World History 1500 to Present

World History 1500 to Present

Unit 5 : WWII, 20th century genocides, Cold War, major Cold War conflicts and

detenteSOLs: WHII 10 c; 11 a,b,c; 12 a,b,c

Era VII: Era of Global Wars, 1914 to 1945

• WHII.10:The student will demonstrate knowledge of political, economic, social, and cultural developments during the Interwar Period by….

• C: examining events related to the rise, aggression, and human costs of dictatorial regimes in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, and Japan, and identifying their major leaders: (Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Hirohito, and Hideki Tojo)

The United States “between the wars” at home:

The United States “between the war” abroad:

• isolationist

Causes of the Great Depression• Over speculation on stocks using

borrowed money (buying on margin)

• collapse of the nation’s banking system leading to severe contraction in the nation’s supply of money (LESS $$) in circulation

• High protective tariffs +• ….Retaliatory tariffs in other

countries =• SLOW/STRANGLE of World

Trade

Impact of the Great Depression

• Unemployment and homelessness

• Collapse of financial system (bank closings)

• Political unrest (growing militancy of labor unions)

• Farm foreclosures and migration

New Deal (Franklin Roosevelt)• This program changed

the role of the government to a more active participant in solving problems

• Roosevelt rallied a frightened nation unemployed. (“We have nothing to fear, but fear itself.”)

• Relief measures provided direct payment to people for immediate help (Works Progress Administration—WPA).

New Deal (Franklin Roosevelt)• Recovery programs were

designed to bring nation out of depression over time (Agricultural Adjustment Administration—AAA).

• Reform measures corrected unsound banking and investment practices (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation—FDIC).

• Social Security Act offered safeguards for workers.

• And many more….

How do dictators come to power?

• Conditions that COULD produce a dynamic leader who can take power for himself:

• Why do many dictatorships foster “totalitarian regimes?”

•A communist dictatorship was established by Vladimir Lenin after the Russian Revolution and continued by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union.

•Economic disruptions following World War I led to unstable political conditions. (Worldwide depression in the 1930s)

Totalitarian Regimes• Features review from Unit 4:

• Single party dictatorship • State control of the economy• Secret police/state sponsored terrorism • Censorship & Propaganda/government

control of the media • Schools used to indoctrinate citizens • Unquestioning obedience to a single ruler

Interwar reading• Read together• Highlight or

underline your copy as we read and make notes in the margins

• Answer the questions that follow

•The Treaty of Versailles worsened economic and political conditions in Europe and led to the rise of totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany.

•Japan emerged as a world power after World War I and conducted aggressive imperialistic policies in Asia.

1. Why did dictatorial governments emerge in Germany, Italy, Japan, and the U.S.S.R. after World War I?

• 2. How did these regimes affect the world following World War I?

Axis Aggression and Appeasement

• Identify examples of “territorial aggression” by Germany, Italy and Japan

• Be able to look at a map of the world and pinpoint where they went and what they did

• Pacifism• What is

APPEASEMENT?• Forms of appeasement

may include:– Sanctions (penalties)– Embargoes– boycotts

U.S.S.R. during the Interwar Period — Joseph Stalin ** NOT AN AXIS POWER!!

• Entrenchment of communism

• Stalin’s policies: Five-year plans, collectivization of farms, state industrialization, secret police

• Great Purge rid him of old Bolshevik soldiers/officers

Germany during the Interwar Period — Adolf Hitler

• Inflation and depression• Democratic government

weakened• Anti-Semitism• Extreme nationalism• National Socialism

(Nazism)• German occupation of

nearby countries

Italy during the Interwar Period — Benito Mussolini

• Rise of fascism• Ambition to

restore the glory of Rome

• Invasion of Ethiopia

Japan during the Interwar Period — Hirohito and Hideki Tojo

• Militarism• Industrialization

of Japan, leading to drive for raw materials

• Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China

Key Totalitarian/Militarists Leaders:

Representative 20th Century Dictators

• The Fascists• Benito Mussolini- Italy• Adolph Hitler- Germany• Fransico Franco- Spain• Juan Peron- Argentina

• The Communists• Joseph Stalin - USSR• Mao Zedong- China• Ho Chi Minh- Vietnam• Fidel Castro- Cuba• Tito- Yugoslavia

Francisco Franco

• Spain: General 1892-1975Francisco Franco

• resulted from a civil war with communists

• aided by Italy and Germany

• Spanish Civil War is called “dress rehearsal for WWII” by many historians

Benito Mussolini 1883-1945Il Duce

• Italy- in political and economic crisis

• had support of middle class seeking stability

• 1922- march on Rome- Victor Emmanuel made him PM

• Could legislate by decree, police state

• Created Young Fascists

Adolph Hitler 1889-1945Der Fuhrer

• Anti-Semitic• wrote “Mein Kampf” in

jail in 1920’s• built Nazi party on

German dissatisfaction after WWI

• won over elite and establishment

• HATED communists

The Nazi State 1933-1945

• Building the Totalitarian Nazi State:– propaganda masters

• Joseph Goebbels : Reich Minister of Propaganda

– mass demonstrations– Book burnings– Kristallnacht

• Leni Riefenstahl:– Movies of rallies,

Olympia, Triumph of the Will

– Rearmament of the military

– SS control of police using terror based on Nazi ideology (secret police, camps, execution and extermination)

– Churches and youth groups under state control

The Nazi State 1933-1945

Joseph Stalin and Communist State ….“USSR”

• 3rd to Lenin, had Trotsky murdered in Mexico

• oppression of the masses• ownership of production

and land by the state• forced rapid

industrialization • Collectivizations/5 year

plans• Great Purge (get rid of old

Bolshevik officers)

Path to World War II• Germans want “living space” (lebensraum) • Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia

– Munich Conference- BR. N. Chamberlain believed Hitler would not demand more: “Peace for our time”

– APPEASEMENT• repudiated the Versailles Treaty-entered Rhineland• 1938 annexed Austria• Poland invasion Sept. 1, 1939 (GB and France

declared war)• Blitzkrieg (fighting strategy)

Blitzkrieg- Lightening War

• Poland surrendered in 4 weeks• Same speed took Denmark, Norway

Belgium, Holland and France (south of Paris…”Vichy France”)

• Troops on continent trapped at Dunkirk• Importance of air war- bombing of England• Allied with Italy- took North Africa

Allied Offensive 1943-45

• Began in North Africa• The United States enter war in 1941 after Pearl

Harbor attack (Dec. 7, 1941)• Normandy- June 6, 1944 largest invasion in

history

The Holocaust- the “Final Solution”

• Concentration Camps become extermination Camps (more than 100 of these)

• Brought Jews and any in opposition from all over Europe (Denmark the exception)

• Labor Camps- Arbeit Mach Frei (Work will set you free)

• killed approx. 6 million• Another 9-10 million more (blacks, gypsies,

homosexuals, mentally retarded, disabled and any political opposition……)

Pacific WarJapan, China , US GB

• Japan had invaded and controlled much of China-- resisted by Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-Shek

• Dec 7, 1941- Bombs on Pearl Harbor• Economy- rationing- war machines built• Midway: puts Japanese on the defensive• MacArthur begins “island hopping”

campaign to get closer to Japan

Making Plans for Peace

• The Big Three: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin• Locations: Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam (Truman)• VE Day• Atomic Bombs Dropped on Japan• Ended War = VJ Day• Churchill “An Iron curtain has descended in

Europe” Beginning of the Cold War

“The Big Three”• Cairo (Nov. ‘43): How to

deal with Japan and Asia after the war

• Tehran(Nov. ‘43): try to form the United Nations

• Yalta (Feb. ‘45): dividing up of Germany – United Nations – entry of Soviet forces

into the Far-Eastern front (Japan)

– the future of Poland

WHII.11 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the worldwide impact of World War II by…..

• A: explaining economic and political causes, major events, and identifying leaders of the war, with emphasis on Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur, George Marshall, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Hideki Tojo, and Hirohito;

Many economic and political causes led to World War II. Major theaters of war included

Africa, Europe, Asia and the Pacific. Leadership was essential to the Allied victory.

What were the causes of World War II?What were the major events of World War II?Who were the major leaders of World War II?

What were the causes of World War II?What were the major events of World War II?Who were the major leaders of World War II?

What were the causes of World War II?What were the major events of World War II?Who were the major leaders of World War II?

1. What were the causes of World War II?2. What were the major events of World War II?3. Who were the major leaders of World War II?

Economic and political causes of World War II

• “The Great Depression goes global”

• Protective tariffs and retaliatory tariffs slow international TRADE!

• Isolationist policies

• Aggression by the totalitarian powers of Germany, Italy, Japan

• Nationalism• Failures of the Treaty of

Versailles• Weakness of the League of

Nations• Appeasement• Tendencies towards

isolationism and pacifism in Europe and the United States

Major events of the war (1939–1945)

• German invasion of Poland (Sept. 1, 1939)• Fall of France• Battle of Britain• German invasion of the Soviet Union• Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor• D-Day (Allied invasion of Europe)• Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and

Nagasaki

Major leaders of the war• Franklin D. Roosevelt: U.S. president• Harry Truman: U.S. president after death of

President Roosevelt• Dwight D. Eisenhower: US General and Allied

commander in Europe• Douglas MacArthur: U.S. general• George C. Marshall: U.S. General, Chief of

Staff ; Secretary of State/Marshall Plan• Chester Nimitz: US Admiral in the Pacific• George Patton: US General in N. Africa/Europe

Major leaders of the war

• Winston Churchill: British prime minister• Joseph Stalin: Soviet dictator• Adolf Hitler: Nazi dictator of Germany• Hideki Tojo: Japanese general• Hirohito: Emperor of Japan• Benito Mussolini: fascist leader of Italy• Yamamoto: Japanese admiral

Outcomes of World War II

• Loss of empires by European powers• Establishment of two major powers in the world:

The United States and the U.S.S.R.• War crimes trials• Division of Europe, Iron Curtain• Establishment of the United Nations• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights• Marshall Plan• Formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO) and Warsaw Pact

GENOCIDE

• The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group

Elements leading to the Holocaust

• Totalitarianism combined with nationalism

• History of anti-Semitism• Defeat in World War I and

economic depression blamed on German Jews

• Hitler’s belief in the master race

• Final solution: Extermination camps, gas chambers

Other examples of genocide

• Armenians by leaders of the Ottoman Empire• Peasants, government and military leaders,

and members of the elite in the Soviet Union by Joseph Stalin

• Artists, technicians, former government officials, monks, minorities, and other educated individuals by Pol Pot in Cambodia

• Tutsi minority by Hutu in Rwanda ( to be continued in Unit 6)

GENOCIDE in Cambodia• Vietnam reunites in the

1973,…soon other nations in former “Indochina” had communist governments (Laos and Cambodia)

• Pol Pot was leader of the Khmer Rouge: Cambodian communists who wanted to get rid of intellectuals and enemies of the regime

International Cooperative Organizations

• United Nations

• North Atlantic

Treaty Organization

(NATO)• Warsaw Pact

Efforts for reconstruction of Japan

• United States occupation of Japan under MacArthur’s administration

• Democracy and economic development• Elimination of Japan’s military offensive

capabilities; guarantee of Japan’s security by the United States

• Emergence of Japan as dominant economy in Asia

Efforts for reconstruction of Germany

• Democratic government installed in West Germany and West Berlin

• Germany and Berlin divided among the four Allied powers

• Emergence of West Germany as economic power in postwar Europe

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

• Established and adopted by members of the United Nations

• Provided a code of conduct for the treatment of people under the protection of their government

Beginning of the Cold War (1945–1948)

• The Yalta Conference and the Soviet control of Eastern Europe

• Rivalry between the United States and the U.S.S.R.• Democracy and the free enterprise system vs.

dictatorship and communism• President Truman and the Policy of Containment• Eastern Europe: Soviet satellite nations, the Iron

Curtain

Truman Addresses Congress to describe the fundamental differences that form the basis for the Cold War:

“At the present moment in world history nearly every nmation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one.One way of life is based upon the will of the majority and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guaranties of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression…………

• “…..The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, controlled press and radio, fixed elections and the suppression of personal freedoms.”

Characteristics of the Cold War (1948–1989)

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) vs. Warsaw Pact

• Korean War• Vietnam War• Berlin and significance of Berlin Wall• Cuban Missile Crisis• Nuclear weapons and the theory of deterrence

Collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

• Soviet economic collapse

• Nationalism in Warsaw Pact countries

• Tearing down of Berlin Wall

• Breakup of the Soviet Union

• Expansion of NATO

Balkans after the breakup of Yugoslavia early 1990s

“containment”

• A policy for preventing the expansion of communism

Conflicts and revolutionary movements in China

• Division of China into two nations at the end of the Chinese civil war

• Jiang Jieshi: Nationalist China (island of Taiwan)• Mao Zedong): Communist China (mainland

China)• Continuing conflict between the two Chinas• Communist China’s participation in Korean War•  

Conflicts and revolutionary movements in Vietnam

• Role of French Imperialism• Leadership of Ho Chi Minh• Vietnam as a divided nation• Influence of policy of containment• The United States and the Vietnam War• Vietnam as a reunited communist country

today