World History Chapter 11 Islamic Civilization. Main Idea Muhammad established basic beliefs and practices for Islam Muhammad established basic beliefs.

World HistoryWorld History

Chapter 11Chapter 11

Islamic CivilizationIslamic Civilization

Main IdeaMain Idea

Muhammad established basic beliefs Muhammad established basic beliefs and practices for Islamand practices for Islam

Terms to DefineTerms to Define

SheikhSheikh RevelationRevelation Ahari’ahAhari’ah MosqueMosque ImamImam HajjHajj

People to MeetPeople to Meet

MuhammadMuhammad MuslimsMuslims

Places to LocatePlaces to Locate

Arabian PeninsulaArabian Peninsula MakkahMakkah

A New FaithA New Faith

South of Asia Minor South of Asia Minor Arabian PeninsulaArabian Peninsula Like the Israelites, Phoenicians, and Like the Israelites, Phoenicians, and

Chaldeans, the Arabs were Chaldeans, the Arabs were descended from Semitic tribesdescended from Semitic tribes

Archaeologists traced Arab Archaeologists traced Arab civilizations to at least 3000 B.C. civilizations to at least 3000 B.C.

Arab LifeArab LifeThe SettingThe Setting

Isolation kept invading tribes awayIsolation kept invading tribes away The Arabian Peninsula is a wedge of The Arabian Peninsula is a wedge of

land between the Red Sea and the land between the Red Sea and the Persian gulf. It is made up of two Persian gulf. It is made up of two distinct regionsdistinct regions The southwest area with well watered The southwest area with well watered

valleysvalleys The rest of the Peninsula with arid The rest of the Peninsula with arid

plains and deserts plains and deserts

Lives of the BeduinLives of the Beduin

In ancient times many of the Arabs In ancient times many of the Arabs were bedouins who herded sheep, were bedouins who herded sheep, camels, and goatscamels, and goats

Lived in tentsLived in tents Drank milk from their herdsDrank milk from their herds Ate datesAte dates Special occasions, ate muttonSpecial occasions, ate mutton

TribesTribes

Bedouin lived in tribesBedouin lived in tribes Made up of related familiesMade up of related families ProtectionProtection Leader was a sheikh (or chief) Leader was a sheikh (or chief)

appointed by the heads of familiesappointed by the heads of families

Tribes--WarTribes--War

Was part of the lifestyleWas part of the lifestyle Went on raids to gain camels and Went on raids to gain camels and

horses as well gain land and water horses as well gain land and water holes (most precious)holes (most precious)

Bedouin believed in retaliation—”eye Bedouin believed in retaliation—”eye for an eye”for an eye”

Growth of TownsGrowth of Towns By the A.D. 500s, many tribes had By the A.D. 500s, many tribes had

settled around oases or in fertile valleys settled around oases or in fertile valleys to pursue either farming or trade; to pursue either farming or trade; prosperous markets towns grew, the prosperous markets towns grew, the most important of which was Makkahmost important of which was Makkah

Makkah was en route to Syria, Iraq, and Makkah was en route to Syria, Iraq, and ChinaChina

Makkah contained the most holy of Makkah contained the most holy of shrines, the Kaaba, which contained the shrines, the Kaaba, which contained the statues of the many Arab deitiesstatues of the many Arab deities

Signs of ChangeSigns of Change

As business ideas replaced tribal ties As business ideas replaced tribal ties in the trading towns, the old tribal in the trading towns, the old tribal rules were no longer adequate; the rules were no longer adequate; the Arabs needed a central government Arabs needed a central government

They were threatened by Byzantine They were threatened by Byzantine and Persian empiresand Persian empires

Signs of Change--religionSigns of Change--religion

Religious ideas were also changing; introduced Religious ideas were also changing; introduced to monotheistic religions of Judaism and to monotheistic religions of Judaism and Christianity, many Arabs grew dissatisfied with Christianity, many Arabs grew dissatisfied with their old beliefstheir old beliefs

Holy men known as hanifs (hah*NEEFS) Holy men known as hanifs (hah*NEEFS) denounced idols and believed in one goddenounced idols and believed in one god

They rejected Judaism and Christianity, They rejected Judaism and Christianity, preferring to find a uniquely Arab form of preferring to find a uniquely Arab form of monotheismmonotheism

The ferment contributed toward the emergence The ferment contributed toward the emergence of Islam, which means “submission to the will of of Islam, which means “submission to the will of Allah (God)” Allah (God)”

Muhammad and His Muhammad and His MessageMessage

The prophet of Islam Muhammad, The prophet of Islam Muhammad, was born in the bustling city of was born in the bustling city of Makkah around A.D. 570Makkah around A.D. 570

Muslim traditions state that Muslim traditions state that Muhammad was orphaned at an Muhammad was orphaned at an early age and raised by an uncleearly age and raised by an uncle

Life of MuhammadLife of Muhammad

During his teens, he worked as a caravan During his teens, he worked as a caravan leaderleader

Reputation for honest and able personReputation for honest and able person His employer, a wealthy widow named Khadija His employer, a wealthy widow named Khadija

(kuh*DEE*juh) placed him in charge of her (kuh*DEE*juh) placed him in charge of her business affairsbusiness affairs

When he was 25, she proposed marriage to himWhen he was 25, she proposed marriage to him His marriage relieved him of financial worries His marriage relieved him of financial worries

and allowed him to focus on the meaning of life and allowed him to focus on the meaning of life

Muhammad TroubledMuhammad Troubled

He was troubled by greed, idol He was troubled by greed, idol worship, and treatment of the poorworship, and treatment of the poor

He spent time alone praying and He spent time alone praying and fasting in a cave outside the cityfasting in a cave outside the city

RevelationRevelation

Islamic tradition holds that Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad experienced a revelation Muhammad experienced a revelation (vision) in A.D.—a voice called him to (vision) in A.D.—a voice called him to be the apostle of the one true deity, be the apostle of the one true deity, Allah (Arabic word for God)Allah (Arabic word for God) First revelation told him to recite (see First revelation told him to recite (see

quote in text)quote in text) The second revelation commanded The second revelation commanded

Muhammad to “rise and warn’ the people Muhammad to “rise and warn’ the people about divine judgment about divine judgment

Muhammad PreachesMuhammad Preaches

I A.D. 613 Muhammad preached to the I A.D. 613 Muhammad preached to the people of Makkah that there was only people of Makkah that there was only one God and that people everywhere one God and that people everywhere must worship and obey himmust worship and obey him The rich should share with the poorThe rich should share with the poor God ,measured people by their devotion God ,measured people by their devotion

and good deedsand good deeds He told the people of Makkah to live their He told the people of Makkah to live their

lives in preparation for the day of lives in preparation for the day of judgement judgement

Muhammad’s First Muhammad’s First ConvertsConverts

Khadija and his immediate family Khadija and his immediate family became the first Muslims—followers became the first Muslims—followers of Islamof Islam

Opposition to IslamOpposition to Islam

Most Makkans rejected Most Makkans rejected Muhammad’s messageMuhammad’s message

Upset by attacks on images of KaabaUpset by attacks on images of Kaaba Makkans afraid lack of pilgrimages Makkans afraid lack of pilgrimages

would ruin economywould ruin economy Makkans persecuted MuslimsMakkans persecuted Muslims

Muhammad PersistsMuhammad Persists

Muhammad persisted in his Muhammad persisted in his presching until threats against his presching until threats against his life force him to seek help outside life force him to seek help outside the citythe city

He found refuge in the small town of He found refuge in the small town of Yathrib to the north in A.D. 622, the Yathrib to the north in A.D. 622, the first year of the Muslim calendarfirst year of the Muslim calendar

The Islamic CommunityThe Islamic Community

Yathrib became known as Madinat Yathrib became known as Madinat al-Nabi, “the city of the prophet”al-Nabi, “the city of the prophet” Or Madinah (muh*DEE*nuh) Or Madinah (muh*DEE*nuh)

Origin of the Islamic Origin of the Islamic StateState

Muhammad was a skilled politician as Muhammad was a skilled politician as well as religious leaderwell as religious leader

In the Madinah Compact, he laid the In the Madinah Compact, he laid the foundations of the Islamic statefoundations of the Islamic state

Loyalty to Islamic community was placed Loyalty to Islamic community was placed above the tribeabove the tribe

Disputes settled by MuhammadDisputes settled by Muhammad Divine law of Islam recorded in the holy Divine law of Islam recorded in the holy

scriptures known as the Quranscriptures known as the Quran Jew and Christians were extended Jew and Christians were extended

protection who accepted Islam’s political protection who accepted Islam’s political authority authority

Acceptance of IslamAcceptance of Islam

Makkans invaded Yathrib and were Makkans invaded Yathrib and were defeated by Muslimsdefeated by Muslims

Makkans accepted IslamMakkans accepted Islam Muslims destroyed idols in the KaabaMuslims destroyed idols in the Kaaba Turned the shrine into a place of Turned the shrine into a place of

worship which was believed to have worship which was believed to have been built by the prophetbeen built by the prophet

Makkah became the spiritual capital of Makkah became the spiritual capital of Islam, and Madinah remained its Islam, and Madinah remained its political capital political capital

Muhammad DiesMuhammad Dies

By A.D. 631, Islam had extended By A.D. 631, Islam had extended throughout the Arabian Peninsula throughout the Arabian Peninsula supported by an army of tribessupported by an army of tribes

After a brief illness, Muhammad died After a brief illness, Muhammad died at Madinah in A.D. 632at Madinah in A.D. 632 Left behind religious community based Left behind religious community based

on sacred writingson sacred writings Left behind his life as an example or Left behind his life as an example or

interpretive guide for Muslims to follow interpretive guide for Muslims to follow

Beliefs and Practices of Beliefs and Practices of IslamIslam

Beliefs and practices are based on Beliefs and practices are based on his revelationshis revelations

Beliefs remain remarkably stable Beliefs remain remarkably stable after centuriesafter centuries

The QuranThe Quran

According to Muslim tradition, the angel According to Muslim tradition, the angel Gabriel revealed divine messages to Gabriel revealed divine messages to Muhammad over a 22-year periodMuhammad over a 22-year period

Faithful Muslims wrote down or memorized Faithful Muslims wrote down or memorized these passagesthese passages

Not compiled into a collection until Not compiled into a collection until Muhammad diedMuhammad died

It took 20 years to compile all messages into It took 20 years to compile all messages into the Quranthe Quran

The Quran, for all Muslims, is the final The Quran, for all Muslims, is the final authority in matters of faith and lifestyle authority in matters of faith and lifestyle

The QuranThe Quran

Believed to be God’s message Believed to be God’s message Expressed in stories, teachings, and Expressed in stories, teachings, and

exhortationsexhortations Noah’s ark and Jonah in the belly of Noah’s ark and Jonah in the belly of

the whale—variations of those found the whale—variations of those found in the Bible in the Bible

ValuesValues

Similar to Judaism and ChristianitySimilar to Judaism and Christianity Muslims are commanded toMuslims are commanded to

Honor parentsHonor parents Show kindness to neighborsShow kindness to neighbors Protect orphans and widowsProtect orphans and widows Give to the poorGive to the poor

Must notMust not Murder, steal, lie, or commit adultryMurder, steal, lie, or commit adultry

Values (cont)Values (cont)

Forbids gambling, eating pork, Forbids gambling, eating pork, drinking alcoholic beveragesdrinking alcoholic beverages

Rules over marriages divorce, family Rules over marriages divorce, family life, property inheritance and life, property inheritance and business practicesbusiness practices

LawLaw

Law and religion are not separatedLaw and religion are not separated Generations of legal scholars have Generations of legal scholars have

organized Islamic moral principle organized Islamic moral principle into a body of law known as the into a body of law known as the “shari’ah”“shari’ah” These are based on the Quran and the These are based on the Quran and the

Hadith (sayings of Muhammad)Hadith (sayings of Muhammad)

Five Pillars of IslamFive Pillars of Islam

FaithFaith PrayerPrayer AlmsAlms FastingFasting PilgrimagePilgrimage

FaithFaith Confession of faith: “There is no god but God, Confession of faith: “There is no god but God,

Muhammad is the messenger of God”Muhammad is the messenger of God” Affirms the oneness of an all-powerful, just, Affirms the oneness of an all-powerful, just,

and merciful Godand merciful God All Muslims are required to submit to God’s All Muslims are required to submit to God’s

will as given in the Quranwill as given in the Quran Stresses Muhammad as a prophet, not divine Stresses Muhammad as a prophet, not divine

beingbeing Muslims believe Muhammad was last and Muslims believe Muhammad was last and

greatest of several prophetsgreatest of several prophets Muslims see their life as a preparation for the Muslims see their life as a preparation for the

Day of Judgement—judged according to their Day of Judgement—judged according to their actions actions

Faith-(cont)Faith-(cont) Allah is the same god as the God of the Allah is the same god as the God of the

Jews and ChristiansJews and Christians Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus are Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus are

considered prophetsconsidered prophets Muslims respect Jews and Christians as Muslims respect Jews and Christians as

“People of the Book”“People of the Book” Muslims believe Arabs are descendents of Muslims believe Arabs are descendents of

Abraham through his son Ishmael and Abraham through his son Ishmael and Jews are descendents of Abraham through Jews are descendents of Abraham through his son Isaachis son Isaac

The Quran states that Jesus transmitted The Quran states that Jesus transmitted God’s message and performed miraclesGod’s message and performed miracles

PrayerPrayer Muslims express their devotion in prayers Muslims express their devotion in prayers

offered five times each day: sunrise, offered five times each day: sunrise, noon, afternoon, sunset, and eveningnoon, afternoon, sunset, and evening

Worshippers face Makkah—kneeling, Worshippers face Makkah—kneeling, bowing, and touching one’s forehead to bowing, and touching one’s forehead to the ground as a sign of submission to Godthe ground as a sign of submission to God

At noon on Friday, many Muslims At noon on Friday, many Muslims worship together at a mosque—place of worship together at a mosque—place of worship—or at a school, court of law or worship—or at a school, court of law or sheltershelter

Faith--ImamFaith--Imam

An imam, prayer leader, guides An imam, prayer leader, guides believers in prayer—sermon believers in prayer—sermon sometimes followssometimes follows

Any male Muslim with the proper Any male Muslim with the proper religious education can serve as an religious education can serve as an imamimam

AlmsAlms

Wealthy should assist the poor and Wealthy should assist the poor and weakweak

Almsgiving is practiced privately Almsgiving is practiced privately though contributions to the needy though contributions to the needy and publicly through a state tax that and publicly through a state tax that supports schools and aids the poorsupports schools and aids the poor

FastingFasting

Fasting occurs during the month of Fasting occurs during the month of Ramadan (the ninth month of the Ramadan (the ninth month of the Muslim calendar), during which Muslim calendar), during which Muhammad received his first Muhammad received his first revelation; during Ramadan, revelation; during Ramadan, Muslims neither eat nor drink from Muslims neither eat nor drink from sunrise to sunsetsunrise to sunset

At the end, there is a 3-day At the end, there is a 3-day celebration for the end of the fastcelebration for the end of the fast

PilgrimagePilgrimage

Every able bodied who can afford the trip is Every able bodied who can afford the trip is expected to make pilgrimage at least once in expected to make pilgrimage at least once in his or her lifetime his or her lifetime

Those who perform the hajj are respected in Those who perform the hajj are respected in the communitythe community

Takes place 2 months and 10 days after Takes place 2 months and 10 days after Ramadan and involves 3 days of ceremony, Ramadan and involves 3 days of ceremony, prayer, and sacrificeprayer, and sacrifice

Worship at shrines in Makkah and MadinahWorship at shrines in Makkah and Madinah Seen where ideas come together from different Seen where ideas come together from different

parts of the worldparts of the world