World Class Education . 1920 – Present Day.

World Class Educationwww.kean.edu

1920 – Present Day

1914 War had broken out in Europe 1917 Russian Revolution

Communism became real Never meant to happen in Russia

1917 USA enters War Summary “we kick butt and come home”

however . . .

All year – Flu Epidemic Various strikes in USA: Strike of US

railroad workers; Longshoreman's strike; The Great Steel Strike; General strike in Seattle, Washington.

World League Against Alcoholism established by Anti-Saloon League

US has a policy of Isolationism 1919 year of Flu, strikes, race riots, molasses

disaster. First Red Scare – deportation of Americans Rise of 1920s and the Jazz Age (Roaring

Twenties ) Known for Jazz music, literature, progress (cars,

trains, radio, telephone), Hollywood.

Coney Island Roller Coaster The $100,000

roller coaster, set in a tight figure eight design and an 86 foot first drop.

Lines for the ride were blocks long and at 25 cents per ride.

Brought the world and music and fun and sport to people!

By the use of four loudspeakers the story of the Chicago-Princeton football game before a crowd that gathered before “The Tribune” Building in New York

Brought Local to National Attention.

Women’s Suffrage Law passed 1919 and became an official

amendment to the Constitution 1920 “The right of citizens of the United States to

vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.”

Election of Harding (1921) Slogan “Return to Normalcy”

Coolidge becomes President 1924) Dawes Plan to stabilize German

inflation Germany could not afford the payment plan Replaced by the Young Plan (1929) total reparations at $26,350,000,000 to be

paid over a period of 58½ years

1925 Scopes conviction Scopes (Monkey) Trial tested the Butler Act, which made it unlawful,

in any state-funded educational establishment in Tennessee, "to teach any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals."

Scopes found guilty and fined $100

Heading Towards the Great Depression Bull Market October 24, 1929

Black Thursday Economy unsteady – no structure

Dust Bowl 3.5 people abandoned farms “Oakies” Movement to California Poverty

Soup Kitchens All night dances

FDR (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945) Leadership ((Gordon 477)

Bank Holiday The “Hundred Days” Press Conferences “Fireside Chats”

New Deal Brain trust Government's Role in economics Relief Federal Govt.’s role

Argument for and against (Gordon 479)

How to Study this war You can’t. So… Basics

Why did the USA enter the war? What is meant by a pro-British neutrality? Why were Japanese-Americans interned? Why was VE day first? Who was “Uncle Joe”? Why was the bomb dropped? How often? Impact?

Propaganda – FDR started out by getting everybody geared up with his Four Freedoms idea (speech, worship, want, fear), and telling people they had to go out and fight for the American Way of Life.

To help get the idea around, he established the Office of War Information (1942) to take charge of the matter – Hollywood joined in too, of course (Capra’s Why We Fight).

Gov’t Regulation of the Economy – As follows… Office of Price Administration (1942): controlled

inflation, established rationing through local War Price & Rationing Boards. War Production Board (1942): Following Pearl Harbor, the WPB was established to convert the economy from civilian to military production.

War Manpower Commission (1942): Recruited workers for the factories.

Gov’t Incentives in Business: The gov’t guaranteed profits (cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts), lowered taxes, and excluded businesses from antitrust laws.

Again: Main Points What was the Cold War? Why is it called such? When did it begin? When did it last? Where is the “Iron Curtain”?

Who coined the phrase?

Second Red Scare Sen. Joseph McCarthy Hollywood

Post WWII US Rise of the suburbs Quality of Life issues (Television) Emphasis on Education Civil Rights Movement

Jackie Robinson Rosa Parks

The Postwar Economic Boom: Increasing output & increasing demand

The Baby Boom Housing & Highway Boom Consolidation & Conglomerate Mergers:

Due to the new technologies, industry ownership became increasingly concentrated as only the big companies had the $ to buy.

Labor Merger

Conformity Education Religion Television Women’s Roles Beat Generation

The US & USSR developed a tremendous rivalry. This was for several reasons:

Power Vacuum – Following the collapse of Germany and Japan and the devastation of much of Europe

Decolonization – Another source of instability was the disintegration of the big empires and the creation of the new “Third World” countries, which both the US and USSR hoped to win over as military bases and markets.

Failure of Diplomacy – Diplomacy was largely ignored b/c both countries were thoroughly convinced they were completely right, and were not willing to accept “appeasement.”

US Economic/Strategic Needs – The US knew that its economic well being depended on exports, and therefore wanted to continue the trend towards economic expansionism through an active foreign policy. Also, the increasingly interconnected world (faster travel, etc.) made the US feel it was important to establish defense away from home.

Truman’s Tough Style – Truman was not a good diplomat. US Suspicion of Soviet Intentions – Throughout the Cold War the US

obsessed over what the USSR could and wanted to do. They really weren’t as much of a menace as we thought, but we still were concerned they could take over our interests in Western Europe.

Truman Doctrine – “It must be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”

X Article - George Kennan published an article on containment of Soviet power – confronting the USSR with a strong counterforce anywhere they showed signs of expansion.

Marshall Plan (1947) - a huge European recovery program

National Security Act (1947) – Created the CIA Fulbright Program (1948) Rio Pact (1947) & Organization of American

States (1948)

Recognition of Israel (1948) Berlin Blockade/Airlift (1948): After the US, France

and GB agreed to merge their German zones, the USSR cut off access to all of Berlin, prompting a US airlift of supplies there until May 1949 and the foundation of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

Point Four Program (1949): This was an aid program for the Third World that helped to win allies onto our side. It later became part of the Mutual Security Agency.

NATO (1949): formed a Western Europe security pact, which caused some domestic debate

NSC-68 (1950): After the double shock of the USSR exploding its first bomb and China going communist, the Nat’l Security Council came up w/this report asking for more $ for the military.

Eisenhower basically kept up Truman’s policies

Did rely increasingly on the CIA spread American culture in the USSR and

the East through the United States Information Agency, which funded the Voice of America.

Some specific incidents under Eisenhower: Hungary (1956) Khrushchev’s Ultimatum (1958) U-2 Incident (1960)

Kennedy is the epitome of the 1960s Young President (Beats Nixon – Debate vital) Fought in WWII Catholic Minority and union support

“New Frontier” Technology, and science (space)

Social Security Expanding coverage, public housing.

Peace Corps Cuba Latin America Nuclear testing ban Vietnam

Lyndon Baines Johnson, 1963-1969 Richard Milhous Nixon, 1969-1974 Gerald Rudolph Ford, 1974-1977 James Earl Carter, Jr., 1977-1981 Ronald Wilson Reagan, 1981-1989 George Herbert Walker Bush, 1989-1993 William Jefferson Clinton, 1993-2001 George Walker Bush, 2001-2009 Barack Hussein Obama, 2009-

Notable Events: 1964

Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, a key success for the Civil Rights movement.

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gives the President permission to take "all necessary measures" to repel any armed attack against the United States in North Vietnam.

1965 U.S. becomes increasingly involved in the Vietnam

war; 180,000 troops are deployed by the end of the year.

1968 President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of

1968, Title VIII, also known as the Fair Housing Act.

Notable Events: Nixon resigned and was almost impeached over the Watergate

Scandal, named for the burglaries at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate Hotel in Washington. D.C by men found to be connected to Nixon's re-election campaign fundraising committee.

1971 The Pentagon Papers, a top-secret U.S. Dept. of Defense study, were

leaked to The New York Times. This document showed that the Johnson administration had secretly been expanding U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, further hurting the credibility of the Nixon administration.

1971-2 The Nixon administration dramatically improved relations with China.

Nixon made a public visit to China in February, 1972, following Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's secret visit to China in October, 1971.

1973 Nixon was praised during his presidency for ending American

Involvement in the Vietnam War.

Notable Events: Pardoned Nixon More Open Presidency

Including Wife’s Cancer and Alcoholicism

Notable Events:

Camp David agreement 1978 established full diplomatic relations with

the People's Republic of China completed negotiation of the SALT II

nuclear limitation treaty with the Soviet Union.

Hostages in Iran

Notable Events:

1986 Reagan obtained an overhaul of the income tax code

negotiated the elimination of intermediate-range nuclear missiles with the USSR

Bombed Libya “Reagan Doctrine” - to oppose the global

influence of the Soviet Union

Notable Events: sent American troops into Panama to

overthrow the corrupt regime of General Manuel Noriega, who was threatening the security of the canal and the Americans living there. Noriega was brought to the United States for trial as a drug trafficker.

Desert Storm

Notable Events: 1998

President Clinton signed into law the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The act provided harsher penalties for copyright infringement on the internet and made it illegal to create or distribute technologies for bypassing controlled access to copyrighted material.

1999 President Clinton authorized American troops, but not ground troops, to

take part in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) air strikes against the Serbian government. Although a United Nations (UN) courts ruled that a "genocide" was not taking place in Yugoslavia at this time, the UN court did conclude that Serbian President Slobodan Milošević's government had used a "systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments" in suppressing the ethnic Albanians' revolt in Kosovo. NATO forces suffered virtually no loss of life during this military campaign.

1998 On December 19, the House of Representatives approved two articles of

impeachment against President Clinton, one for perjury and the other for obstruction of justice.

1999 On February 12, the Senate acquitted President Clinton of both articles of

impeachment made against him by the House of Representatives.

Notable Events: 2001

On September 11, terrorists flew hijacked airplanes into both towers of the World Trade Center and into the Pentagon. A fourth hijacked plane crashed in Pennsylvania.

October 7: The War in Afghanistan begins with the U.S. military operation "Operation Enduring Freedom", which was launched by the United States with the United Kingdom in response to the September 11 attacks.

2003 March 20: the Iraq War (or the Second Persian Gulf War) begins

with the invasion of Iraq by a multinational coalition of forces, led by the United States and the United Kingdom. Although Bush declared an end to major combat operations in May 2003, the conflict and causalities continued after he completed his second term in office.

2005 August 28: Hurricane Katrina hit the southern coast of the United

States, causing thousands of deaths and billions of dollars in damage.

Notable Events: 2009

In an effort to rejuvenate the struggling U.S. economy, Congress passes the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, which allocates money for job preservation and creation, infrastructure investment, energy efficiency and science, assistance to the unemployed, and State and local fiscal stabilization.