World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Expanding access to TB care: Review the progress Dr Nobuyuki Nishikiori, Coordinator Stop TB and Leprosy Elimination World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific The Ninth Technical Advisory Group and National TB Programme Managers Meeting Manila Philippines, 9-12 December 2014
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World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Expanding access to TB care: Review the progress Dr Nobuyuki Nishikiori, Coordinator.
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World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western PacificWorld Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Expanding access to TB care: Review the progress
Dr Nobuyuki Nishikiori, CoordinatorStop TB and Leprosy EliminationWorld Health OrganizationRegional Office for the Western Pacific
The Ninth Technical Advisory Group and National TB Programme Managers Meeting
Manila Philippines, 9-12 December 2014
World Health Organization, Western Pacific Regional Office
Regional Strategy to Stop TB in the Western Pacific 2011-2015
Vision: Elimination of TB as a public health problem
Strategic Priorities
1. Promoting universal and equitable access to quality TB diagnosis and treatment for all people
2. Strengthening TB Laboratory capacity
3. Scaling up the programmatic management of drug-resistant TB
4. Expanding TB-HIV collaborative activities
5. Strengthening TB programme management
Goal: To reduce prevalence and mortality from all forms of TB by half by 2015, relative to 2000 level, in all countries with a high burden of TB, by moving to universal access to diagnosis and treatment of all forms of TB, including smear negative and M/XDR-TB.
World Health Organization, Western Pacific Regional Office
Frameworks for analysis:
Patient pathwaysOnion layer analysis
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Actions for improved case detectionMinimizing physical, financial and social
barriers
Improved health
communi-cation
Engaging all care providers
Improved diagnostic
tools
Patient pathway
Symptoms recognized & patients take
action
Health care utilization
Notification
Infected
Health services delay
Access delay
Pat
ient
del
ay
Active TB TBDiagnosis
Improved reporting
system
Regional Strategy to Stop TB in the Western Pacific (2011-2015), WHO WPROAdapted and modified from “Action framework for higher and earlier TB case detection”, WHO
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Onion layer analysis – Where are missing TB cases?
Whole onion. All TB cases
Layer 6. No access
Layer 5. Do not seek care
Layer 4. Failed to be diagnosed
Layer 3. Non-NTP provider non-reporting
Layer 2. Initial loss to follow up and reporting failure
The core. Notified TB cases
L6. No access to health care
L5. Patients do no seek care
L4. Presenting to health facilities, but
undiagnosed
L3. Diagnosed by non-NTP, not
notified
L2. Diagnosed by NTP but not notified
Notified cases
? %
? %
? %
? %
? %
CDR=?%
(Layer 6) Health care coverage by province
Distribution of children who got all vaccinations
Distribution of women who were protected by TTI
Distribution of women who went to ANC during pregnancy
Distribution of women delivered at health facility
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Wong MK, Yadav RP, Nishikiori N, Eang MT. The association between household poverty rates and tuberculosis case notification rates in Cambodia, 2010. WPSAR 2013 Jan;4(1):25–33.
(Layer 5) Treatment seeking behaviour of people with TB symptoms in Philippines
Nationwide TB Prevalence Survey 2007, Philippines
Public
Hospital
Public
HospitalPublic clinic
Public clinic
9%
Private Hospital
Private Hospital
6%
Private clinic
Private clinic
7%
DOTS Center
DOTS Center
9%
25%No Action
43%Self Medication
32% Sought Care
People with TB Symptoms in the community (identified by survey)
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Financial hardship of TB patients and familiesA half of financial burden before diagnosis
• TB patients in low-and middle-income countries face expense equivalent to more than 50% of their annual income.
• On average, half of the costs are incurred before TB treatment has begun – in seeking diagnosis.
• Patients often have to resort to coping mechanisms that may be irreversible: – up to 75% of TB patients must take out a loan; – up to 50% sell household items; and – up to 66% rely on financial support from relatives.
• Addressing catastrophic patient cost is prerequisite for further advancing TB control
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Regional Strategy to Stop TB in the Western Pacific (2011-2015), WHO WPROAdapted and modified from “Action framework for higher and earlier TB case detection”, WHO
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific
TB high risk groups
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Mapping and prioritizing risk groups: Considerations in two dimensions
TB high risk groups• Increasing case
detection• Reducing
transmission through early detection
• Mitigating institutional amplifiers
Vulnerable and marginalized
• Targeted service provision to increase access to quality TB care
• Addressing health inequity
Diabetes patients
Tub
erc
ulo
sis
ris
k
Vulnerability / limited access to health care
Smokers
TB contacts
PLHIVPrisoners
Migrants
Urban slum
Elderly
Remote areas
Minorities
Poor / malnourished
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Contact investigation• Project Policy in Philippines:
– CATCH TB project in Metro Manila informing CI policy
– Policy on TB in children • Viet Nam CI study
– ACT1: Pilot in Hanoi completed– ACT2: A Nationwide intervention
trial with periodic screening
• Community-based CI in Cambodia– 2005-2011: experience in
community based ACF among contacts and neighbours (adult and children)
– Massive expansion 2012-2013• Enhanced CI in Mongolia
– Piloting enhanced methods with home visit in 2013/2014
World Health Organization, Western Pacific Regional Office
Cascade towards full implementation
Global Policies
Pilots Initiatives
Country policies
Scale up
ExperienceEvidence
DocumentationEvaluation
ExperienceEvidence
DocumentationEvaluation
World Health Organization, Western Pacific Regional Office
Diabetes
• TB risk (relative to general pop)– Diabetes: 3.1 times higher TB risk– Dose response relation:
poor control higher TB risk
• Delayed sputum conversion, death during TB treatment, and relapse
Cumulative hazards for active TB by diabetic status, among a cohort of clients (>65yrs) registered with an elderly health service in Hong Kong
Leung, et al. 2008. "Diabetic control and risk of tuberculosis: a cohort study." Am J Epidemiol 167(12): 1486-1494.
HbA1c >= 7%:annual incidence 422 per 100 000
No diabetes: annual incidence 214 per 100 000
DM prevalence* PAF**
Cambodia 4.2% 8.1%
China 9.4% 16.5%
Lao 6.2% 11.5%
Mongolia 8.7% 15.4%
PNG 13.3% 21.8%
Philippines 5.8% 10.9%
Viet Nam 6.9% 12.7%
* WHO Global Health Obserbertory, ** Population Attributable Fraction based on a relative risk of 3.1 for active TB among diabetics.
World Health Organization, Western Pacific Regional Office
TB-DM collaborative framework
Diabetes clinic TB DOTS clinic
Case finding:•Intensify detection of TB among DM patientsCare delivery:•Ensure TB infection control•Ensure high quality TB treatment and management
Outcome:•Better control for DM by detecting and treating TB early
Case finding: •Screen TB patients for diabetes
Care delivery:•Ensure high quality diabetes management
Outcome: •Better TB cure, less relapse by controlling DM
Effective Referral and coordination
Establish mechanisms for
collaboration
(Stop TB, WHO WPRO, based on “Collaborative Framework for Care and Control of Tuberculosis and Diabetes”, WHO/IUATLD, 2011)
World Health Organization, Western Pacific Regional Office
Migration: diverse populations, diverse issues
Internal migrants• Mainly rural to large cities• Issues: access to services , care delivery• Focus areas: Large cities and industrial areas
– to assess TB burden among a target group– to make a rational decision on the continuation of the
screening
• Still grave needs to expand global evidence base
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Contacts
Contacts
Prison
Prison
Migrants
Elderly
Elderly
Elderly
Community-based
Urban slum
Urban slum
Diabetes
Diabetes
Diabetes
Children
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Summary
• Analysis of missing cases guide identification of priority actions – Patient pathway– Onion layer analysis
• Much progress made in addressing TB among high risk groups– At various stages in terms of policy, pilot, expansion cascade– Documentation and analysis critical to generate evidence to
inform national and global policies
• Coordination and prioritization under NTP umbrella key for synergetic progress