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E944Volume 2
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKFOR
SANITATION COMPONENT
April 29, 2004
URBAN WATER AND SANITATIONIMPROVEMENT AND EXPANSION PROJECT
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CONTENTS
I Introduction
1.1 Background1.2 Objectives1.3 Environmental screening
category
II Project Description
2.1 The Sanitation component2.2 The SANIMAS concept2.3
Implementation arrangements
III Procedures for Environmental Review
3.1 Regulatory context3.2 Potential environmental impacts3.3
Environmental review process
IV Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring
4.1 Options for mitigation and monitoring4.2 Lessons learned
from SANIMAS4.3 Evaluation
Attachments
A. Screening criteria for projects requiring ANDAL or UKIJUPLB.
World Bank limits for process water, domestic sewage, and
contaminated
stormwater discharged to surface water, for general
applicationC. Excerpts from Decree of the Ministry of Settlement
and Regional Infrastructure
No. 534/2001 on guidance for minimum service standards on
spatial planning,housing, settlement and public works (including
waste water and sanitation).
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Urban Water and Sanitation Improvement and Expansion Project
(UWSIEP)contributes to the Government of Indonesia's objective of
improving the qualityof water and sanitation services in Indonesia.
It will help to establish andconsolidate viable local water
utilities, expand wastewater collection in urbanareas and establish
a regulatory entity and framework for on-lending to the
watersector. Consequently there are three project components: a
water component;sanitation component; and technical assistance
component.
1.2 Objectives
The Government of Indonesia requires all projects to be
'screened' in order todetermine potential levels of environmental
impact, and for suitable measures toaddress these impacts to be
designed in, as necessary. The World Bank alsoapplies its own
safeguard policies to all projects.
This document provides an environmental management framework for
proposedactivities associated with the sanitation component of
UWSIEP. Environmentalissues associated with the water component are
covered under a separatedocument - "Consolidated Environmental
Management Plan".
The separation of these two documents recognises that the
sanitation componentfollows a community-based approach, and that
decisions regarding location andscale of sanitation options are, as
yet, undecided.
1.3 Environmental Screening Category
USWIEP has been classified as a Bank environmental "Category B"
project.Consequently no projects with the potential to cause
significant adverseenvironmental impacts (Category A) will be
approved. Table 3 summarises theBank's environmental screening
categories and related Government of Indonesiaenvironmental
requirements.
Table 1: Categories of Environmental Impact
Category Impacts Bank GOI_____________________________________
Requirement Requirement
A Subprojects are characterized creating Comprehensive ANDAL
andsignificant adverse environment EA and EMP RKLIRPLimpacts, with
regard to sensitivity,diversity, irreversibility,
and/orunprecedented impacts.
B Subprojects are characterized being Simplified EA UKLIUPLsmall
in volume and size, implying and EMP
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reversible environmental im acts.
C Subprojects do not comprise None Noneconstruction works, and
do not cause air,soil and water contamination.
II PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 The Sanitation Component
The sanitation component will develop strategies for citywide
sanitation and pilottest community based approaches to sanitation
services in 12 small communitiesacross three urban centres.
Community schemes will be based on the Water andSanitation
Programme "SANIMAS" approach.
2.2 The SANIMAS Concept
SANIMAS is a Community-Based Sanitation (CBS) Program, the
objective beingto improve individual sanitary facilities and
related habits for low-income urbancommunities. Sanitary facilities
in many urban areas in Indonesia can be found asseptic tanks with
or without proper seepage area; while in slum areas, there
isfrequently nothing at all.
Contrary to the Clean/Drinking Water Programs, people are not
interested insanitary programs, because the benefit can not be felt
directly, even if waste wateris hazardous to health. This fact only
points to the inadequate health knowledge ofthe community. The
SANIMAS approach therefore applies the followingprinciples:
* health education,* attractive program which increases
income/benefit, and* participatory approach.
Additional income can be obtained from participation in SANIMAS,
e.g., toprovide opportunities for the community to conduct aquatic
culture. Sludgetreatment can be done in such away that it will
benefit the community, sincedomestic waste is in fact full of
potential resources. It need only be treated tomake it safe to
handle. The required construction skill is also very important
tomake them able to maintain, operate, and replicate the systems by
themselves.Replication being a measure of a success of a
participative program.
The participation aspect of the project is the key to success.
Communityparticipation should start from the education process,
selection of technology,planning, preparation, construction,
operation, maintenance, and managementstages.
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2.3 Implementation Arrangements
Existing guidance on SANIMAS implementation identifies the
following steps:
* Preparation of implementation options* Selection of
municipalities* Selection of communities* Finalising community
action plan* Implementation of community based sanitation*
Evaluation.
Once communities have been selected, a two phase planning and
implementationprocess is envisaged, as follows:
* improvement of household sanitation facilities,- participative
health education to motivate the community to participate
in the program- self-survey to get data on environmental support
system, demography,
and health conditions- sanitation technology selection together
with the community- community involvement in construction, such
that they acquire
knowledge and skill in sanitation facilities construction,
maintenanceand operation.
* establishment of sludge treatment and disposal system,-
selection of treatment technology- selection of location- cost
benefit analysis (technical, social, environmental and financial)-
permitting and support from local officials (including
environmental
clearance)- construction, operation, maintenance, management and
monitoring.
III PROCEDURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW
3.1 Regulatory context
Applicable environmental regulations and policies in determining
potential levelof impact and necessary management response
include:
* World Bank: Environmental Assessment (OP/BP/GP 4.01)* World
Bank: Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, 1998.
General Environmental Guidelines (see Attachment B)* Government
of Indonesia Law no. 23/1997 concerning Environmental
Management
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* Government of Indonesia Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah, or
PP) no.27/1999 concerning AMDAL
* Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 17/2001
concerningTypes of Activities which should be accompanied by AMDAL
(seeAttachment A)
* Decree of the Ministry of Settlement and Regional
Infrastructure No.17/2003 on Types of Activities which should be
accompanied byUKIJ/UPL (see Attachment A)
* Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 86/2002
concerningGuidance for the Preparation of UKIJUPL
* Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 112/2003
on effluentquality standards
* Decree of the Ministry of Settlement and Regional
Infrastructure No.534/2001 on guidance for minimum service
standards on spatial planning,housing, settlement and public works
(see Attachment C).
The Ministry of Settlements and Regional Infrastructure also
routinely appliesStandard Operating Procedures associated with
contracts issued for constructionpurposes. SOPs cover a range of
onsite management, health, safety andenvironmental management
requirements. It is the responsibility of the contractorto ensure
compliance with these requirements.
3.2 Potential environmental impacts
The sanitation component seeks to address critical environmental
and publichealth concerns. Indonesia has one of the lowest rates of
urban seweragecoverage in Asia leading to widespread contamination
of surface andgroundwater, as well as high incidence of
environmentally attributable disease. Inthis sense, the sanitation
component is clearly 'environmental' in its approach
andobjectives.
However, it is also recognised that sanitation options
themselves, ifinappropriately designed or located, may lead to
significant (albeit localised)impacts. Therefore proposed options
must be designed to meet applicableenvironmental standards relating
to safe disposal/discharge of residues, and thenmanaged to achieve
these standards. Key areas of concern1 include:
resulting from collection systems,* public health hazards from
sewer overflows and backups;
resulting from treatment systems,
A useful summary of potential environmental impacts associated
with sanitation programs is provided inthe Bank's 1991
Environmental Assessment Source Book (Volume II: Wastewater
Collection, Treatment,Reuse and Disposal Systems).
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* degradation of neighbourhoods or receiving water quality from
treatmentwork by-passes, or treatment process failures;
* degradation of receiving water quality, despite normal system
operation,from inappropriate siting and design;
resulting from disposal systems,* soil and groundwater
contamination and disease vector breeding at sludge
storage, reuse or disposal sites;* existing solid waste
management problems exacerbated by sludge
disposal.
These issues are made particularly acute where water quality
problems are alreadysevere and in densely populated areas.
3.3 Environmental review process
The environmental review process for sanitation sub-projects
will be closelylinked to the SANIMAS decision making process (see
Table 3), and will includethe following steps:
* Environmental screening in accordance with LH KepMen 17/2001
andKimpraswil KepMen 17/2003; following section of technology and
siteselection.
* Where required, completion of draft UKLIUPL in line with LH
KepMen86/2002; in parallel with cost benefit analysis.
* Review and approval of UKL/UPL, ensuring that design
specificationsmeet all relevant environmental standards2 in
relation to siting anddischarges; prior to issuance of principal
permit.
* Implementation of UKL/UPL recommendations and Standard
OperatingProcedures; during construction and operational phase.
Table 3: Environmental Review of SANIMAS sub-projects
SANIMAS Process Environmental Review ResponsibilitySelection of
treatmenttechnologySelection of location Environmental screening
Responsible Dinas
Department, notifiesBapedalda
Cost Benefit Analysis Draft UKLIUPLs Responsible Dinas Dept,
orappointed consultant
2 World Bank general environmental guidelines for wastewater
discharges (see Attachment B) will beapplied in the absence of a
suitable GoI standard.
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Permitting Review and Approval of BapedaldaUKL/UPLs
Construction, Operation and Application of environmental
Responsible DinasMaintenance mitigation and monitoring, and
Department/contractor,
SOPs Monitoring by localcommunity and Bapedalda
The central Project Coordination Unit will monitor and oversee
compliance withthis review process, supported by local implementing
units. Additional oversightwill be provided by the Bank via
periodic supervision missions. The requirementto adopt this process
and to adhere to relevant Gol regulations will be put into
theUWSIEP Project Operation Manual.
IV ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING
4.1 Mitigation and Monitoring
Community-based sanitation systems generally comprise the
followingcomponents: toilets; collection systems; treatment
systems; disposal; andoperation & maintenance. Their
environmental impacts are well known as arerelated mitigation and
monitoring requirements.
Environmental impacts tend to accumulate at or around points of
discharge/disposal, providing a focus for monitoring efforts.
Mitigation measures can beapplied across all components, though key
opportunities generally relate to designand siting of treatment and
disposal systems.
Table 4 provides a framework for identifying suitable mitigation
and monitoringmeasures, based on a range of design options
available under SANIMAS. Thistable will be further developed based
on the proposed study of lessons learnedfrom SANIMAS (see section
4.2).
Table 4: Mitigation and Monitoring Options
Sanitation Options Siting Construction OperationCollection
SystemsOpen rainwater drain Regular maintenance to
remove solids, withappropriate disposal
Covered rainwater Regular maintenance todrain remove solids,
with
appropriate disposalCondominial Private service providersewerage
or efficient community
institution needed formaintenance
Treatment SystemsCommunity septic Minimum distance - Regular
de-sludging
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tank from water supplies with appropriateenvironmental
disposal
Imhoff tank Minimum distance - Regular de-sludgingfrom water
supplies with appropriate
environmental disposalAnareobic baffled Minimum distance
Application of SOPs - Annual de-sludgingreactor from water supplies
for management of with appropriate
spoil, dust, noise and environmental disposalsite rehabilitation
- ongoing monitoring at
point of outflowAnaerobic filter Minimum distance Application of
SOPs - Annual de-sludgingreactor from water supplies for management
of with appropriate
spoil, dust, noise and environmental disposalsite rehabilitation
- Ongoing monitoring
at point of outflowAnaerobic, Minimum distance Application of
SOPs - Regular de-sludgingfacultative and from residential for
management of with appropriateaerobic lagoons buildings, water
spoil, dust, noise and environmental disposal.
supplies site rehabilitation - Designed to meetapplicable
effluentquality standards- Ongoing monitoring
I at point of outflowDisposal SystemsDischarge into river
Wastewater Wastewater monitoring
discharge meets at point of dischargeapplicable standards
Soil infiltration pits - Minimum distance Occasional
monitoringof leach pits to of adjacent well waterwater supplies
quality- Minimum depththe groundwatertable
Aquaculture Minimum distance Application of SOPs Ongoing
monitoring atfrom residential for management of point of
outflowbuildings, water spoil, dust, noise andsupplies site
rehabilitation
Sludge drying bed Minimum distance Application of SOPs - Seepage
water stillfrom residential for management of requires collection
andbuildings, water spoil, dust, noise and treatmentsupplies site
rehabilitation - Monitoring of
maximum annualcharge of sludge perbed
Reed bed Usually an existing Occasional test ofbanana/papaya
composition of de-plantation composed sludge for
infectious bacteriaComposting Minimum distance Regular testing
of
from residential composition of compostbuildings and water for
infectious bacteriasupplies
Vacuum truck
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Implementation of mitigation and monitoring measures will
primarily be theresponsibility of the community, while monitoring
responsibilities will be sharedwith the local environmental office.
Typically, the community will be responsiblefor non-technical
monitoring while the local environmental office will carry
outdischarge monitoring of raw water and treated water.
4.2 Lessons Learned from SANIMAS in Indonesia
SANIMAS is a system that has been implemented in Indonesia under
the Waterand Sanitation Programme. Experience to date is positive
with communitiescontinuing to manage the systems, while local
authorities are responsible formonitoring performance and providing
technical advice.
Lessons learned both from communities and local authorities will
be collated andintegrated into an operational guideline (based on
Table 4) to assist preparation ofproposed community based
sanitation options under UWSIEP. The centralProject Coordinating
Unit will be responsible for ensuring that these measures
aretaken.
4.3 Evaluation
A review of the environmental performance of selected CBS
schemes will beundertaken as part of routine project evaluation,
with participation both from localcommunities and local
environmental authorities. As a pilot scheme, it isimportant that
the results of environmental review are disseminated and
caneffectively feed into the process of replication in other urban
areas in Indonesia.Effective environmental compliance will ensure
the long term sustainability of theSANIMAS approach and help to
address critical human health concerns.
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Attachment A: screening criteria for projects requiring ANDAL
orUKLIUPL .
These criteria and thresholds are pursuant to prevailing
Indonesian regulations, including:
* Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 17/2001,
dated 22 May2001; and
* Decree of the Minister of Settlements and Regional
Infrastructure No.17/KPTS/2003, dated 3 February 2003.
SCALESECTOR and ACTIVITY 3 4
ANDAL3 UKL/UPL4
Water Supplya. Development of distribution network (serving
area) 2 500 Ha 100 - < 500 Ha
b. Development of piped transmission network (length) 2 10 km 2
- < 10 km
c. Water intake from surface spring water, river, lake, or 2 250
/sec 50 - < 250 Usecother sources (intake debit)
d. Development of water treatment plant (debit) > 50
I/sec
e. Ground water intake 2 50 I/sec > 5 - < 50 I/sec
Solid Wastea. Final disposal with control landfill
system/sanitary
landfill (non-hazardous waste)
- Area coverage, or > 10 Ha < 10 Ha
- Total capacity 2 10.000 ton < 10.000 ton
b. Final disposal in tides area5
- Landfill coverage, or > 5 Ha < 5 Ha
- Total capacity 2 5.000 ton < 5.000 ton
c. Development of transfer station- Operational capacity 2 1.000
ton/day < 1.000 ton/day
d. Final disposal with open dumping system All size
e. Development of Incinerator All size
f. Building for composting and recycling > 4 ton/day> 500
m2
Construction of WWTP & Seweragea. Waste water treatment
plant (feces) 2 2 Ha < 2 Ha
b. Waste water treatment plant 2 3 Ha < 3 Ha
See Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 17/2001
dated 22 May 2001 on Types of Activities that Need tobe Accompanied
by AMDAL
4 See Decree of the Minister of Settlements and Regional
Infrastructure No. 17/KPTS/2003, dated 3 February 2003 on Types
ofActivities that Need to be Accompanied by UKIJUPL.5 This applies
for controlled landfill in tides area as well
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SECTOR and ACTIVITY SCALEANDAL 3 UKL/UPL 4
c. Sewerage piping > 500 Ha < 500 Ha
Drainagea. Development of drainage in large city / metropolitan
area
- Primary drainage (length)- Secondary and tertiary drainage
(length) > 5 km < 5 km
> 5 km 1 -5 km
b. Development of drainage in medium-sized city- Primary
drainage (length) > 10 km < 10 km- Secondary and tertiary
drainage (length) > 10 km 2 - 10 km
c. Development of drainage in small-sized city > 5 km
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Attachment B: World Bank limits for process water, domestic
sewage,and contaminated stormwater discharged to surface water, for
generalapplication
(Excerpt from Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook,
1998)
(milligrams per litre, except for pH, bacteria, and
temperature)Pollutant or parameter Limit
pH 6-9BOD 50COD 250
Oil and grease 10TSS 50
Heavy metals, total 10Arsenic 0.1
Cadmium 0.1Chromium
Hexavalent 0.1Total 0.5
Copper 0.5Iron 3.5Lead 0.1
Mercury 0.01Nickel 0.5
Selenium 0.1Silver 0.5Zinc 2.0
CyanideFree 0.1
Total 1.0
Ammonia 10Fluoride 20
Chlorine, total residual 0.2Phenols 0.5
Phosphorus 2.0Sulfide 1.0
Coliform bacteria < 400 MPN/100 ml
Temperature increases < 3 degrees Ca
Note: MPN, most probable numbera. The effluent should result in
temperature increase of no more than 3 degrees C at the edge of the
zonewhere initial mixing and dilution take place. Where the zone is
not defined, use 100 meters from the pointof discharge.
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Attachment C: Excerpts from Decree of the Ministry of Settlement
andRegional Infrastructure No. 534/2001 on guidance for minimum
servicestandards on spatial planning, housing, settlement and
public works(including waste water and sanitation).
The Decree contains the following guidance:
- Grey water should be separated from black water- Black water
should be discharged into a septic tank with no leaks or smell-
There should be no contamination of ground water- Removal
efficiencies for BOD and SS > 85%- No complaint on sludge
treated in sludge treatment plant
On site sanitation should be provided to cities with population
density of 2 200persons/ha, with groundwater level >2 meter and
its potential cost recovery is notsupporting full sewerage
system
Off site sanitation could only be implemented in the
metropolitan city with a density of 2200 persons/ha, groundwater
level 90%, and Escherichia coli >+99.9%.
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