World History: World History: WWI to Modern Day WWI to Modern Day
World History:World History:WWI to Modern DayWWI to Modern Day
Roots of WWIRoots of WWI
World War IWorld War I– ““The Great War”The Great War”
Nationalism- loyalty to one’s countryNationalism- loyalty to one’s country The BalkansThe Balkans
– Ethnic groups launching revolutions against Ethnic groups launching revolutions against the Ottoman Empirethe Ottoman Empire
– Some annexed by Austria-HungarySome annexed by Austria-Hungary– Poland v. RussiaPoland v. Russia– Ireland v. BritainIreland v. Britain
Roots of WWIRoots of WWI
MilitarismMilitarism– Countries began building up their Countries began building up their
militaries to intimidate othersmilitaries to intimidate others AlliancesAlliances
– Agreements between nations to help Agreements between nations to help each other in case of wareach other in case of war
The War BeginsThe War Begins
June 28, 1914- June 28, 1914- Archduke Francis Archduke Francis FerdinandFerdinand, heir to Austria-Hungary, was , heir to Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalistassassinated by a Serbian nationalist– Austria-Hungarian/German allianceAustria-Hungarian/German alliance– Serbian/Russian allianceSerbian/Russian alliance
Triple EntenteTriple Entente– Great Britain, France, RussiaGreat Britain, France, Russia
Central PowersCentral Powers– Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman EmpireGermany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
The War FrontThe War Front
WeaponsWeapons– Machine gunsMachine guns– Poison gassesPoison gasses– Tanks and airplanesTanks and airplanes
Stalemate develops Stalemate develops Trench warfareTrench warfare
– Dirty ditchesDirty ditches– ““no man’s land” in betweenno man’s land” in between
The End and AftermathThe End and Aftermath
1917- the US enters the war1917- the US enters the war 1918- the war ends when Germany is defeated1918- the war ends when Germany is defeated
– 20 million Europeans dead20 million Europeans dead President Wilson wanted peace but the allies President Wilson wanted peace but the allies
wanted to punish Germanywanted to punish Germany Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles
– Forced Germany to accept blameForced Germany to accept blame– Germany to pay reparations ($)Germany to pay reparations ($)
Hapsburg Dynasty (ruling European family) fellHapsburg Dynasty (ruling European family) fell Ottoman Empire- no longer existedOttoman Empire- no longer existed
The AftermathThe Aftermath
Allies redrew national borders to Allies redrew national borders to benefit themselvesbenefit themselves
New countries created causing New countries created causing conflictconflict
Promised independence to Arab Promised independence to Arab nations but went back on their wordnations but went back on their word– Mandate systemMandate system
Germans left resentfulGermans left resentful Laid the path for WWIILaid the path for WWII
League of NationsLeague of Nations
President Wilson proposed itPresident Wilson proposed it Was meant to provide a place where Was meant to provide a place where
countries could peacefully discuss countries could peacefully discuss solutionssolutions
Many countries joined but no the USAMany countries joined but no the USA Could not enforce anythingCould not enforce anything
Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution
Czar Nicholas II- lead Russia in Czar Nicholas II- lead Russia in WWI but was overthrown in 1917WWI but was overthrown in 1917
LeninLenin– Marxist/CommunistMarxist/Communist– Bolsheviks- socialist partyBolsheviks- socialist party– Gained control of the Russian Gained control of the Russian
governmentgovernment Western nations sided with the Western nations sided with the
non-communistnon-communist Soviet Union= Communist RussiaSoviet Union= Communist Russia
Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin
Became communist dictator of Russia Became communist dictator of Russia Five Year PlanFive Year Plan
– Sought to increase industrialization in the Sought to increase industrialization in the USSRUSSR
– State owned farms and starvationState owned farms and starvation PurgePurge
– Stalin eliminated those he saw as a threat; Stalin eliminated those he saw as a threat; some killed some sent to prisonssome killed some sent to prisons
– Murdered millions of his own peopleMurdered millions of his own people
Effects of the RevolutionEffects of the Revolution
End of the Romanov Dynasty End of the Romanov Dynasty transferring power to the lower transferring power to the lower classesclasses
Urbanization and technologyUrbanization and technology Mistrust between the Russia and the Mistrust between the Russia and the
westwest Later led to the Cold War after WWIILater led to the Cold War after WWII
Totalitarian v. Authoritarian Totalitarian v. Authoritarian GovernmentsGovernments
Democracy does not exist in eitherDemocracy does not exist in either AuthoritarianAuthoritarian
– Only interested in political powerOnly interested in political power– Conservatives who want to preserve traditional way Conservatives who want to preserve traditional way
of lifeof life– Expects people to accept government policies and Expects people to accept government policies and
carry on with their livescarry on with their lives TotalitarianTotalitarian
– Government seeks to control politics, economy, Government seeks to control politics, economy, culture, and social lifeculture, and social life
– Terror and fear used to force citizensTerror and fear used to force citizens
ItalyItaly
FascismFascism– Nationalistic movement that is anti-Nationalistic movement that is anti-
democratic and anti-communistdemocratic and anti-communist– Rules by intimidationRules by intimidation
Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini– Used violence to settle unrestUsed violence to settle unrest– Became dictator of Italy after gaining support Became dictator of Italy after gaining support
from the middle classfrom the middle class– Repressive governmentRepressive government
Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler Took control of Germany with the Nazi PartyTook control of Germany with the Nazi Party Rose in power through Nationalism and Rose in power through Nationalism and
promised of rebuildingpromised of rebuilding ““Third Reich”Third Reich” Began militarily expanding Began militarily expanding
– Empire buildingEmpire building– AppeasementAppeasement
Anti-Semitism-hatred of the Jewish peopleAnti-Semitism-hatred of the Jewish people– ““Final Solution”-called for the total elimination of the Final Solution”-called for the total elimination of the
Jewish peopleJewish people– The HolocaustThe Holocaust
JapanJapan
Emperor HirohitoEmperor Hirohito– Did not have complete control of Japanese Did not have complete control of Japanese
governmentgovernment– Militarily controlledMilitarily controlled
Hideki TojoHideki Tojo– Japan’s premier and led Japan through WWIIJapan’s premier and led Japan through WWII
Leading to WarLeading to War
Hitler’s invasion on the Rhineland, Hitler’s invasion on the Rhineland, Austria, and the SudetenlandAustria, and the Sudetenland
Japan expanding in the Pacific and Japan expanding in the Pacific and into Chinainto China
Axis PowersAxis Powers– GermanyGermany– ItalyItaly– JapanJapan
WWIIWWII
Hitler invades PolandHitler invades Poland Britain and France enter the warBritain and France enter the war Hitler takes over France Hitler takes over France Battle of BritainBattle of Britain
– Thousands of German planes bomb Thousands of German planes bomb BritainBritain
– Winston Churchill- British prime ministerWinston Churchill- British prime minister– Britain holds onBritain holds on
US InvolvementUS Involvement
US had remain neutral until US had remain neutral until December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl HarborHarbor– US declares warUS declares war
AlliesAllies– United StatesUnited States– BritainBritain– Soviet Union/RussiaSoviet Union/Russia
Hitler invades Soviet UnionHitler invades Soviet Union
StrategyStrategy Stalin wanted US and Britain to open the Stalin wanted US and Britain to open the
western front of Europe to help him outwestern front of Europe to help him out Churchill and Roosevelt decided to attack Churchill and Roosevelt decided to attack
Germany in Africa, Italy, and then the Germany in Africa, Italy, and then the Western European FrontWestern European Front
Tehran ConferenceTehran Conference– Allies agree to invade EuropeAllies agree to invade Europe– D-dayD-day– Significance: Paved way for Western Significance: Paved way for Western
European invasion that would end the warEuropean invasion that would end the war France is won backFrance is won back
Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference ““Big Three”Big Three”
– Roosevelt/Truman (US)Roosevelt/Truman (US)– Churchill (Britain)Churchill (Britain)– Stalin (USSR)Stalin (USSR)
Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference– After German defeat USSR would help with JapanAfter German defeat USSR would help with Japan– Eastern European countries to get electionsEastern European countries to get elections– USSR gets land in Poland and some in ChinaUSSR gets land in Poland and some in China– USSR gets most reparations because they were the USSR gets most reparations because they were the
hardest hithardest hit– Germany divided into four zones after the war (US, Germany divided into four zones after the war (US,
Britain, France, USSR)Britain, France, USSR) Significance: Laid out post-WWII Europe between the Significance: Laid out post-WWII Europe between the
west and the communistwest and the communist
Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference War in Europe ended May 1945War in Europe ended May 1945 PotsdamPotsdam
– Truman meets with Stalin and ChurchillTruman meets with Stalin and Churchill– Unconditional Surrender of JapanUnconditional Surrender of Japan– Significance: led to the decision of the atomic Significance: led to the decision of the atomic
bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasakibombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki War on both fronts were finally endedWar on both fronts were finally ended Use of the atomic bombs led to the Use of the atomic bombs led to the
nuclear arms race between the US and the nuclear arms race between the US and the USSRUSSR– Hydrogen bomb createdHydrogen bomb created
Post WWIIPost WWII Cold WarCold War
– Tension b/w the US and USSR that many feared Tension b/w the US and USSR that many feared would lead to nuclear warwould lead to nuclear war
Marshall PlanMarshall Plan– Money given to help Western Europe’s economy and Money given to help Western Europe’s economy and
help rebuild countrieshelp rebuild countries Post War JapanPost War Japan
– Created democratic government ad helped rebuildCreated democratic government ad helped rebuild– Today a modern, industrial, and wealthy nationToday a modern, industrial, and wealthy nation
United NationsUnited Nations– Organization of different countries to find peaceful Organization of different countries to find peaceful
solutions to problemssolutions to problems– Permanent Members: US, Britain, France, Russia, Permanent Members: US, Britain, France, Russia,
ChinaChina
Indian IndependenceIndian Independence
DecolonizationDecolonization India was under control of BritainIndia was under control of Britain Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi
– Leader of the Indian Independence MovementLeader of the Indian Independence Movement– Supported non-violent protests even through Supported non-violent protests even through
beatings by the Britishbeatings by the British– Unity b/w Hindus and Muslim IndiansUnity b/w Hindus and Muslim Indians
Gained independence but not religious peaceGained independence but not religious peace Pakistan created as a Muslim statePakistan created as a Muslim state Gandhi was assassinated but inspired manyGandhi was assassinated but inspired many
China’s Communist RevolutionChina’s Communist Revolution
Nationalists v. CommunistsNationalists v. Communists Mao Zedong Mao Zedong
– Communist leader who gained control of Communist leader who gained control of ChinaChina
– USSR supportedUSSR supported
IsraelIsrael
Zionism- Jewish nationalism Zionism- Jewish nationalism increased after the Holocaustincreased after the Holocaust
1948 Israel created for Jewish people1948 Israel created for Jewish people Arabs upset because part of Palistine Arabs upset because part of Palistine
was takenwas taken Wars have broken out and still Wars have broken out and still
tensiontension
Latin AmericaLatin America US was backing governments in Latin America US was backing governments in Latin America
that nationalists did not supportthat nationalists did not support Latin American nationalism associated itself Latin American nationalism associated itself
more with the Soviet Unionmore with the Soviet Union Cuba (Castro), Chile (Salvador Allende), Cuba (Castro), Chile (Salvador Allende),
Nicaragua (Sandinistas), Mexican attempt Nicaragua (Sandinistas), Mexican attempt (Zapatistas)(Zapatistas)
US backed anti-communist takeoversUS backed anti-communist takeovers Today’s anti-US Latin American governmentsToday’s anti-US Latin American governments
– Venezuela and Hugo ChavezVenezuela and Hugo Chavez– Bolivia and Juan Evo Morales AymaBolivia and Juan Evo Morales Ayma
Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia
Decolonizing after WWIIDecolonizing after WWII Many of the countries experienced Many of the countries experienced
unrestunrest Vietnamese Nationalist led by Ho Chi Vietnamese Nationalist led by Ho Chi
Minh fought the French and the US Minh fought the French and the US – Communist nationalist won in the endCommunist nationalist won in the end
AfricaAfrica African nationalism also came about after African nationalism also came about after
decolonization decolonization Several African countries gained Several African countries gained
independenceindependence South AfricaSouth Africa
– Apartheid- official policy of racial segregation Apartheid- official policy of racial segregation in South Africain South Africa
– Nelson Mandela- arrested for his leadership Nelson Mandela- arrested for his leadership for 27 years but 1994 was elected presidentfor 27 years but 1994 was elected president
– 1994 South African elections where black 1994 South African elections where black population was allowed to participatepopulation was allowed to participate
Middle EastMiddle East
Arab National arose after the Arab National arose after the founding of Israelfounding of Israel
Abdul Nassar became president of Abdul Nassar became president of Egypt and united Arabs in standing Egypt and united Arabs in standing against the west and supporting against the west and supporting PalestinePalestine
Ethnic ConflictsEthnic Conflicts
African tribes fighting one another African tribes fighting one another Kurds, Persians, Arabs, and Jews Kurds, Persians, Arabs, and Jews
fighting in the Middle Eastfighting in the Middle East Eastern EuropeEastern Europe
– Serbs, Bosnians, and Croats fightingSerbs, Bosnians, and Croats fighting– Serbians conquered Bosnia and began Serbians conquered Bosnia and began
ethnic cleansing killing many Bosniansethnic cleansing killing many Bosnians– NATO helped to maintain peaceNATO helped to maintain peace
TerrorismTerrorism TerrorismTerrorism
– Use of violence against innocent people in Use of violence against innocent people in the name of a causethe name of a cause
Al-QaedaAl-Qaeda– Largest and most active terrorist groupLargest and most active terrorist group– Led by Osama bin LadenLed by Osama bin Laden– Sept. 11, 2001Sept. 11, 2001– War on Terror- invasion into AfghanistanWar on Terror- invasion into Afghanistan
How does this affect us today?How does this affect us today?
GlobalizationGlobalization Globalization- worldwide interdependenceGlobalization- worldwide interdependence United NationsUnited Nations
– Allows representatives to negotiate Allows representatives to negotiate peacefully, provide aid, and back military peacefully, provide aid, and back military forces to maintain stabilityforces to maintain stability
World Trade OrganizationWorld Trade Organization– Monitors countries making sure they stick to Monitors countries making sure they stick to
international trade agreementsinternational trade agreements OPEC (Organization of Petroleum OPEC (Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries)Exporting Countries)– Several oil producing nations that control the Several oil producing nations that control the
cost and supply of oilcost and supply of oil