World History to 1500 A.D.-Ch9-Southern_Asia

7/29/2019 World History to 1500 A.D.-Ch9-Southern_Asia

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Chapter 9Chapter 9

The Expansion of Civilization

in Southern Asia

W


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The Gupta Empire

1. The Gupta state had its origin in the petty state of Mughada in the eastern Ganges valley under the guidance of a local raja (prince) named

Chandragupta (not related to Chandragupta Maurya) who married the daughter of a powerful northern Ganges tribal leader. Founded about 320,

the Gupta Empire was centered at its capital ofPataliputra (Putna). Expansion was achieved by his son Samudragupta (330-375) and grandson

ChandraguptaII (375-415) who carried the borders north to the Himalaya Mountains, south to the Narbada Riveron the western Deccan Plateau

where Samudragupta defeated many of the rulers and then restored them as his subjects. Likewise, he established a loose control overPallava

and Simhala (Sri Lanka). In the west the empire stretched to the borders of the Punjab and Kashmir, and east to the mouth of the Ganges. Gupta

authority also came to be exercised over states along the Indus Riverto the Arabian Sea.

2. Under the Guptas there was not only peace but also prosperity. The state controlled gold, silver, and salt mines, as well as water for irrigation.

Clearly, huge profits could be made. Moreover, such products as spices, jewels, ivory, tortoise shells, and fine cloths were exported in the regional

trade of Asia. India's location also made it a center of exchange between China and the West by both sea and land routes (the Silk Road). All was

under Gupta protection. Significantly, the trade with the Middle East resulted in the introduction of the use of gold and copper coins for a money

economy about the second century.

3. Beginning about 450, the Gupta Empire fell under the attack of a group called the "White Huns" driving from the northwest out of Afghanistan. By

480 they controlled northern India. Gupta authority collapsed about 550. When the Hun's power disintegrated in the late sixth century, King Harsha

(606-648) sought to reunite the Gupta state as militarily conquered most of northern India and bring it under loosed control. When he died without

heirs, the empire broke up.

Questions:

1. How was the Gupta Empire established and expanded?

2. What was the economic strength of the Guptas?

1. The Gupta state had its origin in the petty state of Mughada in the eastern Ganges valley under the guidance of a local raja (prince) named

Chandragupta (not related to Chandragupta Maurya) who married the daughter of a powerful northern Ganges tribal leader. Founded about 320,

the Gupta Empire was centered at its capital ofPataliputra (Putna). Expansion was achieved by his son Samudragupta (330-375) and grandson

ChandraguptaII (375-415) who carried the borders north to the Himalaya Mountains, south to the Narbada Riveron the western Deccan Plateau

where Samudragupta defeated many of the rulers and then restored them as his subjects. Likewise, he established a loose control overPallava

and Simhala (Sri Lanka). In the west the empire stretched to the borders of the Punjab and Kashmir, and east to the mouth of the Ganges. Gupta

authority also came to be exercised over states along the Indus Riverto the Arabian Sea.

2. Under the Guptas there was not only peace but also prosperity. The state controlled gold, silver, and salt mines, as well as water for irrigation.Clearly, huge profits could be made. Moreover, such products as spices, jewels, ivory, tortoise shells, and fine cloths were exported in the regional

trade of Asia. India's location also made it a center of exchange between China and the West by both sea and land routes (the Silk Road). All was

under Gupta protection. Significantly, the trade with the Middle East resulted in the introduction of the use of gold and copper coins for a money

economy about the second century.

3. Beginning about 450, the Gupta Empire fell under the attack of a group called the "White Huns" driving from the northwest out of Afghanistan. By

480 they controlled northern India. Gupta authority collapsed about 550. When the Hun's power disintegrated in the late sixth century, King Harsha

(606-648) sought to reunite the Gupta state as militarily conquered most of northern India and bring it under loosed control. When he died without

heirs, the empire broke up.

Questions:

1. How was the Gupta Empire established and expanded?

2. What was the economic strength of the Guptas?

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India from the Mauryas to the Mughals Overthrow of the Mauryan dynasty in the early 2nd century

B.C.E. was followed by disunity and division into severalseparate kingdoms and principalities

The Kushan Kingdom: Sitting Astride the Silk Road Silk Road

China to Rome

Kanishka, the greatest of the Kushan monarchs, patronizedBuddhism

Growth of Buddhist monasteries and spread of Buddhism tocentral Asia and China

The Gupta Dynasty

Chandragupta I (320-c. 330) Samudragupta (c. 330-375) Chandragupta II (375-415) Trade


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India at the Death of Mahmud of Ghanzi

1. Arab armies began penetrating east to India in the seventh century. By 636 under the leadership of Muhammad ibn-Qasim, Arabs had reached

the Arabian Sea. When Indian pirates from the Hindu state of Sind near the Indus Rivercontinued to attack Arab shipping, Muslim forces attacked,

conquering the lower Sind and Indus valley in 711. From this location the Arabs pressed north into the Punjab at the frontier ofIndia.

2.North India was brought into Islam not by the Arabs but the recently converted Turks. In 962 one group of Turks established a small kingdomin

northeastern Iran in the area of the old Kushan kingdom with its capital at Ghazni. In 986 the Turks began raiding in the Punjab. UnderMahmud

(997-1030) the attacks were increased until he won the Punjab and then pressed to the Ganges. By the time ofMahmud's death in 1030 he

controlled the Indus valley, the Punjab, and northwestern India. In religious fervor, Mahmud looted and destroyed Hindu shrines throughout theareas conquered under the guise of wiping out idolatry.

3. Resistance to Mahmud and his successors came from the Rajputs, a Hindu clan in northwest India. Their infantry, supported by elephants, was

no match for the Muslim cavalry. The onslaught of the Muslims continued.

4. Mahmud's death was followed by a period of relative peace characterized by local conflicts. This was interrupted by a new line of Turkish rulers

from their capital of Ghur (west ofGhazni) in Afghanistan. By 1193 the new attack on India reached and captured Delhi. By the end of the century

the Muslims had extended their control throughout most of northern India. Again Hindu and Buddhist statues were destroyed. Most Buddhists took

refuge in Tibet. Meanwhile, the sultanate ofDelhi was established, reaching across northern India from the Indus to the Bay of Bengal from 1206

to 1526.

5. South of the valley of the Ganges Muslim power spread more slowly. Muslims did make attacks but had little success. One of the groups with

which the Muslims had to contend were the Chalukyas and in the south the Cholas and Pandyas. These Hindu kingdoms flourished as a

consequence of trade with Southeast Asia, China, and the Middle East.

Questions:

1. How was Islam brought to India?

2. What was the impact of the Muslim presence in India?

1. Arab armies began penetrating east to India in the seventh century. By 636 under the leadership of Muhammad ibn-Qasim, Arabs had reached

the Arabian Sea. When Indian pirates from the Hindu state of Sind near the Indus Rivercontinued to attack Arab shipping, Muslim forces attacked,

conquering the lower Sind and Indus valley in 711. From this location the Arabs pressed north into the Punjab at the frontier ofIndia.

2.North India was brought into Islam not by the Arabs but the recently converted Turks. In 962 one group of Turks established a small kingdomin

northeastern Iran in the area of the old Kushan kingdom with its capital at Ghazni. In 986 the Turks began raiding in the Punjab. UnderMahmud

(997-1030) the attacks were increased until he won the Punjab and then pressed to the Ganges. By the time ofMahmud's death in 1030 he

controlled the Indus valley, the Punjab, and northwestern India. In religious fervor, Mahmud looted and destroyed Hindu shrines throughout the

areas conquered under the guise of wiping out idolatry.

3. Resistance to Mahmud and his successors came from the Rajputs, a Hindu clan in northwest India. Their infantry, supported by elephants, was

no match for the Muslim cavalry. The onslaught of the Muslims continued.

4. Mahmud's death was followed by a period of relative peace characterized by local conflicts. This was interrupted by a new line of Turkish rulers

from their capital of Ghur (west ofGhazni) in Afghanistan. By 1193 the new attack on India reached and captured Delhi. By the end of the century

the Muslims had extended their control throughout most of northern India. Again Hindu and Buddhist statues were destroyed. Most Buddhists took

refuge in Tibet. Meanwhile, the sultanate ofDelhi was established, reaching across northern India from the Indus to the Bay of Bengal from 1206

to 1526.

5. South of the valley of the Ganges Muslim power spread more slowly. Muslims did make attacks but had little success. One of the groups with

which the Muslims had to contend were the Chalukyas and in the south the Cholas and Pandyas. These Hindu kingdoms flourished as a

consequence of trade with Southeast Asia, China, and the Middle East.

Questions:

1. How was Islam brought to India?

2. What was the impact of the Muslim presence in India?

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Buddhism at Bay Changing Buddhism

Nirvana

Split in Buddhism Theravada

Buddhism a way of life not a salvationist creed

Declined in popularity though retained footholds in Sri Lanka and inSoutheast Asia

Mahayana

Nirvana can be achieved through devotion Bodhisattva

Avalokitesvara

Reinterpretation of Buddhism as a religion rather than a philosophy

Under Kushan rule, considerable popularity in northern India

Ultimately Buddhism declines in popularity in India

Denies existence of the soul

Rejected class divisions

Revival of Hinduism


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The Empire of Tamerlane

1. Tamerlane (Timur, "Earth Shaker," the Lame) was a chieftain of a small tribal state in Turkestan where he formed a powerful cavalry. In 1369 he

seized Samarkand which became his capital. In successive campaigns, Tamerlane swept into Iran in 1379 and soon controlled the entire region

east of the Caspian Sea. By 1385 he was in Mesopotamia and had captured Baghdad. Continued conquests took Tamerlane's forces as far north

as Moscow by 1395. After a brief foray into India in 1398, Tamerlane turned his attention to Anatolia in 1400 where he crushed the Ottoman Turks

in 1402 at the battle of Ankara. This turned out to be no more than a raid as that same yearTamerlane's forces withdrew. As elsewhere, this army

left in its wake death, destruction, and chaos. For Europe, the devastating defeat of the Turks gave the Europeans breathing space since the Turks

had begun to pressure them from the east.

2. Tamerlane was in northern India less than a year, 1398-1399. The purpose apparently was to convert infidels and gain booty. Delhi was sacked

over a three-day period and left a ghost town. The Sultanate of Delhi never recovered.

3. While preparing for an invasion of China, Tamerlane died in 1405. His sons and heirs shared Tamerlane's conquests and rule Transoxiana and

much of Iran in the fifteenth century. These were the last Sunni Muslims to rule Iran. At the end of the fifteenth century they were eclipsed by the

militant Sh'ite dynasty of the Safavids.

4. In 1240 the Mongols overran Kiev and two years later created their own state of the Khanate of the Golden Horde on the lower Volga River. For

the next two centuries they exerted suzerainty over almost of Russia.

Questions:1. What were the consequences of the empire created by Tamerlane?

2. How did the forces of Tamerlane indirectly help the Europeans?

1. Tamerlane (Timur, "Earth Shaker," the Lame) was a chieftain of a small tribal state in Turkestan where he formed a powerful cavalry. In 1369 he

seized Samarkand which became his capital. In successive campaigns, Tamerlane swept into Iran in 1379 and soon controlled the entire region

east of the Caspian Sea. By 1385 he was in Mesopotamia and had captured Baghdad. Continued conquests took Tamerlane's forces as far north

as Moscow by 1395. After a brief foray into India in 1398, Tamerlane turned his attention to Anatolia in 1400 where he crushed the Ottoman Turks

in 1402 at the battle of Ankara. This turned out to be no more than a raid as that same yearTamerlane's forces withdrew. As elsewhere, this army

left in its wake death, destruction, and chaos. For Europe, the devastating defeat of the Turks gave the Europeans breathing space since the Turks

had begun to pressure them from the east.

2. Tamerlane was in northern India less than a year, 1398-1399. The purpose apparently was to convert infidels and gain booty. Delhi was sackedover a three-day period and left a ghost town. The Sultanate of Delhi never recovered.

3. While preparing for an invasion of China, Tamerlane died in 1405. His sons and heirs shared Tamerlane's conquests and rule Transoxiana and

much of Iran in the fifteenth century. These were the last Sunni Muslims to rule Iran. At the end of the fifteenth century they were eclipsed by the

militant Sh'ite dynasty of the Safavids.

4. In 1240 the Mongols overran Kiev and two years later created their own state of the Khanate of the Golden Horde on the lower Volga River. For

the next two centuries they exerted suzerainty over almost of Russia.

Questions:1. What were the consequences of the empire created by Tamerlane?

2. How did the forces of Tamerlane indirectly help the Europeans?

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Tomb of Tamerlane in Samarkand

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Islam on the March Conquest of Sind by Arab armies, c. 711

Mahmud of Ghazni (997-1030)

Rule extended throughout the upper Indus valley and as far south asthe Indian Ocean

Resistance led by Rajputs (aristocratic Hindu clans)

No match

Tughluq dynasty (1320-1413)

Tamerlane (Timur-i-lang, Timur the Lame, (b. 1330s -1405)

Ruled a Mongol khanate based in Samarkand

Islam and Indian Society

Success

Egalitarian message appeals to many

Muslims rulers like the Indian idea of divine kingship

Indians learned the superiority of cavalry Some upper-class Hindu males attracted to the Muslim tradition

ofpurdah

Muslim women had more rights than Hindu women


9/17

Sikhism

Integrate the best of Hinduism and Islam

Economy and Daily Life

Agriculture

Most people live on the land

Trade

Petty traders and artisans

The Wonder of Indian Culture Art and Architecture

Buddhist cave temples and monasteries

Bronze statues

Literature

Rasa Kalidasa, The Cloud Messenger Dandin, The Ten Princes

Music Chanting Vedic hymns

Raga


10/17

Close-up of temple gopuram, at temple at Madras

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Temple complex at Mahabalipuram

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Southeast Asia 500 C.E-1200 C.E.

1. Although northern Vietnam was brought under Chinese control in 111 B.C.E., its trade and religion came primarily from India. Trade from Rome

to India was extended east across the Indian Ocean to Malaya where the goods were transhipped throughout Southeast Asia and became part of

the trading network including Srivijaya, Sailendra, and Champa. Srivijaya, with its capital at the deep water port ofPalembang, promoted

commercial relations between China and the Indian Ocean due to the control of the trade route through the Strait of Malacca. In 1025 Srivijaya was

attacked and defeated by the Indian kingdom ofChola. Although Srivijaya recovered, it could not regain its dominance of the area in part because

commerce increasingly flowed through the Strait of Sunda into the Indian Ocean. This benefited the Javanese kingdom of Sailendra. In the late

thirteenth century Srivijaya was destroyed by the kingdom of Singhassari, the successor to Sailendra. By the mid-fourteenth century, most of the

archipelago and parts of the mainland had been brought under the single control ofMajapahit.

2. The Vietnamese came from the coastal plains of southern China and occupied the delta of the Red River. A strong sense of national identity had

developed in North Vietnam by the time of the collapse of the Tang dynasty in 907. By 939, Vietnam, calling itselfDai Viet, achieved its

independence though Chinese influence remained in Confucian institutions and political structure. As Dai Viet expanded south it came into conflict

with Champa. In part, their struggle was rooted in Cham raids into the Red River delta. At times, Champa was victorious but by 1471 the region was

underDai Viet control. The Vietnamese continued their push south until reaching the Gulf of Siam in the eighteenth century. The Die Viet march

south nevertheless continued until the Gulf of Siam was reached by the seventeenth century. China, however, never lost its desire to bring the Red

River delta of north Vietnam into the empire. Chinese rule was established by the Ming in 1408 but by 1428 the Vietnamese had expelled them.

3. The kingdom ofChampa was made up of a seafaring people with linguistic and cultural ties to Indianized Indonesia. It consisted of decentralized

coastal villages that specialized in piracy as well as maritime trade with ties to the Islamic commercial network. Over the centuries, Champa becameembroiled with Vietnam.

4. Located on the lowerMekong Riverwas the kingdom ofFunan. It is the first historically confirmed state in Southeast Asia, existing at least prior

to the third century C.E. It was an agricultural and trading society possessing contacts with India and China. Funan dominated regional trade as the

major land route between the Gulf of Thailand and the Bay of Bengal passed through the Funan controlled Isthmus of Kra. The discovery of Roman

coins at Oc Eo would suggest at least an indirect contact with Rome. Moreover, there were clearly Indian influences in society. In the early ninth

century, Funan gave way to the emerging kingdom ofAnghorthat dominated what is today northwestern Cambodia (Kampuchia) from the early

ninth to fifteenth centuries. The Cambodian kings built a number of cities including their capital Anghor Thom. It covered about four square miles

and may have had a population of one million. A walled city, it contained temples including the central one dedicated to Buddha and the king. Others

were built to honor the Hindu gods. The Angkorcivilization reached its peak in the twelfth century.

5. In the eighth century the Thais united into a confederacy which lasted until the attack of the Mongols in 1253. By the eleventh or twelfth century the

Thai, originating in southwestern China, had pushed south eventually leading to conflict with Anghor. In 1432 they conquered the capital Angkor

Thom but soon abandoned it for a new capital at Ayuthaya to the west. Significantly, the Thai absorbed Indian religious and political institutions,

especially Theravada Buddhism.

6. The Burmese began migrating south from the highlands of Tibet into Nan Chao about the seventh century C.E. By the eleventh century they had

found the kingdom ofPagan. It expanded south down the Malay peninsula and became active in the maritime trade.

Question:

1. What was the relationship between China, India and Southeast Asia?

1. Although northern Vietnam was brought under Chinese control in 111 B.C.E., its trade and religion came primarily from India. Trade from Rome

to India was extended east across the Indian Ocean to Malaya where the goods were transhipped throughout Southeast Asia and became part of

the trading network including Srivijaya, Sailendra, and Champa. Srivijaya, with its capital at the deep water port ofPalembang, promoted

commercial relations between China and the Indian Ocean due to the control of the trade route through the Strait of Malacca. In 1025 Srivijaya was

attacked and defeated by the Indian kingdom ofChola. Although Srivijaya recovered, it could not regain its dominance of the area in part because

commerce increasingly flowed through the Strait of Sunda into the Indian Ocean. This benefited the Javanese kingdom of Sailendra. In the late

thirteenth century Srivijaya was destroyed by the kingdom of Singhassari, the successor to Sailendra. By the mid-fourteenth century, most of the

archipelago and parts of the mainland had been brought under the single control ofMajapahit.

2. The Vietnamese came from the coastal plains of southern China and occupied the delta of the Red River. A strong sense of national identity had

developed in North Vietnam by the time of the collapse of the Tang dynasty in 907. By 939, Vietnam, calling itselfDai Viet, achieved its

independence though Chinese influence remained in Confucian institutions and political structure. As Dai Viet expanded south it came into conflict

with Champa. In part, their struggle was rooted in Cham raids into the Red River delta. At times, Champa was victorious but by 1471 the region was

underDai Viet control. The Vietnamese continued their push south until reaching the Gulf of Siam in the eighteenth century. The Die Viet march

south nevertheless continued until the Gulf of Siam was reached by the seventeenth century. China, however, never lost its desire to bring the Red

River delta of north Vietnam into the empire. Chinese rule was established by the Ming in 1408 but by 1428 the Vietnamese had expelled them.

3. The kingdom ofChampa was made up of a seafaring people with linguistic and cultural ties to Indianized Indonesia. It consisted of decentralized

coastal villages that specialized in piracy as well as maritime trade with ties to the Islamic commercial network. Over the centuries, Champa became

embroiled with Vietnam.

4. Located on the lowerMekong Riverwas the kingdom ofFunan. It is the first historically confirmed state in Southeast Asia, existing at least prior

to the third century C.E. It was an agricultural and trading society possessing contacts with India and China. Funan dominated regional trade as the

major land route between the Gulf of Thailand and the Bay of Bengal passed through the Funan controlled Isthmus of Kra. The discovery of Roman

coins at Oc Eo would suggest at least an indirect contact with Rome. Moreover, there were clearly Indian influences in society. In the early ninth

century, Funan gave way to the emerging kingdom ofAnghorthat dominated what is today northwestern Cambodia (Kampuchia) from the early

ninth to fifteenth centuries. The Cambodian kings built a number of cities including their capital Anghor Thom. It covered about four square miles

and may have had a population of one million. A walled city, it contained temples including the central one dedicated to Buddha and the king. Others

were built to honor the Hindu gods. The Angkorcivilization reached its peak in the twelfth century.

5. In the eighth century the Thais united into a confederacy which lasted until the attack of the Mongols in 1253. By the eleventh or twelfth century the

Thai, originating in southwestern China, had pushed south eventually leading to conflict with Anghor. In 1432 they conquered the capital Angkor

Thom but soon abandoned it for a new capital at Ayuthaya to the west. Significantly, the Thai absorbed Indian religious and political institutions,

especially Theravada Buddhism.

6. The Burmese began migrating south from the highlands of Tibet into Nan Chao about the seventh century C.E. By the eleventh century they had

found the kingdom ofPagan. It expanded south down the Malay peninsula and became active in the maritime trade.

Question:

1. What was the relationship between China, India and Southeast Asia?

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13/17

The Golden Region: Early Southeast Asia Geography

Early migration

Beginnings of civilization Malayo-Polynesian migration, c. 2500-1500 B.C.E.

Contacts with India

Merchants

Kingdom of Funan

Paddy Fields and Spices: The States of Southeast Asia Angkor Indonesian archipelago

Srivi-jaya

Majapahit

Indian influences Brahmin class of advisors Writing system

Wayang kulit(shadow play)


14/17

Ruins of Angkor Wat

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Daily lifeHierarchical societyPeasantsWomen

Active in trade

Higher literacy

Financial independence Nuclear family

World of the Spirits: Religious BeliefHinduism

Buddhism Theravada Buddhism Islam


16/17

Interior of Shwedagon pagoda complex with

numerous shrines

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Temple of thousand Buddhas in Bangkok

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World History to 1500 A.D.-Ch9-Southern_Asia

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