28 31 85 79 82 78 79 70361 VIZ 60 -140 46 2 32 5 33 -2 26 36 23 22 23 29 90 85 82 87 85 70398 VIZ ss -132 44 2 34 15 32 7 26 26 25 28 30 30 89 86 83 88 84 70414 MSS 53 174 60 14 91 49 72 70 7S so 35 27 33 33 62 44 53 ss 37 70454 VRS80* 52 -177 61 15 7 2 13 1 7 23 29 17 35 8 37 35 49 59 17 71043 VAL 65 -127 38 -7 27 -8 21 -8 13 18 19 15 19 17 78 85 80 90 ss 71072 VIZB* 76 -119 30 -16 13 -16 21 3 26 19 19 18 19 18 83 77 57 86 77 71081 VAL 69 -81 20 -24 4 -28 7 -19 2 18 20 14 20 16 84 70 so 82 80 71082 VAL 83 -62 20 -26 -1 -23 8 -6 8 20 21 16 23 19 67 63 77 80 61 71109 VR880* 51 -127 44 4 12 -9 17 27 2 21 27 17 24 16 89 88 82 92 84 71115 VAL so -119 39 1 34 -3 18 -8 33 17 25 16 22 18 90 87 82 91 84 71119 VAL. 54 -114 35 -4 14 -18 s -21 9 16 22 17 17 20 86 72 81 90 81 71600 VAL 44 -60 -1 -35 -40 -34 -12 -3 -12 21 23 17 22 17 69 77 55 84 78 71603 VIZB* 44 -66 3 -31 -51 -35 -14 -3 -8 48 27 14 20 14 89 85 77 89 81 71722 VAL 46 -76 10 -24 -1 -16 2 -14 6 20 21 20 22 20 77 52 56 78 76 71801 VIZB* 48 -53 -3 -40 -29 -24 -:-20 -13 -10 19 21 15 22 14 85 85 80 89 79 71811 VAL so -66 6 -31 -15 -25 -14 -8 -16 21 24 17 23 23 82 84 62 87 82 71815 VAL 49 -59 1 -36 -22 -17 -9 -2 -16 21 24 18 23 21 56 78 84 90 83 71816 VAL 53 -60 5 -34 -26 -23 -12 -21 -12 19 23 20 22 21 54 80 69 80 83 71823 VAL 54 -74 12 -27 6 -19 1 -13 6 17 21 18 18 16 87 83 82 91 83 71836 VAL 51 -81 IS -22 -6 -22 2 -15 -4 18 19 15 22 15 88 87 81 87 85 71848 VAL 59 -90 22 -19 -9 -11 3 28 28 19 85 87 72 71867 VAL 54 -101 27 -11 20 -7 18 6 19 21 21 17 17 16 91 91 82 92 86 71896 VRS80 54 -123 40 -1 3 3 16 4 -8 14 20 16 16 14 87 73 82 74 84 71906 VAL 58 -68 11 -30 3 -,21 1 -5 4 19 20 17 22 19 89 73 78 89 84 71907 VAL 58 -78 16 -24 2 -32 17 -23 3 19 19 22 24 20 64 61 68 83 64 71909 VIZB* 64 -69 13 -29 -9 -28 1 -19 -8 18 19 17 21 16 74 77 83 90 81 71913 VAL 59 -94 24 -16 9 -8 5 -6 7 18 20 14 16 22 87 77 78 87 82 71915 VIZB* 64 -83 20 -23 -9 -10 -2 10 3 14 20 13 15 13 82 64 64 60 72 71917 VAL 80 -86 23 -23 -2 -25 4 -16 4 13 19 13 22 15 69 63 73 85 80 71924 VAL 75 -94 25 -21 -2 -34 -1 -32 -5 17 19 17 22 16 62 73 76 86 86 71925 VAL 69 -105 28 -16 6 -27 16 1 13 15 23 15 18 17 59 75 61 78 70 71926 VAL 64 -96 25 -17 36 26 41 24 44 20 20 18 19 18 77 54 64 81 79 71934 VAL 60 -112 33 -9 6 -26 12 -18 10 16 23 18 18 20 80 64 75 89 83 71945 VRS80 59 -123 38 -4 -6 4 7 16 -3 11 16 10 18 12 58 58 52 60 83 71957 VAL 68 -133 38 -7 12 -23 20 -17 23 18 29 15 17 17 79 64 74 88 80 71964 VIZB 61 -135 43 -1 11 -18 24 -1 15 18 22 16 20 21 88 69 84 89 83 72201 VIZ 25 -82 6 -I4 4 IS 14 6 20 23 15 24 26 23 85 80 7I 82 80 72203 VIZ 27 -80 5 -16 -15 4 4 -1 14 36 25 27 22 21 89 88 80 87 81 72208 VIZ 33 -80 8 -18 -1 6 3 1 23 34 22 35 21 19 86 85 74 86 77 72210 VIZ 28 -82 7 -IS -3 6 1 s 17 34 21 23 24 21 87 87 81 88 82 72213 VIZ 31 -82 9 -16 4 1 3 -s 16 29 20 44 33 23 9I 87 73 85 76 72220 VIZ 30 -ss 10 -13 IS 2 9 27 23 10 85 68 35 72221 VRS80* 30 -87 12 -12 13 4 1 2 72229 VIZ 33 -87 13 -13 7 -2 8 -6 16 I9 22 18 2S 23 88 ss 77 83 78 72233 VIZ 30 -90 14 -10 13 13 13 -2 30 18 17 18 24 22 90 80 76 77 78 7223S VIZ 32 -90 15 -10 2 s 13 -4 I9 30 16 23 23 27 88 84 72 81 72 72240 VIZ 30 -93 17 -7 -2 10 12 2 24 42 18 18 23 18 88 ss 73 81 78 72247 VIZ 32 -9S 19 -7 IS 2 3 -22 IS 27 21 35 25 22 88 87 79 82 80

- v'-' -

TABLE 2 : SUMMARY OF ECUWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES UAY-JULY,NOVBUBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - lOOhPa (OOZ NOUINAL TIUE).

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS 1 [OB-FG ST.DEVIATION 1 [ NUUBER OF OBS. 1 NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

72250 VIZ 26 -97 19 -2 12 14 20 1 23 23 23 30 24 24 89 88 76 72 85 72260 SDC* 32 -98 22 -4 13 12 38 -8 68 24 18 21 2.2 20 84 82 80 78 74 72261 SDC 29 -101 23 -1 34 23 54 1 68 23 25 20 29 20 87 86 83 87 83 72265 SDC 32 -102 25 -1 38 26 53 -3 66 20 23 16 27 16 81 84 72 74 58 72270 SDC 32 -106 29 3 54 40 56 23 70 23 20 I7 24 18 87 86 80 90 82 72274 SDC 32 -HI 32 6 48 22 54 20 68 I9 I9 16 32 I8 91 90 79 87 82 7229I VRS80t 33 -ll9 40 11 1 22 -4 -3 34 9 3 3 1 1 I 72293 VIZ 33 -117 38 10 30 26 24 26 45 26 25 22 20 I8 88 77 78 74 79 72304 VIZ 35 -76 s -23 -I s I3 3 I7 33 23 22 24 23 88 74 76 79 78 72311 VIZ 34 -83 11 -16 3 -3 8 -6 I3 24 I7 28 19 22 89 89 78 88 78 723I7 VIZ 36 -80 9 -19 -1 -4 4 -3 13 32 17 23 18 I9 87 85 80 86 75 72327 VIZ 36 -87 14 -14 3 -3 11 -I 19 29 18 I8 24 I8 88 83 83 84 85 72340 VIZ 35 -92 18 -9 I3 13 20 -s 18 22 21 27 27 20 89 82 8I 83 8I 72349 VIZ 37 -94 20 -9 14 11 23 -10 25 24 20 21 22 17 83 90 81 85 80 72363 SDC 35 -102 25 -2 39 IS ss -1 60 26 23 32 24 30 89 76 78 75 81 72365 SDC 35 -107 29 I 42 24 so 17 65 26 25 22 28 I6 85 86 79 85 8I 72374 SDC 35 -111 33 4 51 34 45 37 69 20 ~3 20 23 17 87 82 78 71 79 72387 VRS80* 37 -116 37 7 30 19 27 9 26 23 23 28 23 26 89 85 79 80 8I 72393 uss 35 -121 41 11 -25 -I8 -27 -3 -I7 20 25 26 24 23 3I 76 69 83 ss 72402 VIZ 38 -75 6 -23 IO 2 IS 3 I9 27 29 28 26 25 83 86 74 82 70 72403 VIZ 39 -77 8 -22 -2 2 s -2 6 I9 I9 13 2I 19 8I 77 82 85 72 72407 VIZ 39 -75 6 -24 -7 -6 -6 -11 -I 24 21 20 2I 22 83 86 79 83 76 72425 VIZ 38 -83 12 -18 -4 -s 7 -13 12 37 27 24 30 28 88 79 74 8I 79 72429 VIZ 40 -84 I3 -17 s -s IO -6 IS 28 18 I9 18 21 86 90 78 90 73 72451 VIZ 38 -IOO 25 -s I4 11 14 -8 20 26 30 2I 32 I9 86 84 80 87 78 72456 VIZ 39 -96 21 -8 13 13 30 -3 34 28 18 27 23 32 90' 82 80 80 79 72469 VIZ* 40 -105 29 -2 19 9 14 4 27 29 20 20 32 24 89 90 81 90 78 72476 SDC 39 -109 31 I 40 33 ss 23 71 IS 21 18 2I 16 87 87 81 86 79 72486 SDC 39 -115 36 4 47 30 57 38 78 18 19 23 22 21 82 91 70 83 76 72493 VIZ 38 -122 42 10 55 17 43 22 53 22 29 22 24 17 87 86 81 91 84 72518 VIZ 43 -74 7 -25 12 2 13 1 16 26 19 19 23 27 84 89 79 83 77 72520 VIZ 41 -80 11 -20 -4 -3 8 -11 12 38 31 18 19 18 85 85 72 87 72 72528 VIZ 43 -79 10 -22 7 s IS 1 19 25 18 18 23 21 84 81 83 90 78 72532 VIZ 41 -90 17 -13 13 2 12 -6 20 21 18 27 20 16 87 75 82 89 84 72553 VIZ 41 -96 22 -9 11 7 17 . -s 18 29 30 19 25 15 89 88 82 89 84 72562 VIZ 41 -101 26 -6 9 4 IS -2 21 18 23 16 20 18 89 85 84 86 84 72572 SDC 41 -112 34 2 42 14 49 18 78 17 26 19 21 IS 87 84 79 78 81 72576 snc• 43 -109 32 -1 42 2I 48 IS 72 I6 23 18 18 16 85 81 81 89 83 72583 VIZ 41 -118 39 s 24 s 22 15 35 26 19 I7 25 21 89 91 80 90 78 72597 VIZ 42 -123 42 7 21 6 25 18 29 36 23 31 27 22 91 88 82 89 81 72606 VIZ 44 -70 s -28 -10 -7 -9 -8 6 26 18 24 19 23 86 86 80 89 81 72637 VIZ 43 -84 14 -18 3 -1 9 -s 18 26 17 29 31 14 88 89 83 86 84 72645 VIZ 45 -88 17 -16 19 3 12 -4 17 38 I9 23 22 18 90 8I 77 87 86

' 72654 VIZ 44 -98 24 -9 8 -1 14 -3 19 25 16 34 22 21 88 84 84 85 82 72655 VIZ 46 -94 22 -12 9 4 24 3 21 44 18 25 37 17 85 86 84 81 76 72662 VIZ 44 -103 28 -6 17 -3 18 -7 29 17 2I 20 24 20 87 91 83 89 83 72681 snc• 44 -116 37 3 58 25 59 23 84 23 30 23 23 19 84 85 74 86 78 72694 VIZ 45 -123 42 6 32 8 24 12 32 25 24 19 30 20 89 90 83 88 87 72712 VIZ 47 -68 s -30 I -7 3 -3 6 25 24 I8 20 16 89 84 8I 88 72 72734 VIZ 46 -84 15 -I9 s -8 6 -6 20 21 16 18 29 34 92 88 83 81 82 72747 VIZ 49 -93 22 -I4 I s IS -4 I7 28 23 19 2I 25 87 87 82 87 85

'72764 SDC* 47 -101 27 -8 26 -6 46 -11 60 23 19 13 18 IS 88 79 78 87 78 72768 VIZ 48 -107 31 -s 16 s 22 1 23 36 20 18 22 22 88 85 83 87 83 72775 VIZ 47 -lll 34 -2 13 -10 23 -20 34 17 28 23 24 26 79 82 77 84 81 72785 VIZ 48 -ll8 38 1 20 4 18 -2 29 20 30 18 21 16 87 86 80 87 80 72797 VIZ 48 -125 42 4 28 8 28 10 32 21 25 18 25 20 77 83 74 87 85 74494 VIZ 42 -70 4 -28 -7 -13 -17 -17 -19 30 30 24 29 29 86 79 77 83 75 74794 uss 28 -81 6 -17 -34 2 -23 -23 2 30 37 36 32 22 so ss 38 52 20 76151 VIZ 29 -ll8 38 13 22 -12 10 9 3 20 76225 VIZ 29 -106 28 4 -4 -I 2 9 4 7 21 2 I8 76256 VIZ 28 -lll 32 8 9 13 22 76394 VIZ 26 -100 22 1 8 2 76458 VIZ 23 -105 26 6 -6 9 9 s 18 7 76612 VIZ 2I -103 23 6 I6 IS 3 76644 VIZ 21 -90 ll -6 1 3 6 21 3 47 76654 VIZ 19 -104 23 7 26 -11 21 8 4 ss 76679 VIZ 19 -99 19 2 20 -2 I -3 9 33 16 12 22 19 58 61 8 48 54 76692 VIZ 19 -96 I6 1 14 -24 16 32 9 2 43 39 76723 VIZ I9 -111 29 13 -11 5 4 78016 VIZ 32 -65 -4 -31 -12 -5 -s 6 1 33 16 14 12 4 70 56 44 22 13 78073 VIZ 25 -77 2 -18 -6 1 78367 20 -75 -2 -19 78384 VIZ 19 -81 3 -13 -25 -19 -4 -1 3 19 25 41 12 4 73 53 58 16 4 78397 VIZ 18 -77 -1 -16 -29 I4 I4 25 IS 36 24 23 19 20 6 60 64 39 31 78486 VIZ 18 -70 -7 -23 -6 -3 '-2 5 9 6 1 2 78526 VIZ 18 -66 -10 -26 -21 -12 6 1 24 34 26 38 33 78 79 77 78 68 78583 VIZ l8 -88 9 -6 4 3. 78861 VIZ 17 -62 -14 -30 78866 VIZ 18 -63 -13 -29 78897 VRS80* 16 -62 -15 -30

- vi

TABLE 2 : SUYUARY OF ECUWF YONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 YONTHLY AVERAGES MAY-JULY,NOVEUBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT- IOOhPa (OOZ NOMINAL TIME).


[OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2

78954 VIZ 78970 VIZ 78988 VIZ 80001 VIZ 80222 VIZ 80413 VRS80 81405 VRS80• 82193 VRS80* 82332 VRS80 82397 VRS80 82900 VRS80 83208 VRS80 83746 VIZB* 83780 VRS80 83840 VIZB* 83971 VIZB* 84628 VIZ 85201 VIZ 85442 VRS80• 85469 VRS80• 85543 VRS80• 85799 VRS80* 85934 VRS80* 86218 VIZ 87047 VRS80* 87155 VRS80* 87344 VRS80• 87418 VRS80* 87576 VRS80* 87623 VRS80* 87715. VRS80 87748 87860 VRS80 88889 VRS80 89001 VRS80 89002 VRS80 89009 VIZ 89022 AIR* 89050 NET 89055 VRS80 89512 NET 89532 YEISEI 89542 NET 89564 VRS80 89571 VRS80 89592 YET 89606 YET 89611 VRS80 89642 VRS80 89657 89664 VIZ

.91066 VIZ 91165 VIZ 91217 VIZ 91245 VIZ 91285 VIZ 91334 VIZ 91348 VIZ 91366 YSS 91376 VIZ 91408 VIZ 91413 VIZ 91557 VRS80 91592 VRS80* 91610 VRS80 91643 VRS80 91680 VRS80 91765 91925 VRS80* 91938 VRS80* 91944 VRS80* 91952 VRS80* 91958 VRS80* 93012 VRS80 93417 VRS80 93844 VRS80 93944 VRS80 93986 VRS80 93997 VRS80 94120 VRS80

13 11 12 13 s

10 s

-1 -3 -4 -8

-13 -23 -24 -26 -30 -12 -17 -23 -27 -33 -41 -53 -25 -25 -27 -31 -33 -35 -37 -39 -39 -46 -52 -70 -71 -90 -76 -62 -64 -71 -69 -68 -68 -69 -67 -78 -66 -67 -70 -78

28 22 14 19

-59 -61 -69 -82 -74 -68 -52 -48 -60 -39 -35 -60 -43 -47 -49 -51 -77 -68 -70

-109 -72 -73 -71 -58 -65 -59

. -64 -69 -59 -64 -68 -62 -68 -58 -2 -8

1 -27 -59 -57

12 40 46 63 78 93

107 111 140 159 167

-177 -159

145 167

20 -155 7 152 7 158 9 168 7 171 7 134 9 138

-18 168 -22 166

1 173 -9 179

-18 177 -14 171 -10 -139 -18 -150 -18 -141 -22 -139 -28 -144 -37 173 -41 175 -46 168 ~53 169 -44 -177 -29 -178 -12 131

-18 -31 -18 -28. -11 -22

1 -10 -9 -14

-13 -22 -28 -34 -35 -35 -25 -24 -45 -42 -so -42 -29 -19 -47 -26 -44 -23 -42 -20 -41 -16 -13 -5 -23 -10 -23 -5

8 29 -24 1 -25 5 -28 9 -34 -14 -27 -8 -34 -12 -30 -6 -26 -2 -35 -8 -31 -3 -28 1 -33 -3 -29 4 -35 2 -43 4 -42 4 -23 23 -36 10 -33 8 -34 9 -42 4 -40 6 -39 6 -33 11 -27 16 -22 21 -20 26 -15 28 -6 39 -4 42

-12 35 85 39 74 41 52 38 74 45 70 42 56 47 61 52 69 ss 70 58 40 34 44 36 46 76 41 75 66 64 58 75 48 83 so 76 41 SI 42 63 36 56 32 54 31 60 29 74 25 71 19 64 13 59 23 69 37 84 27 40

-31 -15 -6 -40 7 -16 -18 19 -14

-9 -19 -6

38 19 37

-21 -4 -12

-18 4 24 22

-70 -10

-17 -6 -12 13 38 41

2

-31

9 26 13 -25 14 -12

-61 2

-3 64 -33

1 8 -9 -27 -25 -18 . -12 16 12

31 22 13 9 6 20

27 28 -15 -13 16 7

12 18 4 -26 45 -13

45 72 -33 89 115

8 32 17 33 32 26 10 31 25 24 ss 31 19 22 18

3 33 31 -4 35 21

-68 -22 -20 22 47 35 10 25 17 20 28 26

-25 -IS -3 -9 s 11 13 16 -7

-10 16 4 -29 -1 -9

30 44 38 -16 18 26

IS 27 9 8 23 17

-16 -1 16 -8 32 21

3 8 10 1 -3 8

-11 12 9 -20 -11 -19 -1 -15 6

1 15 -24 -22 -16

7 10 -3 -1

48

18

-6 -8

4 -3

-2 8 40 37

25 28

17 21 18 3 -4 -s -10

24 -2

-7 -21 -6

19 -1 4 20 s 11

-1 -3 10 -2 -1 39 -23

35 -43

34 34 47 37 41. 28 21 29 47 48 44 54

-12 -10 63 58 22 24 45 44

7 16 2 -1

32 22 42 25

6 -13 73 49 12 4 15 s 45 40 42 34 14 10 11 9 20 6 12 -2 3 6

13 7 14 17

2 -4

27 30 27

14

36

24

14 29

18 25

so 35

21

48

30 20 27 23 27 37 41 30 38 56 44 29 24 28 40 22 28 43 18 21 22 30 19 38 30 26 38 18 39 37 30 27 33 21 25 31 26 31

19

14 19 38

43

21

30

19 7

21 20

27 41

38

33 22 41 26 20 46 33 3.0 30 42

7 43 27 2S 28 27 20 27 63 so 25 25 17 41 28 32 30 35 38 24 47 31 34 20 28 25 24 21 12 19

20 24 20

33

25

18 53

21 24

56

28 21

45

41 17 30 28 20

·44 44 21 37

20 37 20 25 25 25 36 36 27 40 49 22 15 34 26 26 32 33 44 25 44 29 26 21 18 23 33 15 16 13

18 .25 33

20

11

17 8

32

24 19

34

22 21

18

33

44 22 25 21 21 43 31 24 30

33

23 27 36 25 27 36 33 24 54 26 22 IS 27 31 32 46 15 16 38 so 16 22 22 17 17 20 IS 16

21

7

20 21

24

25 26

29

18

22 8

25 26

7

28 32

22

21 27 26 23 21 35 39 23 46 27 20 18 27 27 29 30 21 15 41 41 24 16 27 23 19 19 20 10

[ NUMBER OF OBS. ] 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

69 52 62 65 52 49

1 22 30

31 9

56 34 75 44 60 36

30 2

57 80 7S 21

29 28 24 44 63 16

27

17 2 34 4

30 43 43 57 31 87 61 72 72 75

1

ss 64 74

86 83 83 90 86 73 69 64 83 70

1 29 2 29 46

72 so 60 61 13

81 89 63 47 87 82 73 84 67 85 91 77 75 11 66 79 67 85 74 81 81 77 83 81 75 78 74 34 9 52 84 67 34 77 82 79 86 82 42 61 43 72 ss 75 81 22 s 9 42 15 87 82 73 89 86 79 87 81 86 79 79 84 77 71 68 77 87 81 90 87 75 87 67 84 79 75 80 63 74 84 67 81 64 79 74 77 82 80 84 75 75 79 77 69 78 71 75 54 80 84 74 82 60 80 81 76 82 79 84 76 79 90 74 77 52 70 67 35 76 64 66 39 44 64 so 65 56 58 86 83 75 74 75 82 59 73 85 64 83 52 78 83 68 71 49 70 85 58 81 48 68 81 58 76 53 60 82 53 81 83 75 85 80 83 87 78 88 86 70 84 78 86 83 76 81 76 67 63 73 82 72 75 77

57 69 73 78 82 86 7.9 87 79

TABLE 2 : SUYYARY OF ECYWF YONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 YONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-IULY,NOVEMBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100hPa (OOZ NOMINAL TIWE).


[OB-PG ST.DEVIATION ] I990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2

94150 VRSSO 94203 VRSSO 94294 VRSSO 94299 VRSSO 94302 VRSSO 94312 VRSSO 94326 VRSSO 94332 VRSSO 94380 VRSSO 94403 VRSSO 94461 VRSSO 94510 VRSSO 94527 VRSSO 9457S VRSSO 946IO VRSSO 94637 VRSSO 94638 VRSSO 94646 VRSSO 94659 VRSSO 94672 VRSSO 94711 VRSSO 94750 VRSSO 94776 VRSSO 94S02 VRSSO 94S21 VRSSO 94S6S VRSSO 94910 VRSSO 94975 VRSSO 94995 VRSSO 94996 VRSSO 9499S VRSSO 96035 96237 96315 VRSSO 96413 VRSSO 96441 VRSSO 96471 VRSSO 964Sl VRSSO 96749 96935 96996 VRSSO 97014 97072 971SO 97560 DBBH VESSO DBLK VRSSO EREA MARS EREB MARS EREC MARS EREH MARS BREI MARS ERES MARS ERET MARS EREU MARS FNOR VRSSO FNOU VRSSO FNPH VRSSO FNRS VRSSO GACA VRSSO JBOA WEISEI JCCX VRSSO JDWX VRSSO LADB2 VRSSO LDWR VRSSO OVYA VRSSO UJFO VRSSO UMAY MARS lJJlFW MARS UPUI MARS UUQR MARS UWEC MARS UZGH MARS VPHA. VRSSO VSBV3 VRSSO ZCSK VRSSO

-12 -IS -19 -I6 -22 -20 -24 -21 -24 -29 -25 -26 -29 -27 -32 -31 -34 -31 -31 -35 -31 -35 -33 -35 -3S -3S -35 -43 -32 -29 -54

4 -2 s 1 3 6 4

-6 -7

-12 2

-1 -s -1

137 122 147 ISO 114 119 134 139 ISl 115 12S 146 ISO 153 116 I2I I22 12S I37 I39 146 151 I 52 liS 141 145 147 14S 159 16S 159

99 106 liS 110 113 .116 11S I07 113 97

I2S I20 I20 I36

32 45 I7 34 34 56 3S 59 s 2S

I3 3I 22 46 2S so 33 6I

6 30 IS 4I 2S 57 28 60 31 63 s 3I 9 36 s 36

I4 4I 19 49 IS so 24 57 24 60 26 61 s 33

17 52 19 ss 22 57 I6 ss 30 6S 35 76

9 54 6 4

IO I3 21 18 I6 I6 I9 17 23 I9 24 2I

9 IS 14 21 -2 9 29 29 23 25 21 27 3S 40

-35 -29 -IS -42

-14 -I4 -24 -I6

-12 -30 -I7 -21

4

6

-17 -2

7 -6 10

2 -I4 -22

I -23 -3 -7

-23 -46

-26 -30 -62 -31 -12 -45 -21 -27

-3S -37

-I -3 22

-19

-27 -I4 -26 -IS -26 -6 -s -11 -s -s -2 -10

-26 -9 -20 -10 -I6 -s -IS -6 -6 -3

-14 s -s 2

-20 -I s IO

I7 s s s 14

-s -1 s s 7 7

11 13 s 20 7 16

-s s -4 17

2 -2 s 7

-7 -2 -1 s -1 -2

-S7 -91 -22 -s -1 -2 -21

-23 -22 1 -9 6 -2

-53 -so -no -16 -20 234 203

-16 -19

-IS -11

19 -1

3 -1 4 -1 7 6 4 7 4 4 1 4 7 9 5 8 4 -4

13 s 6 10 9 IS 2 12

13 12 12 8 12 15 10 s 16 -1 15 10 20 12 17 IS 11 20

9 IS s 2

16 6 I8 IS I2 18 12 11 13 20 11 7 s 3

50. 43 -44 -I

20 16 7 -s 1 -6

22 s 2 -2

-3S -23 -S7 -70

s -2 S7 -39

9 -22 23 9 -7 -57

2 -5 -13

10 2 30 11

-29 -3 13

8 -32 -4 13

-IS -9 1 I -23 -16 -s s -19 -21 -6 -2 -6 -9 -9 3 25 -9 -8

-10 6

I9 1

30 9

6 -s s -10

1 -11

-2 -34

19 1

21 14 -2

-23 12 -10

3 -3 -22

3 37 ss 40 34 60

3 30 40 -1 -11 -6

-15 13 -27 2

-15 -6 -12 -3 8 -5 -9 -2 6 27

9 1

-2 10

5 -1

4 5 s

-I2 -15

-7 -3

18 16 15 14

14 17 18 IS

23 24 20 25 22

2I

IS 19 16 16 21 20 21 27 16 23 24 18 2S 3S

25 22 2S 29 26 40

15

4

16 7

23 7

42 11 23 13 23 27 19 20 13 11 11 s

13 15

11 13 23 17 14 11 10

16 9

17

14 16 16 14 15 14 14 IS 16 16 I9 IS 15 16 19

17 19 22 I6 IS 20 17 21 IS 16 21 27 36 20 23 ss 16 24 22 29 2S 23 S9 47 IS 52

23

19

16 14

25 26 22 22 15 11 15 s

26 16 30

19 25 24

6 16 22 12 12 23

12 18 17 9

18 14 13 16 15 27 19 15 14 19 IS

6 20 17 15 15 14 25 13 18 16 14 13 17 IS -19 22 33

34 19 24 22 25

3S 13 62 64 56

19

35

14

21 23 17 15 13 12 23 I2 12 11 10

7 22

7

12 13 16 11 17 14 13 14 I9 I9 I6 IS IS I4 IS

2 IS 15 I4 IS I3 23 15 I4 1S 16 17 IS I6 I7 I6 73 43

7 I9 IS 23 34 44 3S 11 s

74 53 2I 11

I4

31

2I I4 13 25 22

7 IO s

25 20 s

11

20 33

6

21 17

I2 I2 IS 14 IS 11 I3 13 15 17 I3 21 14 I4 IS

6 I4 I4 14 20 19 11 I8 16 13 16 IS 17 17 I4 25 60 I4 22 18 21 22 IS 40 17 13 57 42 43 53 20

12

I4 14 14 24 18 21 19

9 IS 11 12

13 11

[ NUMBER OF OBS. ] 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

SI 85 S7 84

S4 S7 ss S9

S4 7S S7 79 ss 7S S8 81 S8 75 S8 7S 72 44 87 so S3 79 S6 70 7S SI S6 67 S6 83 S2 78 S3 79 77 SI S8 78 S3 81 77

7S 85 87 ss S6 S7 S7 ss S9 S7

77 SI 59 57 S7 7S 79 90 81 76 S6 76 81 S4 so 79 ss S2

85 s 4 6

S7 72 S3 74 ss 76 86 81

S4 79 79 S3 73 ss S6 83 ss S2 ss 85 S4 87 S1 65 ss 70 60 26 S3 S9 80 89 78 ss 8S 7S ss 76 ss ss so S7 7I ss S6 77 ss 8I 69 63 78 ss 7S S6 S6 so S9 81 ss 45 77 S2 83 S9 S7 .so 85 7S ss S6 75 7S 73

6

48 64

24 IO 16 s 16 2I 3 7S 45 25 71 56 66

62 Sl 56 64 74 73 55 74

50 72 70 74

64 69 61 64 70 11 61 22 53

1 1S 22 56 6 75 so SI S3 71

2 2

so 8 s 5

29 24

9 27 38 34 33 35 27 73 16 I6 28 27

27 51 s 6

15 3I IS

19 21 40

34 IS S 26 27 so s 26 47 21

11 43 62 51

16 30

53 1

.36

12 11 21

24 19 16

29 18 33 38 25 30 33 35 25 35 31 40 27 33 36 35 so 70 76 68 19 19 IS 25

8 20 17 Il 11 I4 7 11 28 34 38 33 79 75 S3 79 20 7 12 22

18 8

IS 18 26 38 I3 7 28 14 11 26 43 47 44 IS 21 34 34 23

- 39 -TABLE 3 : SUMMARY OF ECYWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992

3 MONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-JULY,NOVEYBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters) GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100hPa ( l2Z NOMINAL TIME).

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS 1 [OB-FG ST.DEVIATION 1 [ NUYBER OF OBS. 1 NO. (-=S) (-=W) I 2 1990 90/l 1991 91/2 1992 I990 90/I I99I 91/2 1992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

01001 VRB80 71 -9 42 -5 10 7 19 19 12 14 23 33 29 13 87 79 79 84 82 01028 VRB80 75 19 38 -8 4 15 14 11 18 13 19 2I 24 24 89 82 81 74 80 01152 VRB80 67 14 46 -1 24 -24 8 -30 -7 21 16 23 20 11 72 88 71 91 85 01241 VRS80 64 10 49 3 1 -3 12 -7 -9~· 15 20 22 14 14 83 86 59 85 85 01384 VRB80 60 11 53 6 -8 -12 -6 -4 -12 - 10 15 12 18 12 90 88 81 86 87 OI41S VRB80 59 6 54 8 -21 -18 -16 -9 -7 .12 17 14 18 12 83 88 65 89 85 02185 VRS80 66 22 46 0 -3 -·-:.11 -1 -16 3 _17 23 16 IS IS 80 72 53 46 53 _,.,. 02365 VRS80 63 17 so 3 -1 1 13 10 4 ~20 14 20 19 14 90 85 76 86 85 02465 VRS80 59 18 53 6 -4 -s 3 10 -5 11 12 19 24 11 89 88 82 89 85 02527 VRS80 58 I2 55 9 -9 -11 -6 6 -10 2I IS 29 16 12 83 86 77 87 83 02591 VRS80 53 18 54 8 -19 -11 -2 4 -4 22 15 19 16 18 86 76 74 81 73 02836 VRB80 67 27 44 -2 -6 -22 -1 -11 2 14 15 11 15 11 91 88 81 90 85 02935 VRS80 62 26 48 2 -7 -2 1 2 -5 13 14 9 13 11 90 88 83 89 87 02963 VRB80 61 24 so 4 -4 -1 3 3 -5 13 11 8 17 11 91 87 83 92 86 03005 VRB80 60 -1 53 7 -8 -6 -6 -3 1 11 29 IS 17 12 89 89 82 89 87 03026 VRS80 58 -6 54 8 0 -8 -s -3 -7 11 13 13 14 14 87 89 83 92 87 03170 VRS80 56 -3 ss 10 -6 0 3 7 J2 14 14 IS 92 90 83 91 03213 VRS80 54 -3 59 I2 -18 -I4 6 9 IS 6 17 7 IO 6 18 30 21 25 s 03240 VRS80 ss -2 58 13 s IS 83 03322 VRS80 54 -3 59 13 1 -9 1 s -2 IS I6 12 16 15 91 88 83 88 87 03496 VRS80 53 2 6I 14 -9 -14 -2 11 9 13 I3 12. IS 21 88 86 83 92 87 03502 VRS80 52 -s 60 I4 -s IS 3 4 8 12 22 12 13 11 40 I6 25 29 31 03693 VRS80 52 I 62 IS -33 -6 9 14 7 12 14 7 12 6 22 13 27 29 28 03743 VRS80 SI -2 62 lS -s -6 s 6 6 12 20 12 IO 12 43 35 so 39 59 03774 VRS80 SI -1 62 16 -11 -3 -1 7 4 12 IS 13 16 I2 92 88 83 91 83 03808 VRS80 so -s 62 16 -9 -4 2 11 -I 11 14 11 I6 I2 92 90 83 92 87 03920 VRS80 54 -6 58 12 -1 9 9 9 8 I6 16 I4 15 12 92 90 81 92 87 03953 VRS80 52 -IO 59 14 -10 -s 2 10 10 16 I7 13 14 13 86 83 80 84 84 04018 VRS80 64 -23 46 1 -2 -18 -I -8 10 I4 I9 12 22 12 85 77 81 85 82 04202 YSS 77 -69 27 -18 43 4 4I 1 IS 43 21 "39 24 24 57 34 68 44 79 04220 VRS80 69 -53 34 -10 12 23 18 28 I7 13 I6 I3 I6 9 92 84 82 90 86 04270 VRS80 6I -45 39 -3 20 14 s 2 I8 IS 18 13 21 11 9I 84 8I 81 85 04320 VRS80 77 -I9 35 -11 -1 -10 19 8 29 10 18 11 18 11 91 78 82 83 80 04339 VRS80 70 -22 40 -s 3 13 IS -8 IO IO 18 9 18 11 91 79 80 85 86 04360 VRS80 66 -38 40 -4 16 12 8 -I9 9 I2 20 11 I7 11 89 82 79 80 85 06011 VRS80 62 -7 51 4 8 -4 16 -2 I6 17 19 16 27 16 84 80 82 86 75 06181 VRS80 56 13 57 11 1 -1 4 1 -10 . 13 21 23 I6 9 9I 85 82 91 84 06260 VRS80 52 5 61 15 -6 -5 -3 10 -4 11 I7 12 13 12 90 87 83 89 84 06447 VRS80 SI 4 63 16 -6 -1 -1 10 4 15 17 I4 17 16 82 90 74 87 74 06476 VRS80 so 5 63 17 -20 2 -3 13 -1 17 14 IO 23 16 88 85 75 86 82 06610 ML-SR* 47 7 66 20 6 20 13 26 23 29 28 20 25 I9 85 86 79 9I 83 07110 VR880* 48 -4 64 18 10 -1 12 8 I 35 14 12 14 11 84 73 70 84 70 07I4S VR880 49 2 65 IS -6 2 9 I2 6 I7 I4 24 18 18 79 76 74 86 83 07I80 VRS80 49 6 65 18 13 5 13 IS 2 22 27 14 IS I2 73 75 72 85 78 0748I VRS80* 46 s 68 2I -3 2 6 12 I 27 2I 14 I6 11 76 83 71 81 SI 07510 VRS80 45 -I 68 22 -11 -4 7 8 3 14 17 I6 18 I4 84 83 SI 90 85 07645 VRS80 44 4 69 23 -13 -6 -9 1 -s IS I7 IS IS I2 83 83 76 83 84 0776I VRS80* 42 9 71 25 I6 2 -7 -3 -20 25 I8 I4 22 IS 82 84 72 85 79 08001 VR880 43 -8 68 23 -23 6 -IS I6 -7 IS 19 13 20 I4 78 79 72 76 SI 08023 VRS80 43 -4 69 23 I 11 2 29 IS 18 22 I7 I9 I7 76 79 70 78 76 0822I VRS80 40 -4 72 26 -I4 20 -11 29 9 I4 I3 I4 I3 13 90 90 76 91 84 08302 VRS80 40 3 74 27 s 8 30 08430 VRB80 38 -1 75 29 -I7 IS -I9 25 -9 IS 19 14 16 I6 89 82 78 87 77 08495 VRS80 36 -s 75 30 -I6 -6 -11 IO -2 19 I7 23 27 14 85 86 79 90 84 08508 VRS80* 39 -27 60 22 IS 23 IS 8 -8 18 39 4 .. 17 17 33 43 7 . 53 78 08522 VRS80 33 -I7 70 3I -3 -6 ID 11 -IS 28 24 25 20 I6 89 79 67 43 78 08579 VRB80 39 -9 71 27 -IS 7 -3 -2 -8 I3 17 20 16 I2 85 64 6I 84 SI 08594 VIZ I7 -23 64 43 32 33 39 ss 35 42 52 47 42 46 78 46 68 66 67 09184 VRS80* 54 I3 58 12 -IO IS 9 -14 32 25 47 12 78 82 73 89 09393 VRS80* 52 I4 60 14 9 -2 40 -11 31 28 29 11 90 89 79 9I 09486 VR880* SI I4 6I IS 37 32 23 -11 30 29 28 IO 87 75 71 89 09548 WARS SI IO 62 I6 6 -20 11 28 29 33 3I 3I 88 85 80 84 10035 VRB80* ss 10 58 I2 9 -s 0 8 -8 27 I7 19 I3 14 88 84 77 88 87 I0338 VR880* 52 IO 60 I4 -3I -21 -4 3 -7 I2 I3 17 I3 11 88 83 78 87 76 10384 VR880* 52 I3 60 I4 -I6 -7 I 9 -13 11 11 13 I4 IO 82 80 78 83 SI 10410 VR880* Sl 7 62 15 -26 -17 -9 0 -9 15 IS I2 I3 11 84 89 80 90 ss 10739 VRS80* 49 9 64 IS -24 -20 -s s -9 11 14 I3 13 2I 83 89 81 89 86 10868 VRS80* 48 12 64 18 -26 -22 -13 4 -17 10 14 I4 IS 12 92 90 82 90 ss 11035 ELIN 48 16 63 17 27 2I 25 23 4I 17 25 2I 22 2I 90 89 79 88 82 11520 VR880* so I4 62 I6 -I2 -23 I2 -19 -7 22 35 30 2I IO 89 84 78 88 83 11952 VR880* 49 20 61 16 I6 23 23 -s -11 22 28 20 I6 11 9I 84 78 89 86 12120 VR880* ss 18 57 11 IS 52 66 57 2 33 32 34 32 IO 56 70 68 70 79 12330 MARS 52 17 59 I3 46 68 71 94 30 37 30 38 68 62 47 64 I2374 VR880* 52 2I 58 13 so 62 75 27 8 33 29 22 I7 2I 90 82 7I 85 84 I242S VR880* 51 I7 60 IS I6 47 3I IS 56 63 22 64 SI I2843 VRS80 47 19 63 IS -8 I7 -s 9 -6 30 35 IS 14 I2 88 84 80 9I 75 12982 MARS 46 20 64 I9 2 -s 8 3 6 44 41 37 46 36 85 87 79 88 82 13130 VIZ 46 I6 65 20 49 30 20 25 28 43 73 62 42 13275 VR880 45 21 65 20 15120 VR880* 47 24 62 17 30

- '+U -

TABLE 3 : SUYYARY OF ECYWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES MAY-JULY,NOVEMBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT- 100hPa (12Z NOMINAL TIME).


[OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 NO. (-=8) (-=Y) 1 2

15420 VRS80* 15480 A-22 15614 MARS 15730 MARS 16044 VRS80 16080 VRS80 16144 VRS80 16245 VRS80 16320 VRS80 16429 VRS80 16560 VRS80 16622 VRS80* 16716 VRS80 16754 VRS80 17030 VRS80* 17062 VRS80* 17130 VRS80* 17220 VRS80* 17240 VRS80* 17280 VRS80* 17352 VRS80* 17607 VIZ 20046 MRZ 20069 MARS 20107 MRZ* 20274 MARS

.20292 MRZ 20353 MARS 20674 MARS 20744 MARS 20891 MRZ 21432 MARS 21504 MRZ 21647 MARS 21824 MRZ 21965 MARS 21982 MARS 22113 MRZ 22217 MRZ 22271 MARS 22522 A-22 22550 MRZ 22802 A-22 23022 MRZ 23146 A-22 23205 YllZ* 23330 YAKS 23418 MARS 23472 MRZ* 23552 MARS 23804 MRZ 23884 MRZ* 23921 MRZ 23933 MARS 23955 MRZ 24125 MRZ* 24266 MRZ* 24343 MRZ* 24507 MRZ* 24641 MRZ* 24688 MRZ 24817 MRZ* 24908 MARS 24944 MRZ* 24959 MRZ 25123 MRZ 25173 MARS 25399 MRZ 25551 MARS 25563 MARS 25594 MARS 25677 MRZ 25703 MRZ* 25913 MARS 25954 MRZ* 26038 MARS 26063 MRZ 26258 MARS 26298 MRZ 26422 MARS

45 26 44 29 43 23 42 25 46 13 45 9 45 11 42 12 41 18 38 13 39 9 41 23 38 24 35 25 41 36 41 29 40 33 38 27 38 31 38 40 37 35 35 33 81 58 80 77 78 14 78 82 78 104 77 69 74 80 72 53 72 102 76 138 75 113 73 144 72 129 71 162 71 -179 69 33 67 32 68 44 65 35 65 41 62 31 70 62 69 74 68 53 67 67 ·65 57 66 88 65 78 62 Sl 62 90 61 60 61 69 60 78 69 112 68 133 67 123 64 100 64 122 63 143 61 108 60 102 60 20 62 130 69 161 69 -179 66 -170 65 170 65 178 64 -173 63 179 63 152 60 151 60 166 59 25 60 30 58 28 58 34 57 24

62 19 61 18 65 21 64 22 66 20 67 21 68 22 70 24 69 24 74 28 73 27 66 23 68 26 68 28 57 18 62 21 60 21 65 24 63 24 56 19 60 22 62 25 29 -18 26 -20 35 -12 25 -20 21 -25 28 -17 26 -19 34 -11 19 -25 13 -33 18 -28 10 -36 12 -33 s -41 4 -42

41 -'5 43 -3 39 -6 44 -2 42 -3 47 2 33 -12 29 -IS 36 -8 32 -12 36 -8 24 -19 28 -15 40 -3 22 -19 36 -6 32 -10 28 -13 IS -29

8 -36 11 -33 18 -24 10 -33

2 -42 14 -28 16 -25 Sl S

6 -38 4 -43 2 -44

-1 -47 -1 -48 -2 -48 -2 -49 -4 -so -1 -46 -3 -47 -5 -51 51 s 49 4 51 6 49 5 53 8

-8

11 25 70 82

-16 1 -11 s -15 9 -22 3 -IS -1 -29 7 -30 10

35 34 -3 -4

-12 -4 32 8 0 16

49 26 11

4 35 62 -10 -s 10 -7 -13 -4 11 12 -16 29 -19 41 s 17 s 33 20

3 24

-17

39 26

2 17 11 36 14 30 22 10 19 30 -9

-17 0

-9 35 -3 ss·

-6 12

24 16

-12 22 36

-30 -20

IS -20 -26 -35 '29 -3

-12 2

54 31 -9 52

8

1 -45

45 1

44 31 4 -43 9 s

36 -3 22 -4 48 -26 67 29

-36 -33 8 -15

28 28 43 34 -s -14 72 12 -4

-22 -1 20 23

6 -7 61 28

4 1 9

21 23 9 -5

43 30 16 11 16 41

1 -8 -19 -57

-8

36 19 25

-14 -6

-16 -11 -7

-19 -14

59 -1 -s 29 42 36 85 32

14 26 24 22 s

-1 -1 -4 -s -4

13 -16 20 -10

-s 3

-s s

16 6

-s 14 14 24 29

2 -14 21 21 -2 19

9 1

-1

9 s

34 29 -4 24 22 42 22

36 38 -21

28 -8 8 43 10 34 -26 31 30 47 49 10 -4 -3 12 34 -12

7 s 14 11 . 45 45 -1 -1 -2 13 -8 -s -6 s 40 18 -18 1 31 12 27 42 33 47

4 -s -2 12

11 3 45 20 4 12 4 23 56 18 64 53 17 20

9 s -1 56 25 56

2 -32 2 70 4 1

7 1 15 52 43 43

4 -10 12 53 -1 14

1 -3 4 26 -9 -7 35 -22 47 68 91

-46 -15 -12 2 -10 9

41 8 72 24 38 -7 13 -9 -9 6 -38 16 11 -6

-25 7 -6 15 17 s -1 10 -2 0

-17 -21 -18 -2 -18 -19 IS 4 1

-13 4 -9 47 56 61

2 9 10 22 -4 9 10

-14 -111 4

37 65 13 13 14 12 IS 16 18 62 12 18 54 44 23

53 56 59 25 25 20 61 24 32 27 28 57 30 10 38

4 6

22 23 30 30 22 64 27 48 28 67 59 40 34 40 29 27 38 24 38 28 40 68 26 36 34 33 ss 30 51 24 14 17 33 26 34 46 21 34 27 so 45 34 40

37

18

29 47 15 15 14 14 14 16 16 63 17 20 29 24 25 12 35 36 43 25 24 28 24 23 25 34 28 42 32

so

27 25 33 30 31 81 25 25 28 75 45 29 37 46 29 41 32 31 29 35 34 23 43 39 42 21 29 30 46 24

28 25 19 31 33

32 35 28 40 25 so

3 so

11

40

24 18 21 14 12 16 20 33 13 11 30 58 28 66 24 47 37 32 24 22 34

30 31 31 28 30 25 27

1 2

28 28 25 24 29 20 25

32 58 24 34 so 25 29 23 27 30 30 23 44 33 36 24 46 28 21 43 54 33

20 31 35 35 10 is 27 26 23 29 28 17 23 35

52 35

12. 11 18 12 16 13 14 14 IS 12 14 13 20 21

10 16 16 20 16 46 62 53 44 19 31 38 33 25 35 30 37 28 33 27 26 29 31 s

31 27

25 17 19 40 46 51 33 29 30

4 12 26 22 19 25 4 26 25 36 . 36 20 29 28 21 41 28

24 25

29 44 35 22 24 33 34 42 33 39 32 31 29 29 35 41 21 27 24 45 47 27 19 18 18 22 26 23 35 34 34 35 37 33 20 33 13 39 54 29 26 21 7 40 31 31 27 45 35 28 22

30 25 37 27 28 36 20 27 44 43 21 21

22 10 69 36

[ NUMBER OF OBS. ] 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

18 12

52 15 25 12 89 81 88 87 52 82

30 35 31

70 87 83 72 88 84 72 85 81

80 81 74 80 78 75 82 74 79 73 77 84 70 75 73 83 83 75 82 73 28 27 14 42 87 88 76 86 81 69 80 51 76 48 78 79 73 86 79 82 80 87 86

59 80 76 81 91 87

10 76 85 86 66 19 IS 65 74 67 83 72 83 85 77 83 73 89 77 76 75 71 77 74 82 71 57 62 76 78 66 47 3 15 42 SS 43 42 49 68 75 80 52 75 41 88 71 56 30 70 69 70 66 62 68 so 69 68 75 90 83 69 76 68

6 8 3 9 85 83 68 80 51

6 1 2 s 3 6 7 3 3

88 72 70 80 43 83 67 56 77 58 82 78 70 81 74 74 85 75 69 70 42 79 52 77 73 87 81 21 89 79 79 88 so

87 84

68 69 71 78 59 66 38 34 35 88 84 66 60 78 54 57 ss 49 51 84 80 76 88 83 78 79 72 80 70 60 64 59 47 53 87 87 79 84 85 88 80 75 66 44 88 81 80 84 68 83 79 58 63 68 67 73 71 69

65 61 56 58 62 78 69 79 54 46 57 49 67 68 79 66 72 68 79 72 61 52 27 76 56 68 58 60 72 77 54 32

61 71 70

49 56 53 20 77 68 74 69 63 77 81 69 86 76

6 1 6 6 83 80 62 80 62 64 67 58 49 58 65 43 67 52 44 71 75 64 62 so 24

63 65

74 71 44 66 48 56 61 66 80 70

75 78 70

71 81 74 83 80 71 84 76 67 81

28 so 40 ss 53 53

62 1

77

52 s

78

32 68 75

30 23 73 75

- --r~ -

TABLE 3 : SUMMARY OF ECYWF NONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES MAY-IULY,NOVEUBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100hPa (12Z NOMINAL TIME).

WNO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ 08-FG BIAS ] [08-FG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUMBER OF OBS, ] NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

26629 MRZ ss 24 ss 10 27 23 9 41 23 33 27 37 35 22 79 81 68 58 77 26702 MARS ss 21 56 11 58 39 29 31 12 33 47 43 20 17 59 38 46 14 25 26781 r.mz ss 32 52 8 -22 1 14 3 -1 32 30 24 13 10 77 67 57 39 23 26850 MRZ 54 28 ss 10 12 14 -1 13 16 28 ss 34 30 30 90 88 83 88 77 27037 MRZ 59 40 46 2 -12 -18 -13 -17 1 .26 29 25 33· 30 81 72 74 87 85 27196 MARS 59 so 42 -1 14 -20 -12 -31 3 34 36 .28 38 38 79 81 73 83 77 27553 MRZ 56 44 46 3 s -20 -1 -26 9 21 27 23 .25 .20 86 86 74 87 86 27595 URZ* 56 49 44 .2 -14 -30 38 32 32 65 64 3.2 33 .29 84 83 76 66 71 27612 URZ 56 38 49 6 -14 -7 -11 -10 -3 34 28 33 30 37 87 74 73 76 70 27947 MARS 53 41 49 7 23 31 41 58 56 32 26 .25 .27 31 83 87 79 72 76 28.275 URZ 58 68 33 -8 3 -38 13 7 29 24 43 30 31 19 80 78 72 76 74 28440 URZ 57 61 37 -4 13 -11 8 -10 s 19 27 18 29 31 80 85 75 83 76 28698 IOlZ ss 73 31 -9 4 -28 12 -2 s .28 25 24 30 30 86 82 80 83 82 28722 MARS ss 56 40 -1 4 48 .24 -1 .27 67 28 42 53 41 58 72 65 74 71 28900 IOlZ 53 so 44 3 -4 s -7 10 1 35 27 26 23 .25 78 84 82 87 76 28952 MRZ* 53 64 36 -3 25 41 48 -18 -14 33 38 51 28 28 63 73 54 78 71 29231 IOlZ 58 83 25 -15 .34 11 38 18 37 24 17 29 32 42 69 49 67 76 67 29282 MARS 58 97 18 -22 49 -6 47 28 39 37 26 37 35 33 so 48 56 18 38 29574 MRZ 56 93 20 -19 -17 -43 3 -16 2 17 24 29 24 26 78 49 72 59 69 29612 IOlZ ss 78 28 -11 -1 -13 -3 -21 2 29 31 19 28 27 79 56 78 69 68 29634 MRZ-T ss 83 25 -14 11 -24 -8 -s -3 42 17 27 26 37 81 44 71 80 82 29698 MRZ* ss 99 16 -23 37 -7 9 8 13 33 14 20 22 26 88 57 75 66 69 30054 MRZ* 59 113 11 -30 36 -6 1 13 -I 75 77 44 16 38 86 75 17 31 67 30230 MRZ* 58 108 12 -28 51 -8 9 -9 1 48 34 29 28 32 81 78 76 53 80 30554 MARS 54 114 8 -31 53 34 73 IS 54 39 45 24 30 32 88 76 74 92 78 30635 MRZ* 53 109 10 -28 103 54 69 89 81 28 34 34 25 SI 78 62 74 73 51 30673 MARS 54 120 s -35 -7 72 66 -15 -23 82 51 38 27 20 66 58 32 73 44 30692 MRZ* 54 124 3 -37. 79 41 -7 -2 21 20 21 9 30 11 54 19 30715 MRZ 52 104 12 -25 7 -10 4 -11 11 21 28 25 31 30 82 79 73 82 76 30758 MRZ 52 113 7 -31 -10 -6 -14 -s -20 32 23 31 26 26 80 63 74 85 75 30935 MARS so 109 9 -28 28 11 36 16 26 36 35 37 29 36 81 78 76 83 76 30965 YKZ so 117 s -33 -6 4 -6 -s -1 23 22 39 34 19 74 64 69 77 69 31004 UltZ 59 125 s -37 2S -24 -1 -11 -11 33 28 29 28 2S 80 51 ss 53 37 31088 MARS 59 143 -1 -45 -21 1 -10 26 -34 27 13 27 34 36 80 7 66 82 72 31168 MARS 56 138 -1 -44 53 57 ss 86 40 28 13 36 59 so 17 37 31300 IOlZ 54 127 1 -39 -4 -3 1 19 22 24 79 42 74 31329 MRZ 53 133 -2 -42 -9 -s -11 23 4 23 65 11 68 31369 MRZ* 53 141 -s -47 59 ss 53 20 12 28 28 25 28 26 62 75 ss 72 79 31510 YRZ* so 128 -1 -40 59 53 19 23 29 26 24 10 53 30 53 26 31707 MARS 48 131 -s -43 65 29 25 69 IS 18 29 17 10 31735 URZ 49 135 -6 -45 -13 -11 -IS -1 25 28 29 31 77 82 67 79 31873 URZ 46 134 -7 -45 -21 -IS -26 22 2 24 29 24 21 33 86 80 71 . 86 32 31909 URZ 45 137 -9 -47 -8 6 -4 -9 27 23 32 24 63 81 74 58 31960 MRZ-T 43 132 -8 -44 -17 1 -29 8 -14 44 23 23 25 36 86 79 72 84 63 32061 URZ SI 142 -7 -48 -8 1 7 -3 9 21 31 27 28 20 ss 78 80 85 69 32150 MRZ* 47 143 -11 -so 22 -6 -11 2 -s 34 38 18 25 28 62 56 28 81 74 32165 MARS 44 146 -14 -54 40 25 20 35 46 30 32 42 28 32 76 72 68 71 64 32186 MRZ 46 151 -14 -ss -27 -7 -26 -8 3 39 36 31 24 15 63 66 57 61 40 32217 MRZ* so 155 -12 -56 12 17 19 -18 -IS 33 38 23 24 32 80 72 37 58 61 32389 MRZ* 56 161 -8 -53 23 -45 4 -9 -12 62 78 52 IS 26 69 78 36 43 79 32540 MRZ* 53 159 -11 -ss 9 4 -4 -4 -6 29 40 25 25 33 86 86 77 79 82 32618 MRZ ss 166 -10 -56 -25 -26 -23 -s -16 25 34 23 23 21 83 74 77 72 77 33008 MRZ 52 24 57 12 12 -2 -9 -11 -6 25 29 24 29 28 88 85 80 86 83 33041 URZ 52 31 54 10 -13 -11 10 2 -16 27 27 33 29 34 89 84 80 90 84 33345 URZ so 30 56 12 -35 -26 -16 -13 -8 3r 25 22 27 26 84 85 79 88 79 33393 MARS so 24 59 14 6 3 49 1 21 89 87 40 70 31 71 56 53 40 63 33631 MRZ 49 22 61 16 -6. -s -7 -14 1 31 28 30 26 27 88 82 81 79 82 33658 MARS 48 26 59 IS 67 65 59 51 so 36 34 25 39 42 79 84 79 85 76 33815 IOlZ 47 29 59 16 6 8 -4 16 -28 32 21 11 28 49 87 80 13 72 35 33837 MARS 46 31 58 16 20 49 31 43 so 39 31 37 28 30 79 67 62 74 69 33946 MARS 45 34 57 16 23 40 63 45 so 39 37 21 33 34 90 84 69 83 71 34009 MRZ 52 36 52 9 -20 1 -7 8 -13 27 29 25 32 37 88 76 73 85 74 34122 YKZ* 52 39 SI 8 41 35 28 13 3 28 34 31 40 13 79 60 67 74 so 34172 MRZ 52 46 47 6 41 23 29 48 29 37 46 34 38 38 85 77 77 86 79 34300 MRZ so 36 53 11 37 22 6 19 22 3S 23 29 27 20 85 77 73 79 79 34560 MRZ 49 44 49 9 13 9 29 12 20 30 29 30 30 30 82 88 76 88 79 34731 MARS 47 40 53 12 -26 -37 30 -9 -1 45 54 46 56 41 89 87 75 87 82 34858 MRZ 46 43 51 12 19 7 20 s 12 23 29 21 32 33 82 84 72 83 79 34880 MRZ 46 48 48 9 16 8 3 8 -3 35 32 26 23 28 82 89 77 83 74 35108 llRZ 51 51 44 4 -16 26 18 31 10 77 35121 MRZ 52 ss 42 2 -8 -8 13 -21 22 31 23 31 35 27 73 79 75 86 83 35229 MRZ* so 57 41 2 7 9 24 -3 35 61 so 27 22 24 71 58 38 82 76 35394 MARS so 73 31 -6 20 -44 79 9 38 40 43 46 51 39 84 88 73 87 76 35700 MRZ 47 52 45 7 2 9 6 -1 7 28 34 34 29 41 68 74 73 79 79 35746 MRZ 47 62 39 2 -12 -26 11 -10 -2 25 29 37 39 21 87 80 67 78 82 35796 YKZ 47 75 29 -6 63 -13 12 -9 -s 43 30 30 31 33 63 52 62 82 69 36177 MARS so 80 26 -10 -7 1 18 3 14 19 32 42 26 18 68 79 77 85 78 36870 MRZ 43 77 28 -s -49 -47 -20 -31 -86 29 25 30 21 62 82 74 71 70 69 37018 MARS 44 39 54 15 6 s 20 17 27 24 34 24 33 45 82 76 75 81 75 37054 MARS 44 43 52 13 56 87 69 86 64 21 40 43 35 34 43 40 54 71 75

- '+L -

TABLE 3 : SUYYARY OF ECUWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-JULY,NOVEYBER-JANUARY (Units-Yeters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - lOOhPa (12Z NOMINAL TIUB).

WMO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2

[ OB-PG BIAS ] 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992

[OB-PG ST.DEVIATION ] 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992

37260 IBZ 37549 YRZ 37789 MARS 37985 YAKS 38062 YRZ* 38341 YRZ 38392 IBZ 38457 YRZ-T 38507 YRZ 38613 YAKS 38687 YAKS 38750 YRZ 38836 YAKS 38880 YRZ-T 38954 YAKS 40179 VIZ 40265 VRS80 40375 VRS80 40394 VRS80 40416 VRS80 40430 VRS80 40437 VRS80 40582 VRS80 40650 VRS80 40706 VRS80 40745 VRS80 40754 VRS80 40766 VRS80 40800 VRS80 40809 VRS80 40841 VRS80 40948 41024 VRS80 41114 VRS80 41217 41256 VRS80 413I6 VIZ* 41344 VRS80 41530 VRS80 41661 VRS80 41780 VRS80 41923 VIZ* 42027 IU UK3 42I01 IU UX:3 42I82 IU UX:3 42314 IU UX:3 42339 IU UK3 42361 IU UX:3 42369 IU UX:3 42397 IU UX:3 42410 IU UX:3 42492 IU UX:3 42647 IU UX:3 42667 IU UK3 42700 IU UX:3 42724 IU UX:3 42779 IU UX:3 42809 IU UX:3 42867 IU UX:3 42971 IU UX:3 43003 IU UX:3 43014 IU UX:3 43041 lU UK3 43128 IU YK3 43150 IU UK3 43185 IU YK3 43192 IU YK3 43279 IU YK3 43285 IU YK3 43295 IU YK3 43311 U.l MK3 43333 Hi YK3 43346 IY YK3 43369 IY UK3 433 71 Ill UK3 44212 YARS 44231 YARS 44259 YARS 44277 YARS 44288 YARS

43 42 40 39 45 43 42 4I 40 41 39 37 39 38 38 32 32 28 27 26 25 25 29 33 38 36 36 34 33 33 30 35 22 IS 24 24 17 16 34 30 25 24 34 30 29 27 26 26 27 27 26 26 23 23 23 24 23 23 21 20 19 20 19 17 18 16 IS 13 13 13 11 12 11

8 8

so so 48 46 46

41 45 44 49 66 7I 60 69 53 73 64 54 69 58 72 35 36 37 42 so 40 47 48 44 46 60 51 47 52 59 57 69 39 43 ss 58 54 44 72 67 67 90 75 76 77 95 73 78 81 88 92 85 73 77 85 91 82 88 79 86 73 75 82 78 83 80 74 80 75 78 73 93 80 73 77 92

100 115

96 103

54 15 51 14 52 16 49 14 36 1 37 4 40 6 33 1 46 11 30 -1 37 6 45 12 33 2 42 9 31 1 61 27 60 26 60 :!9 56 27 48 22 57 30 51 26 so 22 53 21 51 16 41 10 47 15 51 I9 47 17 41 I2 42 15 33 4 57 33 53 33 44 21 40 I8 43 26 51 34 31 3 34 8 33 11 I2 -7 28 1 26 I 25 I IO -13 28 6 23 2 21 -I IS -7 12 -9 17 -4 27 8 23 4 16 -3 11 -8 I9 I 13 -s 21 3 15 4 26 9 24 7 18 2 20 s 16 1 19 s 24 10 17 6 22 11 20 8 24 13

6 -s 17 7 22 14 19 11 19 -17 14 -22 4 -32

15 -19 11 -23

-27 -2 28 -7

-11

-s 23 -I 60

-I9 -IS

61 37 36 98

9

-9

4 2 7

20 -20

-2 -31

-6 -14

11 1

-2

14

204 100 -I9 103 96

-20 44 66

156 113 I60

18 78 48 58

130 27

110 139 160 139 148 164 107 149 140 149

17 215 166 ISO 133 117

-104 22

-79

3 -16 17 2 3I 75 14 14

-29 -13 3 -2

29 33 -3 9 28 59 -2 s -9 -30

18 3 17

I6 85 95

21 10 12 9

2 3 12 8

6 11

I4 35 4 -8

-9 -I

s 21 -1 -I3

1 4 -2 -2 s 16

-7 14

53 -s 4 -14

-95 -23 -89 3 -so -30 -s Is

-45 -11 -9 -23 95 9

1 "10 53 -94

-1 -17 -52

73 -9 -31 -63 -7 -21

-26 -62 -14 -39 105 76 48 118 78 -14 68 -47 92 70 38 -47 27 -88 69 12

118 94 116 51

51 -100 98 -75

170 -33 31 -23

4 109 120 -1 38 -28

-27

-20 -27 13 -2

67 80 23 -8

-13 -14 -7 -9 58 6 21 -9 42 -4 -25

-13 -27 42 53

6 4 14 44 68 66 29 32 16 17 1 s 10

17 -1 22 16

2 -s

3 1 8 -6 6 7

-3 7 11 17 4 4

23 7 21 9 11 22

9 23 24

30 30 -82 65 -99 14 -46 1 -95 -106

22 10 -77 -37 -68 -26 -28 -15 -75 33

22 -3 70 58

-58 -77 -15 -43 -32 -23 -6 -34

-95 -98 25 39 65 21

166 -16 29 -27

-24 -43 -12 24

8 38 -20 -17

15 -7 57 67 88 -20

-81 -30 8 4

18 -10 47 21

s

19 32 28 36 37

26 36 31

~ 67 39 25 4S 3S

30

16

15

16 10 20

43 16

12 32

12 19 22

6

24

so

34 122

68 136 123 119 116

70 83

108

123

67 I02 118

92 83 78

113 64 41 93 93

113 113

24 64

101 134

51 65 69 83 64

42 30 40 42 37 IO 52 22 56 20 27

32

28

20 I6 20 16 16

18 16 13

25 30

17 17 23

76 i.l

43 6S

119 72

119 100

81 121

39 14 81

126 I21 I26

79 37

I22 94

64 104

79 122 44

107 148

70 134

13 53

1 45 17

46 13 27 29 26 I3 46 28 4S 24 21 67 25 52 24

15 18 I4 27 I7

29 17 I3

14 27

14 I2 2S

134 121

65 116 146 115 89

120 134 128 95 I7

110 64 97

Ill 134 131 119

63 141 127

98 115 121 119 88 72

135 126 124 124

76

52

26 44

52 44 29 34 44 37 40 34 27 42 18 38 31 s

20 20 17 I6 I4 I9

20 21 I7 20 37 32

2I 20 20

3 13

140 127

99 113 112 116

79 95

103 130 40 16

121 10

104 I28 108 I02 60 54

129 120 98

115 122 122 146 104

91 126 121 120

20 26

59 44 26 27 29 31

44 33 so 24 31 28

18 7

25 4

IS IS

15 I9 17 17 32 35

I7 19 23

20

123 127 160 147 130 112 12I 110 Ill 107

74

92 ss

109 128

80 131 64 78

121 86

132 138 119 105

89 117

70 116 101 129

s

[ NUYBER OF OBS. ] 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

80 28 79 24 6S ss

78 68 42 25 25

60

21 3 77 67 68 67 63 75 20 42

71 64 :ss 69 74 62 72 74

88 80 71 90 85 72 82 71 85 79 73 49 39 14 84 2S SO 75 73 76 80 72 ss 81 28 ss 49 31 72 34 ss 28 71

1 ss 56 38 92 68 81 87

s 79

86 64 78 90 87 62 80 86 26

87 60 77 85 76 64 78 89 2

83 46 69 72 81 42 72 32 72

57 38 52 58 53 Sl 38 57 58 54

23 29 22 36 56 46

22 30 43 32 32 52 32 33 2S 25

84 61 87 63 77 58 12

21 27 9

46

78 88 83 79 85 86 63 68 78

3 25 s

13 11 19 24 3S 60 30 57 42 32

1 1 IS 32 29 7 I9 27 48 30

34 s 21 19 19 14 1 25 40 20 21 9 11 16 26 40 45 46 64 54 29 15 18 28 21 21 27 49 40 24 14 3 18 3 12

1 3 s 1 17 s 26 25 14

1 2 6 3 17 15 25 19 62 62 21 42 45 49 2S 37 43 51 66 52 I7 4I 30 38 57 I4 7 22 15 8 12 s 18 9 9 25 53 Sl 54 SO 17 14 34 18 26

7 2 20 27 31 12 I4 22 35 25 31 22 44 63 52 26 23 34 42 39

9 23 34 22 32 4 IS 21 27

3 14 22 21 10 23 18 42 54 49 16 IS 13 29 22 45 49 48 48 54 60 19 3 67 68 Sl 58 2 59 54 20 66 24

- "Tv -

TABLE 3 : SUUYARY OF ECUWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-IULY,NOVBMBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GBOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - lOOhPa (12Z NOMINAL TIME).

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] [OB-FG ST,DEVIATION ] [ NUUBER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2 1990 90/1 199I 91/2 1992 I990 90/1 1991 91/2 I992 90 90/1 91 9I/2 92

44292 UARS 48 107 9 -27 -84 -42 13 -25 SI 53 10 62 8 2 44354 UARS 45 110 6 -28 60 ss 45 66 56 I8 44373 UARS 44 I04 9 -24 70 48 IS9 143 so 66 64 13 35 41 32 5 45004 VRS80 22 114 -8 -28 -IO IO -6 I2 -I 12 I4 I3 IS i2 85 78 75 77 72 47041 40 I28 -8 -41 -3 -35 87 -4 -37 37 I4 1 2 8. 2 1 47058 39 I26 -7 -40 -10 -38 8 -35 -39 43 59 82 57 78 IS IS 13 32 32 47122 J/YAN* 37 127 -9 -41 -56 -37 -36 -11 -27 25 24 23 34 24 83 80 78 75 76 47138 JfYAN* 36 129 -12 -43 -63 -3 -9 -4 3 62 24 40 30 52 87 89 82 91 85 47158 J/YAN* 35 I27 -10 -4I -64 -49 -57 -IO -25 30 28 29 37 36 81 78 73 77 75 47185 JfYAN* 33 126 -11 -40 -92 -29 -36 -2 -2 53 39 42 36 38 85 67 57 70 75 4740I MEISEI 45 142 -11 -so -12 -6 -12 -10 -4 14 I7 16 19 IS 90 86 82 88 83 47412 MEISEI 43 14I -13 -51 -29 -IS -23 -I9 -I8 IO I7 I2 IS IS 90 87 8I 88 85 47420 ME I SEI 43 I46 -15 -54 -11 1 -11 4 -6 16 16 IS 20 14 90 87 82 87 81 47580 MBISEI 41 141 -IS -SI -11 -7 -s -11 -s I6 19 I6 2I IS 90 86 80 88 84 47582 IIEISEI 40 I40 -15 -SI -17 -I2 -11 -19 -1 I9 27 20 .22 I7 89 86 8I 88 84 47590 MEISEI 38 141 -16 -52 -23 -I -I2 -1 -I3 I8 20 I8 17 I4 91 87 80 88 84 47600 MEISEI 37 137 -15 -49 -19 -6 -I9 -11 -s I8 I8 I6 16 15 88 88 81 88 84 47646 MEISEI 36 140 -18 ,.-Sl -3I -IO -25 -I7 -8 15 16 I3 IS I2 90 87 8I 87 84 47678 MEISEI 33 I40 -20 -SI -23 I -I8 -3 -3 I6 I9 I8 17 IS 89 88 82 89 83 47681 MEISEI 35 138 -17 -49 -I8 -4 -14 -3 1 19 21 IS IS 15 89 86 80 85 83 47744 MEISEI 35 133 -14 -46 -25 2 -27 -IS -16 25 17 16 17 17 90 87 82 87 83 47778 MBISEI 33 136 -17 -48 -31 -13 -2I -6 -9 I6 I8 18 I9 15 92 86 80 88 84 47807 MEISEI 34 130 -14 -43 -35 -23 -35 -19 -17 I6 I4 IS IS 13 90 87 82 87 83 47827 ME I SEI 32 131 -15 -44 -33 -9 -25 -7 -10 I8 I8 17 IS 21 90 87 82 87 84 47881 UEISEI 34 135 -16 -47 47909 MEISEI 28 130 -17 -42 -34 -20 -30 -12 -11 I6 I8 17 16 17 89 87 82 87 83 47918 MEISEI 24 I24 -IS -37 -31 -18 -26 -22 -2I 16 I9 I3 18 12 90 87 82 87 83 47936 MEISEI 26 128 -17 -40 -35 -IS -25 -13 -11 12 I6 13 IS IS 87 87 82 88 84 47945 MEIBEI 26 131 -19 -44 -32 -14 -22 -I8 -15 13 I4 10 14 I3 90 87 81 85 83 47971 UBI SEI 27 I42 -26 -53 -24 -4 -13 -s -4 18 18 14 19 17 90 88 82 87 81 47991 MEISEI 24 154 -34 -64 -24 5 -8 12 4 26 16 16 13 16 81 84 78 86 83 48327 VIZ* 19 99 3 -13 -26 -69 -32 42 48 60 41 59 58 85 76 SI 21 58 36 48407 VIZ* IS 105 -4 -17 -24 25 4 12 -4 48 56 33 34 43 63 48 52 ss 56 48455 VIZ* I4 I01 -I -13 -67 -37 -78 -10 -34 59 53 81 60 52 64 66 58 87 52 48568 VIZ* 7 IOI -3 -10 -97 -52 -37 ·25 8 44 46 so 40 43 72 66 70 74 48 48601 VRB80 s 100 -4 -9 -22 2 -15 2I 11 I9 I9 I9 I6 I7 77 82 56 78 73 486IS VRS80* 6 I02 -s -11 -34 -3I 8 IS 27 34 25 30 75 ss 66 62 48648 VRB80 3 I02 -6 -10 -I7 I8 -12 14 23 I8 17 I6 I4 I4 67 59 46 73 73 48657 VRB80 4 I03 -7 -11 5 27 8 23 17 20 3I 27 IS I6 68 68 58 68 73 48698 VRS80 1 I04 -9 -11 -27 7 -9 IS 6 14 I4 I6 13 14 57 85 56 81 78 48820 UARS 2I 106 -2 -20 -20 -30 59 -37 IS 28 28 4 13 3 22 48900 A-22 11 107 -7 -17 50527 SHANG 49 120 2 -35 42 21 47 30 36 4I 34 40 3I 37 78 71 42 74 75 50557 SHANG 49 125 -1 -39 34 20 35 27 33 30 42 33 . 4I 29 89 84 77 90 83 50774 SHANG 48 I29 -4 -41 so 27 63 40 47 26 33 33 32 39 87 87 82 89 84 50953 BHANG 46 I27 -4 -40 45 34 4I 25 52 33 31 26 32 34 89 88 82 90 84 SI076 BHANG 48 88 2I -14 7 33 39 29 25 34 37 42 48 36 87 84 79 82 82 51431 SHANG 44 81 25 -8 17 13 32 19 18 39 43 42 39 42 78 84 76 78 76 51463 BHANG 44 87 20 -12 23 14 9 32 31 33 37 42 36 35 83 82 79 86 77 51644 SHANG 42 83 23 -9 8 20 13 45 41 36 27 34 30 36 82 80 76 83 82 SI709 SHANG 39 76 28 -3 40 46 ss 35 41 37 36 35 36 36 89 84 80 84 82 51777 SHANG 39 88 19 -11 -15 -15 14 12 I7 46 36 45 32 40 87 82 80 89 79 51828 SHANG 37 80 24 -s 14 IS 19 24 21 39 34 34 34 40 82 84 77 84 82 51848 SHANG 38 84 22 -8 33 I9 46 16 32 35 39 38 32 38 86 85 72 88 78 52203 SHANG 43 94 16 -16 17 12 30 14 38 40 42 42 36 40 83 83 77 84 83 52267 SHANG 42 101 10 -21 26 18 48 17 36 43 40 41 36 43 83 87 80 89 84 52323 SHANG 42 97 13 -18 15 14 35 26 34 39 40 36 32 32 88 82 80 85 83 S24I8 SHANG 40 95 14 -16 13 -4 23 -10 13 36 36 41 35 38 85 88 79 87 83 52533 SHANG 40 99 11 -19 1 21 22 IS 35 38 33 35 31 36 90 88 80 91 86 52681 SHANG 39 103 8 -22 19 15 26 6 39 26 34 28 31 30 84 85 75 90 79 52818 SHANG 36 95 13 -15 6 -s -6 -7 12 36 36 37 42 32 88 88 78 88 83 52836 SHANG 36 98 10 -18 -1 -6 38 -I 6 40 33 39 35 45 89 82 81 89 84 52866 SHANG 37 102 8 -21 -4 -18 -7 -9 11 35 37 42 33 31 87 87 79 86 82 52889 SHANG 36 104 6 -22 -9 3 22 -9 31 42 33 32 33 35 86 85 77 85 67 53068 SHANG 44 112 4 -30 31 23 24 21 39 30 34 39 37 40 88 87 77 89 84 53463 SHANG 4I 112 3 -29 25 3 38 6 32 43 38 38 37 31 88 86 75 86 83 53513 SHANG 41 I07 s -26 14 9 27 12 23 42 41 41 34 40 90 82 79 91 84 S36I4 SHANG 38 I06 s -25 38 33 32 26 44 30 35 32 32 43 89 83 80 89 83 53772 SHANG 38 113 1 -29 36 I4 34 20 41 40 42 45 39 so 86 85 79 85 82 53845 SHANG 37 110 2 -27 24 11 41 IS 42 29 37 37 34 34 86 80 77 87 80 53915 SHANG 36 I07 4 -24 30 19 43 11 31 27 32 31 30 31 86 89 79 90 85 54102 SHANG 44 116 I -33 53 1 53 -10 28 44 40 40 40 37 83 82 75 81 79 54135 SHANG 44 122 -3 -37 41 19 54 22 42 33 44 47 36 42 86 84 79 91 81 54161 SHANG 44 125 -4 -39 40 38 51 33 59 49 40 47 63 49 85 77 75 85 74 54218 SHANG 42 119 -I -35 45 33 so 33 60 35 31 29 34 43 88 84 78 83 83 54292 SHANG 43 129 -7 -42 21 29 14 26 40 26 32 31 30 30 82 85 78 86 82 54337 SHANG 41 121 -3 -36 26 -19 27 -17 15 64 84 77 85 67 71 61 67 74 81 54342 SHANG 42 124 -4 -38 32 20 48 22 30 33 43 37 38 45 79 84 80 88 84 54374 SHANG 42 127 -6 -41 25 19 23 20 41 42 32 41 31 35 84 82 79 87 76 54497 SHANG 40 124 -6 -39 26 36 28 27 34 ss 42 49 41 63 79 78 77 86 76

- 44 -TABLE 3 : SUYYARY OF ECYWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992

3 MONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-JULY ,NOVEJ.IBER-JANUARY (Uni ts-loleters) GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - lOOhPa (12Z NOMINAL TIME).

WLIO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] [OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUUBER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S} (-=W) 1 2 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

54511 SHANG 40 116 -1 -33 23 26 27 14 27 47 31 39 40 38 88 84 79 88 77 54662 SHANG 39 122 -5 -37. 34 33 20 36 54 40 38 37 32 36 87 83 81 89 83 54823 SHANG 37 117 -3 -33 37 23 33 17 46 36 41 41 35 35 86 81 80 81 78 54857 SHANG 36 120 -6.-35 28 28 42 35 46 32 29 34 28 31 82 81 70 82 84 55299 SHANG 31 92 13 -12 36 26 6 37 ss 33 36 46 48 48 74 67 46 75 68 55591 SHANG 30 91 13 -10 90 12 97 15 38 48 52 56 62 44 64 58 71 65 62 56029 SHANG 33 97 10 -16 24 19 44 14 48 41 40 37 48 44 76 79 75 85 80 56080 SHANG 35 103 6 -21 24 10 34 IS 38 37 31 40 47 36 87 84 77 87 81 56137 SHANG 31 97 9 -15 39 26 66 51 53 37 40 36 32 35 74 31 67 30 65 56146 SBANG 32 lOO 7 -18 51 45 67 39 59 50 42 44 45 53 90 87 78 83 78 56294 SHANG 31 104 4 -21 30 23 49 24 63 38 38 45 42 31 86 81 56 81 59 56571 SHANG 28 102 4 -19 46 41 38 30 53 38 34 40 35 29 89 89 79 89 82 56691 SHANG 27 104 2 -20 21 39 45 41 ss 37 36 30 42 35 91 87 77 71 70 56739 SHANG 25 98 6 -IS 66 61 82 64 82 38 37 46 32 38 90 83 77 ss 87 56778 SHANG 25 103 2 -18 49 47 67 48 73 39 37 37 39 33 86 84 80 89 ss 56964 SHANG 23 101 2 -16 83 77 101 59 88 43 40 38 33 36 80 87 74 84 77 56985 SHANG 23 103 1 -18 61 68 73 66 86 31 39 31 37 33 83 82 73 88 79 57036 SHANG 34 109 1 -26 27 32 so 25 49 40 39 38 37 46 84 84 71 86 81 57083 SHANG 35 114 -2 -30 38 17 25 25 ss 41 33 53 45 38 84 84 75 78 71 57127 SHANG 33 107 2 -24 so 30 48 25 ss 36 36 41 38 40 83 87 74 86 76 57178 SHANG 33 113 -2 -29 Sl 28 47 25 19 37 39 33 42 42 82 79 68 72 76 57447 SIJANG 30 109 -1 -25 39 25 37 30 52 34 33 33 33 43 87 87 77 85 77 57461 SHANG 31 111 -2 -27 29 21 22 16 59 42 31 35 32 32 85 87 78 86 81 57494 SJJANG 31 114 -4 -29 39 33 53 36 46 38 41 47 36 35 91 85 79 86 83 57516 SHANG 30 106 1 -23 60 31 72 49 99 44 43 ss 36 41 83 86 78 89 83 57679 SHANG 28 113 -s -2s 67 45 59 57 85 35 33 43 40 41 85 81 68 78 41 57749 SHANG 28 110 -3 -25 so 60 61 so 66 38 44 34 43 43 83 88 76 91 84 57816 SHANG 27 107 -1 -22 56 35 52 39 52 42 41 56 39 44 85 81 75 87 80 57957 SHANG 25 110 -4 -25 45 62 77 67 81 39 43 33 36 43 88 87 79 86 84 57972 SJJANG 26 113 -6 -27 44 so 60 54 61 48 36 38 40 39 86 84 77 84 82 57993 SHANG 26 115 -7 -29 40 40 44 53 71 39 32 37 32 38 86 84 80 90 ss 58027 SHANG 34 117 -s -33 33 25 51 18 so 40 35 47 41 35 85 87 78 89 82 58150 SIJANG 34 120 -7 -35 47 53 60 47 54 38 45 39 27 31 79 88 78 91 83 58203 SJJANG 33 116 -4 -31 20 17 30 34 44 39 36 37 34 45 88 89 73 82 74 58238 SHANG 32 119 -7 -34 so 53 73 31 53 37 33 34 40 39 89 87 81 91 80 58367 SIJANG 31 121 -9 -36 37 29 6 32 34 20 83 85 32 58424 SHANG 31 117 . -6 -32 64 62 53 53 76 41 30 32 37 46 78 85 75 84 79 58457 SHANG 30 120 -9 -35 47 40 so so 53 37 31 32 31 33 90 87 80 91 ss 58606 SHANG 29 116 -7 -31 33 29 37 43 59 30 33 36 32 35 81 87 82 ss 86 58633 SIJANG 29 119 -9 -33 24 18 37 18 47 48 31 35 35 35 86 80 77 65 82 58666 SIJANG 28 122 -11 -36 42 45 39 39 40 23 83 74 41 58725 SIJANG 27 117 -8 -32 33 40 36 40 46 33 36 33 29 36 89 87 76 83 71 58847 SIJANG 26 119 -10 -33 38 37 56 19 56 41 35 39 35 32 87 86 80 90 78 58968 25 122 -13 -35 -27 -35 -43 -8 -7 80 34 30 so 62 73 82 80 85 80 59134 SIIANG 24 118 -10 -32 52 39 41 54 40 46 38 34 28 29 ss 82 71 80 73 592111 SIIANG 24 107 -1 -21 ss 60 52 57 66 39 38 42 35 36 86 78 77 90 86 59265 SIIANG 23 111 -6 -25 64 75 69 54 74 39 40 39 41 48 88 86 76 86 79 59287 SIIANG 23 113 -7 -27 69 46 96 57 76 36 39 42 33 35 85 88 79 88 80 59316 SHANG 23 117 -10 -30 28 53 67 56 36 52 53 44 47 58 82 85 73 85 84 59431 SIIANG 23 108 -3 -23 53 56 34 27 so 40 41 41 40 42 82 88 75 88 75 59758 SHANG 20 110 -6 -24 41 62 57 81 81 37 39 43 31 39 82 86 73 89 82 59981 SJJANG 17 112 -9 -24 48 108 85 88 85 48 42 18 37 59 68 62 22 54 52 60020 VRSSO 28 -16 71 35 -35 -10 -21 1 -29 20 24 21 20 17 88 80 75 87 80 60155 YES 34 -8 76 32 6 8 3 22 20 44 42 48 35 45 73 69 65 72 so 60191 YES 32 -6 77 34 14 34 17 4 37 6 60390 VRS80 37 3 77 30 -s 13 12 21 9 25 17 24 22 21 ss 65 72 81 70 60571 VRS80* 32 -2 80 35 1 2 11 21 13 47 36 23 29 35 51 68 54 86 83 60630 VRSSO 27 3 86 39 IS 34 -1 42 32 20 63 71 74 60680 VRSSO 23 6 88 44 -1 -6 -16 10 14 19 35 56 38 43 11 52 39 78 70 60715 VRS80 37 10 75 29 -7 2 -6 19 1 23 1 60760 VRS80* 34 8 79 33 -19 -1 -9 s -20 33 76 15 38 39 72 51 60 60 46 61052 VRS80 13 2 80 53 3 -2 -17 44 3 16 12 16 21 17 75 59 64 82 64 61223 VRSSO 17 -3 81 so 44 2~ 52 48 20 20 24 25 68 38 45 60 61291 VRS80 13 -8 74 53 -6 27 11 36 28 32 14 13 19 IS 72 80 73 60 69 61415 VRS80 21 -17 71 42 4 58 19 17 66 61 61641 VRS80 IS -18 68 47 -24 -4 -28 -4 -8 21 22 17 13 24 86 77 78 72 79 61901 VRS80 -16 -6 so 79 -4 -6 -6 19 23 29 19 24 21 17 82 61 48 84 77 61902 YSS* -8 -14 54 68 -32 -20 -14 -s -4 26 26 18 22 39 44 39 22 44 49 61967 VRS80 -7 72 16 21 -31 -s IS 1 7 IS 17 37 16 6 62 71 37 11 3 61996 VRS80 -38 78 -2 25 -1 41 11 27 16 13 24 25 23 20 17 53 73 59 68 61998 VRS80 -49 70 -4 32 s 39 -10 46 I9 25 28 26 34 25 I4 so 67 56 72 62010 VRS80 33 I3 78 33 I 7 -I 32 -21 18 I4 19 28 19 54 26 52 51 62 62019 VRS80 3I I7 76 34 -15 8 -3 11 8 s IO 4 4 62053 VRS80 32 20 73 32 3 I7 4 16 IS 28 17 IS 22 62103 VRSSO 30 IO 81 36 -3 14 I I2 8 6 16 7 10 62124 VRSSO 27 I4 80 38 -1 -17 I8 22 13 22 62306 VIZ 31 27 68 31 32 -I20 90 160 23I 123 113 88 72 54 33 22 16 28 28 63741 VRS80* -1 37 so so -40 -26 -37 -8 -1 28 31 36 53 I7 79 83 69 66 66 63985 VRS80 -s 56 32 36 -33 1 -8 I4 -1 28 29 20 25 21 47 57 so 48 57 64650 VRS80 4 I9 66 58 -38 10 17 10 33 14 16 2 I8 I3 7 6 s I3

- '-t...J -

TABLE 3 : SUWARY OF ECWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-JULY,NOVEYBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100hPa (12Z NOMINAL TIME).

wwo SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] [OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUMBER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

64910 VRS80 4 10 70 62 -30 9 18 1 33 4 1 30 65578 VRS80 5 -4 70 61 30 41 23 40 41 28 40 32 35 43 60 84 73 64 81 67083 VRS80 -19 47 30 48 27 23 4 13 20 21 19 31 16 16 13 33 47 10 32 67197 VRS80 -25 47 26 50 54 22 37 30 77 29 31 29 19 28 5 10 10 10 31 67341 VRS80 -26 33 33 63 3 6 3 7 15 14 17 13 12 22 26 51 35 42 47 67586 WES73A -14 34 43 59 20 31 20 17 13 6 67666 VRS80 -15 28 44 65 -32 -IS -8 2 14 3L 13 2 4 18 47 2S 3 11 23 67774 VRS80 -18 31 41 63 67964 VRS80 -20 29 40 66 25 1 68174 VRS80 -24 29 37 65 15 2 20 -8 24 26 24 26 18 25 86 84 79 88 86 68240 VRS80* -24 26 38 69 -15 -8 -47 92 -3 11 50 59 127 62 10 44 24 34 17 68263 VRS80 -26 28 35 67 6 -3 2 4 3 21 14 15 21 13 88 87 82 90 87 68424 VRS80 -28 21 36 72 10 31 16 5 22 21 26 18 29 21 86 88 81 90 86 68442 VRS80 -29 26 33 68 25 21 28 4 14 23 37 26 16 19 92 88 82 84 87 68461 VRS80 -28 28 33 66 21 24 19 6 5 21 21 18 18 22 88 86 80 89 82 68512 VRS80 -30 18 35 75 -1 19 17 11 8 29 18 31 16 21 86 88 77 90 86 68588 VRS80 -30 31 31 64 20 32 23 10 29 28 20 22 19 19 91 89 82 87 85 68816 VRS80 -34 19 31 72 -7 7 -3 4 -1 27 33 20 17 19 90 88 70 87 83 68842 VRS80 -34 26 29 67 -4· 8 13 18 14 26 18 21 24 20 77 67 78 85 83 68906 VRS80 -40 -10 25 70 -33 -12 -22 12 3 29 28 19 26 21 90 85 80 89 ss 68994 VRS80 -47 38 13 53 -17 13 -5 5 -5 36 33 30 34 31 87 86 78 90 83 70026 VIZ 71 -157 6 -41 1 -2 -2 1 -14 15 28 17 17 18 88 82 76 83 81 70133 VIZ 67 -163 1 -45 -10 -16 -13 -3 -25 16 20 17 19 20 89' 82 78 83 83 70200 VIZ 65 -165 -2 -48 -29 -19 -17 -17 -32 18 31 18 17 17 88 76 80 86 80 70219 SDC 61 -162 -5 -51 -23 -13 -24 -9 -25 14 18 12 18 12 85 70 72 89 82 70231 SDC 63 -156 -2 -48 -16 -25 -24 -8 -26 11 16 11 12 19 90 83 78 86 81 70261 SDC 65 -148 1 -44 -7 -27 -13 -16 -33 15 17 12 14 22 85 80 82 85 82 70273 VIZ 61 -150 -3 -48 -13 -5 -17 -1 -20 30 23 16 32 19 91 89 80 90 81 70308 VIZ 57 -170 -9 -56 -22 -22 -34 -35 -54 27 27 24 22 38 85 83 77 81 80 70316 VIZ 55 -163 -11 -56 -34 -6 -31 -20 -49 20 26 36 23 24 87 78 77 81 79 70326 VIZ 59 -157 -6 -52 -23 -:11 -34 -13 -38 20 20 27 17 25 87 81 76 86 82 70350 VIZ 58 -153 -7 -51 -37 -20 -45 -28 -so 23 27 22 26 23 83 80 75 84 83 70361 VIZ 60 -140 -2 -45 -14 -11 -24 -21 -42 21 26 23 24 25 91 88 81 82 85 70398 VIZ ss -132 -3 -44 -10 -1 -14 1 -21 19 37 20 26 20 88 89 81 87 86 70414 wss 53 174 -14 -60 16 20 14 25 s 52 47 21 43 32 59 44 56 40 38 70454 VRS80* 52 -177 -IS -61 1 9 -3 3 -12 19 24 14 18 s 38 25 40 43 7 71043 VAL 65 -127 6 -37 -1 -4 -4. -s -11 17 19 14 27 13 76 74 70 86 85 71072 VIZB* 76 -119 IS -30 -1 -6 s 3 9 18 25 19 22 19 82 70 59 81 77 71081 VAL 69 -81 23 -19 9 -24 14 -20 4 17 20 17 22 17 79 61 53 79 82 71082 VAL 83 -62 26 -20 3 -10 11 -7 12 19 24 18 21 IS 74 70 79 83 64 71109 VRS80* SI -127 -4 -43 -38 -23 -16 38 -14 19 24 20 21 14 90 87 81 90 84 71115 VAL so -119 -1 -38 -9 -14 -22 -15 -10 19 27 18 21 17 84 84 75 88 80 71119 VAL 54 -114 4 -34 -12 -23 -17 -22 -18 17 22 19 18 19 80 72 79 85 78 71600 VAL 44 -60 35 2 7 -4 20 9 17 19 23 16 22 17 80 72 53 81 ss 71603 VIZB* 44 -66 30 -2 -12 -22 14 3 28 53 42 IS 17 14 87 83 80 86 81 71722 VAL 46 -76 24 -9 IS -12 IS -18 17 16 22 24 22 IS 72 SI ss 81 67 71801 VIZB* 48 -53 39 3 12 7 14 8 29 17 23 22 23 IS 85 85 73 88 82 71811 VAL so -66 30 -s 10 -11 14 -1 13 17 21 20 16 19 86 75 59 87 78 71815 VAL 49 -59 35 -1 19 6 23 13 23 28 22 17 25 17 57 78 78 86 84 71816 VAL 53 -60 34 -4 IS -2 18 -8 20 17 20 27 23 22 58 74 66 82 83 71823 VAL 54 -74 26 -11 20 -s 16 -7 24 14 21 IS 19 16 88 73 77 86 85 71836 VAL SI -81 21 -14 s -13 8 -16 8 16 18 16 17 16 90 66 81 85 84 71848 VAL 59 -90 18 -21 -7 -s 6 20 21 18 82 57 78 71867 VAL 54 -101 10 -27 11 -6 9 6 8 22 18 18 17 18 91 88 83 91 87 71896 VRS80 54 -123 -1 -39 -23 1 -4 -1 -35 13 21 13 18 13 90 74 77 91 86 71906 VAL 58 -68 29 -10 22 -11 12 -4 30 22 25 19 19 18 85 72 76 84 83 71907 VAL 58 -78 24 -IS 11 -17 24 -20 17 17 23 21 24 17 59 35 63 79 67 71909 VIZB* 64 -69 29 -13 6 -16 12 -21 4 29 16 14 22 17 73 65 83 87 83 71913 VAL 59 -94 16 -23 6 -6 6 -3 3 17 20 16 21 15 88 78 72 87 83 71915 VIZB* 64 -83 22 -19 -4 -4 -1 10 11 12 15 IS 16 16 86 63 68 67 82 71917 VAL 80 -86 23 -23 -4 -21 3 -14 3 18 18 23 20 16 66 58 75 85 74 71924 VAL 75 -94 20 -24 -10 -26 -9 -24 -9 19 20 21 27 22 73 64 77 86 ss 71925 VAL 69 -105 lS -28 -3 -16 -1 -1 1 19 19 17 20 16 59 74 56 74 78 71926 VAL 64 -96 17 -25 27 33 40 25 35 16 20 31 20 17 73 34 53 77 80 71934 VAL 60 -112 8 -32 -10 -24 -4 -17 -12 17 24 16 17 22 86 67 76 87 86 71945 VRS80 59 -123 3 -38 -16 3 -8 12 -24 12 16 12 19 12 87 74 80 90 84 71957 VAL 68 -133 7 -38 -10 -17 -7 -21 -7 16 17 14 17 17 78 73 67 88 82 71964 VIZB 61 -135 1 -43 -33 -29 -20 -7 -27 17 20 17 19 20 87 61 78 88 84 72201 VIZ 25 -82 13 -s 9 13 12 1 28 27 20 22 26 24 81 85 74 82 83 72203 VIZ 27 -80 lS -4 -7 12 11 2 24 34 22 26 22 18 86 84 82 84 84 72208 VIZ 33 -80 17 -7 s 8 10 7 25 35 17 18 19 22 89 89 80 89 79 72210 VIZ 28 -82 14 -6 3 8 8 -2 21 19 18 14 19 21 88 88 81 86 87 72213 VIZ 31 -82 IS -8 4 3 8 -1 19 19 24 I9 28 lS 86 87 78 80 82 72220 VIZ 30 -ss 12 -9 8 6 3 28 22 14 ss 74 38 72221 VRS80* 30 -87 11 -11 I4 74 -7 IO -16 23 27 14 16 25 41 17 40 37 46 72229 VIZ 33 -87 12 -I2 1 -6 6 -10 I2 20 IS 24 19 2I 89 79 80 83 77 72233 VIZ 30 -90 9 -I3 -I 6 10 1 15 30 IS 17 2I 23 86 76 77 81 82 72235 VIZ 32 -90 9 -I4 I -3 11 -4 IS 26 19 20 20 20 90 84 73 86 80 72240 VIZ 30 -93 6 -16 -12 1 -2 -2 9 38 18 16 38 20 90 88 75 84 81 72247 VIZ 32 -95 6 -18 -10 -IO -25 -17 -14 32 20 20 34 22 ss 84 80 81 80

- 40 -

TABLE 3 : SUMMARY OF ECYWF YONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 YONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-JULY,NOVEUBER-JANUARY (Units-Ueters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - lOOhPa ( 12Z NOMINAL TIUE),

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-PG BIAS 1 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992

[OB-PG ST.DEVIATION 1 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2

72250 VIZ 72260 SDC* 7226I SDC 72265 SDC 72270 SDC 72274 SDC 7229I VRS80* 72293 VIZ 72304 VIZ 72311 VIZ 723I7 VIZ 72327 VIZ 72340 VIZ 72349 VIZ 72363 SDC 72365 SDC 72374 SDC 72387 VRS80* 72393 uss 72402 VIZ 72403 VIZ 72407 VIZ 72425 VIZ 72429 VIZ 724SI VIZ 72456 VIZ 72469 VIZ* 72476 SDC 72486 SDC 72493 VIZ 72518 VIZ 72520 VIZ 72528 VIZ 72532 VIZ 72553 VIZ 72562 VIZ 72572 SDC 72576 SDC* 72583 VIZ 72597 VIZ 72606 VIZ 72637 VIZ 72645 VIZ 72654 VIZ 72655 VIZ 72662 VIZ 7268I SDC* 72694 VIZ 727I2 VIZ 72734 VIZ 72747 VIZ 72764 SDC* 72768 VIZ 72775 VIZ 72785 VIZ 72797.VIZ 74494 VIZ 74794 uss 76ISI VIZ 76225 VIZ 76256 VIZ 76394 VIZ 76458 VIZ 766I2 VIZ 76644 VIZ 76654 VIZ 76679 VIZ 76692 VIZ 76723 VIZ 780I6 VIZ 78073 VIZ 78367 78384 VIZ 78397 VIZ 78486 VIZ 78526 VIZ 78583 VIZ 7886I VIZ 78866 VIZ 78897 VRS80*

26 -97 32 -98 29 -IOI 32 -102 32 -106 32 -11I 33 -119 33 -117 35 -76 34 -83 36 -80 36 -87 35 -92 37 -94 35 -102 35 -107 35 -111 37 -116 35 -121 38 -75 39 -77 39 -75 38 -83 40 -84 38 -100 39 -96 40 -lOS 39 -109 39 -115 38 -I22 43 -74 4I -80 43 -79 41 -90 41 -96 41 -101 41 -112 43 -109 41 -ll8 42 -123 44 -70 43 -84 45 -88 44 -98 46 -94 44 -103 44 -116 45 -123 47 -68 46 -84 49 -93 47 -10I 48 -107 47 -Ill 48 -118 48 -125 42 -70 28 -81 29 -118 29 -106 28 -11I 26 -100 23 -105 21 -103 21 -90 19 -104 19 -99 19 -96 19 -111 32 25 20 19 18 18 . 18 IS I7 I8 I6

-65 -77 -75 -8I -77 -70 -66 -88 -62 -63 -62

1 -IS 3 -21

-I -22 -I -24 -3 -28 -7 -31

-12 -39 -10 -37

22 -4 IS -IO IS -8 I3 -I3

8 -I7 8 -I9 2 -24

-2 -28 -s -32 -7 -36

-I2 -40 22 -s 21 -7 23 -s I7 -11 16 -I2 4 -24 8 -2I 2 -28

-I -30 -s -Js

-11 -4I 24 -6 19 -IO 2I -10 I2 -I7 8 -21 s -25

-3 -33 I -3I

-6 -38 -8 -4I 27 -4 17 -13 15 -17

8 -24 11 -21 s -27

-3 -36 -6 -4I 29 -s IS -IS 13 -2I

7 -26 s -30 2 -33

-2 -37 -s -42 27 -3 16 -s

-I3 -37 -s -27 -9 -30 -2 -21 -7 -25 -7 -22 s -IO

-8 -22 -4 -I8 -1 -IS

-14 -28 30 s I7 -1 17 3 I2 -2 IS 22 25 s

29 28 29

2 8

11 -8 IS I4 16

-11 -14 -24 -27 -32 -39 -I6 -18

7 -3 s 2 s

-4 -17 -32 -38 -21 -51

24 9 4

-3 8

-18 -s

-14 -32 -44 -14

26 s

19 -I -s

-11 -33 -26 -30 -20

IS I2 16 -3 10

-I6 -31 -17

2I 13 -4 s

-6 -28 -2I .-I6

29 -26

2 -40 -29

4 -56 -43

s 10 -s

7 72

2 -I8 -40 -IS

7 11 11 -I

-38 -20

3

s -6 -IO 3 -IS -17 -7 -IS -21 -I3 -20 -IS -3I -12 -27 -35 -IS -27 -43 -2I

2 -21 4 9 I6 6

-I 2 -s 1 10 -3

-3 I -6 3 7 -s

-s s -3 -23 -9 -12 -28 -29 -I3 -2I -32 -9 -8 -32 -12

-32 -66 -I6 9 20 4 8 I7 I

-7 4 -4 -6 6 -I2 -2 4 -8 -2 -9 -s ·

2 6 I -I2 -13 -8 -17 -25 -9 -27 -41 -6 -8 -36 2

9 21 -1 -3 7 -14

3 I8 -1 3 10 -6

-1 1 -10 -8 -I2 -9

-28 -25 -16 -20 -18 -6 -12 -29 -4' -13 -25 2

I 10 2 3 8 -3 6 11 -2

-2 -1 -2 I s -s

-10 -12 -8 -23 -24 -I4 -12 -23 -3

8 21 1 -3 I4 -8

7 s -3 -13 18 -11

3 -6 -2 -19 -30 -20 -I3 -19 -9 -9 -19 -3

2 18 -13 -1 -13 -14 10 28 19

-IS -IO -I3 -23 -4 IS

I2 I4 23 -I4 -44 I

18 2 27 IS -14 -IS

-146 -6 -26 -I6 17 -37 -38

-18 -18 3 -I -4 -9 -6

-IO s 3 26 IS 44 36 IS 35 29 IS 30

7 -2 4 -29 -13 -3

I8 IO 37 21 10 -7

1 6

-7 -9

-18 -29

2 -9 38 I3 23 19 s

11 -14 -27 -29 -42 -42

29 18 16 16 19 -6 16

-13 -23 -27 -20

35 14 32 12

3 -9

-20 -18 -18 -16

22 20 16

2 14

-10 -26 -IS

29 23 IO 10 -s

-32 -19 -I6

26 -2

-11 -2I

39 26

I

-IO -58 -I

1 -7 -I

4

54 34 45 30 I4 s

I4 -I

33 27 21 23 22 17 I9 25 46 35 38 24 20 22 24 21 35 IS 26 26 I4 25 40 IS 30 36 22 I4 16 27 21 20 23 22 22 16 23 IS 18 28 17 35 30 28 17 23 I6 27 26 22 29 17 17 29 20 27 39 23 25 27 35 23 25 I8 29 36 21 30

8 43 23 21 25 23 I4 21 14 20 23 40

25 24 22 17 I9 20 28 24 34 17 22 IS 16 17 16 20 20 2I 35 30 20 22 I9 I7 3I 17 17 22 20 40 19 19 20 17 17 IS 20 24 21 25 21 18 IS 20 26 19 19 25 28 21 I7 IS 29 22 24 27 25 27 IS 24 39 28 21 34 26

16 25

19 29 12 33 31

7 29 19 26 27 43

33 22 21 2I IS 14 11 18 3I 21 IS 18 19 15 27 I7 20 34 20 20 18 21 I7 I6 IS 27 2I IS IS 19 21 16 IS 18 I7 17 I3 I8 I6 13 I7 22 18 20 22 17 19 18 I6 IS 20 16 16 IS IS 18 35 29 23 28 42 2I 2I 27 40

I9 16

I9 24

25 33 40 28 40

9 29 4I

26 2I 3I I9 23 23 36 22 19 16 I9 I9 2I 16 25 17 37 34 21 30 2I 25 19 18 26 20 20 IS 18 28 22 19 19 16 20 19 14 I4 19 22 31 16 25 17 22 22 19 39 17 22 19 13 19 23 19 30 28 39 s

31 52 19 28 23 29 90 23 19

31 27

35 30 24 20 28 27 30 I6

2I 16 19 22 20 16

2 20 3I I7 20 I9 16 19 IS 13 17 27 16 25 18 2{) 18 I9 IS 34 26 13 IS 32 28 I7 21 20 20 IS 14 I4 17 IS 20 19 26 20 I9 19 I4 17 I3 28 IS IS 32 24 16 I9 31 29

9 27 35 27 25

36 43 I2 24

4 IS 29

9 24 24 27 3I 27 3I IS

[ NUMBER OF OBS. 1 90 90/I 9I 9I/2 92

88 80 69 73 84 90 85 82 73 73 86 82 82 88 80 84 SI 78 85 60 86 86 80 88 SI 88 90 7I 63 76 23 Il 6 7 3 88 89

8I 75 86 82 67 77 82 8I

86 87 76 86 79 89 86 81 88 82 89 83 80 83 79 88 84 80 87 84 87 87 79 85 SI 87 75 82 69 78 87 8I 81 85 87 37 48 40 35 39 86 67 88 88 89 89 86 88 83 88 90

.82

84 84

84 79 9I 79 Sl IS 32 14 80 75 84 82 83 80 83 78 86 79 85 81 83 78 75 82 89 75 89 SI 82 82 81 79 84 83 89 84 87 82 86 85 81 80 84 85 86 68 83 77 82 77 87 84 88 80 83 80

88 85 75 82 80 86 83 79 84 83 87 80 82 88 82 88 87 76 88 82 88 88 83 90 83 84 79 77 69 80 88 82 77 87 84 59 6I 68 59 67 89 89 79 37 71 ss 86 80 84 82 91 85 78 82 81 87 82 78 85 SI 89 89 82 88 80 84 88 82 83 73 88 85 8I 86 83

53 83 71

86 85 72 87 89 89 83 65 89 82 78 86 90 89 80 82 79 92 83 79 89 82 85 84 77 83 8I 88 85 80 78 77 84 76 74 82 78 88 84 78 '84 80 82 83 77 70 73 85 84 78 79 77 80 75 80 75 63

I3 30 I7 14 4 73 65 57 65 72 65 60 46 37 59 69 69 52 31 70 59 7I 43 57 58 IO 36 36 46 63 75 53 56 7I 33 7I 57

38 73 44 44 6I 37 4I

63 69 37

4 81 72 73 29 35 66 57 11 56 58 65 47 72 72 s 6 37

87 83 78 I7 52 ss 36 26 I7 79 58 68 46 38 66

9 so 73 73 68

67 7 72 79 36 I9 79 77 54 56 45 38 79 68 77 SI

- 4/ -

TABLE 3 : SUNMARY OF ECUWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES KAY-JULY,NOVEWBER-JANUARY (Units-Ueters)

GEOI'OTENTIAL HEIGHT- lOOhPa (12Z NOMINAL TIME),

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] [OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2

7S9S4 VIZ 7S970 VIZ 7898S VIZ 80001 VIZ 80222 VIZ 80413 VRS80 81405 VRS80* 82193 VRS80* 82332 VRS80 82397 VRS80 82900 VRS80 S3208 VRS80 83746 VIZB* 83780 VRS80 83840 VIZB* 83971 VIZB* 84628 VIZ 85201 VIZ 85442 VRS80* SS469 Vlt880* 85543 VRS80* 85799 VRS80* 85934 VRS80* 86218 VIZ 87047 VRS80* S71SS VRS80* 87344 VRS80* 87418 VRS80* 87576 VRS80* 87623 VRS80* 87715 VRS80 87748 87860 VRS80 88889 VRS80 89001 VRS80 89002 VRS80 89009 VIZ 89022 AIR* 89050 YET 89055 VRS80 89512 YET 89532 UEISEI 89542 YET 89564 VRS80 89571 VRS80 89592 YET 89606 YET 89611 VRS80 89642 VRS80 89657 89664 VIZ 91066 VIZ 91165 VIZ 91217 VIZ 91245 VIZ 91285 VIZ 91334 VIZ 9134S VIZ 91366 YSS 91376 VIZ 91408 VIZ 91413 VIZ 91557 VRS80 9IS92 VRS80* 91610 VRS80 91643 VRS80 91680 VRS80 91765 91925 VRS80* 91938 VRS80* 91944 VRS80* 91952 VRS80* 91958 VRSSO* 93012 VRS80 93417 VRS80 93844 VRS80 93944 VRS80 93986 VRS80 93997 VRS80 94120 VRS80

13 -59 11 -61 12 -69 13 -82 s -74

10 -68 s -52

-1 -48 -3 -60 -4 -39 -8 -35

-13 -60 -23 -43 -24 -47 -26 -49 -30 -51 -12 -77 -17 -6S -23 -70 -27 -109 -33 -72 -41 -73 -53 -71 -2s -ss -25 -65 -27 -59 -3I -64 -33 -69 -35 -59 -37 -64 -39 -68 -39 -62 -46 -68 -s2 -ss -70 -2 -71 -8 -90 I -76 -27 -62 -59 -64 -57 -71 12 -69 40 -68 46 -68 63 -69 78 -67 93 -78 107 -'66 Ill -67 140 -70 159 -78 167

28 -177 22 -159 14 145 19 167 20 -lSS

7 152 7 158 9 168 7 I71 7 134 9 138

-18 168 -22 166

1 173 -9 I79

-18 177 -14 171 -10 -139 -I8 -ISO -IS -141 -22 -139 -28 -144 -37 173 -41 175 -46 168 -53 169 -44 -177 -29 -178 -12 131

29 19 27 19 20 12

9 1 13 10 21 14 33 30 34 36 23 26 41 46 41 SI 18 30 25 48 22 45 19 43 IS 42

3 14 9 24 4 24

-30 -7 -1 25 -6 26

-10 28 13 36

7 29 11 35 s 31 1 27 7 36 2 32

-2 29 3 34

-4 30 -3 36 -4 43 -4 42

-23 23 -11 36 -9 34 -9 34 -4 42 -6 39 -6 38

-11 33 -16 27 -21 21 -25 20 -28 14 -39 s -42 4 -35 12 -38 -ss -42 -73 -37 -53 -44 -75 -42 -69 -46 -57 -Sl -62 -54 -70 -57 -71 -33 -41 -35 -45 -74 -47 -74 -42 -63 -66 -7s -ss -82 -49 -75 -SI -52 -40 -64 -41 -57 -35 -56 -31 -61 -30 -73 -29 -71 -25 -64 -19 -59 -13 -69 -23 -S4 -37 -39 -2S

1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992

4 20 21 -7 35 9 -2 32 -I

57 21 -28 14 7

-28 s -2 3S 64 20 39 57 56 -6 I7

-59 -25 44 41 75 13 33 27 I7 40 8 IS 29 s

7 38 31

-80 40 -40 -40 -10 -3I

-12 -57 -ss

s

-30

-3S

-9 -19 -9

-13 -40 -13 -22 -s

I6 7 -9 -I7 -6 -SI 36 74

-SI 5 -25 2 -22

-3 -42 IO -26

-23 -I6

76 26 -29

14 -10 . 37 -16 -7 -8 18 17

lS

31 33 29 16 20 18 16 77

2 10 -13 -s

6 3 62 44 25 83 13 54

-42 1 84

62 18 1 -21

3S 9 37 28

34 -2 6 12 -6

20 13 -10 -23 -3 -10 62 s 13 -29 25 14

6 11 42 2 31 -1

1 -15 17 -6 33 10

6 -20 13 1 6S -I 2I s 0

29 -13

-s IS 6 3 4 -2 7 30

-27 13 -13 ts -s -s 65 11 49

7 I7 17 8 S 23 IS 9 7 11 -s 36

-I -2 -4 7 I3 4 -12 -3

-I6 72 34 s -17 -35 I -17 -3 6 -II I8 1

-25 12 -6 21 6 -2I 21 -7 9 -12 -26 -4 -28 -3 -13 -36 IS I IS s -26 4 -4 IS 13 -94 -38 -49 -32 -32 -I9 2I 8 32 19 -30 2 -26 8 -6 -I3 11 -s 17 6

7 12

-IO 10 -6

1 I9 1 -4 -24 -4

-22 16 -2 -34 6 -IS

-24 2 -16

-s 2

33 12

12 3 16 -2 10 -7 4 7

9 -2

22 24 26

33

37 40 38

6 IS 32 39 43 37 31

27 21

26 31 45 so

36

49

8 69 s

3I 23 13

8 34

4 8

24 31

23 13

6 27

8 36 24 22 24 19 2I 31 19 20 22 24

18

24 27 31 29

I3

14 24 31 40 43

43 30 39

59 26 46 33 34

49 17

19 22 36 88

23 37 40 so

77

27 23

3 12 25

37

21 33

25 11

27

11 40 36 26 29 24 22 38 25 22 25 21

35

27 6

29 30

19

21 24 25 33 30

32 12 38

3 62 17 24 38 29 33

64 25

32 29 36 54 31 29

6 47 35 40 24 53 33 26 22 19

21

9 23 23 30 I8 20 11 17 24

14 43 22 20 24 25 30 30 32 25 58 29

32

23 17 20 26

12

28 33 28 26 21 35 12 34 14 20 39

24 14 20 20

67 18

17 30 36 41 25 24 35 43 31 29 25 28 32 23 25 18

6 24

35 8

17 27 23 18 33 s

24

36

27 33 35 27 24 26 32 21 41 23

1

30

IS 20 17 21

19

27 29 35 12 20 26

8 Sl 38 so 57 52

8 33 s

24 42 14 22

23 23 34 21 42 24 33 35 23 25 25 28 23 20 27 21

24

10

23

26 23

25

12

25 31 30 27 23 34 25 20 35 20

36

14 20 17 26

10

[ NUMBER OF OBS. ] 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

74 51 60 6S 71 81 73 73 77 76 85 70 79 73 65

44 29 24 3 ss 31 54 29 33

60 61 49 30 40 24 I3 74 66 20 69 65 73 77 45 13 70

3 2 8 45 6 17 IS 41

26 29 18 40 78 75 70 49 20 76 77 63 16 71 82 74 71 42 14 82 80 74 45 74

35 22 62 65 so 16 80 63 SI 74 62

89 79 87 80 ss 72 64 25

71 ss 75 66 84 65 52 69 58 42 54 IS

75

68 54 63 48 64 59 53 25 4 46 52 52 45 44 51

76 75 61 74 76 54 74 76

s 63 73 74 71 69 ss 62 29

3 63 80 73 88 83 S2 90 85 78 71 70 71 78 4 4 21 87 76 2 10 23

59 80 66 45 60

2 74 11 86 82 S3 86

76 84 13 16 10 34 79

1 14 39 26 14 7 72 87 65 74 90 33 89 74 71 84 80

9 23 13 7 72 86 81

5 7 2 29 3 8S S1 77 84 78 82 88 84 74 75 68 80 82 76 59 79 75 67 8S 76 76 ss 76 6S 65 63 76 57 68 73 58 73 57 SS IS 6S 75 67 69 74 57 73 69 53 56 52 62 49 64 69 67 77 68

1 2 1 l

75 75 56 54 69

70 S6 so 11 72 79 76 32

so 90 83 79 6S S4 Sl S4 so 63 53 74

79 74 70 so 79

- 4:::, -

TABLE 3 : SUNNARY OF ECYWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES UAY-JULY,NOVBYBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT- 100hPa (12Z NOMINAL TIUE).


[OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] 1990 90/1 I991 91/2 1992 NO. (-=8) (-=W) 1 2

94150 VRSSO 94203 VRSSO 94294 VRS80 94299 VRSSO 94302 VRS80 943I2 VRS80 94326 VRS80 94332 VRSSO 94380 VRSSO 94403 VRSSO 9446I VRSSO 94510 VRS80 94527 VRS80 9457S VRS80 946IO VRS80 94637 VRS80 94638 VRS80 94646 VRS80 94659 VRSSO 94672 VRSSO 94711 VRS80 94750 VRS80 94776 VRSSO 94S02 VRS80 94S21 VRS80 94865 VRS80 '949IO VRS80 94975 VRS80 94995 VRS80 94996 VRS80 9499S VRS80 96035 96237 96315 VRS80 964I3 VRS80 9644I VRS80 96471 VRS80 964S1 VRS80 96749 96935 96996 VRS80 970I4 97072 971SO 97560 DBBB VRSSO DBLK. VRSSO BREA UARS BREB UARS BREC MARS BRED UARS BREI UARS BRES UARS ERET MARS EREU UARS FNOR VRS80 FNOU VRSSO FNPB VRSSO FNRS VRSSO GACA VRSSO JBOA UEISEI JCCX VRSSO JDWX VRS80 LADB2 VRS80 LDWR VRS80 OVYA VRS80 UJFO VRS80 UMAY MARS UYFW MARS UPUI MARS UUQR MARS UWEC MARS UZGB MARS VPBA VRSSO VSBV3 VRS80 ZCSK VRS80

-12 -IS -I9 -I6 -22 -20 -24 -2I -24 -29 -25 -26 -29 -27 -32 -31 -34 -3I -3I -35 ~3I

-35 -33 -35 -38 -38 -35 -43 -32 -29 -54

4 -2

5 1 3 6 4

-6 -7

-I2 2

-I -5 -1

I37 -44 -33 122 -33 -18 I47 -ss -35 150 -58 -39 II4 -26 -9 119 -30 -I4 134 -45 -23 I39 -49 -29 151 -60 -34 liS -29 -7 I2S -40 -I9 I46 -56 -29 150 -59 -29 153 -62 -32 116 -30 -6 121 -35 -10 122 -35 -9 128 -40 -15 137 -4S -20 I39 -49 -18 146 -56 -25 ISl -59 -24 152 -60 -27 1I8 -32 -5 14I -51 -17 I45 -54 -I9 147 -56 -23 148 -54 -16 159 -67 -31 168 -75 -36 I59 -54 -10

99 -3 -7 106 -12 -12 115 -I7 -22 110 -15 -17 113 -I6 -20 116 -IS -24 liS -20 -25 107 -14 -10 113 -20 -15

97 -8 I I25 -2S -30 120 -24 -25 120 -26 -22 I36 -39 -39

-I3 4 -16 -24 -I4 -7

-I7 7 -I6 -13 -2 -8

-3 -6

-24 4 3 -5 5 -9

10 7 13

14 3 2

-I2 10 -4 -5 4 -1 -2 s 2

8 25 13 -5 2 2

-23 -2 10 24 -7

-22 12 -1 2

-40 3 -7

-48 -31 -29 -21 17 -7 -39 -10 -21 -21 17 -8

-10

-s

-8 -13 -6 9 I9 3

17 18 27 -5

I4 35 -9 -4 25 I2 -I

2

-1 3I -24 -I7 4 -33 -2I -5 -24 -22 -IO -12 -7 -7 -4 12 4

-I4 -5 -IO -2S -s -22 -IS 5 -4

I I4 -I9 -34 -11

23 -3 I2 I

33 54 32 37

9 33 5 -19

-5 -4 -IO 1

-4 s -3 13 -1 9 34 3S

11 -2 -1 11

I -3 6

3

6 9 7 9

6 12

1 2

I3 3 11 5 IS 9

6 -3 11 -4 10 2

9 2 10 4 IS 6

I -6

-2 -I7 I3 4 10 -1 31 11 29 6 -5 -31

8 IO

-109 5 I9

26 14

7

·I2

-3 5 I3 3 12 -3

2 21 5 2

-5 -5 -I -2 -I -7

6 -s -31 -9 -9 12

-1

-I I3 -2 5

29 11

14 I4

IS s

22

35

IO I7 9

I7 s

2I 47 26

29

22 2I 26 2S

23 14 I6 11

25 9

25 11 I4 I6 2S 17 IS 14

9 14 I4 IS

23 I2 I7 I4

7 IO 16

20 I6 17

I4 I7

13 I3 I2

s 7

19

IS

24 18 12

2I 16 16

IS

22

20 27 34 27

52

26 27 22

22 19

29 27 27 22 18 11

7 s

29 16 I6

27 29 27 I2 IS 14 14 IO 2I

9 14

15 11 IS

10 9

IS

3

9 I7 I4

13 13 IS IS 17 20

2S

21 20 29 21

s

IS 11 30

12

22 26 IO 14 I6 13 11 IS

4 I6 IS 12

IO 13 27

IO 11

I6 14

I4 7

14

6

I4 I4 I2

9 14 I7 I2 IS 14

I6

s 34 20 24 19

7

12

21 3I

20

13 I6 20 16 16 11 9

I9 29 I7 10

s

18 I6

13 I4

12

7

IS 10

16

4

11 I7 IO

6 I3 I3 11 17 11

27

I2 2I I7 22 IS 40

10

7S 20 21

6

17 IS I7 29 10 s 7 s

20 12 I4

27 17

[ NUUBER OF OBS. ] 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

22 23 22 24 23 20 1S 17 2I I6

26 2S 20 IS

8

27 27 20 22 IS

21

s

20 I2 20 24 2I IO 4 IS I7 10

ss S4 79 ss S3

24 21 s I7 9

19 17 ss so

19 25 2I 76 S4 SI 19 24 22 6 9

22 2I IS 22 s 9 24 22 24 20

S6 ss 77 ss S2 II 24 25 25 S2 81 so S6 SI

17 25 23

81 S4 70 7S 76

54 75 26 10 25 59 66 54 46 63 61 76 57 67 78 70 71 52 74 62

68 68 43 3 47

2S S7 69

29 65 69 54 52 46 30 54 33 29 40

8 I7 3I 12

15 I7

6 9

9 23 22 22 36 21

29 22 26 22 27 3S 30 2S

22

35 35 40 27 69 20 2I

9 23

23 49

9 5

IS 26 I7

20 22

S2 70 24 22 s 20

I4 s

32 37 2S 37 35 40 34 3S 79 69 IS IS IS 18 11 I4

36 32 36 77 70 ss IS IS IO

29 77 I9

7 2I 23 IS 23

9 10

5

18 35 46 47 16 25 28 40

38 17

- 49 -TABLE 4 : SUWAB.Y OF ECWF UONITORING STATISTICS 1990-I992

3 UONTHLY AVERAGES UAY-IULY,NOVEUBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters) GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100-30hPa (OOZ NOMINAL TIME).

1fMO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] [08-FG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUIOIER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) (-=11') 1 2 I990 90/1 I99I 9I/2 1992 I990 90/I 1991 91/2 I992 90 90/I 9I 91/2 92

01001 VRS80 71 -9 4 -42 6 21 6 23 4 19 60 37 29 29 82 53 75 35 64 OI028 VRS80 75 19 9 -37 6 18 IS I7 13 20 4I 20 22 2I 80 49 80 60 79 01152 VRS80 67 I4 2 -44 23 7 -6 -IO -7 36 26 22 20 19 58 60 72 46 66 01241 VRS80 64 10 -2 -48 -11 8 -11 -I -::!§ 20 29 IS 33 27 83 68 57 46 63

··-· 01384 VRS80 60 11 -S -SI -9 12 -9 9 -s 19 31 14 28 19 87 72 66 60 73 01415 VRS80 59 6 -7 -53 -12 8 -7 7 3 18 28 13 27 13 80 77 62 54 61 02185 VRS80 66 22 2 -43 2 9 -10 17 17 16 10 6 23 02365 VRS80 63 17 -2 -47 -3 14 -4 2 -4 18 32 16 36 lS 57 54 62 47 58 02465 VRS80 59 18 -s -49 -s 12 12 3 13 23 33 16 59 22 45 56 02527 VRS80 58 12 -7 -52 7 19 11 10 -I 25 18 32 27 16 ss 19 42 SI 68 02591 VRS80 58 18 -6 -so -3 30 -6 44 -2 22 16 lS 45 18 IS 13 26 23 27 02836 VRS80 67 27 4 -41 I 11 3 2 1 27 28 18 14 22 88 so 83 21 82 02935 VRSSO 62 26 -I -45 -s 16 -1 4 -s 16 34 20 19 16 64 ss 77 37 74 02963 VRS80 61 24 -2 -46 -2 19 1 6 -s 16 29 I4 3I IS 9I 68 81 38 76 03005 VRS80 60 -I -6 -53 4 8 -1 1 7 I7 32 20 26 IS 81 69 82 47 80 03026 VRS80 58 -6 -9 -ss -1 10 -s 7 -1 I9 3I 16 30 19 83 75 83 45 84 03170 VRS80 56 -3 -10 -57 -1 14 I 22 32 16 90 76 83 03213 VRS80 54 -3 -12 -59 03240 VRS80 ss -2 -11 -ss 1 22 71 03322 VRS80 54 -3 -13 -59 2 9 -1 20 -3 IS 30 16 21 I7 90 72 82 12 72 03496 VRS80 53 2 -14 -60 1 3 -I s -1 12 28 IS 23 14 87 71 81 64 80 03502 VRS80 52 -s -IS -6I 03693 VRS80 52 1 -IS -6I 03743 VRS80 SI -2 -IS -62 03774 VRS80 51 -I -IS -61 1 14 6 9 -1 IS 37 20 22 18 90 80 79 62 74 03808 VRS80 so -s -I6 -63 4 7 4 IO 2 IS 26 I7 27 I7 90 80 82 87 86 03920 VRS80 54 -6 -12 -59 2 16 1 s 3 I7 25 19 . I7 21 86 80 81 SI 80 03953 VRS80 52 -10 -IS -61 3 7 I 10 8 16 32 17 26 lS 36 54 76 59 78 04018 VRS80 64 -23 -2 -48 -9 -23 1 7 3 20 43 16 25 19 88 41 74 28 61 04202 wss 77 -69 16 -29 101 108 19 59 103 18 34 40 35 04220 VRS80 69 -53 8 -37 24 45 20 18 12 23 so 20 40 16 91 49 83 67 84 04270 VR880 61 -45 -I -45 11 16 10 11 -3 24 Sl 21 40 19 83 64 82 60 86 04320 VRS80 77 -19 10 -36 -9 17 7 -8 13 I4 29 17 32 20 89 20 81 31 86 04339 VRS80 70 -22 4 -42 -4 16 9 -7 1 18 46 19 25 17 90 46 78 58 86 04360 VRS80 66 -38 2 -44 9 22 11 I -3 24 47 20 38 18 88 57 78 49 84 06011 VRS80 62 -7 -s -s1 -I 17 -2 s s 16 38 16 28 18 81 60 80 47 71 06181 VRS80 56 13 -9 -54 8 16 I 3 2 19 35 20 25 11 89 79 80 71 83 06260 VRS80 52 s -14 -59 1 8 -2 3 -1 18 31 20 24 lS 90 80 82 84 82 06447 VRS80 SI 4 -IS -.6I 4 IS 2 4 6 17 24 20 24 19 84 61 66 68 59 06476 VR880 so s -16 -61 22 18 4 7 4 17 28 23 26 27 87 79 76 79 78 06610 WL-SR* 47 7 -19 -63 9 7 3 IS 1 34 35 25 62 31 70 68 68 58 68 07110 VRS80* 48 -4 -18 -65 -32 24 12 16 16 66 25 14 25 10 so 25 31 53 16 07145 VRS80 49 2 -17 -63 8 20 6 16 4 16 30 18 28 18 66 52 61. 61 77 07180 VRS80 49 6 -17 -62 7 22 49 07481 VRS80* 46 s -20 -65 -18 16 11 IS 8 42 34 28 25 16 so 41 44 64 19 07·510 VRS80 45 -1 -22 -67 4 10 7 16 s 18 25 14 24 IS 74 73 76 69 76 07645 VRS80 44 4 -22 -67 7 8 8 8 6 18 25 17 25 23 61 ss 54 66 56 07761 VRS80* 42 9 -23 -66 -35 12 8 7 -3 56 45 2I 24 IS 52 47 40 48 25 08001 VRS80 43 -8 -23 -70 26 31 28 34 29 16 27 I9 25 20 84 65 69 44 76 08023 VRS80 43 -4 -23 -69 7 2 4 6 26 26 I7 20 53 45 I2 72 08221 VRS80 40 -4 -26 -72 23 27 27 29 31 21 28 16 28 25 88 84 SI 88 79 08302 VRS80 40 3 -26 -73 08430 VRSSO 38 -1 -28 -74 23 24 30 33 3I I8 36 21 24 2I 79 80 82 64 65 08495 VRS80 36 -s -3I -77 -12 -4 7 •3 6 24 29 27 28 16 86 73 77 84 80 08508 VRS80* 39 -27 -25 -68 24 I3 16 08522 VRS80 33 -17 -33 -78 -30 -s I4 33 23 18 22 3I 69 08579 VRS80 39 -9 -28 -75 26 20 6 35 25 14 57 SI 79 08594 VIZ I7 -23 -47 -75 09184 VRS80* 54 13 -11 -ss -I6 -3 -22 2 45 42 54 IS 82 49 65 85 09393 VRS80t 52 14 -12 -56 -23 -17 -23 -1 35 30 42 21 82 ss 77 87 09486 VRS80* Sl 14 -13 -57 1 18 84 09548 WARS 51 10 -IS -59 -25 -30 -20 -16 41 53 37 36 83 54 71 81 10035 VRS80* ss 10 -11 -56 -24 3 -4 6 2 26 27 IS 22 IS 88 62 58 47 64 I0338 VRS80* 52 IO -I3 -ss -16 2 -4 -s 6 28 24 20 27 16 87 57 66 52 71 10384 VRS80* 52 13 -I2 -56 104IO VRS80* SI 7 -I4 -59 -I4 2 -I 3 1 19 29 17 23 17 84 71 70 66 83 10739 VRS80* 49 9 -I6 -61 -8 -s -2 -2 s 19 24 23 22 14 86 69 70 63 SI 10868 VRS80* 48 12 -I6 -60 -10 -s 1 -4 1 IS 22 22 21 IS 87 70 69 62 SI 11035 ELIN 48 16 -Is -ss -40 -26 -35 -19 -36 23 33 24 28 25 76 74 80 66 84 11520 VRS80* so 14 -I4 -58 -13 -I I -9 I 44 45 3I 28 16 82 62 68 53 73 11952 VRS80* 49 20 -I4 -56 -27 I -9 -3 s 30 47 31 22 IS 84 75 72 71 79 12120 VRS80* ss 18 -9 -53 -2 25 16 3 32 74 45 12 10 21 45 67 12330 WARS 52 17 -11 -ss 20 12 99 10 40 43 28 20 27 6 8 10 12374 VRS80* 52 21 -IO -53 -8 3I IO s 2 48 56 40 33 34 76 ss 53 3I 71 I242S VRS80* SI 17 -I3 -56 -18 24 so 79 86 130 25 22 19 12843 VRS80 47 19 -IS -57 1 4 3 -I 4 39 6I 19 25 18 69 56 73 66 66 I2982 WARS 46 20 -16 -57 2 -10 -6 -21 17 SI 51 58 6I 59 80 72 68 50 64 13I30 VIZ 46 16 -IS -60 -8 -20 33 39 40 62 I3275 VRS80 45 21 -17 -ss -17 -1 -5 5 34 20 32 17 42 69 76 81 15120 VRS80• 47 24 -IS -55

- ;.;u -

TABLE 4 : SUUYARY OF ECUWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES UAY-JULY,NOVEUBER-JANUARY (Units-Ueters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100-30hPa (OOZ NOUINAL THO!).

WUO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE NO. (-=8) (-=W) 1 2

[ OB-PG BIAS ] 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992

[OB-PG ST.DBVIATION ] 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992

IS420 VRS80* 15480 A-22 15614 YAKS IS730 MARS 16044 VR880 16080 VR880 16144 VR880 16245 VRS80 16320 VRS80 16429 VRS80 16560 Vll.S80 16622 VRS80* 16716 VRSSO 16754 VRS80 17030 VRS80* 17062 VRSSO* 17130 VR880* 17220 VRSSO* 17240 VRS80* 17280 VRSBO* 17352 VRSBO* I7607 VIZ 20046 IOlZ 20069 YAKS 20107 URZ* 20274 YAKS 20292 IOlZ 20353 MARS 20674 MARS 20744 MARS 20891 IOlZ 21432 MARS 21504 IOlZ 21647 YAKS 21824 IOlZ 21965 MARS 21982 MARS 22Il3 IOlZ 22217 IOlZ 22271 MARS 22522 A-22 22550 IOlZ 22802 A-22 23022 IOlZ 23146 A-22 23205 URZ* 23330 MARS 23418 MARS 23472 URZ* 23552 MARS 23804 IOlZ 23884 URZ* 23921 IOlZ 23933 YAJlS 23955 IOlZ 24125 URZ* 24266 URZ* 24343 IOlZ* 24507 URZ* 24641 YRZ* 24688 IOlZ 24817 URZ* 24908 MARS 24944 YRZ* 24959 IOlZ 25123 IOlZ 25173 MARS 25399 IOlZ 25551 MARS 25563 MARS 25594 MARS 25677 IOlZ 25703 YRZ* 25913 MARS 25954 URZ* 26038 YAJlS 26063 IOlZ 26258 MARS 26298 IOlZ 26422 MARS

45 26 44 29 43 23 42 25 46 13 45 9 45 11 42 12 4I 18 38 I3 39 9 41 23 38 24 35 25 41 36 41 29 40 33 38 27 38 31 38 40 37 35 35 33 SI 58 80 77 78 I4 78 82 78 l04 77 69 74 80 72 53 72 102 76 138 75 113 73 144 72 129 7I I62 71 -I79 69 33 67 32 68 44 65 35 65 41 62 31 70 62 69 74 68 53 67 67 65 57 66 88 65 78 62 SI 62 90 61 60 6I 69 60 78 69 112 68 133 67 123 64 IOO 64 122 63 143 61 108 60 102 60 20 62 130 69 161 69 -179 66 -170 65 170 65 178 64 -173 63 179 63 152 60 151 60 166 59 25 6'0 30 58 28 ss 34 57 24

-16 -ss -15 -53 -18 -57 -18 -56 -18 -61 -20 -63 -20 -63 -23 -65 -22 -62 -26 -67 -26 -68 -20 -ss -22 -59 -24 -58 -14 -48 -17 -54 -16 -SI -20 -56 -19 -54 -14 -46 -Is -so -20 -52

19 -27 22 -24 12 -34 23 -22 27 -18 20 -26 22 -23 14 -31 28 -16 35 -11 30 -15 38 -8 36 -9 42 -4 42 -s

7 -38 s -39 9 -35 4 -40 s -38 I -43

IS -29 18 -24 11 -32 IS -27 11 -31 23 -18 19 -22

7 -35 24 -16 10 -30 14 -26 IS -22 32 -11 40 -s 37 -7 29 -13 38 -s 46 1 33 -9 30 -10 -3 -48 42 -2 44 -2 44 -2 46 -1 49 2 48 2 48 1 so 3 48 3 SI S 53 6 -3 -47 -1 -44 -4 -46 -2 -44 -6 -49

11 20 6 7

31 23 14 19 -4 17 14 22 16 24

-9 -1

-18 -14 -19 IO -11 1

23 -13 -7 1

-1 -3 10 -35

-53 17 -19 -4 -34 13 -4 26 -17

4 -20 -40 -14 -35

14 -41 2 -3

-13 -48 -11 -1 -6 22 21 -7

1 1 3 13

10 so -1 -10 -1 7 14 -16 22 -2 -IS

6 -11 s. -24

10 -20 17 -15

7 -19 20 1 IS -31 33 1 13 24 -13 13 -34

7 -29 11 -39

-IS -73 -17 s -12 -36

6 -24 -16 -9 -2 -16 11 10 -7 19

-IS 23 IS -1 33 93 80

-13 -11 12 -IS 22

14 43 -17 -10

11 14 32 10

s -22

-47

21 17 s 3I

23 24 27 26 -4 3 23 23 26 27

-7 -6

-13 -39 -22 -2 -22 -30

1 -I3 -24

-6 -24 -7 -27

35 -11

19 12

21 -36 25 16 -27

7 24 7 -35

22 -2 -37

-33 8 -56

30 -36 15 -29 18 -17 14 11 17 -1

10 ..:.14

22 -27 22

9 -s 35 6

9 -2I 20 -33 I2 IS -33 11 -I

7 -43 37 -30 s -32

35 -46 22 -33 24 -31 14 -41 i2 -2 11 1

-16 s -2

28 -12 2I -s 41 -5 30 -9 -s -s s 8 9 9

-12 -1 11 1 12 3 11 10 -6 36

-16 7

-s -7 7 -56

13 28 24 33 11 31 30

8

-9 -7

-17 11 -s -I -3

35

-2

36

41 2

I4 20

3 24

54 35 10

6 9

8

54

7 17

6 8

33 12

s 12 17 21 23 I4 12 24 -2

6 10 38 12

1 IS

2 11 s

3 -s -s 35

-3

-21 -4

14 17 IS IS IS 22 I4

20

52 60 28

53 45

39 40

39 46 45 35 61 SI 38 75 41 39 36 32 41 45 40

118 40

100 49 96 86 48 47 so 54 41 49 35 42 Sl 46 83 47 60 89 59 60 79 ss 37 78 30 48 49 41 65 45 Sl 46 72 ss 45 39

51

21 29 24 27 26 27 28

30

46 48 3.$

42 57

45 36 30 39 44 41 49

52 65 58 68 43 59 60 69 61 59

131 49 54 75

80 47 73 84 37 68 69 46 ss

39 39 79 76 95 39 77 72 76 48 41 53 59

53 88

ss 58 53 59 45 38

77

21

23 21 20 18 17 21 17

19

42 49 30 98

38 24

32

ss

{il

47 4I 37 47 64 39

30 48 78 40 39 60

45

42 73 41 45 63 48 38 43 so 43 so 37 48 43 52 54 63 so 27 46 46 45 40 53 62 46 40

72 42 46 48 63 34

39 45

20 29 21 22 30 27 30

28

48 65 36 56 23 33 37

48

83

41

so 81 56

49 64 54 54 67 36 so 47

33

42

47 24 53 48

46 39 45

IOS 59 57 68 56 49 59 64

75 65 62 67 63 60 53 43

59 53 53 40 61 34

46 93

20 21 16 IS 19 20 24

25

69 33 27 31 2I 29 26

32

53

54

43 59 46 64 29 27

43 78 47 32 36

40

51

52 53 59 59 36 56

42 39 31 40 33 48 so 43 47 72 60 ss 40 39 48 ss 43 20

44 37 45 70

47

SI ss

[ NUUBBR OF OBS. ] 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

8

78 56 68 82 66 74 43 81 52 76 74 69 72 72 68 68 74 74 81 70 78

59 80 67 77 61 61 74 70 68 73 68 60 74 73

80 79 73 73 74

48 46 69 56 66 SS 45 48 Sl SS 66 57 67 71 74

52 54 67 35 52

27 52 45 53 64 16 Sl 48 53 48

69 61

49' 67 76 63 SI 83 67 73 59 62 79 82 77 67

24 so 41 59 29 12 39 57 62 so 37 40

16 32

59 44

34 49 34 . 44 56 34 so

67 66 66 so 79 59 57 61 62 68 52 39 48 38 20 47 26 56 64 65 32 ss 43 63 52 61 63 47 61 57 67 33 48

40 62 40 47 72 82 SI 79 34 73 79 24 ss 41 53

41 23

38 79

38 35

77 43

57. IS

46 48 71 40 11 23

63 47 67 ss 77 77 47 59 40 63 Sl 21 30 I3 81 59 73 34 75 86 56 57 25 89 54 73 59 57 74 31 23 16 IS 82 66 SI 73 38 27 25 42 34 30 14 26 39 41 65 52 49 59 51

63 46 49 70 67

52 46 37 41 64 56 ss 56 56 62 53 58 43 39

61 57 59 43 so 74 54 67 56 11 23 26 45 74 60 77 68 53 37 23 27

60 40 so 75 80 49 83 54 73

35

36 26 33 69 65 41 43

22 35 26

67 54 43 ss 74 67 57 31 33 77 76 64 80 62 64 59 56 20 69 70 42 59 48 . 14 20 36 16

36 ss 63

54 23 65 72 40 54 27 58

.J ... -TABLE 4 : SUYUARY OF ECUWI' .IIONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992

3 UONTBLY AVERAGES WAY-IULY,NOVEUBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters) GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100-30hPa (OOZ NOMINAL TIYE).

1rYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-PG BIAS ] [OB-PG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUYBER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

26629 YRZ ss 24 -7 -so -17 -3 20 32 3 26702 YAKS ss 21 -8 -52 -2 IO -27 8 -I4 52 40 64 .60 43 4S 29 46 35 60 26781 YRZ ss 32 -5 -46 -20 7 -I -26 -22 35 36 39 44 38 60 13 27 20 26 26850 YRZ 54 28 -7 -49 -9 37 83 27037 YRZ 59 40 I -4I 4 s -2 -11 -I4 45 35 38 39 4I 58 40 69 62 75 27196 WARS 59 50 5 -36 13 -3 8 -45 25 52 /42 42 47 39 63 36 60 43 54 27553 YRZ 56 44 I -40 3 -9 7 -20 4 40, -~ 47 48 35 39 76 65 66 53 68 27595 YRZ* 56 49 3 -37 29 11 35 -2I I4 88 110 56 so 51 78 64 56 ss 71 27612 YRZ 56 38 -2 -43 1 -I3 8 -IS -5 45 39 47 41 51 71 52 67 43 65 27947 YAKS S3 4I -3 -42 -10 -18 -10 -I9 -I4 44 45 34 so 56 7I S7 69 so 69 28275 YRZ ss 68 I3 -26 33 -20 20 -46 40 so 73 36 so 32 63 43 54 45 32 28440 IOlZ 57 6I 8 -31 34 -20 13 -38 24 44 57 38 44 so 82 48 69 53 53 28698 IOlZ ss 73 14 -23 24 -33 IS -35 28 37 53 57 58 so 82 S6 72 ss 61 28722 YAKS ss 56 s -33 29 -7 28 -43 -17 56 ss 70 66 65 33 22 44 37 36 28900 YRZ 53 so I -37 -1 -20 2 -34 -6 so 49 43 59 49 67 75 67 77 7I 28952 YRZ* 53 64 8 -29 22 -24 23 -46 3 34 49 48 56 46 47 23 38 3I 19 29231 IOlZ 58 83 20 -I9 22 -22 6 -29 29 42 53 53 65 52 6S I9 43 42 56 29282 YAKS ss 97 27 -12 -20 -41 -s -11 22 54 68 46 22 37 58 35 66 3I 36 29574 IOlZ 56 93 25 -I3 4 -26 9 2 9 32 47 41 42 41 62 16 S3 19 54 29612 YRZ ss 78 17 -21 22 9 -27 16 44 37 54 44 7S 67 38 54 29634 YRZ-T ss 83 I9 -18 2 -42 14 -28 23 59 ss 49 54 ss 67 31 52 63 71 29698 YRZ* ss 99 28 -9 -8 -18 -20 9 52 38 51 36 73 75 53 54 30054 YRZ* 59 113 35 -6 23 -21 -s 102 155 46 SI 54 58 30230 YRZ* ss 108 33 -7 1 -33 -7 -20 -8 51 71 35 53 40 63 45 63 42 65 30554 YAKS 54 114 37 -2 -3 -40 -13 -30 -3 56 88 49 57 53 84 60 78 71 72 30635 YRZ* 53 109 34 -4 1 -3 -1 3 32 46 77 48 ss 46 83 48 38 54 39 30673 YAKS 54 120 40 1 -3 2 -21 2 4 ·78. 107 46 56 36 ss 54 lS 58 28 30692 YRZ* 54 124 43 3 -1 64 44 30715 YRZ 52 104 32 -s -2 -29 -10 -19 s 31 52 39 ss 46 76 63 64 76 70 30758 YRZ 52 113 37 -1 3 -6 3 2 -3 43 57 39 ss 41 71 60 68 73 69 30935 YAKS so 109 34 -2 23 -1 1 -2 -9 61 78 so 61 57 68 68 70 63 64 30965 IOlZ so 117 39 2 -IS 7 2 -1 -10 46 49 59 53 so 68 44 45 61 48 31004 IOlZ 59 us 42 -1 15 -20 28 9 16 63 72 46 71 34 73 33 54 10 36 31088 YAKS 59 I43 49 4 -16 26 39 33 36 53 60 42 81 ss 75 61 31168 WARS 56 138 49 6 40 13 -2 -6 71 26 53 30 56 44 42 14 3I300 IOlZ 54 127 45 4 -I3 7 3 12 36 56 44 46 66 69 57 35 31329 l8tZ 53 133 48 7 -11 I3 2 -3 40 49 59 49 53 59 60 59 31369 YRZ* 53 14I 52 9 3S 10 I9 lS 9 64 68 41 36 66 74 61 IS 61 66 31510 YRZ* so 128 46 7 IS 13 -17 47 42 35 SI 19 49 31707 YAKS 48 13I 49 10 -s 97 20 3173S IOlZ 49 135 SI 11 -1 2 4 6 56 so 48 ss 63 69 65 65 31873 IOlZ 46 134 52 13 -1 -8 IS 2 10 44 48 ss 40 51 72 73 75 82 37 3I909 IOlZ 45 137 54 lS -I 4 -s -18 52 47 52 57 73 73 69 45 3I960 YRZ-T 43 132 SI 14 4 1 -11 13 18 66 52 48 38 69 79 68 66 72 65 32061 IOlZ Sl 142 54 12 -12 -18 -4 -2 1 46 48 4S 44 39 78 SI 69 79 6I 32ISO YRZ* 47 143 56 IS s 26 -s 3 -6 ss 44 so 31 59 67 53 32 61 71 3216S YAKS 44 146 60 19 -10 -s 7 34 25 68 53 57 42 59 70 76 66 60 68 32186 IOlZ 46 151 61 18 39 -3 -2 11 23 56 ss 60 28 26 65 61 42 21 26 32217 YRZ* so 1SS 60 IS -8 7 13 -6 48 76 44 SI 72 73 48 SI 32389 YRZ* 56 161 56 10 -21 -36 3 116 92 41 ss 79 68 32540 amz• 53 159 59 13 3 30 14 18 -9 43 71 57 45 57 82 79 68 67 69 32618 IOlZ ss 166 ss 11 -s 13 8 14 -7 49 61 42 43 52 ss 72 63 52 61 33008 IOlZ 52 24 -10 -52 -14 42 85 33041 IOlZ 52 31 -7 -48 -23 47 74 33345 IOlZ so 30 -9 -49 -20 1 -4 -2S 1 45 so 28 so 39 85 58 66 59 68 33393 YAKS so 24 -12 -53 0 1 -24 72 34 135 144 38 46 41 77 33 14 14 23 33631 IOlZ 49 22 -13 -ss -6 -I7 -I -28 8 36 43 36 58 28 80 56 66 SI 79 33658 YAKS 48 26 -12 -53 27 33 21 20 14 SI 71 44 64 60 72 39 68 SI 69 338IS WlZ 47 29 -12 -52 -IO -10 -18 43 39 47 76 43 20 33837 YAKS 46 31 -12 -51 3 4 14 -12 3 S6 47 60 40 48 ss 26 41 49 ss 33946 YAKS 45 34 -12 -49 -2 -I 3 -6 -1 47 47 28 56 SI 76 60 58 62 68 34009 IOlZ 52 36 -6 -46 -8 -13 -I4 -27 -19 34 43 36 44 63 84 62 63 58 64 34I22 YRZ* 52 39 -s -44 -10 -3 -2 -I4 so ss 56 48 SI 40 44 35 34172 IOlZ 52 46 -,2 -40 -4 -13 2 -29 -I2 40 67 43 47 46 80 58 64 70 74 34300 IOlZ so 36 -7 -46 -20 -20 -28 -24 -8 48 42 63 38 36 6S 18 39 32 68 34560 IOlZ 49 44 -s -41 -2 -I2 -9 -26 -1 47 ss 40 51 41 72 74 70 68 57 34731 YAKS 47 40 -8 -45 8 -6 -9 -14 14 43 67 44 69 68 SI 63 67 S4 64 34858 YRZ 46 43 -7 -43 -7 -11 -3 -33 -11 36 39 38 63 46 76 63 61 39 56 34880 YRZ 46 48 -4 -39 -20 -37 -28 -40 -19 38 40 so 45 4I 75 74 73 71 67 35108 YRZ Sl SI 1 -37 -42 6 28 41 11 59 3Sl21 YRZ 52 ss 3 -34 32 -IS 2S -44 17 62 49 43 53 47 ss S4 72 66 69 3S229 YRZ* so 57 3 -33 7 -23 -39 27 62 64 48 39 4I I6 S6 44 35394 YAKS so 73 12 -23 26 -3S I3 -2S SI 63 82 S3 72 63 77 63 S9 63 ss 35700 YRZ 47 52 -2 -37 -1 16 4 -28 -7 41 42 40 60 52 46 16 44 42 46 35746 IOlZ 47 62 4 -30 20 -39 16 -40 20 43 52 39 58 35 72 42 S3 42 58 35796 YRZ 47 75 12 -21 ss -41 29 -24 30 70 30 40 58 so 43 28 49 59 31 36177 YAKS so 80 16 -18 -8 -61 3 -33 I4 33 59 63 6I 36 59 41 S9 52 58 36870 YRZ 43 77 12 -19 so -27 61 -16 71 37 42 37 42 61 57 3S 46 34 41 37018 liARS 44 39 -10 -46 -11 -24 -11 -24 17 34 57 34 48 58 72 S6 6S 71 63 370S4 YAKS 44 43 -8 -43 4 23 22 59 8 45

TABLE 4 : SUUYARY OF ECYWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 YONTHLY AVERAGES IIAY-JULY ,NOVEMBER-JANUARY (Uni ts-Yeters)

GBOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT- 100-JOhPa (OOZ NOMINAL TIME).

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-PG BIAS ] [OB-PG ST.DEVIATION ] NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2

37260 YRZ 37549 YRZ 37789 liARS 37985 liARS 38062 YRZ* 3834I YRZ 38392 YRZ 38457 YRZ-T 38507 YRZ 38613 liARS 38687 liARS 38750 YRZ 38836 liARS 38880 YRZ-T 38954 liARS 40179 VIZ 40265 VRS80 40375 VRS80 40394 VR880 40416 VRS80 40430 VRS80 40437 VRS80 40582 VRS80 40650 VR880 40706 VR880 40745 VR880 40754 VR880 40766 VR880 40800 VR880 40809 VR880 40841 VR880 40948 41024 VR880 411I4 VRS80 41217 41256 VRSSO 41316 VIZ* 41344 VR880 41530 VR880 41661 VRS80 41780 VRSSO 41923 VIZ* 42027 HI UX:3 42I01 HI 10t3 42182 IU 10t3 42314 IU 10t3 42339 IU 10t3 42361 IU 10t3 42369 IU 10t3 42397 IU 10t3 42410 IU 10t3 42492 IU Ul:3 42647 IU UX:3 42667 HI UX:3 42700 IU 10t3 42724 IU 10t3 42779 IU 10t3 42809 IU 10t3 42867 IU 111:3 42971 IU 111:3 43003 IU 111:3 43014 IU 111:3 43041 IU 111:3 43128 IU Ul:3 43ISO IU 111:3 43185 IU 111:3 43192 IU Ul:3 43279 IU 111:3 43285 IU Ul:3 43295 IU 111:3 43311 IU Ul:3 43333 Ul 1&3 43346 IU 111:3 43369 IU 111:3 43371 IU Ul:3 44212 liARS 4423I liARS 44259 liARS 44277 liARS 44288 liARS

43 42 40 39 45 43 42 41 40 41 39 37 39 3S JS 32 32 28 27 26 25 25 29 33 3S 36 36 34 33 33 30 35 22 IS 24 24 17 16 34 30 25 24 34 30 29 27 26 26 27 27 26 26 23 23 23 24 23 23 21 20 19 20 19 17 18 I6 IS 13 I3 13 11 I2 11

8 8

so so 48 46 46

41 -IO -45 45 -9 -42 44 -IO -43 49 -9 -39 66 s -27 71 3 -28 60 1 -31 69 6 -24 S3 -s -36 73 8 -21 64 I -28 54 -6 -35 69 4 -24 58 -3 -32 72 6 -2I 35 -22 -Sl 36 -20 -so 37 -23 -49 42 -21 -45 SO -IS -37 40 -24 -46 47 -19 -40 48 -IS -39 44 -IS -43 46 -11 -41 60 -3 -30 51 -9 -37 47 -I3 -40 52 -11 -37 S9 -s -3o 57 -8 -32 69 3 -22 39 -26 -46 43 -26 -42 ss -I3 -33 ss -11 -29 54 -IS -31 44 -26 -40 72 4 -20 67 -1 -23 67 -3 -22 90 16 -2 75 7 -18 76 7 -lS 77 7 -14 95 21 I 73 2 -17 78 7 -13 Sl 9 -11 SS IS -4 92 IS -2 ss 12 -7 73 1 -I6 77 s -12 ss 12 -6 9I 17 -1 82 s -s ss I4 -3 79 s -IO 86 11 -IO 73 -I -IS 75 2 -I3 82 7 -7 78 3 -9 83 s -s 80 4 -7 74 -2 -I3 so 3 -6 75 -2 -11 78 I -s 73 -s -I2 93 14 6 so 2 -6 73 -s -11 77 -2 -7 92 24 -11

100 29 -6 llS 38 2

96 26 -7 103 30 -3

1990 90/1 1991 91/2 I992 I990 90/I I99I 9I/2 I992

-10 23 -13 -IS 2 6 -48 -I6

-IS -22 -I4 -I3 -3 29 -8 27 -I2 57

-34 26 -19 I2 I3 -Is -s -3s -s -9 -26 -s -27 I3

-11 -25 -II -2S -IS 43 7 37 19 -22 53 -IS 24 2-4 Is 4

27 I3 -6 -8 -29 -16 -9

3

16 -12 16 20 52

-9 -I2 3 -6 6 -3 -1 IS

-4 -6 2 7 IS 1 3 -7 9

-1 -8 11 4 6 -8 s

-30 -20

3 -18 -6 -12

-35

s

-3 -I6 4 -9 12 3 -12 6 3 I4

-3 s 2S

42 3

s -28 57 90 45 4S -IS 97

23 -3 2 S3 -79 49

S6 64 17 IS4 I27 27 117

S6 -56 -28 32 130 59 20 30 64

IS6 122 II3 -24 191 138 92 -26 19

-62 74 -12

49 31 -19

86 138 79 95 182 47 16 -IS 27 117 -18 -4 52 72 106 12 -I38 1

I66 86 228

I37 -96

I92 77 99 -I9

ISI I69

I68 60 93 -12 95 I04

ISS 33 I6

-27 -I6 -76

S9 53

87

69

86 59 21 IO

229 -35 62 75 IOI -43 -42 IOO 48 -II 25 II4

36 79 30 44

42 57 35 62

57 4I IS 57 72 44 ss 64 54 52 63 4I 44 75 58

7 25 3I

2S 2I 23

23 26 2I

44 I6 26 20 14

2S

8

25 20 23 20

107

126 133

52 133

233 67 I4S

ss 78 86

117 52 206

I38 I74 79

116 ISS 32

s 58

52 75 113 11I

49 IOl

so 16I I83

63 48 ss 33

38 43 54 54 S2 45 30 47 38 28 57 57 4I 57 37 35 57 52 60 41 53 59 41 42 54 6S 63 39 40 so 43 47 63 47 17

21 22 21 23 1 18 30 IS 20 .23 16 24 17 42

25 16

20

IS 19 21 25 20 19 29 37 30

24

165 112 186 178 lOS 223

109 lSS I99 114 170 131 102 206 160 152 114 113 136 113 I4S ISO 147 12S 149 170 IS4 ISO 223 134 137

45 129 153 244

191 157 19S 216 158 2I4 I73 165 I77

21 lSI 79

152 197 169 I7S 67 40

2I6 I93 159 IS4

177 122 171 197 202

I33 ISO Sl 139

149 202 184 6S I26

I99 I76 211

[ NUMBER OF OBS. ] 90 90/I 9I 91/2 92

49 19 22 54 34 43 29 36

4S 46 46 29 43 69 39 64 62 40

SI 74 59 71 37 11 22 37 52 72 79 76 S3 77 46 54 62 74 62 64 2S 23 54 I9 ss 44 46 52 56 58 42 59 27 26 25 33 42 26 so

25 36 26 39 6

4 83 SI 72 83 83

52 26 4 76 44 4I 21 38

ss 47 42 33 73 34 31 25 24

39 21 Sl 25 23 19 6 14

s

13

77 ss 76 90 81 75 SI 78 84 83

27 26 33

26

12

9

IS S

12 12 27

8 23 20 9

s IS 22

IS 19 36 16 I6 27 17 29 10

I3 3S 9

14 11

s 12 8 32 46 31 16 2S 12 24 16 14 14 10

6 17 27 IS

17 11 39 45 IO 33 37 37 27 17 3I 33 36 43

3 6 4 IS

IO 11 30 41 s 7

s IS s

s 9 36 12 14

8 I6 24

6

41 27 4

IS IS I7 32 22 I9 IS 33 11

I3

3 11 37 36 IO 7 18 26 40 34 42 32

- ~v -

TABLE 4 : SUMMARY OF ECUWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES UAY-JULY,NOVEUBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GBOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100-30hPa (OOZ NOMINAL TIME),

wuo SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-PG BIAS ] . .- [OB-PG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUMBER OF OBS. ] NO. ( -=S) ( -=1f) 1 2 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

44292 MARS 48 107 33 -2 44354 MARS 4S 110 36 2 44373 MARS 44 104 31 -1 45004 VRB80 22 114 37 18 10 1 12 20 17 21 19 29 18 20 77 so 69 72 66 47041 40 128 49 IS 470SS 39 126 48 IS 47122 J/YAN* 37 127 49 17 29 -3 26 IS 27 32 36 29 36 ss 7S 74 73 61 71 4713S J/YAN* 36 129 SI 19 76 14 46 26 38 36 34 33 37 28 74 71 73 74 78 471SS J/YAN* 3S 127 49 18 32 s 53 29 40 59 36 63 32 29 77 74 64 67 61 47185 J/YAN* 33 126 48 19 97 29 49 29 46 42 3S 53 32 39 64 SI ss so 67 47401 MBISEI 4S 142 57 16 7 -28 11 -25 14 21 28 23 33 2S so so 72 80 77 47412 MBISEI 43 141 58 18 -4 -28 2 -13 9 20 24 15 30 22 80 ss 77 S3 77 47420 MBISEI 43 146 60 19 10 -25 12 -12 14 23 26 23 2S 23 S4 S4 80 SI 74 47580 MBIBEI 41 141 59 20 -9 -26 -6 -11 -1 20 21 18 23 17 62 69 59 4S so 47SS2 MBISEI 40 140 ss 21 16 -17 IS -11 12 23 31 24 32 24 76 79 73 SI 71 47590 MBIBEI 3S 141 59 22 9 -16 22 s 14 27 27 22 27 1S 79 SI 72 77 74 47600 MBISEI 37 137 56 21 9 -20 22 4 17 23 26 22 30 22 76 74 72 S2 72 47646 MBISEI 36 140 59 24 s -24 12 -3 13 16 23 17 22 23 7S S2 74 ss 7S 4767S MBISEI 33 140 60 26 16 -11 27 12 1S 22 26 20 24 20 74 7S 66 7S 73 476SI MBISEI 35 138 58 24 -10 -36 s -14 -4 22 26 16 20 19 23 23 37 40 44 47744 MBISEI 3S 133 54 21 23 -8 28 3 10. 22 24 2l 26 17 S2 79 73 85 81 4777S MBISEI 33 136 56 24 13 -9 29 7 18 21 31 23 24 25 82 81 75 77 76 47807 MBISEI 34 130 52 21 8 -7 13 7 10 IS 24 19 21 20 82 84 75 83 77 47827 MBISBI 32 131 52 23 17 s 36 s 19 19 25 26 24 23 87 84 75 87 80 47881 MBIBEI 34 135 ss 23 10 -9 20 -s -I 19 20 16 28 23 27 22 27 23 25 47909 MBISBI 28 130 SI 25 20 12 27 22 18 21 26 23 24 23 84 74 76 84 80 47918 MBIBEI 24 124 46 24 23 24 20 28 36 23 24 21 22 2S 82 80 79 80 80 47936 MBISBI 26 128 49 25 14 11 16 18 27 18 19 19 22 17 84 84 80 88 77 47945 MBISBI 26 131 53 27 -3 2 3 11 7 18 21 16 18' 23 86 85 79 87 82 47971 MBISEI 27 142 62 32 22 -3 18 10 28 23 28 27 25 23 86 81 77 86 81 47991 MBISEI 24 154 73 40 4 -4 18 11 18 33 24 22 27 24 79 79 78 87 82 48327 VIZ* 19 99 22 8 34 -54 -52 -9 114 76 105 101 56 17 12 11 48407 VIZ* IS 105 26 IS ss 70 42 51 9 so 48 54 47 69 42 37 40 40 SI 48455 VIZ* 14 101 22 12 22 -33 -17 -36 -7 89 48 23 27 26 38 60 39 67 42 48568 VIZ* 7 101 19 IS 9 -s 22 11 44 ss ss 72 56 60 ss 43 33 45 23 48601 VRS80 s 100 18 IS 22 22 -9 -10 4 18 20 34 24 30 65 71 45 66 59 48615 VRS80* 6 102 21 17 33 1 7 27 34 41 35 41 ss 39 46 44 48648 VR880 3 102 19 17 18 12 -11 -3 11 26 29 2S 22 26 43 36 35 56 63 48657 VRS80 4 103 21 18 24 6 12 -s 13 30 33 48 18 23 48 45 20 42 58 48698 VRS80 1 104 20 20 18 17 -11 -6 10 18 18 22 22 26 49 79 66 77 74 48820 MARS 21 106 29 12 48900 A-22 11 107 26 IS SOS27 SHANG 49 120 42 4 35 8 59 14 63 48 6S 65 62 66 51 so 30 63 56 SOS 57 BHANG 49 125 4S 7 38 17 so 8 48 57 54 66 62 56 74 75 57 71 76 50774 SHANG 48 129 48 9 25 -27 40 2 28 57 62 51 so 54 74 78 69 76 69 50953 SHANG 46 127 47 10 32 2 27 12 40 65 58 49 56 53 83 80 70 86 69 51076 BHANG 48 ss 21 -13 14 3 21 18 43 57 66 63 69 63 81 58 69 68 74 51431 BHANG 44 81 IS -16 24 12 s 17 17 63 71 so 62 46 68 6S 68 75 64 51463 BHANG 44 87 19 -12 s -18 2 1 -8 40 72 ss 67 47 73 72 60 74 67 51644 SHANG 42 83 16 -14 -23 -14 -18 12 -19 54 53 53 70 47 62 73 67 66 68 51709 SHANG 39 76 10 -18 IS 21 9 17 s 47 56 59 60 Sl 68 56 66 69 68 51777 SHANG 39 88 19 -9 1 -20 -13 16 11 47 64 54 52 57 63 60 63 74 61 51828 SHANG 37 80 12 -IS 3 -20 11 -2 -10 so SI 43 47 54 71 72 61 71 69 SlS48 SHANG 38 S4 IS -12 6 -17 20 21 6 47 64 ss 41 53 62 62 56 76 63 52203 SHANG 43 94 23 -7 10 6 IS 12 28 49 67 50 60 48 59 63 56 80 73 52267 SHANG 42 101 29 -2 16 14 14 24 27 52 70 42 SI 54 83 72 75 73 75 52323 BHANG 42 97 26 -4 11 14 1 19 IS 60 68 58 so 44 81 72 69 71 76 52418 BHANG 40 95 24 -s -32 -9 -34 12 20 54 so 45 56 54 79 79 73 77 67 S2533 BHANG 40 99 27 -3 -s 18 13 31 IS 46 S2 so 4S 40 83 77 70 86 74 52681 BHANG 39 103 30 I -16 9 -9 -3 7 43 54 50 40 4S 71 67 62 72 59 S2Sl8 SHANG 36 95 23 -4 -1 6 21 17 24 ss 49 65 60 S6 83 69 65 79 75 S2S36 SHANG 36 98 26 -1 -9 1 -29 -1 17 S3 57 67 52 59 74 73 74 82 71 52866 SHANG 37 102 29 1 8 3 31 1 29 60 61 S2 46 52 81 65 62 ss 78 S2889 BHANG 36 104 30 3 -S2 -3 -25 -9 6 47 41 42 49 S4 79 71 68 Sl S2 S3068 SHANG 44 112 37 4 14 11 33 -7 33 67 52 54 77 64 76 63 60 77 73 53463 SHANG 41 112 37 s 39 2 30 1 63 ss 60 63 S7 so 63 67 72 70 72 53513 SHANG 41 107 33 3 24 12 8 3 4S 61 60 61 64 68 67 ss 71 73 69 S3614 SHANG 38 106 32 3 -14 4 -16 -2 7 48 51 51 4S 47 72 69 75 83 66 53772 SHANG 38 113 37 8 30 -9 26 14 42 59 63 74 61 72 76 78 63 71 S9 5384S SHANG 37 HO 35 6 -2 1 -7 -24 29 61 S3 60 so 60 74 71 67 80 70 5391S SHANG 36 107 32 s IS 1 -6 -7 12 49 43 46 51 50 77 68 67 81 75 54102 BHANG 44 116 40 6 32 -12 16 -9 3S 62 68 58 61 73 59 71 61 68 59 5413S BHANG 44 122 44 9 38 9 41 5 52 66 77 S3 50 47 79 70 64 65 68 54161 BHANG 44 12S 46 11 14 -12 15 6 23 61 57 77 65 60 77 75 61 78 49 54218 SHANG 42 119 42 9 18 -6 32 21 51 56 47 S9 66 40 7S 77 61 81 72 54292 BHANG 43 129 so 13 59 26 53 22 58 47 S3 S3 47 Sl 61 66 62 71 58 54337 SHANG 41 121 44 11 17 -28 30 -13 39 104 167 81 185 12S 58 39 26 40 S3 S4342 SHANG 42 124 46 11 19 -1 13 -15 2 48 71 48 61 49 56 53 54 82 76 54374 SHANG 42 127 48 13 23 3 41 24 62 44 58 S9 Sl 66 71 65 62 72 S9 54497 SHANG 40 124 46 13 23 -7 12 15 21 82 76 96 85 69 56 54 46 58 39

- :J4 -

TABLE 4 : SUUYARY OF ECUlfF UOIHTORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES UAY-JULY ,NOVEAIBER...:JANUARY (Uni ts-Ueters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100-30hPa (OOZ NOMINAL TIIIE),

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [_ OB-PG BIAS ] [OB-PG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUYBER OF OBS. 1 NO, (-=8) (-='If) 1 2 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 90 90/I 91 91/2 92

54511 SHANG 40 116 40 9 15 3 16 7 18 40 51 59 52 65 74 71 73 83 75 54662 SHANG . 39 122 44 12 3 4 9 4 29 50 54 6I 62 63 75 70 68 79 72 54823 SHANG 37 117 4I 11 5 -14 4 -6 7 54 61 51 52 69 67 69 58 74 72 54857 SHANG 36 120 44 14 15 2 15 11 20 53 45 52 54 50 74 63 66 64 60 55299 SHANG 31 92 20 -3 3 9 -38 5 -24 49 s4· 68 SI so 62 SI 42 SI 38 SS59I SHANG 30 91 18 -3 -39 -37 -1 -36 25 63 59 76 73 69 46 43 58 63 62 56029 SHANG 33 97 24 -I -31 9 -41" -18 -28 68 56 67 72 70 71 49 48 82 67 56080 SHANG 35 103 29 3 -32 -24 -27 -16 6 60 48 37 45 50 78 70 51 70 60 56137 SHANG 31 97 24 1 -48 -20 -53 -11 -18 48 39 49 52 58 58 18 56 26 57 56146 SHANG 32 100 26 2 -6 9 -8 -11 21 59 71 47 47 SI 74 82 63 7I 75 56294 SHANG 3I 104 29 6 15 16 32 21 50 52 53 45 54 47 69 67 68 69 69 56571 SHANG 28 102 27 6 -I4 -43 -14 -33 -IS 54 SI 53 44 SI 71 69 67 71 68 5669I BHANG 27 104 29 8 -12 -20 -8 7 29 52 44 48 47 54 79 76 S4 S4 71 56739 SHANG 25 98 23 4 -38 -S6 -34 -S3 -IS 49 69 so 46 so 71 71 69 7S 73 56778 SHANG 25 103 27 8 -7 -32 -I4 -12 -8 54 61 59 54 46 81 80 73 81 69 56964 SHANG 23 101 25 8 -30 -35 -I7 -ss -9 56 56 54 44 so 70 79 62 70 74 56985 SHANG 23 103 27 9 -20 -33 -20 -21 -9 59 56 51 53 48 67 66 66 77 71 57036 BHANG 34 109 34 7 -28 -9 -3 -7 -s 56 53 52 70 53 53 67 59 66 70 57083 SHANG 35 114 38 10 -32 -26 -4 -22 -7 75 57 65 ss 63 SI 48 43 65 54 57127 SHANG 33 107 32 7 -23 -9 -17 10 14 57 41 52 so 56 56 72 60 71 63 57178 SHANG 33 113 37 11 -7 4 20 20 10 47 47 45 48 67 29 so 17 53 45 57447 SHANG 30 109 34 10 -ss -38 -7 -27 -14 56 so ss so 50 76 77 44 80 54 57461 SHANG 31 111 35 11 -19 -IS -25 -12 -18 53 50 48 41 61 71 70 73 81 79 57494 SHANG 31 114 38 13 -31 -26 -8 -5 2 46 61 56 59 54 79 77 63 80 72 57516 SHANG 30 106 31 8 7 21 -8 1 -18 49 56 SI 47 53 71 67 62 84 78 57679 SHANG 28 113 37 14 -14 -9 s 22 29 61 63 53 58 SI 54 56 47 so 32 57749 SHANG 28 110 34 12 -16 -13 -11 -3 40 51 49 53 51 54 65 77 52 76 64 57816 SHANG 27 107 31 10 -35 -18 3 -11 -9 so 59 84 59 52 61 66 59 65 66 57957 SHANG 25 110 34 14 -ss -79 -31 -25 -29 48 ss 46 57 69 77 74 66 74 65 57972 SIIANG 26 113 36 IS -10 -37 -12 -20 6 57 52 53 49 43 64 67 69 73 53 57993 SHANG 26 115 38 17 -8 -46 -14 -23 -27 53 49 58 44 59 75 76 66 81 83 58027 SHANG 34 117 41 13 6 3 12 5 7 Sl 64 56 ss 63 72 65 64 79 59 58150 SHANG 34 120 43 IS -8 -6 -10 10 I 44 44 so 45 46 76 75 64 67 77 58203 SHANG 33 116 40 13 2 -13 14 19 27 49 56 Sl ss 69 42 84 42 54 63 58238 SHANG 32 119 42 IS -24 -30 -31 -12 4 so 58 49 so so 82 73 56 87 66 58367 SHANG 31 121 44 17 -14 -12 61 46 63 64 58424 SHANG 31 117 41 IS -4 -25 -15 7 21 ss so 46 39 61 59 74 43 65 70 58457 SHANG 30 120 43 17 -13 -4 -24 -1 -9 48 54 64 38 49 70 78 68 80 74 58606 SHANG 29 116 39 16 -28 -32 -13 -17 ~9 47 40 56 47 57 74 71 64 80 80 58633 SHANG 29 119 42 17 -13 -3 IS 3 12 Sl 44 46 43 57 68 66 52 40 65 58666 SHANG 28 122 45 20 -3 2 53 64 68 48 58725 SHANG 27 117 41 17 -16 -21 -25 26 2 ss 58 41 42 51 53 64 15 48 62 58847 SHANG 26 119 42 20 -17 7 8 52 2 56 47 83 42 58 37 64 38 64 70 58968 25 122 44 22 79 66 73 75 88 49 32 46 39 Sl 54 81 73 79 76 59134 SHANG 24 118 41 20 -46 -36 3 -3 25 45 42 44 41 52 36 82 28 53 53 59211 SHANG 24 107 30 11 -43 -56 -2 -18 5 43 so 43 42 53 65 52 43 78 71 59265 SHANG 23 111 34 15 -65 . .:.83 -82 -44 -49 so 48 48 45 49 61 79 so 74 80 59287 SHANG 23 113 36 17 -78 -68 -78 -39 -36 54 41 so 56 48 61 71 68 80 56 59316 SHANG 23 117 39 19 -36 -56 -51 -I8 -13 77 85 69 69 69 46 57 58 68 40 59431 SHANG 23 108 32 13 -24 -37 22 11 34 59 45 ss 62 59 71 75 46 76 64 59758 SHANG 20 110 33 16 -s -15 -22 -25 -15 58 43 49 57 50 44 56 61 68 54 59981 SHANG 17 112 34 20 -26 14 -44 -11 -23 so 48 2S 42 59 24 36 9 39 34 60020 VJtB80 28 -16 -38 -81 19 12 30 14 35 27 36 29 30 28 81 74 72 77 79 60155 liES 34 -8 -33 -80 60191 liES 32 -6 -34 -81 60390 VRS80 37 3 -29 -73 -9 -18 -17 -7 7 25 9 7 6 8 6 9 60571 VJtB80• 32 -2 -35 -80 2 11 -20 8 49 24 39 16 28 19 15 23 60630 Vlt880 27 3 -38 -79 60680 Vlt880 23 6 -42 -77 31 -7 1 -10 -32 91 8 29 33 84 IS 13 17 31 26 60715 VRB80 37 10 -28 -69 -8 16 44 60760 VRS80* 34 8 -31 -72 61052 VR880 13 2 -52 -76 -9 -14 13 14 13 14 15 24 15 34 31 25 61223 VRS80 17 -3 -so -82 61291 VRS80 13 -8 -54 -79 -40 -20 10 29 57 23 19 23 15 61415 VRS80 21 -17 -45 -82 61641 VRS80 15 -18 -51 -78 -6 -15 2 7 23 27 19 17 60 40 58 29 61901 VRS80 -16 -6 -82 -51 61902 uss• -8 -14 -73 -58 61967 VRS80 -7 72 -12 -s -4 -7 12 15 20 33 61996 VRS80 -38 78 -18 11 61998 VRS80 -49 70 -2~ 11 62010 VRS80 33 13 -31 -69 62019 VRS80 31 17 -31 -66 62053 VRS80 32 20 -29 -63 62103 Vlt880 30 10 -34 -72 62124 VRS80 27 14 -35 -69 62306 VIZ 31 27 -26 -57 63741 VRS80* -1 37 -42 -39 13 -3 -31 -10 14 13 17 73 24 24 74 75 39 29 41 63985 VRS80 -5 56 -27 -21 64650 VRS80 4 19 -52 -58

TABLE 4 : SUUYARY OF ECUWF MONITORING STATISTICS I990-I992 3 WONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-IULY,NOVHUBER-JANUARY (Units-Ueters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100-30hPa (OOZ NOitiiNAL TlllE),

wuo SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-PG BIAS ] [OB-PG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUMBER OF OBS. ] NO. {-=S) (-=W) I 2 1990 90/I 1991 9I/2 1992 I990 90/I 199I 91/2 1992 90 90/I 91 9I/2 92

64910 VKS80 4 IO -ss -64 65578 VRS80 s -4 -6I -7I 13 11 14 67083 VRS80 -19 47 -39 -21 67197 VRS80 -25 47 -4I -18 67341 VRS80 -26 33 -54 -27 67586 llES73A -14 34 -so -34 67666 VKS80 -15 28 -ss -37 67774 VRS80 -IS 3I -54 -33 -12 46 35 37 21 I9 67964 VRS80 -20 29 -56 -33 8 16 18 34 IS 26 63 25 26 30 49 36 44 37 31 68174 VRS80 -24 29 -56 -30 -19 1 -11 -12 -4 24 25 26 24 20 60 54 74 73 76 68240 VR880* -24 26 -60 -32 68263 VRS80 -26 28 -ss -29 -I2 -6 -IS -2 -6 27 24 21 20 23 SI 63 78 79 81 68424 VRS80 -28 21 -64 -3I -I4 3 -10 -s -2 28 21 24 26 21 78 74 76 76 83 68442 VRS80 -29 26 -59 -28 -25 2 -I2 -15 -2 25 33 28 20 25 79 71 81 76 80 6846I VRS80 -28 28 -ss -21 68512 VRS80 -30 IS -67 -31 -I7 -1 -3 -13 -1 28 so 30 20 22 89 ss 76 78 80 68588 VRS80 -30 31 -ss -2s .-13 1 -7 -7 3 30 27 24 25 36 80 76 72 72 86 68816 VRS80 -34 19 -65.-27 -11 3 -2 -12 1 33 52 24 22 31 87 83 57 78 86 68842 VRS80 -34 26 -59 -24 -23 -6 -9 3 1 35 24 26 24 26 57 54 66 64 81 68906 VR880 -40 -10 -73 -26 -8 -2 8 -9 3 35 32 38 34 39 74 73 76 73 71 68994 VRS80 -47 38 -47 -8 -9 -39 -30 -21 -1 39 37 36 44 39 ss 63 so 65 58 70026 VIZ 71 -157 39 -7 18 -13 23 -13 20 26 36 31 45 23 64 37 43 30 48 70133 VIZ 67 -163 44 -2 23 s 35 -19 38 28 45 22 SI 48 67 58 60 54 56 70200 VIZ 65 -165 46 1 40 12 30 -23 21 35 49 22 65 35 58 60 65 72 60 70219 SDC 61 -162 49 3 87 87 82 so 99 19 47 22 49 31 40 23 63 64 59 70231 SDC 63 -156 45 -1 91 ss 76 25 88 20 32 19 so 28 49 65 54 63 49 70261 SDC 65 -148 41 -4 89 28 76 -4 78 32 47 19 57 33 63 57 63 57 52 70273 VIZ 61 -ISO 44 -1 33 14 34 -17 19 47 40 53 33 32 68 6S 59 74 57 70308 VIZ S7 -170 54 8 40 s 48 -14 68 35 64 42 46 74 63 59 51 65 61 70316 VIZ ss -163 53 8 79 27 64 8 91 54 49 40 so 77 69 6S 59 62 51 70326 VIZ 59 -157 48 4 36 29 41 -s 27 4I so 33 39 26 64 60 64 70 62 70350 VIZ ss -153 47 4 63 27 70 -11 66 59 48 68 43 62 57 57 68 ss SI 70361 VIZ 60 -140 41 -2 26 17 30 -24 38 47 43 34 46 42 74 68 59 ss 67 70398 VIZ ss -132 38 -2 24 17 19 -20 24 27 46 26 30 28 69 62 ss S6 61 70414 MSS 53 174 61 14 49 6S 52 52 30 49 22 24 14 22 13 7 70454 VRS80* 52 -177 60 14 71043 VAL 6S -127 33 -10 20 -18 12 -23 -3 28 Sl 25 39 31 79 47 77 76 7S 71072 VIZB* 76 -119 28 -18 18 -26 20 -13 16 34 38 32 42 29 82 33 66 43 74 7108I VAL 69 -81 16 -28 9 -20 8 -29 -s 33 33 29 49 28 67 40 70 48 7S 71082 VAL 83 -62 19 -28 9 -69 s -33 3 37 36 30 6S 36 6S 23 76 23 74 71109 VRS80* Sl -127 37 -2 12 7 6 3I 8 27 43 29 34 25 74 70 65 58 72 71115 VAL so -119 32 -6 16 -3 14 -27 19 33 42 23 33 31 52 61 71 66 72 71119 VAL S4 -114 28 -10 12 -13 -s -25 -6 23 41 32 32 30 81 62 69 73 78 71600 VAL 44 -60 -7 -43 -32 -34 -10 -13 -27 33 38 26 35 31 71 64 72 69 74 71603 VIZB* 44 -66 -4 -39 2 -3 -6 -2 32 16 30 20 27 28 26 57 71722 VAL 46 -76 3 -32 -11 -30 -2 -14 -18 30 44 26 32 29 77 61 68 76 72 71801 VIZB* 48 -53 -8 -47 -24 -27 -35 -11 -13 34 45 27 36 21 69 56 69 71 63 71811 VAL so -66 1 -38 -17 -42 -20 -9 -24 26 4S 26 53 28 71 56 7S 64 70 71815 VAL 49 -59 -s -43 -25 -31 -28 s -27 31 4S 29 46 33 71 59 76 62 78 71816 VAL 53 -60 -1 -41 -32 -38 -16 -9 -27 33 45 32 37 27 69 54 58 58 66 71823 VAL S4 -74 6 -33 71836 VAL SI -81 8 -29 -4 -44 -13 -12 -12 31 45 26 37 25 69 4S 71 63 63 71848 VAL 59 -90 16 -24 -2 -27 -13 41 36 25 70 43 59 71867 VAL S4 -101 21 -17 I4 -21 9 -7 -1 30 40 28 30 26 73 51 6S 56 72 71896 VRS80 S4 -123 33 ;;.6 -1 27 10 4 -1 23 35 33 28 18 71 52 64 61 71 71906 VAL ss -68 6 -35 -11 -29 -14 -10 -19 31 43 28 SI 31 83 57 77 60 7S 7I907 VAL ss -78 10 -30 -10. -19 3 -7 -17 33 so 37 ·SO 30 77 56 73 64 68 71909 VIZB* 64 -69 9 -34 -11 -13 -8 -11 -17 26 40 33 53 25 69 44 79 S6 76 71913 VAL 59 -94 18 -22 8 -28 -6 -10 -12 28 43 33 28 29 77 46 70 54 70 71915 VIZB* 64 -83 IS -27 -8 10 -7 IS 7 19 48 IS so 24 53 23 44 13 so 719I7 VAL 80 -86 21 -25 1 -57 8 -47 3 22 21 30 28 23 77 14 63 16 70 71924 VAL 75 -94 22 -24 11 -34 11 -33 -6 27 32 33 46 26 71 33 62 44 7S 7I92S VAL 69 -lOS 24 -19 6 -37 10 -24 s 27 40 30 38 25 78 40 72 59 75 71926 VAL 64 -96 20 -22 19 s 17 I9 17 30 42 27 so 27 71 39 53 35 66 71934 VAL 60 -112 27 -14 s -22 -9 -17 -7 32 45 26 36 3S 79 53 70 6I 77 71945 VRS80 59 -123 33 -8 2 31 2 7 -IS 21 28 I9 24 IS 38 31 32 45 16 71957 VAL 68 -133 35 -IO 10 -26 10 -30 8 35 48 25 33 34 67 43 73 74 68 71964 VIZB 6I -135 38 -4 8 5 23 -21 2 29 43 26 36 25 78 60 65 70 68 7220I VIZ 25 -82 -4 -24 2 -30 8 -1 10 33 41 42 30 31 65 62 53 64 61 72203 VIZ 27 -80 -4 -26 IS -20 -I -2 12 39 22 28 24 32 63 62 62 64 64 72208 VIZ 33 -80 -1 -27 8 -23 13 1 -6 36 3I 29 32 34 67 67 61 65 62 72210 VIZ 28 -82 -2 -24 3 -24 5 -I3 6 31 30 28 24 32 67 70 65 64 70 72213 VIZ 31 -82 1 -25 7 -23 -3 -8 -3 39 40 37 23 34 79 65 58 64 65 72220 VIZ 30 -ss 1 -23 2 -13 34 29 69 41 72221 VRS80* 30 -87 3 -22 72229 VIZ 33 -87 s -22 13 -27 -9 10 35 27 26 23 29 74 63 61 53 57 72233 VIZ 30 -90 s -19 9 -2I 7 2 7 31 28 30 27 26 75 65 68 68 68 72235 VIZ 32 -90 6 -19 I9 -24 4 -1 13 31 34 29 29 46 77 53 57 ss 61 72240 VIZ 30 -93 8 -I6 32 -26 13 1 IS 42 31 27 26 26 70 54 61 62 64 72247 VIZ 32 -95 10 -IS 9 -47 -17 -53 -IS 36 46 32 34 33 80 63 67 65 64

- ~ L, -TABLE 4 : SUWARY OF ECYWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992

3 MONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-IULY,NOVEUBBR-JANUARY (Units-Meters) GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100-30hPa (OOZ NOMINAL TIUE).

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] [OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUMBER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

72250 VIZ 26 -97 10 -11 35 -IS 2S -1 34 24 40 43 33 31 76 48 60 so 64 72260 soc• 32 -98 13 -13 20 -23 52 -2 97 33 35 34 22 32 73 62 67 41 60 72261 SDC 29 -101 14 -9 83 -22 62 -s 76 31 39 34 31 26 79 S7 71 63 70 7226S SDC 32 -102 16 -9 82 -1 82 -1 105 23 32 28 34 23 so 59 ss 46 36 72270 SDC 32 -106 19 -6 83 8 72 -s 76 34 41 29 33 27 73 66 61 . 73 71 72274 SDC 32 -ll1 23 -3 82 18 73 16 81 28 43 26 41 33 82 79 74 79 66 72291 VRS80* 33 -119 30 3 72293 VIZ 33 -117 28 2 72304 VIZ 35 -76 -3 -32 11 -4 IS 7 13 35 44 37 33 38 67 44 64 56 66 72311 VIZ 34 -83 2 -25 8 -24 -1 -s 1 29 30 28 29 30 69 60 68 64 67 72317 VIZ 36 -80 1 -28 16 -21 7 -4 6 31 29 26 28 38 68 58 69 64 61 72327 VIZ 36 -87 s -23 12 -27 3 -14 4 32 32 27 28 27 67 ss 75 68 78 72340 VIZ 3S -92 9 -18 13 -29 18 -s 10 29 37 45 21 28 74 60 72 64 73 72349 VIZ 37 -94 11 -17 16 -27 7 -9 9 29 30 29 23 26 71 64 72 61 6S 72363 SDC 35 -102 17 -11 75 -13 74 s 82 33 36 26 28 28 75 48 59 7 58 72365 SDC 35 -107 20 -7 88 14 73 -13 91 36 38 28 39 28 66 70 66 61 62 72374 SDC 35 -111 24 -4 73 17 59 9 69 23 43 22 35 25 74 72 59 59 63 72387 VRS80* 37 -116 28 -;:1 29 IS 26 -21 29 27 36 35 39 44 76 67 68 65 64 72393 MSS 35 -121 32 3 18 17 21 17 18 18 32 39 31 38 20 62 SI 59 40 72402 VIZ 38 -75 -2 -32 27 14 32 16 13· 29 35 41 38 31 67 60 S6 47 57 72403 VIZ 39 -77 1 -30 1 -20 4 -4 -10 35 34 24 27 31 62 59 69 ss 53 72407 VIZ 39 -7S -1 -33 -10 -24 1 -9 -7 29 34 25 28 28 65 61 67 68 S6 7242S VIZ 38 -83 4 -26 7 -30 2 -8 -9 32 31 43 33 27 75 ss 65 63 66 72429 VIZ 40 -84 s -26 4 -30 14 -IS 13 27 34 24 2S 44 80 66 70 67 59 72451 VIZ 38 -100 16 -13 16 -18 10 -17 IS 32 45 28 2S 32 74 60 72 67 62 72456 VIZ 39 -96 13 -17 21 -20 19 -8 26 32 38 SI 30 48 76 54 72 53 69 72469 VIZ* 40 -105 20 -10 14 -25 1 -25 7 28 30 20 30 27 75 70 74 63 65 72476 SDC 39 -109 23 -7 73 -1 69 -IS 75 2S 34 27 36 26 70 67 70 71 67 72486 SDC 39 -115 28 -3 82 52 73 17 82 32 36 44 33 37 63 69 40 46 so 72493 VIZ 38 -I22 33 3 47 1 43 -20 68 33 48 26 39 30 64 74 56 59 64 72518 VIZ 43 -74 -1 -34 3 -26 1 -2 -7 39 40 42 32 41 59 66 67 65 63 72520 VIZ 41 -80 3 -29 3 -32 8 -13 1 28 34 3I 28 32 69 67 62 70 56 72528 VIZ 43 -79 3 -30 2 -39 -1 -12 -2 23 33 26 30 31 63 45 73 64 65 72532 VIZ 41 -90 9 -22 10 -24 IS -13 10 25 28 23 26 27 74 52 66 71 77 72SS3 VIZ 41 -96 14 -17 18 -37 1 -17 s 32 32 24 34 30 74 62 63 70 73 72S62 VIZ 41 .-IOI I7 -14 11 -28 8 -IS 11 ss 33 21 27 24 74 64 67 64 69 72572 SDC 41 -112 26 -6 78 2 67 -14 84 31 44 31 40 36 71 71 64 32 S6 72576 soc• 43 -109 24 -9 70 6 59 -13 81 24 32 27 30 30 71 63 64 70 72 72583 VIZ 41 -ll8 30 -2 IS 6 8 -IS 16 28 30 26 29 25 68 74 61 76 63 72597 VIZ 42 -123 34 1 26 14 12 -13 21 24 28 23 35 29 76 74 72 73 64 72606 VIZ 44 -70 -2 -36 -1 -33 -16 -11 -18 30 43 27 32 28 70 66 71 65 74 72637 VIZ 43 -84 6 -26 2 -31 8 -13 -1 42 36 29 31 23 68 49 68 61 78 7264S VIZ 45 -88 10 -23 3 -18 11 -21 1 41 25 40 28 26 71 53 61 64 64 72654 VIZ 44 -98 17 -16 8 -17 8 -16 6 27 31 34 2.8 26 80 63 70 S6 69 72655 VIZ 46 -94 14·-20 IS -33 -2 -21 4 33 40 29 31 24 68 71 77 60 64 72662 VIZ 44 -103 20 -13 7 -27 1 -36 12 30 39 32 4I 26 71 64 67 64 75 7268I soc• 44 -116 29 -4 82 4I 72 IS 94 SI SI 38 48 37 54 61 56 70 61 72694 VIZ 45 -123 34 -I 26 19 18 -IS 17 37 45 30 35 25 79 82 72 71 67 72712 VIZ 47 -68 -I -38 -11 -42 -I7 -12 -20 24 47 29 40 26 67 56 73 66 66 72734 VIZ 46 -84 8 -26 3 -38 3 -17 -4 29 35 24 38 30 74 71 75 68 70 72747 VIZ 49 -93 IS -21 16 -18 13 -13 27 44 36 33 64 66 7S 68 72764 soc• 47 -101 19 -IS 40 -20 52 -I9 39 39 23 26 76 56 67 s:J 72768 VIZ 48 -107 23 -12 11 -10 ·2 -19 9 28 38 23 33 29 76 64 70 65 64 72775 VIZ 47 -111 26 -9 I2 -48 7 -49 38 28 41 37 53 ss 64 37 6S 56 39 7278S VIZ 48 -118 30 -s 14 1 1 -28 14 25 35 21 32 23 77 62 68 76 69 72797 VIZ 48 -us 35 -1 I9 12 9 -21 18 19 42 20 32 27 64 73 68 73 72 74494 VIZ 42 -70 -3 -36 -23 -65 -45 -44 -70 43 43 37 4I 30 68 45 63 49 so 74794 YSS 28 -SI -3 -26 76ISI VIZ 29 -118 29 4 7622S VIZ 29 -106 18 -s 762S6 VIZ 28 -lll 22 -1 76394 VIZ 26 -100 12 -9 764S8 VIZ 23 -lOS I6 -3 76612 VIZ 2I -103 13 -4 76644 VIZ 21 -90 1 -16 766S4 VIZ 19 -104 13 -3 -2 11 42 76679 VIZ 19 -99 9 -7 6 34 -14 58 13 17 43 10 24 76692 VIZ 19 -96 6 -10 IS 17 22 76723 VIZ I9 -lll 19 3 78016 VIZ 32 -6S -I2 -40 2I -14 12 S9 26 14 33 16 13 78073 VIZ 25 -77 -7 -28 78367 20 -7S -11 -29 78384 VIZ 19 -81 -6 -23 9 -24 -11 38 28 60 S4 39 3S 78397 VIZ 18 -77 -11 -27 -2S 14 32 27 30 39 78486 VIZ 18 -70 -16 -33 78S26 VIZ 18 -66 -19 -37 -4 -10 8 10 23 2S 22 27 24 40 62 68 6S S4 S6 78S83 VIZ 18 -88 -1 -16 78861 VIZ 17 -62 -23 -40 78866 VIZ 18 -63 -22 -39 78897 VRS80• 16 -62 -24 -40

- ... )/

TABLE 4 : SUYUARY OF ECUWF UONITORING STATISTICS I990-I992 3 UONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-JULY,NOVEUBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - I00-30hPa (OOZ NOUINAL TIME).

WUO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] I990 90/I I99I 9I/2 I992

[OB-FG ST.DBVIATION ] I990 90/I I99I 9I/2 1992 NO. (-=S) (-=1t') I 2

78954 VIZ 78970 VIZ 78988 VIZ 8000I VIZ 80222 VIZ 804I3 VRS80 8I40S VRS80* 82I93 VRS80* 82332 VRS80 82397 VRS80 82900 VRS80 83208 VRS80 83746 VIZB* 83780 VRS80 83840 VIZB* 83971 VIZB* 84628 VIZ 8S20I VIZ 85442 VRS80* 85469 VR880* 85543 VRS80* 85799 VRS80* 85934 VRS80* 86218 VIZ 87047 VRS80* 871SS VRS80* 87344 VRS80* 87418 VRS80* 87576 VRS80* 87623 VRS80* 87715 VRS80 87748 87860 VRS80 88889 VRS80 89001 VRS80 89002 VRS80 89009 VIZ 89022 AIR* 89050 YET 89055 VRS80 89512 YET 89532 YBISBI 89542 YET 89564 VRS80 89571 VRS80 89592 YET 89606 YET 89611 VRS80 89642 VRS80 89657 89664 VIZ 91066 VIZ 91165 VIZ 91217 VIZ 91245 VIZ 91285 VIZ 91334 VIZ 9I348 VIZ 9I366 YSS 91376 VIZ 9I408 VIZ 9I4I3 VIZ 91557 VRS80 9IS92 VRS80* 9I610 VRS80 9I643 VRS80 9I680 VRS80 91765 91925 VRS80* 91938 VRS80* 9I944 VRS80* 9I9S2 VRS80* 9I9S8 VRS80* 930I2 VRS80 934I7 VRS80 93844 VRS80 93944 VRS80 93986 VRS80 93997 VRS80 94I20 VRS80

13 -59 11 -6I I2 -69 13 -82 s -74

IO -68 s -52

-1 -48 -3 -60 -4 -39 -8 -35

-I3 -60 -23 -43 -24 -47 -26 -49 -30 -SI -I2 -77 -I7 -68 -23 -70 -27 -I09 -33 -72 -4I -73 -53 -71 -2s -ss -25 -65 -27 -59 -3I -64 -33 -69 -35 -59 -37 -64 -39 -68 -39 -62 -46 -68 -52 -58 -70 -2 -71 -8 -90 1 -76 -27 -62 -59 -64 -57 -71 12 -69 40 -68 46 -68 63 -69 78 -67 93 -78 I07 -66 111 -67 140 -70 159 -78 I67

28 ..:I77 22 -IS9 I4 145 I9 167 20 -ISS

7 152 7 158 9 168 7 171 7 134 9 138

-18 168 -22 166

1 173 -9 I79

-18 177 -I4 171 -10 -I39 -18 -ISO -18 -I4I -22 -I39 -28 -144 -37 173 -41 175 -46 I68 -53 I69 -44 -I77 -29 -I78 -12 I3I

-28 -41 -27 -38 -20 -32 -9 -20

-19 -24 -22 -32 -38 -44 -45 -44 -35 -34 -s4 -so -6o -so -39 -28 -57 -33 -54 -30 -52 -27 -SI -23 -23 -14 -33. -20 -33 -I4 -1 19

-34 -8 -33 -2 -34 3 -45 -22 -37 -I7 -44 -20 -40 -I4 -36 -10 -44 -IS -40 -10 -37 -7 -4I -10 -37 -3 -42 -3 -43 4 -43 4 -23 23 -37 9 -38 4. -38 5 -41 s -36 9 -35 9 -29 IS -23 20 -17 26 -IS 28 -11 33 -3 42 -3 43

-11 35 80 37 64 36 62 45 83 47 60 36 65 54 69 57 75 58 74 60 so 43 54 44 49 84 44 85 68 65 58 73 49 82 52 81 32 41 35 53 29 45 25 44 24 so 30 76 26 72 20 67 14 61 22 67 37 79 36 so

6 6 1 -4 2

21 28 4

-28 -7 I3

25

17 25 15 -1 27 13 23 21

1 23

56 -8 38 11 10 SI 5 · 42

-82

62 41 19 22

IS -1 4 -30 6 -37 I -57 I 9 I2 -I2

44 4 20 -I6 24 2 19 -9 IS 10 IS IO

-33 -20 -3I 31 9 27 4

-I9 28 36 34 -3

33 41 28 58 32 47 27 46 26 2I 27

-I7 -I7

I4 -I3 -25

I9 4

-4 22 -6 -1

-21 -I4

17 24

-12

46 52 26 42 48 17 21 36

-17

37 35 ss 45 27 11 42

8 28 20 13 13 29 11 52 16 28 21

21 17 18 64 10 27

-38 9 -26 -41 IS -22

-22 -19 -27 -12

23 26 25

18 23

12 -13 -18

6 -14 -7

28

30 -9

6 18

7 3

11

-8 -9 10 19

-16 -17

34 63 -7 -s -4 -s

-18 -9

-13 -18 -24 -8 -13

24 33

35

34 23

-34

-2

25 17

14 7

74 38 59 ss 25 15 30 29 28 21 25 16

-23 -1 23 51

1 12 48 38 -2 -1

1 s

21 -I

2 10

27 40 31

31

23 27

64 39

8

75

47 28 41 35 34 ss

42 37 69

35 25 44 42 24 42 41 31 IS 36 42 23 57 25 54 65 23 ss 51 40 33 57 30 33 39 45 ss

26

38 17

31

22 13

42 ss

60

53 27 70 36 30 85 41 45 37 69

53 32 29 60 25 35 44 72 26 27 24 27 65

46 43 28

24

33 32 32 29 30 30

24

25 33 25

30

44

31 30 31 17

65 44

42 31 26 38

ss 53

36 71 30 25 41 42 36 ' 26 37 30 68 68 so 42 29 30

30

37 57 31 31 24 45 25 22 18 31 35 25 19 so 39 36 29 26 32 51 57 27 20 31 48 24

36 51 51 so ss 23 27 48 19 35 22 20 43

6 21 24 25 24 23 32 30 27 33 27 22 32 I9 26 2I 24

22 29

42

30 26

36

31

46 43

39 42

44 31 24 23 40 33 47 28 34 27 28 25 47 56 41 34 16 19 45 IS IS 27 33 30 I7 25 25 I9

[ NUMBER OF OBS. ] 90 90/I 9I 9I/2 92

38 31 36 37 32 19 10 28

47 12 38

41

18 35 23 so 2I 72 35 64 so 75

41 45 Sl

59 78 69 78 65 35 47 38 60 21

6 16

31 36 24 59

26 85 16 69 78 82 70 80 61 52 88 ss 85 46 68 59 82 68 59 72 73 77 75 56 76 67 43

67 38 32 ss 76 70 85 65 23 44 66 38 43 76

I7 34 36 20. 77 76 70 67 64 69 67 62 63 67 59 49 57 60 66 68 70 63 62 ss 57 68 65 63 ss 66 65 49 60 ss 53 54 66 63 60 61 68 56 58 59

52 60 54 6I 53 6I 69 58 64 59 63 6I 70 SI 73 62 67 57 85 62 10 29 11 58 33 49 40 47 42 40 64 39 44 67 6I 64 52 52 7I 22 58 I6 67 30 so 69 33 39 IO 22 I2 62 4 II 60 24 IS 64 IS 4I 53 ss 66 48 37 48 54 73 53 32 42 ss 48 66 65 24 54 32

3I 76 60 70

70 45 25 11 SI 53

38 76

49 75

- :J ~. -

TABLE 4 : SUMMARY OF ECYWF YONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 UONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-JULY,NOVEYBER-JANUARY (Units-Yeters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100-30hPa (OOZ NOMINAL TIYE).

1noiO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] [OB-PG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUMBER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) {-=W) 1 2 I990 90/1 I991 9I/2 I992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

94150 VRSSO -12 I37 40 ss -11 -27 -8 -8 14 24 18 18 19 16 60 56 64 75 74 94203 VRSSO -18 122 26 44 -29 -33 3 -s 14 25 20 24 19 20 32 61 75 88 80 94294 VRSSO -19 147 4I 67 -27 -23 -9 -I3 I4 2I 20 23 23 21 74 69 67 88 76 94299 VRSSO -16 150 45 69 -31 -18 -14 IS 36 #22 20 20 66 57 82 78 94302 VRSSO -22 114 I7 38 -26 12 ..:.3 19 25 18 22 21 57 62 84 60 94312 VRSSO -20 119 22 41 -22 -21 -1 -10 15 21 20. ' 17 21 19 80 66 73 88 55 94326 VRS80 -24 I34 30 56 -21 -28 -5 -11 13 29 23 18 19 20 72 76 68 78 55 94332 VRS80 -21 139 36 60 -24 -34 -5 -12 14 22 23 19 19 19 70 61 72 71 77 94380 VRSSO -24 151 39 72 -26 -23 -IO -11 I3 24 26 17 26 18 so 36 so 74 68 94403 VRS80 -29 115 14 39 -32 -3 -I3 15 18 24 22 I7 62 64 67 52 94461 VRS80 -25 I2S 25 SI -27 -24 -11 12 4S 37 18 21 53 44 77 69 94510 VRS80 -26 146 34 67 -24 -18 2 -13 I7 39 25 17 20 26 74 77 72 86 71 94527 VRSSO -29 ISO 33 70 -24 -16 -s -18 10 26 29 18 I8 30 ss 73 59 73 ss 94578 VRS80 -27 153 36 73 -30 -29 -3 -7 6 26 25 27 I9 20 71 69 71 75 67 94610 VRSSO -32 116 13 41 -IS -10 12 -11 14 26 21 22 18 24 ss 79 65 80 64 94637 VRSSO -31 121 I7 4S 94638 VRS80 -34 122 15 46 -14 -12 2 -4 12 2S 20 21 19 20 68 74 56 78 4S 94646 VRS80 -31 12S 21 51 -19 12 -6 7 24 22 28 20 73 71 83 15 94659 VRSSO -31 137 26 58 -33' -23 1 -s I2 24 24 21 21 23 59 70 68 82 63 94672 VRSSO -35 I39 23 59 -6 -s 6 -6 13 3I 45 23 24 24 62 79 63 84 57 94711 VRSSO -3I I46 30 66 -IO -8 -1 -11 6 20 24 23 24 23 59 75 71 81 67 94750 VRS80 -35 151 28 68 -13 -7 14 -3 23 28 24 34 30 23 21 21 94776 VR880 -33 152 31 70 -6 -7 9 -14 -1 23 26 21 20 18 39 '53 49 73 40 94802 VRSSO -35 11S 12 42 -11 -7 16 -1 22 25 32 21 18 37 33 61 53 79 58 94821 VRS80 -38 141 22 60 -s -28 1 -12 6 37 23 22 21 22 57 74 66 SI 44 94865 VRSSO -38 145 24 63 -24 -13 10 -6 8 30 20 21 21 30 so 68 62 81 47 94910 VRSSO -35 147 27 66 -7 -18 -s -14 6 24 21 23 30 22 41 so 48 71 58 94975 VRSSO -43 I4S 20 62 1 -29 10 -s 16 29 22 22 21 19 63 70 54 63 19 94995 VRS80 -32 159 34 76 -18 -30 -8 -9 12 27 31 24 25 27 39 33 60 71 62 94996 VRS80 -29 168 3S 84 -30 -27 -1 -18 1 21 22 22 22 24 70 73 59 78 68 94998 VRS80 -54 159 11 51 11 -4 16 -7 14 36 26 29 24 34 61 73 64 80 63 96035 4 99 16 14 44 -44 58 159 20 13 96237 -2 106 21 24 96315 VRSSO s 115 32 2S 96413 VRSSO 1 110 26 26 17 11 -16 8 9 33 33 IS 2S 24 30 30 16 25 24 96441 VRSSO 3 113 29 27 37 12 -3 -10 13 21 24 3S 30 2S 29 45 28 21 30 96471 VRSSO 6 116 33 29 28 25 4 11 3 61 30 47 25 35 35 39 23 3S 33 96481 VR880 4 llS 34 31 30 IS -IS 9 -s 39 37 30 26 27 46 58 43 32 42 96749 -6 I07 19 26 54 63 56 44 s 31 96935 -7 113 24 32 -IS -23 48 34 17 39 96996 VRSSO -12 97 s 19 -1 -1 -13 -3 ss 20 17 IS 53 78 77 63 97014 2 125 39 39 97072 -1 120 33 35 22 1 69 76 19 21 97180 -s 120 31 37 22 60 69 87 88 13 21 37 97560 -1 136 47 49 -16 112 24 DBBR VRS80 DBLK. VR880 EREA YAKS EREB YAKS EREC YAKS EREH YAKS BREI YAKS ERES YAKS ERET YAKS EREU YAKS FNOR VRS80 PNOU VRSSO PNPH VRSSO FNRS VRSSO GACA VRSSO JBOA liE I SEI JCCX VRSSO JDWX VRSSO LADB2 VRSSO LDWR VRSSO OVYA VRSSO UJFO VRSSO UUAY YAKS UUF1f YAKS UPUI YAKS UUQR YAKS UWEC YAKS UZGH YAKS VPRA VRSSO VSBV3 VRS80 ZCSK VRS80

- 21 -TABLE S : SUUUARY OF ECYWP MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992

3 loi>NTHLY AVERAGES MAY-JULY ,NOVBIOJER-JANUARY (Units-Yeters) GBOPOTBNTIAL HEIGHT - I00-30hPa ( I2Z NOYINAL TIYB),

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-PG BIAS ] [OB-PG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUUBER OF OBS. ] NO. ( -=S) (-='If) 1 2 1990 90/1 199I 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 I99I 91/2 I992 90 90/1 9I 91/2 92

OI001 VRSSO 71 -9 42 -4 I -2 10 -I 10 20 53 42 3I 22 83 ss 72 43 74 OI028 VRS80 75 I9 37 -9 s 26 9 IS 12 19 39 29 28 33 79 45 76 48 74 01152 VRS80 67 I4 44 -2 21 11 I -12 -3 37 32 28 38 I7 67 77 68 62 79 OI24I VRS80 64 IO 48 2 -4 14 -6 4 -s 24 35 29 26 23 68 86 54 67 78 01384 VRS80 60 11 SI s -3 I9 -6 4 -s I7 39 20 28 22 SI ss 74 80 83 01415 VRS80 59 6 53 7 -11 9 -7 s -6 19 35 22 29 22 79 79 62 75 74 02185 VRSSO 66 22 44 -2 3 s -8 -54 4 25 I3 29 11 29 57 8 18 s 24 02365 VRSSO 63 I7 47 2 -6 I2 -9 -6 -s 29 28 47 32 20 82 56 7I 65 75 02465 VRSSO 59 18 so s -8 I3 -IO 6 -7 20 26 17 32 19 74 Sl so 46 66 02527 VRS80 ss 12 53 7 -2 13 -s IO -7 19 35 22 28 19 63 41 SI 56 71 02S9I VRSSO ss 18 SI 6 -I2 IO -3 I4 4 41 32 22 25 39 47 26 54 24 ss 02836 VRSSO 67 27 41 -4 I 4 s -18 s 26 27 22 29 19 88 6I 80 80 82 02935 VRSSO 62 26 45 1 -2 21 -10 -2 -1 21 28 I4 29 I9 72 ss I4 74 84 02963 VRSSO 6I 24 47 2 -4 22 3 -2 2 21 30 18 32 22 83 87 77 SI 78 03005 VRSSO 60 -1 53 6 -6 13 -7 14 3 20 54 25 41 I7 82 79 SI 83 63 03026 VRSSO ss -6 ss 8 -7 8 -3 4 -3 18 34 25 24 21 72 82 6I ss 72 03I70 VRS80 56 -3 57 10 -7 14 -I IO I7 32 22 25 87 88 68 44 032I3 VRSSO 54 -3 59 12 03240 VRS80 ss -2 ss 12 -I 23 62 03322 VRSSO 54 -3 60 I3 -3 7 3 I3 -I 20 26 20 28 IS 82 80 52 67 42 03496 VRS80 53 2 60 I4 -7 -3 -2 I2 I 21 23 20 29 25 77 75 71 89 77 03502 VRS80 52 -s 61 IS 03693 VRS80 52 I 61 15 03743 VRSSO SI -2 62 IS 03774 VRS80 SI -I 62 IS -6 6 I 6 -7 18 26 20 32 19 84 83 68 86 48 03808 VRSSO so -s 63 16 -6 1 -I I9 -3 19 29 20 34 18 87 85 76 88 79 03920 VRSSO 54 -6 59 12 -s 12 4 9 1 23 28 19 26 17 77 87 70 90. 67 03953 VRSSO 52 -IO 61 15 -2 6 4 22 7 IS 33 18 30 20 22 71 62 83 81 04018 VRS80 64 -23 48 2 -9 -27 4 2 10 23 49 20 33 I9 84 71 75 74 78 04202 uss 77 -69 29 -I6 I02 140 32 ss 93 41 27 34 42 04220 VRSSO 69 -53 37 -7 16 .44 19 I9 I3 I9 34 I7 38 15 89 so 82 70 84 04270 VRSSO 6I -45 44 I -4 7 7 I6 11 25 56 I9 42 18 88 78 82 66 82 04320 VRS80 77 -I9 36 -IO -10 29 6 6 14 19 17 18 37 21 89 23 81 33 84 04339 VRSSO 70 -22 42 -4 -10 6 4 -11 7 16 35 18 27 18 91 so 80 54 86 04360 VRSSO 66 -38 44 -2 I -I 8 -3 8 22 ss 21 l8 18 86 61 79 54 84 06011 VRS80 62 -7 SI s -3 IS 9 IS 11 20 38 39 52 23 75 73 79 73 71 0618I VRS80 56 I3 54 9 1 12 -2 s -9 20 34 27 28 I4 90 82 80 76 83 06260 VRS80 52 s 60 14 -4 IO -I 15 -4 I9 33 18 25 20 86 84 65 82 SI 06447 VRS80 51 4 61 IS 4 IS 6 9 s 22 29 24 26 24 77 83 72 81 70 06476 VRSSO so s 62 16 -21 13 1 7 -4 35 26 16 27 20 85 77 74 76 71 066IO UL-SR* 47 7 64 18 43 4I 43 29 42 31 49 32 40 28 69 75 69 81 77 07110 VRSSO* 48 -4 65 18 -6 -I -2 -9 -4 47 I6 16 22 20 42 13 33 51 17 07145 VRSSO 49 2 64 17 -11 4 3 4 -s 23 31 31 30 29 65 54 58 72 75 07180 VRSSO 49 6 62 17 20 IO 2 6 -7 34 59 20 23 15 43 32 62 67 45 0748I VRSSO* 46 s 65 20 6 7 -2 -7 -11 44 24 2I 27 IS 44 35 30 so 13 07510 VRS80 45 -I 68 22 -7 -4 2 3 -12 26 28 25 27 22 75 77 73 87 79 07645 VRSSO 44 4 67 22 -IO -I3 -6 -s -9 18 28 I7 28 17 64 52 SI 62 59 0776I VRSSO* 42 9 67 23 11 :...I3 -3 -7 -9 36 22 22 26 I4 45 45 42 66 2I 08001 VRSSO 43 -8 70 23 -23 9 -14 I3 -I3 18 26 19 36 IS 71 64 62 63 65 08023 VRS80 43 -4 70 23 -11 18 2 10 3 10 48 24 24 23 11 62 so 21 68 08221 VRS80 40 -4 73 26 -24 7 -20 16 -13 24 27 2I 23 I7 83 87 66 90 84 08302 VRS80 40 3 72 27 08430 VRSSO 38 -I 74 28 -26 4 -31 20 -20 18 38 18 24 24 83 74 72 68 61 08495 VRSSO 36 -s 77 30 -2I -8 -7 -s -6 20 34 18 25· 18 30 77 39 82 42 08508 VRS80* 39 -27 67 26 6I -I 35 3I 3 08522 VRS80 33 -I7 78 34 -26 -23 -7 -34 -I 27 35 23 29 22 72 65 46 28 73 08579 VRS80 39 -9 75 28 -32 7 -2 -IO I6 27 27 I6 71 56 75 78 08594 VIZ 17 -23 74 48 46 2I 38 56 49 59 58 ss 58 60 52 3I 48 49 ss 09I84 VRS80* 54 I3 56 IO -10 35 -4 -7 47 44 ss I6 7I 57 60 87 09393 VRSSO* 52 14 57 12 2 6 29 -1 53 SI 45 16 75 70 75 83 09486 VR.S80* SI I4 58 13 34 SI 29 -1 48 46 48 IS 78 6I 64 82 09548 YARS SI 10 59 I4 -4 I 4 IS so 52 so 47 79 65 76 78 10035 VRSSO* ss IO 56 11 -29 -1 -s -1 -7 53 29 38 26 2I 83 73 68 56 78 I0338 VRS80* 52 10 58 I3 -IS -7 -s -4 -3 18 26 26 22 I9 86 76 72 75 73 I0384 VRS80* 52 I3 57 12 -7 8 6 11 -3 I6 23 2I 30 IS 79 SI 80 72 75 I04IO VRSSO* SI 7 60 I4 -18 -4 -I4 1 -4 2I 26 40 24 IS 74 78 70 79 80 I0739 VRSSO* 49 9 6I I6 -I2 -10 -3 3 -2 IS 25 20 2I 25 78 84 71 78 81 I0868 VRSSO* 48 12 6I I6 -11 -IO -s -3 -2 IS 23 I9 24 I7 89 80 71 77 79 11035 ELIN 48 I6 59 IS 46 40 54 43 63 25 49 35 so 36 85 81 77 82 84 11520 VRSSO* so I4 58 14 -IO -24 9 -38 -I 34 53 33 39 17 86 75 65 75 70 11952 VRSSO* 49 20 56 13 -27 19 -3 -7 4 35 46 35 30 I7 87 75 68 84 82 12I20 VRSSO* ss IS 54 9 -37 56 39 32 s 28 81 53 53 17 7 18 16 67 ss 12330 MARS 52 17 56 11 6 125 69 47 86 ss 29 16 37 12374 VRS80* 52 21 54 IO -IO 64 28 12 8 57 76 48 31 33 77 60 45 77 74 12425 VRS80* SI I7 56 I2 19 11 84 93 26 23 12843 VRSSO 47 I9 58 IS 2 28 2 7 9 51 47 20 26 21 SI 69 64 83 56 12982 YAKS 46 20 58 I6 10 41 26 34 44 53 52 48 59 48 76 74 59 73 68 13130 VIZ 46 16 61 I7 13 37 59 13275 VRS80 45 21 59 17 15120 VRS80* 47 24 56 14

- vV -TABLE S : SUUUARY OF ECUWF YOMITORIMG STATISTICS I990-I992

3 MONTHLY AVERAGES M&Y-IULY,MOVEYBER-JAMUARY (Units-Yeters) GEOPOTEMTIAL HEIGHT - I00-30hPa ( I2Z MOiliMAL Tlllll).

WYO SOMDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-PG BIAS ] (OB-PG ST.DEVIATIOM ] [ MDUBER OF OBS. ] MO. (-=8) (-=Y) I 2 I990 90/I I99I 9I/2 I992 I990 90/I 199I 91/2 I992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

IS420 VRS80* 45 26 ss IS 15480 A-22 44 29 54 14 15614 YAKS 43 23 ss IS 7• 16 16 23 49 s 69 101 11 8 8 IS IS730 MARS 42 25 57 18 16044 VRS80 46 13 62 18 -2 7 1 s 12 I7 26 27 27 20 83 64 62 74 74 16080 VRS80 45 9 64 19 -2 1 3 16 -4 17 27 23 33 19 87 83 61 84 76 16I44 VRS80 45 11 64 20 -10 7 -7 8 -7 I9 27 36 2I 16 SI 80 62 71 77 16245 VRS80 42 12 65 22 -23 3 -16 8 -1 18 32 17 25 21 77 77 6I 73 63 16320 VRS80 41 18 63 21 -13 1 -6 -7 8 23 I9 21 25 I9 77 77 70 66 59 16429 VRS80 38 I3 68 26 -30 I -I6 4 -8 27 25 20 26 23 73 82 59 69 53 16560 VRS80 39 9 69 25 -28 2 -19 4 -10 33 31 29 29 28 73 75 64 81 63 I6622 VRS80* 4I 23 59 20 16716 VRS80 38 24 60 22 -18 -4 -8 2 11 2I 30 19 28 22 75 77 65 79 76 16754 VRS80 35 25 59 23 -28 1 -3 I 20 25 29 I6 Sl 47 ss 14 17030 VRS80* 41 36 49 13 11 35 36 7 33 54 43 35 69 65 58 59 ss 69 61 I7062 VRS80* 41 29 ss 17 26 44 52 35 47 68 33 72 62 40 66 56 41 48 53 17130 VRS80* 40 33 52 16 so 4I 46 13 46 35 35 42 33 39 69 70 60 73 72 17220 VRS80* 38 27 57 20 66 IS 58 98 ss 42 52 68 69 17240 VRS80* 38 31 ss 19 33 22 45 34 26 40 11 SI 52 17280 VR880* 38 40 47 I4 82 47 62 8 so 96 58 57 33 36 30 58 so 58 65 I73S2 VR880* 37 35 SI 17 so 3I 54 26 41. 30 59 41 43 34 16 65 40 54 60 17607 VIZ 35 33 53 19 19 21 8 -6 65 28 39 24 52 24 3I 23 24 28 23 20046 YRZ 81 ss 27 -19 -s -29 11 -8 19 44 43 37 39 38 67 29 44 46 48 20069 MARS 80 77 24 -22 13 -39 37 29 70 31 201o7 amz• 78 I4 34 -12 88 -21 2 -10 -29 26 39 53 48 45 11 11 48 26 27 20274 MARS 78 82 23 -23 IS -28 28 47 45 52 20292 amz 78 104 18 -28 19 -23 34 -40 59 49 48 49 70 ss 44 65 20353 YAKS 77 69 26 -20 I3 -4 18 48 54 49 76 46 30 20674 MARS 74 80 23. -22 28 -34 12 -24 46 41 29 43 39 ss 61 38 54 36 33 20744 YAKS 72 53 31 -14 -19 IS 1 8 85 54 ss so ss 60 31 SI 2089I amz 72 I02 I6 -29 10 -43 24 -36 24 so 58 ss ss 49 84 76 54 64 53 21432 MARS 76 I38 12 -35 11 1 3 1 82 30 61 48 43 60 60 70 61 35 4I 2IS04 amz 75 113 IS -31 13 -24 13 -31 I8 62 95 44 ss 30 81 49 62 65 53 21647 MARS 73 I44 8 -38 1 I -92 IS 37 SI 64 4I 65 27 32 3I 21824 YRZ 72 I29 IO -36 1 I 33 I 1 47 56 SI 52 37 72 20 53 22 IS 21965 MARS 71 I62 4 -42 14 -26 27 -45 12 33 68 43 45 40 74 42 65 71 30 21982 MARS 71 -179 s -42 7 I I2 -46 26 43 73 53 66 65 71 37 34 ss 39 22113 amz 69 33 38 -7 24 -9 14 -17 3 SI 67 44 38 62 74 64 64 56 64 22217 amz 67 32 40 -s -13 12 2 -1 -2 48 61 45 SI 33 72 60 66 29 48 22271 MARS 68 44 36 -9 -6 I4 I 13 4 30 62 ss 66 44 31 63 36 58 61 22522 A-22 65 35 40 -4 so 30 114 157 79 61 22SSO amz 65 41 38 -6 -31 2 -IS -I4 -7 47 43 44 46 38 76 43 76 46 73 22802 A-22 62 31 44 -I 2 39 76 60 76 39 23022 amz 70 62 29 -IS -4 -IS -2 -37 36 44 62 52 48 82 SI SI 39 59 29 23I46 A-22 69 74 25 -I9 32 -59 65 109 30 98 so 8 18 23205 MRZ* 68 53 33 -I2 8 -8 -10 -11 -8 90 93 36 37 42 76 so 48 so 69 23330 YAKS 67 67 28 -16 11 -28 4 IO 19 SI 47 47 IS 27 43 I7 37 10 28 23418 YAKS 65 57 32 -I2 10 -s -3 -11 -s 85 64 75 63 48 53 so 70 66 71 23472 YRZ* 66 88 I9 -24 12 -20 21 -39 6 53 87 46 71 54 77 45 57 33 63 23SS2 MARS 65 78 23 -20 10 -3 7 23 52 ss 40 44 48 22 26 20 23804 YRZ 62 SI 35 -7 -11 -24 -16 -48 -s 48 72 37 59 SI 70 61 75 48 70 23884 YRZ* 62 90 I7 -24 37 2 28 -3 ss 56 42 59 82 46 52 30 23921 YllZ 6I 60 31 -11 -3 -IS -20 -3I -9 44 52 39 46 37 78 SI 7I ss 56 23933 YAKS 6I 69 27 -IS I7 -4 52 -9 67 47 ss 74 72 3I 29 IS 239SS MRZ 60 78 22 -IS 11 -45 -ll -32 6 46 ss 40 ss 38 71 44 60 ·SI 65 24125 amz• 69 112 12 -33 35 -18 56 -45 30 56 67 57 59 33 48 23 34 26 32 24266 YRZ* 68 133 s -40 IO -76 23 -57 7 99 69 65 56 40 52 18 22 28 36 24343 amz• 67 123 'J -37 35 -52 23 -42 10 42 78 52 57 SI 62 36 SI 54 47 24507 YRZ* 64 IOO 14 -29 35 -43 23 -41 53 SI 35 69 so 30 35 IS 2464I YRZ* 64 I22 6 -38 -11 -48 -7 -48 29 75 90 94 67 44 66 47 48 45 52 24688 YllZ 63 I43 -1 -46 -IS -27 -16 -49 -17 46 36 so 62 43 60 36 54 54 ss 24817 YRZ* 61 108 9 -33 8 -ss 9 16 76 69 43 67 54 62 so 54 24908 MARS 60 102 li -30 I7 -22 45 39 63 43 40 3I 43 24944 YRZ* 60 20 48 3 4 -27 37 -I6 33 63 ss 59 71 65 66 33 44 31 40 24959 amz 62 130 2 -42 9 -45 -2 -36 -3 32 45 62 57 37 71 60 46 74 57 2SI23 amz 69 161 3 -44 -47 I I -ss -6 72 44 27 66 38 3I 10 8 29 30 2SI73 YAKS 69 -179 2 -44 -6 -8 11 -28 -s 27 ss 4I 68 48 78 68 59 68 ss 25399 MRZ 66 -170 I -45 -8 -7 -1 -IS -8 47 77 45 6I 44 54 44 36 28 29 2SSSI YAKS 65 170 -2 -49 -s 14 -24 -11 36 54 62 43 53 38 33 31 25563 YAKS 65 178. -2 -48 -IO 8 1 -IS -25 53 53 73 38 I4 65 ss 30 30 24 25594 MARS 64 -173 -2 -48 -40 -I9 38 ss 38 25 25677 YllZ 63 179 -4 -so -18 -ll -38 -9 34 34 37 42 62 58 32 53 25703 MRZ* 63 152 -2 -48 -6 -3 11 -41 -6 SI 60 29 57 52 59 52 32 34 37

2S9I3 YAKS 60 ISI -S -SI -11 -2 s -31 -7 41 58 43 53 58 64 74 ss 68 57 25954 YRZ* 60 166 -6 -53 -I7 -10 -32 -35 -29 62 56 60 30 48 68 49 SI 23 61 26038 YAKS 59 25 47 3 -6 32 -IO 44 -2 72 63 42 58 44 64 ss 56 58 44 26063 YllZ 60 30 45 1 s 53 -IS 66 38 45 45 18 20 26258 MARS 58 28 47 3 38 82 61 91 41 43 26298 YRZ 58 34 45 1 -IS 44 47 26422 MARS 57 24 49 s 22 14 19 -30 20 44 93 46 90 43 74 54 60 so ss

- '-~ -

TABLE S : SUUYARY OF ECUWF MONITORING STATISTICS I990-I992 3 UONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-JULY,NOVEYBER-JAHUARY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - I00-30hPa ( I2Z NOMINAL TIME).

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ 08-FG BIAS ] [08-FG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUMBER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) (-=W) I 2 I990 90/I I99I 9I/2 1992 I990 90/I I991 9I/2 I992 90 90/I 9I 91/2 92

26629 YRZ ss 24 SI 7 14 4S 70 26702 MARS ss 21 52 s 6 49 2 3S 72 30 47 32 30 267SI YllZ ss 32 47 s -s 35 33 so 52 52 ss 40 I6 26SSO YRZ 54 2S so 7 12 44 so 27037 YllZ 59 40 41 -2 3 20 -20 I -4 59 39 37 4I 39 36 44 66 62 65 27I96 MARS 59 so 37 -s 20 -7 -9 -26 I7 58 48 34 45 45 66 45 65 48 52 27553 YRZ 56 44 40 -I 8 s -10 -25 -I 36 so 34 47 3I 75 70 63 70 70 27595 YRZ* 56 49 38 -3 SI 29 -3 -IO -s 90 113 58 59 4S 76 69 56 61 62 27612 URZ 56 38 44 2 -6 27 -8 -7 -4 61 56 43 so 53 73 ss 62 52 53 27947 liARS 53 41 43 2 -3 17 -3 9 2 49 46 39 49 52 69 67 71 ss 65 2S27S URZ 58 68 27 -13 IS -20 s -37 18 35 73 4S ss 34 65 45 46 47 37 2S440 YRZ 57 6I 31 -9 s -13 -13 -3I -10 33 43 42 53 45 72 6I 67 ss 46 2S698 YRZ ss 73 24 -15 16 -41 11 -34 I9 44 58 37 59 57 83 49 73 63 56 28722 MARS ss 56 34 -6 40 21 2S -24 -21 47 42 70 74 48 40 27 49 41 43 28900 YRZ 53 so 38 -2 -3 7 -I2 -IS -7 39 45 46 so 32 48 73 65 76 60 28952 YRZ* 53 64 30 -9 20 8 I4 -23 6 45 62 66 4I 34 32 22 34 45 3I 2923I URZ 58 83 20 -20 18 11 -25 32 36 32 74 42 49 33 39 53 29282 MARS 58 97 12 -28 4 -52 24 35 54 49 49 41 4I 26 SI 3I 29574 YRZ 56 93 14 -26 2I -66 22 -4 32 39 2I 47 49 40 56 I6 so 13 44 296I2 YRZ ss 7S 2I -I7 20 -I7 7 -17 I6 45 65 35 36 40 66 39 66 42 54 29634 YRZ-T ss 83 19 -20 7 1 -22 23 66 49 ss 62 66 59 60 64 2969S YRZ* ss 99 10 -29 I9 10 -26 22 72 36 51 39 76 59 so ·s4 30054 YRZ* 59 113 6 -36 11 8 29 109 149 94 74 57 58 30230 YRZ* 58 lOS 7 -34 27 -64 6 -2.1 12 65 96 43 42 ss 57 45 56 37 52 30554 MARS 54 114 3 -37 I -68 -3 -43 13 52 S6 39 52 ss 84 54 60 74 71 30635 YRZ* 53 109 4 -35 29 -31 9 -23 32 46 58 52 ss 86 67 4S 44 46 4I 30673 liARS 54 120 -1 -41 22 -71 22 -26 -s 54 91 22 65 2S 30 37 7 45 26 30692 YRZ* 54 124 -2 -43 3 37 41 30715 YRZ 52 104 6 -32 24 -36 9 -30 16 40 57 45 60 53 78 57 60 67 65 30758 YRZ 52 113 1 -38 I -29 I -28 -6 58 46 4S 47 37 70 49 64 74 59 30935 MARS so 109 3 -35 35 -20 27 -9 13 51 65 63 44 56 59 61 65 73 59 30965 URZ so 117 -1 -40 -9 -44 -20 -29 -2 41 46 57 6I 32 57 46 47 53 43 3I004 URZ 59 125 1 -42 s -so s -56 -19 61 42 38 36 so 68 22 39 16 15 31088 MARS 59 143 -4 -49 -21 6 0 25 37 46 61 47 74 SI 71 54 31168 MARS 56 138 -s -49 16 -24 -9 74 2S 35 36 33 19 31300 YRZ 54 127 -4 -45 -I8 -12 38 42 59 65 31329 URZ 53 133 -6 -48 -s -4 44 43 54 so 31369 YRZ* 53 141 -9 -52 -10 -33 -7 -19 -13 39 48 37 48 47 45 48 10 60 ss 31510 YRZ* so 128 -6 -47 -14 -22 -27 53 44 35 3S 14 39 31707 MARS 48 131 -10 -so -46 46 IS 31735 YllZ 49 135 -11 -52 -2 -45 -17 -37 45 46 45 46 59 70 so 71 31873 URZ 46 134 -12 -52 -4 -33 -3 -35 -7 34 49 47 49 40 78 71 67 78 30 31909 YllZ 45 137 -14 -54 -3 -33 -12 so 45 48 42 64 52 31960 YKZ-T 43 132 -14 -52 -14 -34 -IS -24 -11 61 41 42 32 43 77 60 59 74 54 32061 URZ 51 142 -11 -54 -IS -23 -11 -38 -7 42 44 47 49 33 75 52 65 75 65 32150 YllZ* 47 143 -15 -57 -2 -28 -26 1 so 65 36 40 47 46 65 49 32165 MARS 44 146 -18 -61 -18 ..:.29 -19 -8 1 38 43 54 43 SI 46 54 48 so 46 32186 YllZ 46 151 -18 -62 16 -40 -28 -3S 1 61 45 43 40 24 44 46 31 28 28 32217 YKZ* so ISS -15 -61 -13 -33 -22 -1 56 ss 44 56 67 ss 41 43 32389 YRZ* 56 161 -10 -56 -19 -32 -7 68 119 44 60 70 65 32540 YKZ* 53 159 -13 -59 -7 -12 -11 -20 -7 44 68 61 37 59 79 74 61 64 61 3261S YllZ ss 166 -11 -ss -22 -22 -30 -20 -17 43 Sl 3I 51 35 78 63 so 59 54 33008 YllZ 52 24 53 9 IO 44 79 3304I URZ 52 31 49 7 -4 40 82 33345 URZ so 30 so 9 10 16 -I 2 11 ss 41 41 44 36 75 77 57 70 65 33393 MARS so 24 54 11 10 8 -11 -11 36 127 154 47 145 57 69 40 24 19 39 33631 YllZ 49 22 56 13 21 34 11 7 25 3S 37 46 41 38 78 75 74 54 63 336SS MARS 48 26 54 I2 44 74 41 39 34 49 43 36 52 ss 73 75 71 73 68 338IS URZ 47 29 53 12 24 40 24 I 54 34 32 75 76 62 32 17 33837 MARS 46 3I 52 12 8 38 14 22 21 76 so 54 4I SI 65 47 48 61 63 33946 MARS 45 34 so 11 -I 43 7 21 17 64 60 32 56 54 80 76 60 80 67 34009 YllZ 52 36 46 s -4 IS -2 -4 6 36 so 40 60 7I 77 64 67 68 54 34I22 YKZ* 52 39 45 4 -s 49 16 IS 46 52 SI 48 71 52 ss 59 34172 YllZ 52 46 4I 1 -24 I9 -25 -I3 -21 44 60 57 70 54 70 56 66 77 69 34300 YllZ so 36 47 7 -4 4I 4 6 IS so 41 39 SI 35 75 58 53 60 69 34560 YllZ 49 44 42 4 -3 30 -7 2 4 42 SI 40 so 49 76 8I 68 80 67 34731 MARS 47 40 46 7 39 29 27 28 53 67 72 so 84 69 77 69 64 61 64 34858 URZ 46 43 44 6 9 29 I -3 I 34 47 33 57 SI 72 67 58 64 68 34880 YllZ 46 48 40 4 s 22 -13 -3 3 52 52 39 45 47 74 79 68 79 63 35108 URZ SI SI· 37 -I -45 -17 IS SI 9 59 3SI2I YllZ 52 ss 35 -3 -IS -14 -IS -47 -3 57 so 56 64 47 6I 62 ss 67 67 35229 YKZ* so 57 34. -4 10 -I -30 7 87 ss 44 38 SI 22 63 so 35394 MARS so 73 24 -13 30 -39 11 -30 60 67 66 65 81 79 73 74 59 73 60 35700 YllZ 47 52 38 I -7 12 -12 -11 -10 53 ss 45 45 48 33 47 46 52 52 35746 URZ 47 62 3I -4 7 -26 6 -35 4 46 53 68 90 35 72 54 4I 54 56 35796 YllZ 47 75 22 -13 42 -45 10 -20 I4 76 65 49 so 57 56 30 so ss 58 36177 liARS so 80 19 -I7 -I9 -45 1 -41 24 3I 58 72 56 47 47 48 65 ss 60 36870 URZ 43 77 20 -13 37 -35 47 -3 75 36 42 ss 41 67 68 36 52 35 47 37018 ·MARS 44 39 47 10 3 17 s 3 47 38 60 40 59 77 74 61 72 71 69 37054 MARS 44 43 44 8 -s 20 35 22 35 71 45 53 37 32 33 48

- GL -

TABLE 5 : SUYUARY OF ECUWF UONITORING STATISTICS I990-I992 3 YONTHLY AVERAGES UAY-JULY,NOVEIOIER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GBOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - I00-30hPa (12Z NOUINAL TUIB).

1nlO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] 1990 90/1 I99I 9I/2 1992

[OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] 1990 90/1 199I 91/2 I992 NO. (-=S) (-=W) I 2

37260 IOtZ 37549 IOtZ 37789 MARS 37985 MARS 38062 URZ* 38341 IOtZ 38392 URZ 38457 URZ-T 38507 IOtZ 38613 MARS 38687 MARS 38750 YRZ 38836 MARS 38880 URZ-T 38954 MARS 40179 VIZ 40265 VRS80 40375 VRS80 40394 VR880 40416 VRS80 40430 VRSSO 40437 VRSSO 40582 VRSSO 40650 VRS80 40706 VRS80 40745 VRSSO 40754 VRS80 40766 VRSSO 40800 VRSSO 40809 VRS80 40841 VRSSO 40948 41024 VRSSO 41114 VRSSO 41217 41256 VRS80 41316 VIZ* 41344 VRS80 41530 VRS80 41661 VRSSO 41780 VRS80 41923 VIZ* 42027 IU UL3 42IOI IU UK:3 42182 IU Ul:3 42314 IU Ul:3 42339 IU Ul:3 42361 IU UK:3 42369 IU UK:3 42397 IU Ul:3 42410 IU UK:3 42492 IU Ul:3 42647 IU Ul:3 42667 IU UK:3 42700 IU Ul:3 42724 IU Ul:3 42779 IU Ul:3 42809 IU UK:3 42867 IU UK:3 4297I IU UK3 43003 IU YK:3 43014 IU YK:3 4304I IU Ul:3 43I28 IU UK:3 43ISO IU UK:3 43185 IU YK:3 43I92 IU YK:3 43279 IU UK:3 43285 IU YK:3 43295 IU Ul:3 43311 IU Ul:3 43333 IU Ul:3 43346 IU Ul:3 43369 IU UK3 43371 IU YK:3 44212 MARS 44231 MARS 44259 liARS 44277 UARS 44288 liARS

43 42 40 39 45 43 42 41 40 41 39 37 39 38 38 32 32 28 27 26 25 25 29 33 38 36 36 34 33 33 30 35 22 18 24 24 17 16 34 30 25 24 34 30 29 27 26 26 27 27 26 26 23 23 23 24 23 23 21 20 19 20 I9 17 18 16 IS 13 13 I3 11 I2 11

8 8

so so 48 46 46

41 45 44 49 66 71 60 69 53 73 64 54 69 58 72 35 36 37 42 so 40 47 48 44 46 60 Sl 47 52 59 57 69 39 43 ss 58 54 44 72 67 67 90 75 76 77 95 73 78 81 88 92 ss 73 77 ss 91 82 88 79 86 73 75 82 78 83 80 74 80 75 78 73 93 80 73 77 92

IOO 115 96

I03

46 IO 43 8 44 10 40 8 28 -6 30 -3 32 -I 25 -7 37 s 22 -9 29 -2 36 5 2s -s 33 2 22 -7 52 21 SI 20 so 22 46 20 38 IS 47 23 41 I8 40 I4 44 14 42 10 32 2 38 8 42 12 38 10 31 4 33 7 24 -4 47 25 43 25 34 12 30 IO 32 17 41 25 22 -s 24 -1 23 2

3 -17 19 -8 17 -8 IS -8 .

1 -22 18 -3 14 -8 12 -IO s -I6 3 -I9 8 -13

18 -2 14 -6

7 -13 2 -I8 9 -9 4 -IS

11 -6 s -6

16 -1 I4 -3 s -8

IO -4 6 -9 9 -s

I4 I 7 -4

I2 1 IO -2 13 3 -s -IS

7 -3 I2 4

I I2 -24

8

7 -30 -2 -39

8 -27 4 -31

I6 35 -2 8 -8 -IS

-23 10 -23 s 24 7 I6 -6

-I7 I4 -28 I8 -s

-II -I6 -7 -2I 3 IS -I6 -I

49 -20 -I -1 s -4 -9 -IO -19 49 -I4

-43 -23 30 -IS

57 83 so

-23 -1 -6 -Il -6 -I2 -7

-32 -13 -28 -3 -12 -19 -9

-28 -ID -I9 10 -13

11

43 8 -26 -I3

IO 23

-26 -20 -20 -14 -18 -26 -18 -s

-18 -2

24

76 13 53 I33 39 62 103

-30 43 Sl 41

127 -53 -160 71 161 54 77 78

171 -25 36 -27 118 -94 70 206 20 52 -8

14 ·I

16 -so

239 I6 -12 10 I8

72 38 33 50 114 45 67 75

29 70 I72 60 1 28 187 35

30 SI

13 -28 I7 80 1 37

133 -40 I27

35 -46 -106 73 73

I9S 6I I7I IS4 36 87

8 54 -4 10 13 -3

39 7 7

-9 38

154

4

-1

1 13

-3 -1 IS

84 27

-34 90

-36

132 49

185 4

137

67 17 40 63

53

3I -75 125

67

53

118 -IO

99

35 47

39 45

37 52 46 63 62 54 60 49

22

19

22

22

26

40 18

30

I6 22

20

112

111

169 127

34 . 12

53 23

49

45 92

57 61

57 40 72 47 61 so

88 44 44 45 52 55

53 40 58 43 70 36

35 23 25 21 29 20 27 32 25 22

23 8

34

23 19 23 20

ss

27 54 139 223

133 127 191

41 107

156 ·194 67

165 157 59

112

67 173 I26

92 167 168

59 99 57

I8S 189 205

110 I84 60 250

I02

I6S 34 234

143 205

37 51

69 73 61 so 53 41 58 45 63 40 58 ss

49 80 44 59

45 43

53 51 42 8

28 20 22 27 19 23 27 20 16 19

25 26 23 22 33 29

115 137 167 114 143 219 148 209

72 135 146

131 ISO 174

73 56 180 86

17 114

153

167 180 166 224

99 I30 126 !SS 89 53

162 179

ss 118 96 25

I64 133 205 92

79 218

119 I93 I60 129 I61 158 158

[ NUMBER OF OBS. ] 90 90/1 9I 91/2 92

58 25 68 68 ss 26

58 61

43 76 65 59

61 58 36 65 49 63

68 63 65 64 31 29

54 SI 62 34 63 73 36 57 81 77 72 65

74 48 58 70 68 59 47 67 15 34 34 54 30 59

25 33 20 10 45 IS 4

84

73

79

30

59 76 59 73 54 71 62 76 33 ss

33 11 32 10

21 6

80 85 76 68 69 75 59 80 46 24

8I 61 70 SI 81 ss 57 75 82 86

37 49 28

14

4 8 8 32 23 18 33 18 IS

13 16 10 12 33 22

10 10 7 14 3 9 17 6 6 12

20 32 23 46 36 11 10 13 8

7 IS 26 19 12 8 4 9

8 20

6 25 21

6 13 IS

9 6 6

7 41 40 4 13

4

6 27 12 19 10

26 28 31 21 16 24

8 18 9 6

33 28

4 10 IS 6 25 29 27 22

7 16

12 IO 5 25 39 25

8 IS 8 8 I8 23 31 19

- C0 -TABLE 5 : SUWARY OF ECMWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992

3 MONTHLY AVERAGES MAY-JULY,HOVEKBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters) GBOPOTBHTIAL HEIGHT- 100-30hPa (12Z NOMINAL TIUB).

wuo SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] [OB-PG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUUBER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

44292 YARS 48 107 2 -34 44354 MARS 45 110 -1 -36 44373 MARS 44 104 1 -32 45004 VRS80 22 114 -17 -38 17 -4 13 12 20 IS 20 17 20 21 72 71 62 67 52 47041 40 128 -14 -so 47058 39 126 -14 -48 -49 -65 26 16 5 4 47122 J/YAN* 37 127 -16 -so -3 -31 -2 -29 -3 27 35 29 24 31 51 so 59 32 47 47138 J/YAN* 36 129 -18 -52 37 -18 13 -I9 -4 31 31 47 33 34 48 51 46 54 51 47158 J/YAN* 35 I27 -17 -so -IS -32 -4 -19 18 24 29 34 27 31 45 32 42 37 44 47185 J/YAH* 33 126 -18 -49 33 6 6 -10 -11 51 48 35 36 49 32 19 15 26 42 47401 YBISEI 45 142 -16 -57 -13 -40 -16 -34 -5 28 31 30 30 22 74 77 77 74 77 47412 lmiSEI 43 141 -18 -58 -19 -39 -18 -31 -10 18 23 21 27 23 82 78 70 77 75 47420 YEISBI 43 146 -19 -61 -11 -32 -8 -25 -4 22 24 20 35 25 83 82 79 82 65 47580 YBISBI 41 14I -20 -59 -19 -30 -18 -2I -9 17 22 19 2I 16 62 48 48 38 42 47582 YBISBI 40 140 -20 -59 -1 -31 -1 -17 -1 24 54 27 34 22 76 80 68 75 68 47590 YBISBI 38 141 -22 -60 -1 -16 7 -6 I 22 27 28 25 21 79 78 70 80 75 47600 YBISBI 37 I37 -21 -57 I -27 6 -10 9 23 22 21 26 22 72 80 68 77 70 47646 YBISEI 36 140 -23 -60 -1 -22 I -IS -4 21 22 20 22 20 78 84 71 SI 72 47678 YBISBI 33 140 -26 -61 11 -12 I9 -2 13 22 22 25 28 26 75 81 68 79 75 47681 YBISBI 35 138 -23 -59 -6 -39 -8 -23 -27 22 28 20 22 24 9 10 32 30 26 47744 IIBISBI 35 I33 -21 -ss 14 -I6 10 -11 2 25 24 25 26 18 79 75 68 80 81 47778 YBISBI 33 136 -23 -57 4 -11 15 -8 7 2I 28 26 30 23 82 84 70 88 77 47807 IIBISBI 34 130 -20 -53 1 -2I I -9 4 I9 21 I9 24 22 78 81 74 88 76 47827 IIBISBI 32 13I -22 -53 13 -1 24 -3 13 30 28 28 25 26 79 82 74 84 73 47881 YEISEI 34 135 -22 -56 47909 IIBISEI 28 130 -24 -52 22 -1 31 14 21 24 26 27 26 24 67 69 65 83 70

· 47918 llBISBI 24 I24 -23 -47 27 12 28 18 32 23 23 18 22 17 68 79 75 85 73 47936 IIBISEI 26 128 -24 -so 16 -2 21 8 22 20 18 19 21 19 73 81 76 85 74 47945 IIBISEI 26 131 -27 -54 4 -9 I3 -I 12 17 18 17 22 20 71 82 73 83 75 47971 IIBISEI 27 142 -32 -63 21 -9 22 -6 31 24 25 2I 29 25 64 64 69 82 71 47991 IIBISEI 24 I 54 -39 -74 6 -I4 8 -11 10 32 24 21 22 35 65 77 73 86 73 48327 VIZ* 19 99 -7 -23 55 -30 17 40 41 94 62 28 77 135 48 33 8 45 21 48407 VIZ* 15 lOS -14 -27 16 22 13 43 -25 32 52 36 28 35 25 33 25 40 24 48455 VIZ* 14 101 -10 -23 -4 -27 -25 -33 -26 75 72 75 93 91 20 34 9 so 22 48568 VIZ* 7 101 -14 -21 -77 -ss -18 -53 62 39 37 45 14 19 12 24 48601 VRS80 5 lOO -14 -20 13 25 -9 -17 -2 21 18 28 21 28 30 34 12 25 29 48615 VRS80* 6 102 -15 -22 28 11 7 -s 32 33 38 53 30 19 31 28 48648 VR880 3 102 -16 -20 -12 -9 18 31 26 30 48657 VRS80 4 103 -17 -22 23 -4 -36 -9 -5 17 25 12 13 22 13 23 8 26 46 48698 VRS80 1 104 -19 -21 20 17 7 -17 3 14 17 13 17 23 52 65 40 40 57 48820 MARS 21 106 -11 -30 48900 A-22 11 107 -17 -27 50527 SHANG 49 120 -4 -42 21 -11 13 24 66 62 56 78 50 50 53 58 50557 SHANG 49 125 -6 -46 -1 -11 8 -IS 8 46 49 47 70 53 73 74 64 74 74 50774 SHANG 48 129 -9·-48 -4 -32 1 -9 4 41 61 52 52 55 78 70 70 71 74 50953 SHANG 46 127 -9 -48 1 -18 -7 -3 16 49 51 39 54 Sl 83 SI 72 88 73 51076 SHANG 48 88 14 -21 IS -7 9 -1 46 52 65 63 69 56 77 63 70 62 74 51431 SHANG 44 81 17 -16 23 -6 27 14 27 60 67 60 71 62 70 71 66 65 64 51463 SHANG 44 87 13 -20 25 -18 1 3 13 47 77 40 73 48 61 72 52 78 67 51644 SHANG 42 83 IS -16 -7 -23 -11 -10 1 63 52 54 53 52 48 73 70 74 63 51709 SHANG 39 76 19 -11 27 18 27 24 36 52 49 52 48 60 ss 70 64 67 70 51777 SHANG 39 88 10 -20 -1 -42 3 -6 11 69 62 64 53 61 63 53 59 72 ss 51828 SHAHG 37 80 16 -13 26 -8 45 8 24 ss 52 54 59 63 67 75 60 64 68 51848 SHAHG 38 84 13 -16 26 -6 34 ·17 31 44 54 49 43 44 37 66 28 75 59 52203 SHANG 43 94 8 -24 23 -13 13 10 41 92 64 54 60 70 58 63 66 80 72 52267 SHANG 42 101 3 -30 52 -8 34 6 31 58 69 Sl 76 62 76 80 75 73 77 52323 SHANG 42 97 s -27 34 -2 6 14 29 62 65 47 51 49 81 61 67 78 68 52418 SHANG 40 95 6 -25 -7 -27 -7 -16 21 53 54 58 57 63 82 84 67 74 76 52533 SHAHG 40 99 3 -28 IS -1 20 16 17 56 47 56 53 46 ss 82 71 88 77 52681 SHANG 39 103 -1 -31 21 -12 20 3 6 39 53 48 43 43 65 74 66 65 58 52818 SHANG 36 95 s -24 25 -23 35 -2 26 so 58 68 52 49 79 74 58 73 77 52836 SHANG 36 98 2 -27 21 -35 -1 -18 14 54 61 57 54 65 74 72 75 86 77 52866 SHANG 37 102 -1 -29 32 -27 32 -6 14 49 58 78 47 46 82 81 62 82 69 52889 SHANG 36 104 -2 -31 -1 -31 2 -4 3 46 52 46 49 49 77 78 69 67 39 53068 SHANG 44 112 -3 -38 27 -10 26 -14 14 so ss 48 74 56 81 63 57 73 68 53463 SHANG 41 112 -s -38 26 -26 12 9 25 48 62 43 so 42 71 74 64 71 74 53513 SHAHG 41 107 -2 -34 43 -3 16 3 20 65 61 60 53 54 81 74 73 76 74 53614 SHANG 38 106 -2 -33 25 -18 4 2 s 46 56 56 45 46 81 74 72 72 63 53772 SHANG 38 113 -7 -38 3 -28 -3 10 -4 44 58 75 63 81 71 73 70 62 65 53845 SHAHG 37 110 -6 -36 17 -19 12 -13 12 49 53 58 53 SI 78 70 74 77 70 53915 SHANG 36 107 -4 -33 31 -29 13 -3 -s 41 54 43 48 49 67 79 70 83 70 54102 SHANG 44 116 -s -41 13 -24 16 -20 -7 79 68 61 87 58 64 74 70 69 62 54135 SHANG 44 122 -9 -45 -6 -28 -8 -19 -12 SI 69 49 so 68 76 77 59 76 67 54161 SHANG 44 125 -10 -47 -14 -29 -18 -9 2 48 76 66 79 77 70 57 67 76 61 54218 SHANG 42 119 -8 -43 -15 -35 -13 -10 -4 39 54 44 so so 81 79 68 77 71 54292 SHANG 43 129 -13 -so -4 -17 -6 -7 11 35 46 62 49 43 ss 63 64 73 62 54337 SHANG 41 121 -10 -45 -4 -48 -4 -48 -19 95 137 123 141 101 51 33 23 47 66 54342 SHANG 42 124 -11 -46 -s -35 -9 -23 -19 40 69 so 60 53 60 61 69 83 78 54374 SHAHG 42 127 -I3 -49 -15 -20 -9 -4 3 48 46 57 Sl 56 80 74 69 80 57 54497 SHANG 40 124 -12 -47 -14 -25 -1 2 16 73 61 63 72 65 62 59 53 63 45

- b4 -TABLE S : SUYUARY OF ECUWF UONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992

3 UONTBLY AVERAGES UAY-JULY ,NOVEMBER-JANUAli.Y (Uni ts-Weters) GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - I00-30hPa (12Z NOWINAL TIYE).

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] [OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUWBER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) (-=W') I 2 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 1990 90/1 1991 91/2 1992 90 90/1 91 91/2 92

S4Sll SHANG 40 116 -8 -41 -3 -10 -s -4 -9 S7 47 61 63 52 80 7S 74 84 6S 54662 SHANG 39 122 -12 -4S -14 -18 -IS -7 11 so so 61 41 so 78 69 74 81 77 54823 SHANG 37 117 -10 -42 -9 -33 -3 -11 10 S4 S9 54 52 42 70 73 63 69 62 S48S7 SHANG 36 120 -13 -44 -12 -23 -2 1 -4 41 46 37 4S 61 70 72 63 69 72 SS299 SHANG 31 92 4 -21 14 -12 3 I 9 ss 68 7S 58 67 62 38 38 ss 37 SSS91 SHANG 30 91 4 -I9 12 -67 6 -38 28 93 90 74 95 6S 46 33 60 S3 60 56029 SHANG 33 97 2 -2S -2 -10 3 -12 -8 54 61 53 66 74 S6 54 42 82 6S 56080 SHANG 3S 103 -2 -30 16 -23 31 -6 25 52 46 45 64 49 63 74 Sl 74 58 56137 SHANG 3I 97 1 -25 -24 -53 -34 -SI -10 SI Sl 48 39 61 S7 22 ss 28 47 56146 SHANG 32 100 -2 -27 29 3 31 7 26 65 59 65 59 67 76 79 69 79 61 56294 SHANG 31 I04 -s -30 39 11 43 24 33 41 66 59 6S 47 61 7S 43 69 39 S6S71 SHANG 28 102 -s -28 s -56 3 -14 -38 49 46 so 48 42 75 74 64 87 71 56691 BHANG 27 104 -7 -30 6 -35 -1 9 s so 48 47 39 46 63 77 4S 40 S9 56739 SHANG 2S 98 -4 -24 -26 -63 -19 -36 -26 46 49 so 56 49 73 70 64 74 74 56778 SHANG 2S 103 -7 -28 -20 -47 -8 -2 -30 ss ss S2 53 54 70 76 67 78 68 56964 SHANG 23 101 -7 -26 -30 -60 11 -32 -I9 54 42 68 52 so 56 72 53 76 59 S698S SHANG 23 I03 -8 -28 -43 -54 -38 s -31 48 ss 46 56 39 67 73 ss 7S 64 57036 BHANG 34 109 -7 -35 -1 -19 s -8 -IO 61 65 Sl 56 71 66 76 ss 69 64 57083 SHANG 3S 114 -10 -39 -I6 -39 -I6 -6 -8 57 52 54 so 56 S9 66 Sl 72 ss 57127 SHANG 33 107 -6 -33 -1 -26 -1 -12 -2 59 so Sl so Sl 64 75 61 64 61 S7178 SHANG 33 113 -10 -38 7 -16 1 9 s 38 60 38 62 S6 36 45 29 62 47 57447 SHANG 30 I09 -9 -35 -36 -30 -I8 -I4 -11 42 42 48 42 53 73 78 S9 72 60 57461 SHANG 31 11I -10 -36 -13 -29 -19 -8 -23 46 47 44 42 ss 60 78 66 81 S9 57494 SHANG 31 114 -12 -39 -38 -31 -13 -12 -13 54 53 45 46 52 80 76 53 81 68 57516 SHANG 30 106 -7 -32 2S -1 -13 6 -32 70 SI 62 52 S4 60 75 70 86 77 57679 SHANG 28 113 -I3 -38 -17 -38 -21 -2 -7 47 47 37 49 S4 58 S7 41 39 12 57749 SHANG 28 110 -11 -35 -32 -I9 -14 -6 12 45 S2 44 S3 SI 65 75 so 81 S9 57816 SHANG 27 107 -9 -32 -46 -3S -IS -3 -33 53 48 ss 48 68 59 65 ss 71 SI 57957 SHANG 2S 110 -13 -3S -43 -69 -2S -18 -33 49 56 48 46 S4 76 78 58 76 S9 57972 SHANG 26 113 -14 -37 -24 -57 -17 -24 -21 57 so 46 44 44 ss 74 54 69 so 57993 SHANG 26 liS -I6 -39 -27 -40 -24 -13 -22 44 43 52 42 54 63 78 57 83 67 58027 SHANG 34 117 -12 -42 -4 -14. -17 -I -3 ss 46 53 S6 ss 69 71 54 73 60 SS ISO SHANG 34 120 -14 -44 -19 -6 -12 -10 -9 37 42 54 37 40 59 76 so 75 76 58203 SHANG 33 116 -12 -41 -28 -24 -2 8 2 64 SI ss so so 46 76 44 66 64 58238 SHANG 32 119 -IS -43 -23 -40 -39 .:.as -27 43 so 48 4I 53 71 74 64 84 67 58367 SHANG 31 121 -I7 -45 -34 -13 39 46 65 66 58424 SHANG 31 117 -14 -42 -25 -32 -12 8 8 48 40 39 46 60 SI 76 38 67 62 58457 SHANG 30 I20 -I7 -44 -14 -I3 -25 -IS -20 54 46 47 39 47 74 70 S9 83 65 58606 SHANG 29 116 -IS -40 -38 -32 -3I -IO ,-31 48 46 so 52 46 65 75 64 76 76 58633 SBANG 29 119 -I7 -43 -16 -35 -13 -IO -IS 58 46 47 42 41 63 59 43 44 67 58666 SHANG 28 I22 -19 -46 -I3 -3I 42 59 61 57 S872S SHANG 27 117 -I7 -42 -30 -27 -21 6 -8 so 37 49 44 54 82 77 68 70 57 58847 SHANG 26 119 -I9 -43 -33 -24 -27 1 -34 53 48 64 39 44 69 73 6S 79 58 58968 25 I22 -2I -45 41 40 60 35 63 53 29 35 ss 6I 41 61 67 74 6S 59134 SHANG 24 118 -19 -42 -43 -39 -21 -28 -9 ss 42 43 38 36 71 66 so 66 so 59211 BHANG 24 107 -IO -3I -42 -64 -30 -3 -2I 43 4S 53 40 49 54 58 47 80 70 S926S SHANG 23 111 -14 -35 -60 -88 -53 -31 -33 48 49 47 56 45 64 75 52 70 S7 59287 SHANG 23 113 -16 -37 -66 -59 -62 -43 -42 63 43 59 S7 44 64 67 65 84 S2 59316 SHANG 23 117 -18 -40 -45 -ss -48 ·-33 -40 54 62 57 56 71 52 58 54 74 66 59431 SHANG 23 I08 -12 -33 -16 -52 -2 s IS ss 6S ss 53 ss 63 68 42 71 47 S97S8 SHANG 20 110 -16 -34 -20 -21 -I3 -30 -27 54 63 54 47 36 38 70 36 74 46 59981 SHANG 17 112 -19 -35 -29 -24 -53 -7 -8 6I 56 8 39 SI 29 32 9 20 27 60020 VRS80 28 -16 81 38 -24 -4 -IO 2 -s 26 32 23 24 23 80 72 71 78 73 601SS YES 34 -8 80 33 6 18 31 47 69 100 72 I9 46 lS 26 9 60191 YES 32 -6 81 34 60390 VRS80 37 3 74 29 -17 I3 28 s IS 23 29 64 I3 I2 20 IS 60S7I VRS80* 32 -2 8I 3S 9 24 29 -4 8 66 41 45 37 53 45 IS 27 43 36 60630 VRS80 27 3 80 38 -3 I7 24 52 59 24 33 37 37 60680 VRS80 23 6 78 42 -8 -20 I I 46 93 3S 47 IS 28 35 20 60715 VRS80 37 10 70 27 60760 VRS80* 34 8 73 31 20 -24 -4 42 98 18 52 24 29 61052 VRS80 I3 2 77 52 33 -s -13 IS I6 19 17 33 23 49 38 38 61223 VRS80 17 -3 82 so 23 s s 61291 VRS80 13 -8 79 54 28 16 27 18 23 30 19 SI 36 39 33 39 61415 VRS80 21 -17 8I 4S 29 60 3S 12 56 29 61641 VRS80 IS -18 77 Sl -4 -20 -6 -3 26 :!l6 22 19 66 63 66 44 61901 VRS80 -16 -6 SI 82 -12 -25 7 -3 26 38 34 26 36 24 69 S9 62 57 76 61902 wss• -8 -I4 58 74 30 11 44 3S 42 57 3S 61 24 24 28 37 61967 VRS80 -7 72 6 11 27 7 -6 -17 20 17 24 3 45 63 14 s 61996 VKS80 -38 78 -10 17 24 1 38 -13 32 31 28 31 2S 37 39 63 S6 46 61998 VRS80 -49 70 -10 24 -1 -8 8 -3 59 30 39 39 Sl 26 38 46 36 34 62010 VRS80 33 13 70 30 62019 VRS80 31 17 67 30 62053 VRS80 32 20 64 28 62103 VRS80 30 10 73 34 62124 VRS80 ~7 14 70 3S 62306 VIZ 31 27 ss 2S -67 54 48 74 8 12 63741 VRS80* -1 37 41 41 30 22 44 -9 19 28 37 79 79 29 61 6S 41 3S ss 63985 VRS80 -s S6 23 2S 33 13 -2 -4 17 38 3S 39 2S 43 34 43 44 29 4S 64650 VRS80 4 19 59 52

- c..~ -

TABLE S : SUUYARY OF ECYWF WONITORING STATISTICS 1990-I992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES MAY-JULY,NOVEUBER-JANUARY (Units-Yeters)

GBOPOTBHTIAL HEIGHT - I00-30hPa (I2Z NOMINAL TIYB).

fit() SOIIDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] [OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] [ HUMBER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) (-='If) 1 2 I990 90/1 I991 9I/2 I992 1990 90/I I99I 91/2 I992 90 90/I 9I 9I/2 92

649IO VRSSO 4 IO 6S 57 6SS7S VRSSO s -4 72 6I. ss 47 6 20 s IS 670S3 VRSSO -19 47 22 3S 67197 VRSSO -2S 47 I9 40 67341 VRSSO -26 33 27 53 2 -I4 -IS -6 49 19 I9 2I 33 16 30 20 67586 YBS73A -I4 34 3S 49 67666 VKSSO -IS 2S 38 54 67774 VRSSO -18 31 34 53 67964 VKSSO -20 29 34 ss 68I74 VKSSO -24 29 31 ss 2 2 -I4 -I7 -13 2S 3S 3S 2I 32 SI 74 69 7I 79 68240 VRSSO* -24 26 33 ss 6S263 VRSSO -26 2S 30 56 -9 -I2 -22 -12 -20 31 22 19 29 20 ss 77 79 S6 S3 6S424 VRSSO -2S 21 31 63 -4 16 -17 -23 -9 3S 36 24 28 26 75 S3 66 Sl S2 6S442 VRSSO -29 26 2S ss -s 29 s -I9 -13 30 52 49 23 22 7S S4 77 76 SI 6S461 VRSSO -2S 2S 2S 56 6 31 3 1 -14 30 34 33 21 24 S4 S3 75 75 7S 6SS12 VRSSO -30 IS 32 65 -s 12 s -14 -IO 36 26 46 I9 25 ss S4 7S S4 S6 6SSSS VRSSO -30 31 2S 54 -I lS -I -17 -I3 44 3S 42 32 43 S7 S2 77 S3 so 6S816 VRS80 -34 I9 28 64 4 17 -s -12 -s 34 41 23 2S 29 80 so 47 77 77 68842 VRS80 -34 26 2S ss -I3 -9 -I3 -11 -7 28 22 23 29 28 37 28 59 62 75 6S906 VRS80 -40 -10 26 73 32 -14 s -7 -2 37 33 37 38 3S 80 78 7S 69 78 6S994 VRS80 -47 3S 9 46 41 2 I -23 -IO 37 36 32 40 47 57 64 43 66 56 70026 VIZ 71 -157 7 -39 -s -7 -I -4 -s 26 so 23 34 25 56 24 43 20 43 70I33 VIZ 67 -I63 2 -43 -I4 -16 -6 -32 -27 26 53 23 41 43 62 54 59 54 67 70200 VIZ 6S -165 -1 -46 -37 -31 -19 -43 -37 38 46 31 44 32 6S 57 6S 56 63 70219 SDC 61 -162 -3 -4S -39 -14 -27 -33 -35 24 29 34 28 24 44 21 60 65 64 70231 SDC 63 -156 -1 -45 I -23 -I -34 -19 22 33 21 26 37 n 47 59 51 49 7026I SDC 6S -14S 3 -41 3S -17 32 -33 IS ·3S 34 22 28 39 69 so 69 52 47 70273 VIZ 61 -ISO -1 -44 -11 11 -14 -27 -13 39 41 32 44 43 70 6S 64 60 66 7030S VIZ 57 -170 -8 -S4 -30 -42 -70 -63 -76 28 46 46 4S SI 61 51 58 67 ss 70316 VIZ ss -163 -9 -S3 -82 -28 -63 -73 -79 39 ss 46 so 33 69 53 46 ss 59 70326 VIZ 59 -157 -4 -48 -36 -14 -33 -36 -29 34 49 30 33 3I 64 59 ss 67 65 70350 VIZ ss -IS3 -4 -47 -72 -39 -80 -S6 -S2 49 53 44 42 4S 53 42 52 52 56 70361 VIZ 60 -140 2 -40 -20 -10 -21 -46 -42 34 41 34 37 56 71 44 64 67 69 7039S VIZ ss -132 2 -3S -IS -11 -I2 -30 -13 26 47 42 30 34 62 49 ss 56 68 70414 uss 53 174 -14 -60 10 1 11 6S 18 12 13 9 12 70454 VRS80* 52 -177 -I4 -60 71043 VAL 65 -127 . 10 -33 3 -s -I -12 -14 29 3S 24 34 25 70 30 72 69 74 71072 VIZB* 76 -119 18 -27 3 -20 s -22 -I 32 ss 38 46 34 79 24 67 44 73 71081 VAL 69 -81 28 -I6 8 -18 14 -9 I 28 3I 31 37 26 6S 31 56 47 73 71082 VAL 83 -62 28 -I9 4 -71 14 11 30 39 29 26 76 8 69 77 71109 VRSSO• SI -127 1 -36 -24 -I7 -IS 20 -I9 29 44 27 24 2I S3 so 6S 52 63 71115 VAL so -119 s -3I -2 -s 3 -26 6 26 44 29 28 29 ss 40 63 6S 75 71119 VAL 54 -114 9 -28 s -16 -12 -23 -11 31 48 2S 27 29 79 57 66 72 77 71600 VAL 44 -60 43 8 29 12 32 40 21 26 43 27 4S 29 75 64 64 72 69 71603 VIZB* 44 -66 38 s 4S 30 57 39 54 14 47 20 29 26 12 29 33 56 67 71722 VAL 46 -76 3I -2 22 1 22 2 21 30 44 26 36 2S 75 6S 6S 72 73 7180I VIZB* 48 -53 47 9 23 18 9 34 37 33 41 31 42 2S 71 SI 60 74 56 71811 VAL so -66 38 I 16 -19 17 IS IS 26 56 23 39 24 7S 70 69 64 73 71815 VAL 49 -59 43 6 24 9 14 36 23 26 54 28 4S 24 73 64 69 74 70 71816 VAL 53 -60 40 1 11 -4 29 22 11 28 57 38 48 2S 71 60 56 63 59 71S23 VAL 54 -74 33 -s

.7I836 VAL SI -81 28 -7 s -24 -s -7 2 27 56 41 2S 30 6S 57 64 6I 69 71S4S VAL 59 -90 24 -IS s -I9 I 33 34 3S 71 4S 61 7IS67 VAL 54 -IOl 17 -20 11 -I3 s -4 2 4I 37 26 30 24 7S 37 67 6S 72 7IS96 VRS80 54 -I23 s -33 -9 IS 12 IO -4 20 40 IS 2S I7 71 4S 53 62 68 71906 VAL ss -6S 3S -s 12 -IS IO s 12 33 53 27 42 2S S3 56 70 62 74 71907 VAL ss -7S 30 -IO I7 -I3 I7 11 1 3S 43 3S 44 2S 72 59 6S 63 7S 71909 VIZB* 64 -69 34 -9 I -3 11 I 4 so 34 23 SI 26 75 4I 72 4S 7S 71913 VAL 59 -94 22 -I7 2 -11 -2 9 1 30 47 23 29 29 75 3S 67 49 68 7I91S VIZB* 64 -S3 27 -I4 -3 -1 so 23 2I 24 6 24 47 42 9 52 71917 VAL 80 -86 25 -21 7 -33 s -60 9 33 29 30 43 33 79 11 ss 16 70 71924 VAL 7S -94 23 -21 6 -39 I -29 -9 30 42 34 43 34 74 20 61 40 74 71925 VAL 69 -lOS 19 -24 -I6 4 -12 3 30 30 24 32 23 7S 36 69 62 76 71926 VAL 64 -96 22 -20 19 30 22 33 20 27 34 18 37 29 67 21 47 32 64 71934 VAL 60 -112 13 -27 -6 -22 -s -12 -14 24 4S 2I 32 34 73 43 66 71 77 71945 VRSSO 59 -123 s -32 -6 13 6 24 I6 30 9 30 36 33 17 4S 71957 VAL 6S -133 10 -34 -4 -22 -s -27 -s 29 33 2S 33 30 66 29 63 6S 74 7I964 VIZB 61 -I3S 4 -3S -19 -11 -4 -23 -26 2S 37 26 36 23 77 31 64 63 71 7220I VIZ 25 -S2 23 s 35 3 24 28 46 29 20 34 28 28 67 69 61 53 65 72203 VIZ 27 -so 25 s 4S -I 34 19 46 35 25 23 26 2S 70 6S 69 76 72 7220S VIZ 33 -so 27 2 54 s 42 18 43 30 30 23 29 41 79 69 6S 68 68 72210 VIZ 2S -S2 23 3 37 3 3S 11 4S 37 2S 22 28 23 71 72 75 69 81 72213 VIZ 3I -82 24 1 47 -I 44 15 43 33 40 43 25 22 78 71 66 59 77 72220 VIZ 30 -ss 22 -I 35 I6 29 32 72 ss 7222I VRSSO* 30 -87 2I -2 72229 VIZ 33 -87 2I -4 32 -s 28 6 33 3I 3I 23 24 23 74 58 68 62 69 72233 VIZ .30 -90 IS -4 3S -I6 25 4 42 26 34 27 26 25 75 62 66 66 71 72235 VIZ 32 -90 IS -s 34 3I 3 3S 36 3I 37 36 30 77 58 62 60 67 72240 VIZ 30 -93 IS -7 42 -s 27 -s 35 37 28 23 29 25 75 67 62 ss 72 72247 VIZ 32 -9S IS -9 22 -25 -9 -47 1 29 47 34 39 2S 70 65 70 64 6I

- '-'-' -

TABLE 5 : SUNMARY OF ECYWF MONITORING STATISTICS 1990-1992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES YAY-JULY,NOVEUBER-JANUARY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - 100-30hPa ( 12Z NOMINAL TIME).

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-PG BIAS ] [OB-PG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUUBER OF OBS. J NO. (-=S) (-=W) 1 2 I990 90/I I99I 9I/2 I992 1990 90/I I99I 9I/2 I992 90 90/I 9I 9I/2 92 '

72250 VIZ 26 -97 10 -9 24 -IS 26 .., 24 45 29 36 35 4I 71 53 62 52 67 72260 SDC* 32 -98 I2 -12 27 -2 57 -2 97 26 25 27 20 3I 74 60 67 35 53 7226I SDC 29 -IOl 8 -13 72 -16 53 -4 53 32 . 27 30 29 31 67 56 71 56 65 72265 SDC 32 -102 8 -15 68 -13 63 -4 63 30 30 24 21 29 62 57 6I 60 23 72270 SDC 32 -106 s -18 34 -22 36 -14 18 32 21 25 26 22 68 65 69 75 62 72274 SDC 32 -111 2 -22 10 -19 18 -16 41 29 32 25 30 38 74 79 59 18 ss 7229I VRS80* 33 -119 -4 -29 72293 VIZ 33 -117 -3 -27 72304 VIZ 35 -76 31 4 68 36 59 30 47 Sl 66 44 38 36 65 42 54 62 65 72311 VIZ 34 -83 24 -1 45 -2 39 7 40 27 28 26 23 25 68 67 67 69 69 723I7 VIZ 36 -80 27 I 42 1 36 12 37 34 29 29 27 25 69 69 66 67 71 72327 VIZ 36 -87 22 -4 27 -10 29 -1 28 24 3I 23 28 25 73 66 72 66 73 72340 VIZ 35 -92 I7 -8 20 -4 23 1 26 25 30 21 26 24 75 64 68 68 74 72349 VIZ 37 -94 17 -10 19 -11 18 -1 26 24 31 22 24 30 70 69 66 57 68 72363 SDC 35 -102 10 -16 68 -1 58 -2 60 44 27 32 20 24 69 40 62 15 65 72365 SDC 35 -I07 6 -19 ss -22 49 -21 38 30 28 28 23 30 70 63 69 63 65 72374 SDC 35 -111 3 -23 30 -21 33 -I7 48 28 24 44 11 28 69 so 51 6 24 72387 VRS80* 37 -116 1 -27 -22 -20 -15 -45 -35 ll 31 27 51 54 77 63 62 65 30 72393 1188 35 -121 -4 -30 -13 -6 -s -12 -12 34 41 15 32 14 42 38 9 30 13 72402 VIZ 38 -75 31 2 68 34 63 42 52 27 35 25 39 30 77 57 68 60 72 72403 VIZ 39 -77 30 I 26 1 33 17 29 20 29 20. 35 27 73 63 67 65 60 72407 VIZ 39 -75 32 2 30 8 37 14 36 26 34 24 31 21 66 65 69 67 64 72425 VIZ 38 -83 26 -3 41 -s 26 8 35 33 35 30 48 41 73 64 59 66 74 72429 VIZ 40 -84 25 -4 24 -11 31 2 38 21 33 21 29 26 73 68 65 61 69 724SI VIZ 38 -IOO 12 -15 26 -7 11 -13 18 26 40 26 26 27 68 64 74 69 67 72456 VIZ 39 -96 I6 -12 26 -1 27 2 34 28 35 35 24 58 67 54 69 53 72 72469 VIZ* 40 -105 9 -19 14 -14 6 -17 11 27 29 22 28 25 75 52 69 70. 72 72476 SDC 39 -109 7 -22 43 -22 35 -19 29 45 32 22 22 21 72 52 69 60 78 72486 SDC 39 -115 2 -27 6 -23 3 -32 -3 33 28 ·20 20 37 69 66 41 ss 60 72493 VIZ 38 -122 -4 -32 -40 -48 -54 -58 -51 59 so ·37 44 57 67 57 63 74 64 72518 VIZ 43 -74 33 1 37 7 40 14 48 41 37 41 46 48 70 76 69 66 71 72520 VIZ 41 -80 28 -2 25 -4 28 4 26 28 33 35 28 21 61 62 60 66 ss 72528 VIZ 43 -79 29 -2 26 -12 27 1 24 25 33 21 28 26 61 61 68 65 67 72532 VIZ 41 -90 21 -9 23 -9 20 -3 26 27 33 22 25 22 71 59 67 68 64 72553 VIZ 41 -96 16 -I3 17 -4 11 -s 13 27 31 24 25 30 79 64 69 63 74 72562 VIZ 41 -101 13 -16 8 -14 7 -8 13 .21 31 21 26 23 66 69 71 68 62 72572 SDC 41 -112 s -25 39 -23 27 -12 .29 36 27 16 9 39 68 56 42 18 58 72576 SDC* 43 -109 8 -23 40 -IS 32 -IS 39 .27 35 22 20 18 69 59 60 69 72 72583 VIZ 41 -118 1 -29 s -11 -36 -19 IS 8 s 19 20 8 s 11 72597 VIZ 42 -123 -1 -33 -11 -11 -19 -17 54 26 17 15 72 70 62 10 72606 VIZ 44 -70 35 2 37 28 13 35 31 37 20 31 26 70 69 64 78 71 72637 VIZ 43 -84 25 -s 36 -22 20 -4 23 43 44 28 25 26 64 52 60 58 68 72645 VIZ 45 -88 23 -9 20 -12 22 -6 22 34 33 24 31 24 72 56 63 66 68 72654 VIZ 44 -98 16 -16 9 -9 4 -s 12 17 33 24 27 26 69 65 70 so 67 72655 VIZ 46 -94 19 -13 8 -11 7 -s 12 20 40 27 31 26 67 62 69 64 63 72662 VIZ 44 -103 12·-19 4 -21 -7 -23 s 27 35 24 39 24 74 59 70 65 67 72681 SDC* 44 -116 3 -28 18 -11 28 -20 33 30 29 36 33 27 61 65 46 59 22 72694 VIZ 45 -123 -33 -19 -7 -IS -39 -4 29 29 26 31 26 78 70 74 19 53 72712 VIZ 47 -68 37 2 34 -12 22 14 24 39 45 19 30 19 71 71 72 62 69 72734 VIZ 46 -84 26 -7 14 -26 25 -s 15 37 42 46 34 20 76 74 57 67 66 72747 VIZ 49 -93 20 -14 26 -7 24 -s 37 35 41 30 73 62 72 70 72764 SDC* 47 -101 15 -18 31 -20 46 -16 29 34 27 23 70 58 66 61 72768 VIZ 48 -I07 11 -22 3 -23 -s -18 11 22 52 23 29 23 75 56 70 56 ss 72775 VIZ 47 -111 8 -25 -4 -42 -37 -59 -47 31 65 43 41 38 72 47 63 52 36 72785 VIZ 48 -118 s -29 -6 -11 -7 -27 1 27 32 22 26 24 75 60 66 68 59 72797 VIZ 48 -125 1 -34 -15 -11 -18 -30 -11 28 33 22 38 21 68 ss ss 22 18 74494 VIZ 42 -70 35 4 64 s 79 6 67 53 56 70 41 43 62 67 53 54 63 74794 1188 28 -81 25 4 29 -3 23 15 35 42 34 46 38 42 61 33 39 31 34 76151 VIZ 29 -118 -s -28 19 27 17 76225 VIZ 29 -106 4 -17 19 -2 54 11 24 37 32 45 31 31 53 37 40 31 46 76256 VIZ 28 -Ill -21 11 -I9 25 s 36 43 51 52 26 33 45 36 34 22 34 76394 VIZ 26 -lOO 8-11 45 -11 41 47 34 43 23 29 57 39 37 48 764S8 VIZ 23 -l®S 2 -15 -9 -36 -11 6 14 40 34 20 23 32 35 42 27 1~ 31 766I2 VIZ 21 -103 3 -12 -13 31 23 40 3I 35 24 18 24 76644 VIZ 2I -90 IS -1 3I -14 22 24 42 27 28 25 32 29 49 47 34 36 so 76654 VIZ 19 -104 2 -I2 17 -97 -49 M 35 57 13 I7 39 76679 VIZ I9 -99 6 -8 23 -37 41 4 -11 40 22 17 10 17 45 20 10 11 53 76692 VIZ I9 -96 9 -s 72 -12 35 27 SI 35 24 I8 48 35 23 IS 76723 VIZ 19 -Ill -4 -I8 780I6 VIZ 32 -65 39 13 23 -26 -4 I6 10 82 34 36 46 20 45 45 38 20 43 78073 VIZ 25 -77 27 8 I7 -8 38 3I 49 33 32 27 34 3I 68 53 6I 67 63 78367 20 -75 28 I2 -22 I4 6 78384 VIZ I9 -81 22 7 33 I2 30 43 31 27 SI 29 48 40 43 4I 78397 VIZ I8 -77 26 12 4 15 34 47 39 51 41 30 43 38 29 51 47 43 66 78486 VIZ I8 -70 32 17 62 ss 38 38 IS ll 78526 VIZ 18 -66 35 20 IS 20 32 47 43 26 27 26 29 29 71 72 63 65 65 78583 VIZ 18 -88 IS 2 46 -2 18 17 s 21 14 23 24 67 11 19 34 23 23 78861 VIZ 17 -62 39 24 48 52 58 89 32 20 39 36 I4 8 12 12 78866 VIZ 18 -63 38 23 -12 9 20 40 44 31 33 34 35 30 66 36 57 so 47 78897 VRS80* 16 -62 39 25 -14 17 -9 -8 -s 89 35 49 22 25 32 24 31 46 58

- 01

TABLE 5 : SUYYARY OF ECYWF MONITORING STATISTICS I990-I992 3 MONTHLY AVERAGES UAY-IULY,NOVEUBER-JANUAKY (Units-Meters)

GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - I00-30hPa ( I2Z NOMINAL TIME).

WMO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS 1 1990 90/I 199I 9I/2 I992

[OB-FG ST.DBVIATION 1 I990 90/1 I99I 9I/2 I992 NO. (-=S) (-=W) I 2

78954 VIZ 78970 VIZ 78988 VIZ SOOOI VIZ 80222 VIZ 80413 VRS80 81405 VRS80* 82193 VRS80* 82332 VRS80 82397 VRS80 82900 VRS80 83208 VRS80 83746 VIZB* 83780 VRS80 83840 VIZB* 8397I VIZB* 84628 VIZ 8520I VIZ 85442 VR880* 85469 VRS80* 85543 VRS80* 85799 VRS80* 85934 VRS80* 86218 VIZ 87047 VRSSO• 87155 VR880* 87344 VRS80* 87418 VR880* 87576 VRS80* 87623 VRSSO• 87715 VRS80 87748 87860 VRS80 88889 VRS80 8900I VRS80 89002 VRS80 89009 VIZ 89022 AIR* 89050 MET 89055 VRS80 89512 MET 89532 MEISBI 89542 MET 89564 VRS80 8957I VRS80 89592 MET 89606 MET 89611 VRS80 89642 VR880 89657 89664 VIZ 9I066 VIZ 91165 VIZ 9I2I7 VIZ 9I24S VIZ 9I28S VIZ 91334 VIZ 9I348 VIZ 9I366 MSS 9I376 VIZ 9I408 VIZ 9I4I3 VIZ 9ISS7 VRS80 9IS92 VRS80* 9I6IO VRS80 9I643 VRS80 9I680 VRS80 9I76S 9I925 VRSSO• 9I938 VRS80* 9I944 VRS80* 9I952 VRS80* 9I958 VRS80* 93012 VRS80 93417 VRS80 93844 VRS80 93944 VRS80 93986 VRS80 93997 VRS80 94I20 VRS80

I3 11 I2 I3 s

10 s

-1 -3 -4 -8

-I3 -23 -24 -26 -30 -12 -I7 -23 -27 -33 -4I -53 -25 -25 -27 -31 -33 -35 -37 -39 -39 -46 -s2· -70 -71 -90 -76 -62 -64 -71 -69 -68 -68 -69 -67 -78 -66 -67 -70 -78

28 22 14 I9 20

7 7 9 7 7 9

-18 -22

1 -9

-I8 -I4 -IO -I8 -I8 -22 -28 -37 -41 -46 -53 -44 -29 -12

-59 -61 -69 -82 -74 -68 -52 -48 -60 -39 -35 -60 -43 -47 -49 -SI -77 -68 -70

-I09 -72 -73 -7I -ss -65 -59 -64 -69 -59 -64 -68 -62 -68 -58 -2 -8

1 -27 -59 -57

I2 40 46 63 78 93

107 11I I40 IS9 I67

-177 -159

145 I67

-155 152 IS8 168 171 134 138 I68 I66 173 I79 177 171

-I39 -ISO -I41 -I39 -I44

I73 175 168 I69

-177 -I78

I3I

40 28 37 28 3I 2I 19 IO 23 20 31 23 43 39 43 46 32 37 49 ss 49 61 27 40 32 58 30 ss 27 53 22 52 13 24 19 34 13 34

-2I 2 7 35 1 34

-4 35 21 46 16 39 I9 45 13 41

9 37

1"' 45 10 41 6 38

10 42 2 38 3 43

-4 43 -4 43

-23 23 -10 37 -s 39 -6 39 -s 41 -8 36 -9 35

-14 28 -20 23 -25 17 -28 18 -32 10 -42 3 -43 3 -35 1I -38 -79 -37 -63 -44 -63 -47 -84 -37 -59 -53 -66 -S'J -69 -58 -75 -60 -74 -42 -SI -43 -ss -83 -49 -84 -44 -65 -68 -74 -57 -83 -49 -81 -52 -42 -3I -54 -34 -46 -28 -45 -24 -51 -24 -76 -30 -72 -26 -67 -20 -6I -14 -68 -22 -80 -36 -49 -37

14 32 27 22 39

ss 24 -1

16 -8 56 49

27 3I 6 41

-15 8 33 42

3

44 -4 -3

6 -18 28 -11 21 -19 48 39

-21 -6 8

15 -10

39 128

45 -36 -12 53

44 -13

-27

7 -8 8 s

36 4

30 5

4 -32 4 -6

-I -26 -10 -51 -9 -IS

-8 -2I

14 I4 4

-3 25 24 -8

-9

29 56 21 so

I SI 39 47 19 3I

IS

-9 36

4I ss 9

36 47 10 49

54 I9 6 -6

7 -7 4 1 4 -3

63 43 34 -31 37 -17

-I6 27 34

9 11 3 -8 3 6

28 25 -17 -2

24 -6 -7 64 18 -I4

22 8

2 -21 6 -7

-IS I9 -IS

25 -7

-16 13 11 2 -6 ~I

-22 -29 IS 14

-3

3 -1 11 -6 17 -7

11

28 33 36

11 -I4

-s 30

-28 58 73

-1

23 100

24

22" 8 6

17 30 I4 33 19 -4 -I 45

-16 23 s

25

43

-s

20 19

22

20 6

-6 24

23

2 2 7 5

17

29 39 36

48

56 54

62 52 52 44 43

34

24 37 51 71

46

51

102

40 39

44

26 42

38

36

25 27 24 43 23

26

20 30 24 38

20

29 42 46 60

36 56

77 40 56 45 48

48 23

25 29 46 67

4 88 65

118

42 43

41

39

24 37

34

38

IS 28 32 45 28

42

31

20 23

28 23 27 37 36 28 40 38 58 23 34 31 35 25

23 8

48 59 38 ss

24 34

19 59 72

41 39 22 20 43 27 33

96 84 94 27 29 27

40" 21 31 35 35 32 38 38 52 69 53 44 33 41 36 41 42

46 ss 59 26 56 45 . 54. 39

. 54 31 24 26 28 32 84 48 59 44 28 28 39 25 29 38 42 38 28 39 39

32 39 45

28 26 34 so 48

35 37 34 31 42

36 31 40

29 23 25 26 30 24 20 28 41 .. 40 40 22 29 20

22 24 25

23 16 20 2I 29 36 28 28 20

2I

2 19 17

[ NUMBER OF OBS. 1 90 90/I 9I 9I/2 92

52 48 49 46 64 49 49 6I 61 61 46 61 53 54

27 14 19 37 17 30 29 31

23 7

58 48 59 49 32

60 65 71

8 17 31 16 IS

60 48 56 39 59 63 58 64 62 ss ss 71 62 57

28 30 66

15 56 38 15

65 38 39 60 43

81 66 66 76 74 80 67 63 63 49 71 65 27 49 29 49 12 10 34

41 so 61 40 64 67

32 s 36 46 37 19 27 54

57 57 37 60 58 31 46 58 45 64 58

38 49 42 19 15 44 72 52

83 78 81 73 82 48 49 41 58 24

14 79 66

45 75 ss 53 34

58

78 81 70 86 63 46 81 60 83

84 71 64 66 65 82 74

28 54 71 80 68

20 11 22 13 66 53 64 58 64 47 53 45 53 63 67 37 58 "47 52 74 57 63 61 53

57 36 36 32 44

13 48 30 15 25 ss 24

60

37 ss 46 33 42 28 52 60 3I

I2

4 44 64

- V'-- -TABLE S : SUWARY OF ECYWF MONITORING STATISTICS I990-I992

3 MONTHLY AVERAGES MAY-JULY,NOVEUBER-JANUAKY (Units-Meters) GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT - I00-30hPa (12Z NOUINAL TIME).

WYO SONDE LAT LONG SE SE [ OB-FG BIAS ] [OB-FG ST.DEVIATION ] [ NUMBER OF OBS. ] NO. (-=S) (-=W) I 2 1990 90/I 199I 91/2 I992 1990 90/I I99I 91/2 I992 90 90/I 9I 9I/2 92

94ISO VRS80 -12 137 -54 -41 11 12 2 IS 60 IO 22 I6 IS IS I9 I6 94203 VRS80 -IS I22 -43 -27 -17 -I3 18 11 18 24 16 11 IS 11 8 7 I2 2I I6 94294 VRS80 -I9 I47 -66 -4I 94299 VRS80 -I6 ISO -68 -45 94302 VRS80 -22 114 -37 -18 94312 VRS80 -20 119 -40 -23 94326 VRS80 -24 I34 -ss -31 94332 VRS81;) -21 I39 -59 -36 -s -23 10 0 24 19 18 IS 20 17 26 23 22 IS I7 94380 VR880 -24 151 -71 -39 -4 10 2 11 18 I7 9 IO 13 94403 VRS80 -29 115 -38 -IS I 21 I3 9446I VRS80 -25 128 -so -26 94510 VRS80 -26 146 -66 -35 -2 I9 -3 2I 13 20 I3 20 I3 IS 20 I9 94527 VRS80 -29 ISO -69 -33 s -7 9 10 7 ll 94578 VRS80 -27 153 -72 -36 94610 VRS80 -32 116 -40 -I4 -4 7 I2 -12 17 33 20 2I 16 31 ss 76 48 76 56 94637 VRS80 -3I 12I -44 -18 94638 VRS80 -34 122 -4S -I6 12 7 -8 46 21 7 IS I9 14 94646 VRS80 -3I I28 -so -22 94659 VRS80 -3I 137 -57 -26 3 IS 12 -1 23 25 23 7 I7 I2 I4 I4 I4 20 I3 94672 VRS80 -35 I39 -ss -24 11 3 I6 -1 IS 21 20 27 IS 25 Sl 71 ss 75 47 94711 VR880 -3I I46 -65 -30 I7 -7 8 IS 11 10 IO I4 IO 94750 VRS80 -35 151 -68 -29 94776 VRS80 -33 IS2 -70 -3I 94802 VR880 -35 118 -41 -I3 7 I7 1 -9 13 12 19 10 4 11 11 IS 9482I VRS80 -38 I4I -59 -23 -3 17 I2 IS I3 I2 IS 9 I3 94865 VRS80 -38 145 -62 -24 2 6 I7 -3 6 26 2I 23 IS 18 l9 ss SI 66 25 949IO VRS80 -35 147 -6S -27 20 -7 17 26 16 14 16 17 19 94975 VRS80 -43 I48 -62 -20 12 10 14 2 31 24 23 20 4I 57 46 ss 94995 VRS80 -32 IS9 -76 -34 IS -I I9 14 IS I3 9 16 11 94996 VRS80 -29 I68 -83 -38 94998 VRS80 -54 159 -57 -12 26 4 13 1 9 29 25 48 19 26 so 70 60 60 65 96035 4 99 -13 -17 96237 -2 I06 -23 -22 963IS VR880 s liS -27 -33 964I3 VR880 1 110 -25 -27 IS 2 8 6 12 I3 3 IO 24 24 7 4 9 IO 26 96441 VR880 3 113 -26 -30 29 I3 13 -8 4 I9 IO IS 2I 3 9 7 7 26 96471 VRS80 6 116 -28 -34 -I -3 -3 2 27 40 29 2S I2 I3 I7 33 9648I VRS80 4 118 -30 -35 -2I 8 25 2I 20 32 96749 -6 107 -25 -20 23 64 24 96935 -7 113 -31 -25 96996 VRS80 -12 97 -IS -9 s 19 80 970I4 2 I2S -38 -40 97072 -I I20 -34 -34 97I80 -s I20 -36 -32 97560 -I I36 -48 -48 DBBH VRS80 DBLK VRS80 EREA MARS EREB MARS EREC MARS EREH MARS BREI MARS ERES MARS ERET MARS EREU MARS FNOR VRS80 FNOU VRS80 FNPH VRS80 FNRS VRS80 GACA VRS80 JBOA MEISEI JCCX VRS80 JDWX VRS80 LADB2 VRS80 LDWR VRS80 OVYA VRS80 UJFO VRS80 UMAY MARS UllFW MARS UPUI MARS UUQR MARS mmc MARS UZGH MARS VPHA VR880 VSBV3 VRS80 ZCSK VRS80

Figures

"' ... .... ..... ... • <n « ... ... "" .. .... ... >

<1:

(!) ..... I ....

LaJ a::

... ... .... ..... ... • <n <1:

"" "' ... .. .... ... ,.

-a:

CD .... I ......

UJ a::

58

25

8

-25

-58

REF-FS AVERASE BIAS AT 188hPa : 12Z Lat.Band 38 to 68 deg H. 1998-1992

···i ·······------·-··-·· ............................ ; .. t ···=o~=-·· RSa-t - ---· t -+- V I Z *- AVK -8- 11E I SE I

········!··

. l

! :

-·--·--···i········---·····-······ ! i

---i··············· ··-· .. - --······---- --~---··········-----.................. ----~--

2 3 4 3 Konthly Statistic Bands

REF-FS AVERASE BIAS AT 188-38hPa : 12Z Lat.Band 38 to 68 deg H. 1998-1992

5

1- MAY-JULY 1990 1-NOV.-JAN. 1990/91 3-MAY-JULY1991 4- NOV.-JAN. 199119l 5-MAY-JULY1992

58 1- j ; .... .............. ···········+·········-··-·· ···-····--···· ········r·····~······Rs·n-····-··-r·--

1 -+- VIZ i l ! ··* AVK

i ; 2 5 1-+ ···-··-·······-· ........... L ...... .

-8- 11EISEI ! -------------+----i

_,:J~ - 5 8 t i •"• mm mo•mo ··-···-··-· m~ •o;0000-0 ·-··-· m--·· ····-----······· ---······t· ······-·-------·-··-------------r----

2 3 4 5 3 Konthly Statistic Band

59

... ... 48 ._ ..... ... • ..., c

38 0 -...... .. ... > ... ... 211 . .... ...

CD ...... 18 I .....

LaJ a::

8

58

-... ... 48 .... .... ...

• ..., c

38 0 -.... .. -> .. ... 211 . ..... .., (!)

LL

18 I LL LaJ a::

ll

REF-F6 St.Deviation at lBBhPa : 12Z Lat.Band 39 to 611 deg H. 1999-1992

·--------···-·· ··---t······---····-··-·······--···-······· l······· ························-··· ·········· ·t· ·=--=-··Rs·s-e-···· +- VIZ * AVK

.. ----·-··-····-········ ··-----!··· -··-·-··-··-··-!·····-······- ...... ········-~ ·&·····11-ilSE

-------------···········t .. ·-- ···········----···--·-------"···-····-t-----------·-···--...

I l _______ _... -----·

t~ :;;~c:;_o-~i~-~,~-:~:+- ~- _:~-~-~~~I::~~- -------t : l i ! -

-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·{fl-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·

2 3 4 5 3 Konthly Statistic Bands

1- MAY-JULY 1990

REF-F6 St.Deviation at 1B8-38hPa : 12Z Lat.Band 39 to 69 deg H. 1998-1992

:Z- NOV.-JAN. 1990/91 I 3- MAY-JULY 1991 0. 4- NOV.-JAN.1991/92 '-0 5-MAY-JULY 1992

·""""·····Rss-e········ ·+ -+- VIZ

. -* AVK 1

-··+-.&-.. II-£1SE1 ··+· :

~,::~:~ ___ _t~:-:~- ~J~:-:~~-_: :~E---~~-~--~:: ------. i 1'····-·-·· .....

-!----·--··-· ---------------------------------- +·-

2 3 4 5 3 11onthly Statistic Bands

Fig. 1 Variation of estimates of REF -FG between sample periods at 12Z for 30°N to 60°N

(.!)

LL. I

P=l 0

-

(.!)

LL. I

P=l 0

ill$

0... ..c. (S)

(S)

......

100

75

50

25

0

100

75

50

25

- 70 -

ECMWF STATISTICS 100hPa OB-FG Average SD SELECTED AUTOMATED RIS : 1990-1992 00Z

······;:r··:·vRsse···· ······· +. VIZIVAL * . MEISEI

! I l !

... -~ ...................................... ~- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... -~ ............... " . . . . . . ... ' ........ : ............. .

. .

····:······························~·-·····:····

* ' :t

·~~~~; m ~-t~) ' * "

' .. -~ ...................................... j .... ' .... " ......... ' ........ ' . . . . . . -~ ...... ' . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. ' ........ " ................. ' . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .... .:. ........... '.... .. .. . . . . . ... ' ....... '.. . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ; ... .

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 Latitude (degrees)

ECMWF STATISTICS 100hPa OB-FG Average SD SELECTED AUTOMATED RIS 1990-1992 12Z

................ . .. ,, '..................... ...................... . ............. ~ ....................... ., ............. i ..................................... ·~ ·········a······:···vR·s·s·e··············,····

i ~ .... j ........ . . ............ ~ .. . ....... ! ....................................... : ......... .

. .

+ ! VIZIVAL * MEISEI

''')''''' .................................... .

... : .............................. ~ ................... ' . .. .. . . . . ........ ~. .. . ......... ".. . .. .. . .. . " ...... : ..

+ + . .

• + . + + :

,+Jt!+*~L +t.~f"·~· ' : o't cc "

: ""

............. g .. '"'[j ..................................................... .

* 0

" "

-90 -60 Latitude (degrees)

Fig. 2 Variation with latitude of the standard deviation of (OB-FG) at 100 hPa for some key

radiosonde types

(!)

LL I

j:q

C)

(.D

LL I

j:q

C)

100

75

50

25

- 71 -

ECMWF STATISTICS 30hPa OB-FG Average SD SELECTED AUTOMATED RtS 1990-1992 00Z

.... ~···' ........ ' ....... " ............. ···~·' .......... .

~ ~ . '. -~·' .................................... ~- ... . .. .. ...... ... .. .... ..... . ... ,. ··~ .............. .

··············"····················· ·······;-·····:···vRs·s·e·············:···

+ • VIZtVAL * • MEISEI

: : : : • • • • "•I• • ••••• ••• • • •• •• • ··• "' "''''''' • • ••• • •:• • •• •" • •••• • • ••• •• •••" •••• • •• ••• ·•·• •I•• • • •" • • • •• • •••• • • ••• • •" • • • ''" • •• •• ~··• •

: ;

. . . +t• . ··································:······································:······································T······································:······································r···

0 ···:············································································\·····································+····································'-····································i····································; ....

100

75

50

25

-90 -60 -30 30 60 Latitude (degrees)

ECMWF STATISTICS 30hPa OB-FG Average SD SELECTED AUTOMATED RtS : 1990-1992 12Z

90

····:·······················.-··········:··r·························· ········ !······································:·····································r·····························a······:···vRss·e·············r··

+ ! VIZtVAL * i MEISEI

. . . . .. . . ; ...................................... ~ ....................................... ~ ............... . ......... ! ...................................... "\- ...................................... ; ...................................... 1 .. ..

+ : ' :

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+ + :"t;+ rt4::f + +

·····+····. ·~r.~~··"ti··c··· C C . D

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······*········! ............... . c



--(.!)

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- 72 -

ECMWF STATS~ VRS80 R1S1 CALL STATIONS) 100hPa OB-FG BIAS : MAY-JULY 92 [00ZJ

,_ .... [ ...................................... ; ..................................... ~ ...................................... ! .................................... l.. .................................... : ...................................... !.. .. _ ~ o VR$80CKnow~)

0 + M rx 1 u N K I

,_.) ...................................... :.. ..................................... ; ..................................... : .................................... L. .................................. : ..................................... !...._ j i i l i l i


ECMWF STATS~ VRS80 R1S1 CALL STATIONS) 100-30hPa OB-FG BIAS MAY-JULY 92 [00Zl

f-.... ~ .................................... ! ................................ ) .................................... J ...................................... L ................................. .,! .................................... J .... -

, ! " V R:S 8 0 <K n o w ~ ) + t1 I :x I u N K I !

~ ~ ~

50 ._ ... i .................................... i ...................................... i'""'""''1r"''""'"'""'"''t""''"'''""'"'''""'""''"'''''i'''""""'''""""'""""''"'"'l"""'''""""'""""""'"''"'1""-

0

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: : : :

-100 i i

......... l ..................................... : ....................................... ,_ i j l

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Fig. 4 Variation with latitude of (OB-FG) bias for Vaisala RS80 at OOZ, May-July 1992

....... (f)

(.!)

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80

60

40

20

100

80

60

40

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- 73 -

ECMWF STATS. VRS80 RIS. <ALL STATIONS) 100hPa OB-FG ST.DEV. MAY-JULY 92 [00Zl

! ! ........... \.. .................................... ! .................................... L. .................................... ! ...................................... : .... _ _, ... , ...................................... : ............. .. · a VR~80(Knowri>

+ 11 I /X I U H K , : : : : : ~ ~

-· .. ·i··· .. ·······••.o··············· .. ·····j·······································t··············· .. ·····················!··········· .. ··························~ ....................................... ~ ...................................... j····-}

! a

_ .... ; ..................................... .;.. ..................................... ; ...................................... : ...................................... ; ..................................... + .......................................... -~ ;

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. : :++a .a ·++ 1-.... : ...................................... ; ..................................... [ ................................... ; ............................ t1 ....... +··· ..................................................................... ; .... -

-90

~~

-60 -30 0 30 60 Latitude (degrees)

ECMWF STATS. VRS80. RIS. <ALL STATIONS>· 30hPa OB-FG ST.DEV. : MAY-JULY 92 [00Zl

90

_ .... ; ...................................... ) ...................................... !... .................................. ) ...................................... } ............................. ) ...................................... J .... -

. · j a V RjS 8 0 ( K n o w ~ ) : + M I :x I u H K I

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+ ! ; : : : : :

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: :Q . '"W·!--·.·:_ ............ t .................... !,,~ .. .+ ..................... ~ ..... -.:·"''~ ............................ :.· ..• , .................................... ;_, .... -r- .... t ............................ a ...... : ................ i:i u u u ·-

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a a a a a: a + •a[:!, ,r T -; u

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,, ... ,j"~ ~-- ... ~_:,,_~-~-- aa 9, al :. :a a;!:!f l a a.. l ·-o ;•J:i!i- ~ 0 : • ;; f : 0:.-~;.-::: . r

i ..... ; .. _

i ............... ; .................................. 1 ............................. ······:-........................ .


Fig. 5 Variation with latitude of (OB-FG) standard deviation for Vaisala RS80 at OOZ, :May-July 1992

(!)

u. I ~

0

-

10 0

75

50

25

0

- 74 -

ECMWF STATISTICS 100hPa OB-FG SD VRS80 RIS, SYSTEMS MAY-JULY 92 : 002

.... ;. ....... ·····························i''''''''"''''''''''''''''''''' ...... ; ..... . ············i······································:······························a····· :···pt·;n·-r·s·r·t!O . .

+ J MIC R 0 C 0 RJA * : pp 11 D j OTHER

: : :

···:··········· ·························i··············· ...................... ; ..................................... i······································:··*················ ·············:-································· ··;···

.. ··~.. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... ·~·' .... .. ... . . . . ' ..................... ; ...... ' ............................ :··! .................... , ................. ~-·· .. ' ...... .

* rn 1* o:

' ..... ' .. ' ..... '; ............................. '.' ...... ~- .. .

D : * * l - . ** * * *' + :* : . ..................... .... ~~-·-···:·····~-~~~~S,o,-,~--\::~; n;T~+;, -r : : 0 o : '1-: Do ~I:T');'ifl-'1"" : : cJ c i i af i

.... : ...................................... j ...................................... ! ...................................... ! ...................................... ~ .................................... ) ...................................... ! ... .


Fig. 6 Dependence of (OB-FG) standard deviation at 100 hPa at OOZ, May- July 1992, on the ground system used with Vaisala RS80.

·-C.D LL.. I ~

0

-

w LL..

I ~

0

100

50

0

-50

- 75 -

ECMWF STATS. VIZ TYPE RIS <ALL STATIONS) 100hPa OB-FG BIAS MAY-JULY 92 (09Z)

e-... L ................................... 1 ...................................... 1 .................................. ..( ...... . ................ 1 .................................... ! .............. . c

+

*

VIZIVIZB VAL i

SDCIMSS *~ ·r~ *

c D

-: [] :

:*

f- ... ~ ................................... + ................................. ~ .................................. + ..................................... ; .................................... + ...... .............................. !. ,_ . ~ ; . . ' .

. . .

- 1 0 0 '-····l""""""""""""""""""""'''j'""""""'": ...................... O'l ...................................... : ...................................... i ....................................... j' ..................................... i" .. _

100

50

0

-50

-100

-99 -60 -30 0 30 60 Latitude <degrees)

ECMWF STATS. VIZ TYPE RIS <ALL STATIONS> 100-30hPa OB-FG BIAS : MAY-JULY 92 (00Z)

90

.. + ..................................... j ....................................... ; ...................................... ! ...................................... ~ ............................... * ................................... : .. .. i a V I Z ~V I Z B i , i * * " !* :

+ VAL ! . ., ~~ ! * * SDCIMSS i *" 'lli

c

.... :. ..................................... ! ..................................... ..\ ...................................... ; ......................... ~ ............ ; ....................................... :···"·"""''"""'""""""""""""""\"" D

c . c d a a

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a a ~'a.oBq, a c : a c : ac~ cr.. a ' -:IJ:. '

............ J,·: ................... IJ ....... c"' ...... ~.f,:',·.a .. aa. :~CJ:'D. """+"·~.:· .... +~ "+""""+'"""'±r. ...... :::·,:.' .. .. ····~····· ............................... l ..................................... ~················· .. •··•••· 'tJ tD + -~-·r-

. 0 !D ~:+a ! ' +t"'+ :

······················· .............................................................................................. : ...................................... ;.,,,

c

·············· ..... ............................... . ................... ;. .. ................................. ~ ...................................... ~ ...................................... 1 ... .

-90 -60 -30 30 60 90 Latitude (degrees)

Fig. 7 Variation with latitude of (OB-FG) bias for VIZ (SDC) radiosondes at OOZ, :May-July 1992

... ... '..... ... .. en « ... ... ... .'... > «

"' ..... ..c:

"" ...

--... ... '..... ... .. en « ... ... "' .-'... >

<J:

"' ..... ..c:

"" ...

199

58

8

-59

-199

ECKWF STATS. 199hPa (08-FS)x BIAS : 89Z USAtCAHADA AVERAGE BIAS KAY-JULY 99-92.

···r---------··-r··---------··-····---·-----------·-····+-----·

_j_____________ ··-·~··-·-·--------!·-··---·---·--------+--------··-:---------·~ a a ~ l

·--- ~ ! 1

l ! ' . 1---f'h 1?11001<"+' ! ' i ' Cc(~!. c;;a..-....

------i-------~ .. _________ 1._ _______ ~ !

-68 -39 9 39 69 98 . Solar Elevation <degrees)

• USA OB-FS gravit~ correction applied

199

59

9

-58

·-1 89

ECKWF STATS. 199hPa <OB-FS>x BIAS : 122 USAtCAHADA AVERASE BIAS KAY-JULY 98-92,

i --·-------1·---- ···--":· ----·----:-------r-----=o

-69

•~c~·~ . ~ or: .. • aa

•• ~<!! aacP'"al a

! H

____ 2_ : •!a . ---dl;- ! --- ---1 ·---- -- -!'-___ _:_ __ !

i--l'l'llf"fi>~

; ' i ~-~----------~----------~----····-·--1----.. ------+---------_j_

-38 11 38 611 98 Solar Elevation (degrees>

• USA OB-FS gravit~ correction applied

...... .. ... '..... .. • ... « ... .. ... .. '.. > « .. ..... ..c: ... CS)

...... "' "' '--.. • ... « -... "' ... .. '-.... >

<z: .. ..... ..c: ... CS)

198

59

8

-58

-198

ECKWF STATS. 189hPa <OB-FG>• BIAS : 88Z USAtCAHADA AVERAGE BIAS HOV-JAH 98-92.

·------; --- 1 : i--1 ! i I ! i !

·-------~---·~------·---! ----! -· I ,

I-' ! ! \ . i . I I . • ! --r--- ----t---

1 0 i'

~, i f i i ------ ~--1 I I I !---''l'i' "-,..L

H- i i j I c ... R.~l-

-68 -38 11 38 60 99 Solar Elevation (degrees)

• USA OB-FG gravit~ correction applied

ECKWF STATS. 189hPa (OB-FS>• BIAS : 12Z USAtCAHADA AVERAGE BIAS HOV-JAH 98-92.

'" I r---- I r r 58 ~ i i i --- !--

i i ~ 1

'--·- i --·--·--.. - i -------.. +-e l-- +------a-··-r·-o-;i-------;5!--. . • • :o ;otl!o.•'f&gilf : ~ a 0 la ~ BJ8•ft· Y-'1 • 6 0 " G u" i m~ D Cllf o·

a ~ .. _, ~

-189 b:: -68 -38 B 30

Solir Elevation <degrees> 1 USA OB-F6 gravit~ correction iPPlied

i ---\~1 ~~o...J.,o.~_ CDn. S...eHi!.

611 99

Fig. 8(a) Variation of 100 hl?a (OB-FG) bias with solar elevation for VIZ type radiosondes in USA and Canada, at OOZ and 12Z , summer and winter, 1990 to 1992.

'-.1 o-.

... ... '..... ... • ... ~ ... .. .,. • ... .. > <::

... ".r. .., ,.., I

OS> ...

... .. <..... ... • en <:: ... ... "' ... '... :> <::

... ".c .., ,.., ' .., ""

ECMWF STATS. 188-38hP~ COB-FS>• BIAS:88Z USAtCAHADA AVERASE BIAS MAY-JU(Y 98-92,

' u 8 r---, ----- ----------i. • 1 i ! I ; J i

I l

i 58 1--+--------r·----------~---------- --r---------a-t--------------t--

i o ~ a ~a 0 I i ! i

a. , I

8 f-l---- ; -!j = :::"-~if;b:o .. r-=----- 1-----l ~ia i J i

i

I

1~-.--ffllllADI....Jw I cal'R-~-; !

---t--

a ~ ~ ~ ~ . i ! I : I ~ -58 1 u---I t

i 1 I i f i

J _J L -198

-69 -39 8 39 69 99 . Sol~r Elevation <degrees>

• USA OB-F6 gravity correction ~pplied

ECMWF STATS. 188-38hPa COB-F6)1 BIAS:12Z USAtCAHADA AVERAGE BIAS MAY-JULY 98-92.

198 ---~;-' -+- ! I

\ I. I ! i I ~ ---"~---. l ' ; ~·! • ! . I o!

se H-- -- i ! • •.•,p J" •• -

. ~----~ --- ___ j :.:~t- :-.

-58 : i .. H

-·

-199 t+----. --+-~--.---;------;-----;---- -1--~-~~=r -68 -39 a 38

Solar Elevation <degrees> • USA OB-FS gr~vity correction ~pplied

69 99

... .. ... .... ... • ., ..., ... .. "' .. ... .. :> <r

... .... .r. .., ....

I .., ..,

..... ... • ... -... • ., ..., -... .. .,. .. ... .. > ..., ... ....

.If:.

"" .... I ... ...

tee

ECMWF STATS. 189-38hP~ COB-FS>• BIAS:eez USAtCAHADA AVERASE BIAS HOV-JAH 98-92.

H- -i , ·r-, !

5I ~r----1 : j·--- ----I- :-... ~~ .r ; , ----;---:· r~~ .. _::_ -1 1 :----:-

e

-58

-188

! l ! j ___ ,,CfJ iADAT'~G'tJ . ! -t-- ! -c:c~~- s ... ~r-

-68 -38 8 30 68 90 Sol~r Elevation (degrees>

• USA OB-FS gravity correction applied

188

58

ECMWF STATS. 188-38hPa COB-FS>• BIAS:12Z USAtCAHADA AVERASE BIAS HOV-JAH 98-92.

1--; ------· r--------r---~ i i ·!--

-~

' • --+- ···-- . ---- -t~ ---.- ---t··-'1·.: ."·J :· . --- i --- -- i ---~t---58

1 ! ---l'i'ft ~ADI~-! ! cel1f< S<><~c.

-188 ~-------~----- -~---------~---68 -38 8 39 68 99

Solar Elevation (degrees> • USA OB-F6 gravity correction lPPlitd

Fig. 8(b) Variation of 100 -30 hPa (OB-FG) bias with solar elevation for VIZ type radiosondes in USA and Canada, at OOZ and 12Z, summer and winter, 1990 to 1992.

""'-.~ ""'-.~

....

(Do

LL I

lXI C)

100

75

50

25

0

-25

100

75

50

25

a

-25

- 78 -

ECMWF STATISTICS 100-30hPa OB-FG BIAS N.AMERICA VIZ : MAY-JULY 90,91 1 92 - 12Z

* + ...................................................... !''·························· .. ·················

................... ti"'''"'''1'91'0''"'''"""'''";'"

+ 1991 * 1992

... , ..... :. ····································· .................................... ; ... .

.... f ............................................................................. ; ......................................................................... ) .................................. : ............................ ..j ...

0 30 60 Latit~de (degrees) S.Elev 20 - 40 degs

ECMWF STATISTICS 190-30hPa OB-FG BIAS N.AMERICA VIZ: NOV-JAN 90191 1 91192 : 12Z

90

... -~······· ...... ········ .............. ' ... ' ........ ' .. ·.·· ........................ ~ .... ...... .... ..... ... .. ... . ... . . .. . ............................... '.. . .. .;. ................. . '''''[j''"'""'!'9'9'0'1'9'1""j""

+ 1991192

.. ··~· ........................................................................... ··~· ...... ' ........................... ····· ................................... ' .. ) .......................................... ' ................................... j ... .

0

+ + " "

+ + ] + c ; ..................... + ..................... , ............................................................................. ~ .............................................................. . +• + + ci++ it- -I-. + + + + 'T

+: # ~-?-" ..................................... ± ......... O. ... eJ~'''±f::t:!!'-··~· .. :fo ... +. .. " t" cc c c +-+ ++ + c

c 0 00ccc

c c Cl

c Cl

............. ().... ........ ............ . .. .... c ... ..

30

+ +

Cl

"

60

+ ............................................... .. Cl

Latit~de (degrees) S.Elev -10 to 5 degs. 90

Fig. 9 Variation of 100-30 hPa (OB-FG) bias with latitude for VIZ type radiosondes for solar elevations of 20 to 40~ ·May- July, and -10 to 5°, November to January.

....... en

CD LL

I ~ 0

CD LL

I ~

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

- 79 -

ECMWF STATS. VIZ TYPE RIS <ALL STATIONS) 100hPa OB-FG ST.DEV. MAY-JULY 92 <00Z>

f-····~······································! ....................................... 1 .... ······················ ....... .! ...................................... ! .................................... ! ..................................... ; .... _ . " VIZ~VIZB .

+ VAL . * SDC~MSS . . : i

- .... ~ ...................................... j··················•"''''''''''''''''"1'"'''''''''"''''''''''''''''''······i"'''''""'''''''''''' .............. ; ..................................... i······"······························{····-

"

. . ' . . . . -····~ ...................................... ~ ...................................... +··· ................................... !·····························"""'"'~·································· .. ··!······················"''''"'•••••··~"··-. : . : . , l

" a jD

. . ···i.i······································'.·········"·········"·······: .......... ;.: ......... : ..................... ~ ..... ,.'.· ...................................... i,' ..•. -1-····i····· .. ·· ... ·····················:·········· .. ·················· . . . . .... f- '. ; : ~ a i a o l 1- ; i ~ C . ~a*· D DD j : c . , , , c a ,

:, ~ ' - i ! ~:;:J_~-tt~~~+J_ f- 8 ~

f i [a r- .. ) .................................... ) ....................... ··········· ) ...... .............................. ; ...................................... ~ ............................ : ....... ! .. : .................................. ; .... _

. i i i i i i

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 Latitude (degrees)

ECMWF STATS. VIZ TYPE RIS <ALL STATIONS> 30hPa OB-FS ST.DEV. : MAY-JULY 92 (002)

90

.... : ·········~··········vi2Xvi£B··················· ·}························ ···· ········!········· ··············· ····· ·····r························ ··········!·· ··· ···················· ··· ·····'····

+ VAL! * SDCIMSS . . : . ; j .... , ...................................... ( ....................................... i'''''''" ............................. ~································ .. ····0:.·····"''"··············"'''''''''''1'''''"'"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

D j Cl

" ~ ~

, : . . . c i ····[···································· ··r······································t······································~···· ····[t····························;-······································l······························

c

D

c ~ D D

j D

.................. ; ....................................... ; .................................. ~ ........ c ........... a .............. l ............... c:! .................... 9 ...................................... l .. .. . c ! "'~ +~ + .

:cc "bcc~; c~~t~.*-+ c i c ."b" +"lF c;·ll, + + •

~ : c Cl ; ll + i ................................................... EJ. •. D. .............. : ...................... ..

: :

····················· ............................................... : .......................... . c

c


Fig. lOVariation with latitude of (OB-FG) standard deviation for VIZ type radiosondes at OOZ, :\lay-July 1992

(!)

LL. I

j:lq

CO

(!)

LL. I

j:lq

CO

100

50

0

-50

-100

100

50

0

-50

-100

- 80 -

ECMWF STATS. ALL FORMER USSR STATIONS 100hPa OB-FG BIAS MAY-JULY 92 (002)

~ ... .l .................................... ! .................................... l .................................. ! .................................... l... ................................... ! .................................... l. ... _ D MR2(AVK) RIS ' ++: + MARS RIS

+

c-+···· -················ ·················· ............... , ................................... , ............. ·····················!·······~·:······+~+-F"+················r·-l a- D 4-:t+ D

\ ; +. -1o~ :t .,aa+-t: ; ; ! 1-- aa'iia+ a •

-; + ' j f :?~i~:t- l-D D p DD -Ha D

.;r d

D

_ .... l. .................................. ) ..................................... ..f ..................................... j ...................................... L. ........... a .................... i .................................... L .. ....: i i i i i i i


ECMWF STATS. ALL FORMER USSR STATIONS 100-30hPa OB-FG BIAS MAY-JULY 92 (002)

.... 1 .......... ~ ........... r1.R .. Z"tA·v·K") ....... R .. >s ... r ...................................................................................................... j ...................................... , .. ..

+ I'IARS RIS D

... , ~-· ................... ····· ........... -~.. .. . ... '.... ............ .. ... . .... -~······" ........................... '.' ~- ............ ····· ..................... ~ ............. " ................. ,, ..... ; ..................................... ) ... .

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 Latitude <degrees)

Fig. 11 Variation with latitude of (OB-FG) bias for l\1RZ and l\IARS radiosondes at OOZ :\1ay-July 1992

(.!)

LL I

;:IQ

0

- 81 -

ECMWF STATISTICS 199-30hPa OB-FG BIAS AVK RADIOSONDE MAY-JULY 1990,91,92 : eaz

1 0 9 r-... .L ............................... L ............................. .f. ............................... ! ......... , ...................... ! ................................. : ................................ l.. ........................... : .. l .. ··-

c

: : a

50 ~'"'[""""""""' .............. j ............................... + ...................... ~ ..... f. .............................................................. t ............................................................... .L .. _ f- c j cj : c

~ 1- - - J;. }~ f~~!~::~=p:; _: :~~- ::::+; ·~:- ;[_ ---r-j 'i!la 11:J . cjC ' Cl D QlJ il D ;

D IOcg:a D : c : . : a 1 : D D

9

-59 _L_ l---j -- +- --i---;- ----!----i-~

I

-30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 75 Solar Elevation (degrees>

Fig. 12 Variation with solar elevation of:MRZ radiosonde (OB-FG) bias for 100 -30 hPa, May-July, 1990 -1992

(.D

LL I ~ 0

(.D

LL I ~ 0

- 82 -

ECMWF STATS. ALL FORMER USSR STATIOHL 100hP·a OB-F6 ST.DEV. MAY-JULY 92 (002>

f-. ! ! ! ...... : ... ! f- ····;··········~···········M·R··z··~··A·v·K··)······R >s···!···························· ·······························r············· ............. : ............ . l

··················;····-100

+ MAR~ RtS

8 e ~-·+········· ........................ -r················· ............ ··:--········· .............. ··········i· ..................................... : ..................................................................... ; .... _

6 0>-- i - 1 - r - - : r • -! ; -"1-

D D

0 f-·-r ···· ··········· ················=r-·· ··························· ·····r···································r···································r···································r···································;---·-

100

80

60

40

20

0


ECMWF STATS. ALL FORMER USSR STATIONS 30hPa OB-FG ST.DEV. : MAY-JULY 92 (002)

···r········~···········M·R·z··tA·v-·i<···)···· ·R·-;-s-··f··· ·······························-+···································+· .... ·······························!··················· ·················'····

+ MARS RtS

... :. ................................ ; ......... ··························!·······························+····························· ·····f································i···········+··················i···

:c ~ + a :

................... l'''''' ............................... :····

. . +p i

DD : + . .... ~ ...................................... : ................. ····················~······································: .......................................•............ ························'···+·····························;····

...................... j ...................................... + ............................ .

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90

Latitude (degrees) Fig. 13 Variation with latitude of (OB-FG) standard deviations for 1\IRZ and l\1ARS

radiosondes at OOZ, l\lay-July 1992

·-C.D LL.. I ~ 0

-·-C.D LL..

I ~

0

-

10 0

se

0

-50

- 53 -

ECMWF STATS. OTHER MAJOR RIS TYPES 100hPa OB-F6 BIAS : MAY-JULY 92 <002)

.... ~ ...................................... ; .............. " .... ' ................. ·f .................... ' ..... ' ... '.. : : . D I H D t A ( M K 3 ) : "T" ............................. , ............................... "'!'"'""'''''''''''''' .......... "'""

+ JAPAtHMEI. > : * CHI~A<SHAH6)

D

Ill D

- 1 0 0 ··+·"''"" .......................... + ..................................... ! .................................... ) .................................... .( ................................... ) ..................................... :.. ..

100

50

0

-50

-100

0 30 60 90 120 150 Longitude (degrees)

ECMWF STATS. OTHER MAJOR RIS TYPES 100-30hPa OB-F6 BIAS : MAY-JULY 92 <002)

180

····~········ .............................. ~ ....................................... }·······"""'•''''''''''"''''"'''''"i ...................................... ~ .............................. _,,, ••. : ...................................... ; ••••

; 0 I H D l A ( M K 3 ) ; ci i i j

+ JAPAH<MEI. > :· De !

! * C H I N A ( SHAH 6 ) I : 0

le * * ** i !

L ! - -t- .:- i -~~ - ' I • • • :~·**~~9tt~ + ;

.. , ............................ : .... "'+" ................. ; ........... D ..... , ....... ; ..................... ~ .......... + .. + ..... , ............................. .' .. .. : ; **iD~*+· * ~'1- ;

D ~* : . i *. . ............................. ' .................................. : ............................... '""""*"' : ............................ ' ............................ .. . :

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 LoQgitude (degrees)

Fig. 14 Variation with longitude of (OB-FG) bias for China, India, Japan at OOZ :May-.July 1992

,.... <A I(Lo

'-+-'

I(Lo

IEi -:> I(Lo

j:l

+-' en

CD LL

I j:lQ

0

to$ 0... .c (S)o

(S)o -

,.., <A Q.l

'-..... Q.l e

........

:> Q.o j:l

..... en

(.D

u.. I

j:lQ

0

to$ 0... ..t::. (S)o

M

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

- 84 -

ECMWF STATS. OTHER MAJOR RIS TYPES 100hPa OB-FG ST.DEV. : MAY-JULY 92 (002)

............................... ·· ................. ··-~··· ···········!·····a····-·················· .. ···· .. +··············· ....................... 1 .............. ..

c IHD~A<MK3> · ' ' + J A p A H ( M E I. ) ' D c: : ' : ............ * ....... 'C'Ii.i'N"A. (iH .. A.H .6 .. ) T ......... ·: ... :... .... . ;... ... . .. .... ,,. ............ 7 ................................. ,_: ....................................... ; .. ..

: : ·······'•···················•···············\,c., .................................... ~ .. j. • ' .. • ~ • • •• • • • •. • ........ ' ......................... ·,_!' ..................................... :,,="" ........................... , .......... _. .................... ,, i 0 D D £J . :

c a cc

. , . D , . . . ···•)•····"'''"''''''''''''''''"''''''''~''"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''~"··············~···~··· .. ·····"'''!'''''''''''''"••············"''''"''*"'""'''"""'"'"'''''"'"'"!'"'"'"'""'"""""""'"'""'!''''

C D~ .... ~ ...................................... ~ ....................................... ~ ............................ ·a ....... ; ..................................... ·t ...................................... ; ..................................... -i ... . c

.... , ................................. j .................................. , ................................... ~ ........................... ~* ................................................................ .. ! : * .

: : .... i ...................................... r ...................................... : ................ . + . . ' : * : .. ,f., .................................... L. ...... .+ ........................ L............ . . · · · .................. -;-............................... , ·++~+ .. r+ ......................... r ..

.... ~ ................................... ; ................................... -;-- ............................... L ................................. ~ .................................... .:.. .................................... ! .. .. 0 30 60 90 120 150

Longitude (degrees)

ECMWF STATS. OTHER MAJOR RIS TYPES 30hPa OB-FG ST.DEV. : MAY-JULY 92 (002)

NcU l'f I!JDIAIJ 51"~'ftc;.l\.f', > /bO m )

180

····f······································~· .. ····································f··················· .. ····~···········J·····a·······························t··················· ................... ! ...................................... j···· : c IND~A<MK3) : c ! ! ! ! ' ' ' 'c ' ' ; : + JAPAHOIEI.): : : : 1 ····;······· ............................... ~ ....................................... t············ .. "C .... ·················;········ .. ····························r·-.................................... ! ...................................... 1····

* CHINACSHANG)! · ! ' * , I .... ; ................................ ; .................................... ; .................................. ! ................................... : ................................ i ..................................... l .. .. .. r ......... · · ....... · · ........ · ... · ... · -~· · .... · ... · .... · .... · ......... · ... · .... r .... · .... · ......... · ... · · ..... · ... · .. ·!· ... · · ... · ......... · .... · · .............. : .... · ..... · .... · ... · · · .. · · ... · .... · .... 1· .......................... · .......... ~ ... .

.... ) ...................................... ~. . .................................. i ...................................... ~ .. ..

** ···r·································:···································~················~i~·· ~ l ...................... ! ...................................... 1''"

"'':''""""""'''""'''''''""'"'"',""''''"'"''"""''"'''"""' ...................... . .......................... :"""'''''""""''"''""""'"''',"''

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 Longitude <degrees)

Fig. 15 Variation with longitude of (OB-FG) standard deviations for China, India and Japan at OOZ, May-July 1992

CD I.L

I ll:lCII 0

CD LL

I ll:lCII 0

~

0.. ...:: I(S)

I(S) -

250

200

150

-se

-100

~150

-200

250

200

15 0

10 0

50

- 85 -

ECMWF STATISTICS 100hPa OB-FG BIAS INDIAN STATIONS 1990 TO 1992 : 002

" " c

[J 8

····:········"···· .. ·············- .. ················ .......................... ~ ......... ~-----~---··········"'''

0 12 24 36 MONTHS < 1 = JAH 1990 )

ECMWF STATISTICS 100hPa OB-FG SD IHDIAH STATIONS 1990 TO 1992 00Z

' f- .... :······························· .. ..L 1 I ................................................... .;. ......................................................................... ; .... _.

~----r ............................. O··· ······························-- -· .. ·t····'C· .. " ··~···········!····-

" " " c " 8 Q

[J 8 "

C ' " 11 .;. " B " 8 " ~ r-··+· ... ., .......... c ..... ··"'···~r··· ... !L.Il .. a ··~···~· ~ ....... IJ ..•. ~ .. t:r .. ~ ... ll .. ~ .............. : ... ft .. ·g .. Cl ... iil ... ., .... g ... s. a .......... ·! .. ·-" ., 8 ., ~ s 8 8 o ., ~ ., i 8 8 68 ~ 8 o 8 8 R 8 ~ s " a I ~ 2 " " ~ " " ., ~ ~ g g 8 B I a o 1 a ~ ~ c " 8 n ~ B " I : B ~ 8 § ~ ~ B ~ ~ g ~ ~ B ;

8 ~ g g ~ ~ " I g g ~ i I ~ ~ B ~ g I B 0 ~ f- .; ·i g ·! "

8, l ! •l ; ; ' f : : ! li ; ! l : ~ ~ l ! ~ l : j ! i : ! ~ : l-

IRa 8 o clil.oc coB ~!oC88~ S sl:l" cc.,g t:t c t:tcs cc., a Be 8 o o 8 8 cos cc

§ c c c : 8 a 8 c c ~ ~ c c ~ c o o : " 8

J- .... • ..... ll .... t:r .............. I;J. .. ..... !;! c . ..... ~··········tr

c B 0 c a c

" c c

c .0 .................. ?···-

" " ' c c c

c

f-f- .. T ......... OH ............................... .

i . .................. ..

i

1 2 24 36 MONTHS < 1 = JAN 1990

Fig. 16 ·Monthly values of (OB-FG) statistics at OOZ for all Indian stations since .January 1990.

(,!)

LL I

j:Q

0

......

........ ~

G.o

'-+-'

G.o e

..........

~

""" ·-j:Q

(,!)

LL I

j:Q

0

""" Q.. .s:::. (g

(g

......

300

200

100

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

-50

10

86 -

ECMWF STATS. YEAR AVR. 100hPa OB-F6 SD ALL IHDIAH STATIONS 1990,91 1 92

. . ........ ;. . ........... ~ ... " . . . . .;. ....... -~ . . . . . . ~ ..... -:- .... ; ..... . ·; ............ ""'"'~"'"'1990'

19 9 0\ ~

..

•······ . : .......... ; ....... j ..... ; .... , ...•.... , ........................... ! .................. ! ......... ' ...... ····· ,... ' ...... ·•··· ' 100 1000

Log Pressure

ECMWF STATS. YEAR A~R. 100hPa OB-F6 BIAS ALL IHDIAH STATIONS 1990 1 91,92

~ .... '. . .. -:· . . .. "·! ....

.............................. L ................. t ....... f ... ··1··9-~0:· .. ·+····:010

, · -t- it 9 ~ el ~

....•• j .... j •••••

...... t ......... ,,*_ ...... tl"9·~·t-!· ·--~ .. . ·El- 1 9 p 1) +

............................. , ...... "'"X""""-:1-9 9 2! ... ~ ..

: : 1992

. . ... , ............. i .. ········="''''"}•• .. ··t·····:···"f"·!·····" .... ' . -~ .................. ' -~·... . . .... ' .. ~- . .. ' " .. -~. . ..... ! ...... i ..

·····r·· .. -:o·····.· .. ··:·

: :

. -~" ............................................. :

<>-

~: : :: ' "'"'''''" '-~ ~ ·.E:J=s'.'1:otf~:·; ;:·:;;;.';;t;:· '"; : :·r:~r,,;,.;[;;; . :. :~ . :. "". ,, ...... ,

10 100 1000 Log Pressure

Fig. 17 Annual averages of(OB-FG) statistics for all Indian stations, 1990-1992

CD LL I ~

0

e

·-CD LL

I ~ 0

100

50

0

-50

-100

100

50

0

-100

- 87 -

ECMWF STATISTICS 100hPa OB-FG BIAS SHANG RtS <CHINA> : MAY-JULY 1992 : 002

D D D c

j Cl [] [] :

------ -- -l-- ------~-----a----+------- -r--- ----1 : i

... [. ............................................. • ............................................ r ............................................ ; ............................................................................................... .

.. '. ~ ...... " .... ' ............... ' .... " ......... ' . i. ' ..... ' ' . ' ....... ' " .......................... : ......... ' .. " . ' ............................. '.} ................ ' ............... ' ............. ~ . " . . .. . . ........................... ' ... ' ...... ..

. -~· ........................................ :. .................................................................................... : ........................................... + .......................................... ; .. .

10 20 30 40 50 Latitude (degrees>: S.Elev 20-50 degs.

ECMWF STATISTICS '100hPa OB-FG BIAS SHAHG RtS <CHINA) : MAY-JULY 1992 : 122

0

! ~ 0 [][] [] .... , .............................................. 1········ .... []···························

; . c [] ~[]

[J

[J

[J

[J

: D

60

; l j ; . : ~

; --------~ ------- ~--- ----- .,;..._ --------~ ..... --------~ .................................... ··f·······'"'''''"''''"''' .................... t··"" ........................................ ;................... ..... ......... .. ...................................................... ~ ... .

10 20 30 40 50 60 L a t i t u d e ld.e _g__r_e_e_sJ. : _ S • E 1 e v < 5 d e g s

Fig. 18 Variation of (OB-FG) Bias with latitude for stations in China observing at specific solar elevations, 100 hPa, OOZ andl2Z, :\Iay-July 1992

·-(!:)

LL. I ~

0

-

-lfl 1111 '

+-' 1111 &

........

·-(!:)

LL. I ~

0

~

100

50

0

-50

-100

100

50

0

- 8& -

ECMWF STATISTICS 100hPa OB-FG BIAS SHANG RIS <CHINA>: NOV-JAN 91192 : 002

.......... ' ............ '···~ ........ ' ..................................... ; ................................ ' ..

.;,

........... , ...................... x ......... a ...... 1 .......................................... ! ............................................... _;.········· ..................................... ~···· cl)(c c

c

D c

c D

........... 1 .............................................. T.~ ........ ., ... ~.~ ..... ~ ...... ~ · -~ .. a ........... o ......... .

r----- ----~------ ------ c __ _,: _____ _

c c

""i"'" .... ... . . ......................................... ; .............................................................. . : ........................... :·

. ···~ ............................................ ··i .............................................. +·· ......................... ' ................. -l········ ............... " ........ ' .. : ..... ····~ ........................... ' .................. l ... .

10 20 30 40 50 Latitude <degrees>: S.Elev. -5 to 10 deg

ECMWF STATISTICS 100hPa OB-FG BIAS SHANG RIS <CHINA>: NOV-JAN 91t92 : 122

60

" ........ , ..... '.... ... . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. ... .. . .. .. : ... . .. .. . . .. . . .. . .......................... ,,:., .............. " ........................... } ........... ' ............................. " .. ·J·" .. ........................ " ............... ~ ... .

c

c :!C

.... ! .............................................. ! ........... ~~-~.)( .... g~~·<~·b~.a .......... 0

............................ ~ .............................................. , ............................................ ; .. .. c

c a ;

D

c

a... -50 .&:. liS)

(S) --100

10 20 30 40 50 60 Latitude (degrees): S.Elev. < -10 deg.

Fig. 19 Variation of (OB-FG) Bias with latitude for stations in China observing at specific solar elevations, 100 hPa, OOZ and12Z, November 1991-January 1992

(.!)

u.. I ~

0

-

100

50

0

-50

-100

- 89 -

ECMWF STATISTICS 100-30hPa OB-F6 BIAS SHAHS RtS <CHIHA) : MAY-JULY 1992 : 00Z

L_ -----~ --"===J.;:= === = , :X:~ ---" a a

0

" a 0

:a a a

0

D : C :

...... l.~ .... ~ ...... LJ~.~- .. -~--~·-····-~·-·J ....... Q ... , ............................... !.. ............................................ !.. ..

"" 0

0

0 . .

.... : .............................................. : ............ )( ............................ r ............................................. i ........................................... ')' ............................................. , ... .

····~··············································l··············································+············································· -~······································· ....... l .............................................. : ... . 10 20 30 40 50 60

Latitude (degrees): S.Elev. 20-50 degs

ECMWF STATISTICS 100-30hPa OB-FG BIAS SHAHG RtS <CHIHA> : MAY-JULY 1992 122

10 0 ................................................. ,., .......................................... _. ........................................................................................ ; .............................................. , .. ..

'.

50 :a

····f··:.:..: .. .:.: .. :.:.:.-·=··:.-·::··= .. ····l· .............................................. ~ ............................................... r .............................................. 1 .............................................. 1 .. ..

-r-, -------~-- ------- -- ------- ... _

0

0

-50

-100

10 20 30 40 50 60 Latitude <degrees): S.Elev. < 0 degs.

Fig. 20 Variation of (OB-FG) Bias. with latitude for stations in China observing at specified solar elevations, 100 -30 hPa, OOZ and 12Z, Nlay-July 1992

(.!)

LL I

j:IQ

C)

.... (.!)

LL I

j:IQ

C)

10 0

50

0

-50

-100

100

50

0

-50

-100

- 90 -

ECMWF STATISTICS 100-30hPa OB-FG BIAS SHAHS RIS <CHINA): HOV-JAN 91192 : 002

. . ......................................................................

~ ~ 0 : : : : ····r········ ..................................... r .............................................. :- .......... ···································-~·-··· ......................... ··········· .. ·!··········· ................ ······ ............. ~-··.

j----- --- --r--- ----0- _;,_- ; : ~ - - - -- r"" )(ctt- -- - - - L __ _ D : D

D D . D D ;0 Do D

···········································~····················c············a····~-Q~ ................. ~ ....... . D

IJ

D D

D

D

X ••••[••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••!•••••••••••~• •••••••;, ••••••••••••••••••••.:••••••••••••••·••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••u•o••••••••••••••••••••••••••••o•OO•o•••••••••:••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••i••••

... ·t ................. ' ............................ t· ............... " .............. " ... ' ........ -:- .............................................. ~ .............................................. ! .............................................. ~· .. .

10 20 30 40 50 Latitude (degree~>: S.Elev. 9 - 20 degs

ECMWF STATISTICS 100-30hPa OB-FG BIAS SHAHS RIS <CHINA): NOV-JAH 91192 : 122

60

····•··············································j··············································,············································+·············································i··············································;····

... ·! ............................................. ·l· ............................................ '1t ............................................. -~ .............................................. ~ ............................................. ·j· .. .

~--- ----- --- --- --r-a, ---- ___ :

D 17'"'--; D ~'W 0 D~---..PJ.._

D !DD (il D "' ~ --: : CC C D; dJ : 0 0 0

.... f .............................................. ~ ................. i:J"C"'0 i:i"''"C'"'"T" .. .c ........... C' ... Or:J ................. 9. ...................... . D ~ D

---......... :··· .......................................... ·~· .. .

>( D D D

Xa a D D~

D ~ ~ 0 ••..•••..•••.•.•...•••...•..••. , •.•• .:1 ••••.•••...••.••.•.••...•...•.•.•••••••. , ..• ········································:···············································.-···

10 20 30 40 50 60 Latitude (degrees): S.Elev. < -10 degs ..

Fig. 21 Variation of (OB-FG) Bias with latitude for stations in China observing at selected solar elevations 100 -30 hPa, OOZ andl2Z, November 1991-January 1992

No. 1

No. 2

No. 3

No. 4

No. 5

No. 6

No. 7

No. 8

No. 9

No. 10

No. 11

No. 12

No. 13

No. 14

No. 15

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS in the

INSTRUMENTS AND OBSERVING METHODS REPORTS SERIES

Automated Meteorological Systems. Papers presented at the Technical Conference on Evolution and Standardization of Observing Techniques in Light of Automation (Norrkt>ping, Sweden, 1980)

Instrument Development Inquiry (Third Edition), 1980

Lower Tropospheric Data Compatibility. Low-level Intercomparison Experiment (USA, 1979)

WMO Equipment Survey - Meteorological Satellite Ground-based Receiving Equipment, 1980

WMO Catalogue of Radiosondes in Use by Members, 1981 (out of print)

Preliminary Analysis of a Questionnaire on Aerodrome Meteorological Measurement11 By M. M. Etienne, 1981

The Meteorological Use of Navaid Systems - A brief technical assessment By A. Lange, 1981

Report on Meteorological Radars By G. A. Clift, 1981

Papers presented at the Second WMO Technical Conference on Instruments and Methods of Observation (TECIMO-ll) (Mexico City, 1981)

Radiation Effects on the WMO Reference Psychrometer in the Field By R. G. Wylie and T. Lalas, 1981

WMO Catalogue of Radiosondes in Use by Members, 1982

Meteorological Observations by Laser Indirect Sensing Techniques By A. 0. van Gysegem, 1982

The Use of Hydrogen for Inflation of Meteorological Balloons, 1982

Summary Results of a 1978 Survey of Calibration Facilities and of Test11 and Evaluation of Instruments (out of print)

Papers presented at the WMO Technical Conference on Instruments and Cost-Effective Meteorological Observations (TECEMO), (Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands, 1984)

I

No. 16 (TO 146)

No. 17 (TO 38)

No. 18 (TD 112)

No. 19 (TD 230)

No. 20 (TD 177)

No. 21 (TD 175)

No. 22 (TD 50)

No. 23 (TO 51)

Comparison of Pyranometers and Electronic Sunshine Duration Recorders of RA VI (Budapest, 1984) By G. Major, 1986

International Comparison of National Precipitation Gauges with a Reference Pit Gauge, By B. Sevruk and W. R. Hamon, 1984

Guidance Material on Meteorological Instruments Suitable for Use in Developing Countries By E. S. Engawi, 1986

Some General Considerations and Specific Examples in the Design of Algorithms for Synoptic Automatic Weather Stations By D. T. Acheson, 1987

Stations Automatiques a Faible Cout By P. Viton, 1986

Algorithms for Automatic Aerological Soundings By A. H. Hooper, 1986

Papers presented at the WMO Technical Conference on Instruments and Methods of Observation (TECIM 0-III) (Ottawa, 1985)

Keynote papers presented at the Third WMO Technical Conference on lnstrumentli and Methods of Observation (TECIMO-UI) (Ottawa, .1985)

No. 24 Instruments Development Inquiry (Fourth Edition) (TD 231) By E. Prokhorov, 1987

No. 25 (TO 104)

No. 26

No. 27 (TO 176)

No. 28 (TO 174)

No. 29 (TO 312)

No. 30 (TO 195)

II

Papers presented at the Workshop on the Correction of Precipitation Measurements (Ziirich, Switzerland, 1985)

Lectures presented at the Workshop for Instrument Specialists, (Buenos Aires 1984) (in Spanish) (out of print)

WMO Catalogue of Radiosondes ami Upper-Air Wind Systems in Use by Members, 1986

WMO International Radiosonde Comparison, Phase I, (Beaufort Park, UK, 1984) By A. H. Hooper, 1986

WMO International Radiosonde Intercomparison, Phase ll) (Wallops Island, USA, 1985) By F. Schmidlin

WMO International Radiosonde Comparison (UK, 1984 I USA, 1985) By J. Nash and F. Schmidlin, 1987 (out of print)

No. 31

No. 32 (TD 217)

No. 33 (TD 222)

The Measurement of Gustiness at Routine Wind Stations -A Review By A. C. M. Beljaars, 1987

W MO International Ceilometer lntercomparison ( U K, 1986) By D. W. Jones, M. Ouldridge and D. J. Painting, 1988

Papers presented at the WMO Technical Conference on lnstrumentc; and Methods of Observation (TEC0-1988) (Leipzig, German Democratic Republic, 1988) (out of print)

No. 34 WMO Assmann Aspiration Psychrometer lntercomparison (TD 289) (Potsdam, German Democratic Republic, 1987)

No. 35 (TD 303)

By D. Sonntag, 1989

Papers presented at the Fourth WMO Technical Conference on lnstrument'i and Methods of Observation (TECIMO-IV) (Brussels, 1989) (out of print)

No. 36 Compatibility of Radiosonde Geopotential Measurements (TD 344) By M. Kitchen, 1988

No. 37 Information on Weather Radars used by WMO Members (TD 309) By M .. Gilet, 1989

No. 38 WMO International Hygrometer lntercomparison (Oslo, Norway, 1989) (TD 316) By J. Skaar, K. Hegg, T. Moe, K. Smedstud

(out of print)

No. 39 Catalogue of National Standard Precipitation Gauges (TD 313) By B. Sevruk and S. Klemm, 1989

No. 40 (TD 451)

WMO International Radiosonde Comparison, Phase Ill (Dzhambul, USSR, 1989) By A. lvanov, A. Kats, S. Kurnosenko, J. Nash, and N. Zaitseva

No. 41 First WMO International Intercomparison of Visibility Measurement'i (UK, 1989) (TD 401) By D. J. Griggs, D. W. Jones, M; Ouldridge, W. R. Sparks

No. 42

No. 43 (TD 308)

WMO Automatic Sunshine Duration Measurement Comparison (Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany, 1989) (In preparation)

First WMO Regional Pyrheliometer Comparison of RA ll/RA V (Tokyo, Japan, 1989)

No. 44 First WMO Regional Pyrheliometer Comparison of RA IV (Ensenada, Mexico, 1989) (TD 345) By I. Galindo

No. 45 (TD 310)

Analysis of Instrument Calibration Methods used by Members By H. D<Jring, 1989

Ill

No. 46 WMO Digital Barometer Comparison (De Bilt, Netherlands, 1989) (TD 474) By J.P. van der Meulen

No. 47 (TD 452)

Reports of the CIMO Working Group on Surface Measurements Guidance on the Establishment of Algorithms for Use in Synoptic Automatic Weather Stations - Processing of Surface Wind Data By D. Painting, 1991

No. 48 International Workshop on Pre.cipitation Measurements (TD 328) (St. Moritz, Switzerland, 1989)

No. 49 Papers presented at the WMO Technical Conference on Instruments (TD 462) and Methods of Observation (TEC0-92)

(Vienna, Austria, 1992)

No. 50 Historical Changes in Radiosonde·lnstruments and Practices (TD 541) By D. J. Gaffen, 1993

No. 51 Overview of Real-time Lightning Detection Systems for use by Meteorological Services (TD 570) By R.L. Holle and R.E. Lopez, 1993

No. 52 (TD 571)

Results of the Working Group on Weather Radars Part I: Severe Weather Recognition, By G. G. Shchukin Part 11: Utilization of Doppler Radars for Monitoring Tropical Cyclones as one Element

of the Global Monitoring System, By Hisao Ohno, 1993

No. 53 Segunda Compariacion de la OMM de Pirheli6metros Patrones Nacionales AR Ill (TD 572) (Buenos Aires; 1991)

By M. Ginzburg

No. 54 Instruments Development Inquiry (TD 578) By J.P. van der Meulen, 1993

No. 55 Siting and Exposure of Meteorological Instruments (TD 589) . By J. Ehinger, 1993

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IV

WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION INSTRUMENTS …library.wmo.int/pmb_ged/wmo-td_587_en.pdf · is not yet the case. ... CIMO-X tasked a Rapporteur to study recent reports of "Radiosonde

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