World History Final Review

World History Final Review

World History Final ReviewCreamerNomadsHighly mobile people who move from place to place searching for food. PrehistoryTime period before written recordsRiversThe early civilizations such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Phoenicia settled on river valleys because they needed water for agriculture, transportation, and hygiene. Hammurabis CodeOne of the oldest codes of lawCame out of MesopotamiaPharaohRuler in ancient Egypt considered both king and godAncient Israelites (Hebrews)Believed in one true God, and that each event in their life reflects Gods plan.MonotheismWorship of one godCuneiformAncient writing system of the Mesopotamians (Sumerians)AsokaEmperor and ruler of ancient Indian Mauryan empire. Brought peace and prosperity and helped unite the diverse people in India.Gupta DynastyThis Indian dynasty enjoyed a long golden age or period of great cultural achievement from 320 CE to 550 CE.Caste SystemIn traditional Indian society, this is an unchangeable social group into which a person is born.HinduismHas no single founder and no single sacred text.Buddhism and HinduismBoth believe in nonviolence, karma, dharma, moksha, and reincarnation.Mandate of HeavenZhou rulers used the Mandate of Heaven to justify the overthrow of the Shang dynasty in 1027 BCE. It is a divine right to rule ChinaConfucianismChinese religion that teaches that harmony results when people accepts their place in society. It stresses 5 key relationships among family and friends. It taught how to ensure social order and good government, and also that everyone had duties and responsibilities. PolisCity-state in ancient GreeceSocratesGreek philosopher who wrote no books, but lounged around the marketplace, asking his fellow citizens about their beliefs. He posed a series of questions to people and challenged them to examine their answers.PlatoSocrates studentSet up the academyArgued importance of reasonAristotlePlatos most famous studentBelieved in good conductSet up a school called LyceumAlexander the GreatMacedonian KingAristotles studentGreatly expands empire and creates Hellenistic cultlureCultural Diffusionthe spreading out of culture, culture traits, or a cultural pattern from a central point

Example: Alexander the Great spread Greek culture and other cultures he came into contact with through conquering other countries, nations, and cities. He is credited with Hellenistic Culture which is a mixture of: Egyptian, Persian, Greek, and Indian culturesChristianityBegan in ancient RomeApostles of Jesus Christ spread his message after his death.

Justinians CodeNot content with merely reclaiming lands, Justinian also respected the laws of ancient Rome. In order to cement them into his time and his Empire, he called for all of Rome's ancient laws to be recorded. In doing this, Rome's ancient laws, also known as the Twelve Tables, were broken down into categories. Outdated laws were done away with, and complex laws were simplified. Desiring the Empire to thrive, Justinian also added new laws dealing with the fair treatment of those within the Empire. For instance, one of his laws held that a person is innocent until proven guilty. This one should be very familiar to anyone who has sat in a history class or watched a TV cop show. Justinian's new laws, together with the laws of ancient Rome, are known today as the Corpus of Civil Law or Justinian's Code of Laws. Completed around the year 529, these laws have formed the basis for the judicial systems of the Western world.PolytheismWorship of many godsMongolsGenghis Khan united the Mongols.MuhammadIslam is based on the teachings of the prophetQuranHoly book of IslamIslamWhich religion contains elements of prayer, meditation, submission to the will of Allah, and the teachings of Muhammad? Choice of a LeaderSplit between Sunni and Shiite Muslims began with a disagreement overGOLDBy the 1500s the most important elements of African Trade with Europeans wasChief goal of the CrusadesConquer the Holy Land Belief in one GodWhat is a belief shared by all three Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.Military ServiceUnder feudalism, lords grant land to knights in exchange for what?What is this a picture of?

What is this a picture of?

IncasWhich of the following peoples united their empire with a road system that extended more than 12,000 miles?The fall of the Aztec EmpireIn November 1519, Cortes and his men arrived in Tenochtitlan, where Montezuma and his people greeted them as honored guests according to Aztec custom (partially due to Cortes physical resemblance to the light-skinned Quetzalcoatl, whose return was prophesied in Aztec legend). Though the Aztecs had superior numbers, their weapons were inferior, and Cortes was able to immediately take Montezuma and his entourage of lords hostage, gaining control of Tenochtitla. The Spaniards then murdered thousands of Aztec nobles during a ritual dance ceremony, and Montezuma died under uncertain circumstances while in custody. Cuauhtemoc, his young nephew, took over as emperor, and the Aztecs drove the Spaniards from the city. With the help of the Aztecs native rivals, Cortes mounted an offensive against Tenochtitlan, finally defeating Cuauhtemocs resistance on August 13, 1521. In all, some 240,000 people were believed to have died in the citys conquest, which effectively ended the Aztec civilization. After his victory, Cortes razed Tenochtitla and built Mexico City on its ruins; it quickly became the premier European center in the New World.RenaissanceThe term means rebirth and was an era in which Europeans experienced revival in the classical ideas of ancient Greece and Rome among artists, architects, philosophers, political thinkers, and scientists.MachiavelliThis Renaissance political thinker wrote The Prince and wrote about use of political power amongst rulers.RenaissanceThe city of Florence was most influential during theLeonardo da VinciThis man was a Renaissance artist and his most famous work is Mona Lisa and The Last SupperMichelangeloRenaissance painter, sculptor, and builder. Most famous works are the statue David and painting the Sistine Chapel. Father of HumanismPetrarchRenaissance HumanismThis focused on secular achievements. Printing PressInvented by Johan GutenbergMakes printing material faster Spreads Renaissance throughout EuropeSpreads Protestant Reformation throughout Europe. Spreads Martin Luthers 95 ThesesSpreads Henry VIIIs English ReformationMartin Luther10/31/1517, this man nailed his 95 theses to a church door and criticized the corrupt church officials for the sale of indulgences.He started the Protestant ReformationThe Catholic/Counter ReformationThe Protestant Reformation prompted a response from the Catholic Church known asHenry VIIIResponsible for the English Reformation which is a part of the Protestant Reformation, which challenges teachings of the Catholic ChurchHenry VIII wanted a divorce from his wife because she could not give him a son (male Heir) .The pope refused the divorce so Henry broke with the church and created the Church of England.

Christopher ColumbusHe believed he could reach India from Europe if he sailed west. He discovered the Americas instead.Age of ExplorationExplorersFerdinand MagellanVasco da GamaChristopher ColumbusZheng HeJames CookSamuel de ChamplianScientific RevolutionIssac NewtonCopernicusKeplerGalileoThe Columbian Exchange Contributed toThe spread of Christianity to the AmericasAstrolabeA device that was used to measure latitude and was invented during the Age of Exploration. It helped fuel discovery of new lands.The Age of ExplorationChanges how Europeans view the world. Example: They no longer think the world is flat.Enlightenment ThinkersJohn LockeJean-Jacques RousseauSocial Contract TheoryJohn Locke believed that a governments power comes from the consent of the governed.Adam Smith & Laissez-Faire CapitalismAdam Smith, a Scottish political economist and philosopher, wrote The Wealth of Nations in 1776. This landmark book, fully titled An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, was written during the years of strife between Britain and its colonies and published the same year as the American "Declaration of Independence." The Wealth of Nations became the foremost manifesto a revolution led by the proletariatKarl Marx predicted that laissez-faire capitalism would result

Ny Regents Testgovernment ownership of property A key principle of the economic theory of communism isKarl MarxWrote the Communist ManifestoBelieved in a Communist Society which has a no classes. Against capitalismOpium WarsWar between Britain and China. The Qing dynasty refused to let British import anymore opium due to addictions. The British refused to listen, and the two went to war. Britain wins and the war leads to trade opening up in China, and the West influencing their culture.ImperialismSeizure of a weak country by a strong countryWWITrench WarfareTreaty of VersaillesGermany has to take blame for the war (this causes feelings that will lead to WWII)Pay money in war reparations (this leads to the economy falling apart in Germany)Decrease its army (to prevent further attacks)Stalins Five Year PlanStalins economic policy to rebuild the Soviet Unions economy after WWI. He tried to improve heavy INDUSTRY and improve farm output, but resulted in famine.Invasion of PolandWhich event starts World War II?D-DayThis is an allied assault on German occupied France. This forced the Germans to fight the Allies on the West in France and on the East in Russia. It causes them to fight a two front war which leads to Germanys loss.IsraelOn May 14, 1948, in Tel Aviv, Jewish Agency Chairman David Ben-Gurion proclaims the State of Israel, establishing the first Jewish state in 2,000 years. In an afternoon ceremony at the Tel Aviv Art Museum, Ben-Gurion pronounced the words "We hereby proclaim the establishment of the Jewish state in Palestine, to be called Israel,"IsraelBeginning in 1929, Arabs and Jews openly fought in Palestine, and Britain attempted to limit Jewish immigration as a means of appeasing the Arabs. As a result of the Holocaust in Europe, many Jews illegally entered Palestine during World War II. Radical Jewish groups employed terrorism against British forces in Palestine, which they thought had betrayed the Zionist cause. At the end of World War II, in 1945, the United States took up the Zionist cause. Britain, unable to find a practical solution, referred the problem to the United Nations, which in November 1947 voted to partition Palestine.Cold WarOverview: The Cold War was a struggle between the western democratic nations (mainly the United States) and the communist nation of the Soviet Union (and later China) for the political supremacy of the world. Following World War II, the United States and the other Allies divided Germany into four occupation zones. Rivalries for influence over the German territories led to disagreements during the occupation of Germany by the French, British, Russians, and Americans. Thus beginning the Cold War. Over four decades, competition between the United States and the USSR involved many other countries aligned with one of the two superpowers.

Cold WarAfter realizing that Cubas new leader, Fidel Castro, had become a Communist, the United States began planning for the overthrow of the Castro government. Unwilling to be seen as directly involved in the overthrow of a populist government such as Castros, the U.S. used the Central Intelligence Agency to train and carry out a coup against the Castro government. The plan was to carry out a landing along the Bay of Pigs and use U.S. supplied aircraft to support the landing. On April 5, 1961, Cuban exiles landed but were crushed by the Cuban Army and Air Force. The newly elected Kennedy administration refused to use U.S. air support to support the invasion. Captured exiles revealed the U.S. backing and Castro went to the Soviet Union for military and economic support. The Soviet Union saw Castros gesture as a way to expand the Cold War into the western hemisphere and to throw U.S. strategic planners off their game.

Cold WarU.S.-Cuban relations were further worsened when Castro allowed the installation of medium-range nuclear missiles on Cuba. The Soviet government was worried that U.S. nuclear weapons held a tactical and strategic edge on the Soviet Union. The Soviet government decided to place nuclear missiles on Cuba in order to shorten the time that Soviet missiles would have to reach targets in the U.S. These missiles would have placed most of the U.S., Canada, and Latin America within the range of attack. Castro saw the placement of Soviet missile batteries and their supporting troops as a way of preventing future interference in Cuban affairs by the United

Nelson MandelaApartheid- Segregating of races in South Africa Nelson Mandela became famous for his long fight against bad government and racial prejudice. He became a hero to people all over the world. As South Africa's President, he was respected for his courage and wisdom in bringing people together to live in peace. He brought a democratic government to South Africa.Mikhail Gorbachevthe general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from 1985 to 1991 and president of the Soviet Union in 199091. His efforts to democratize his countrys political system and decentralize its economy led to the downfall of communism and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. In part because he ended the Soviet Unions postwar domination of eastern Europe, Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1990.OPECThe Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent, intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 1014, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. The five Founding Members were later joined by nine other Members: Qatar (1961); Indonesia (1962) suspended its membership from January 2009; Libya (1962); United Arab Emirates (1967); Algeria (1969); Nigeria (1971); Ecuador (1973) suspended its membership from December 1992-October 2007; Angola (2007) and Gabon (19751994). OPEC had its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, in the first five years of its existence. This was moved to Vienna, Austria, on September 1, 1965.OPEC's objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry.