World Bank Document...2003/06/30 · Life expectancy a Infant mortality rate r Child death rate Table 24. Health-related indicators 54 Population per physician 0 per nursing person

4449Volume 2

The World BankWashington, D.C.

May 1983

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Contents

Key iv

Introduction 1

Maps 3

Table 1. Basic indicators 8

Population Q Area 0 GNP per capita 0 Inflation 0 Adult literacy0 Life expectancy

Table 2. Growth of production 10

GDP 0 Agriculture 0 Industry 0 Manufacturing 0 Services

Table 3. Structure of production 12

GDP 0 Agriculture 0 Industry a Manufacturing 0 Services

Table 4. Growth of consumption and investment 14

Public consumption El Private consumption 0 Gross domesticinvestment

Table 5. Structure of demand 16

Public consumption 0 Private consumption 0 Gross domesticinvestment o Gross domestic saving 0 Exports of goods andnonfactor services 0 Resource balance

Table 6. Agriculture and food 18

Value added 0 Cereal imports 0 Food aid 0 Fertilizer consumption0 Food production per capita

Table 7. Industrialization 20

Share of value added in food and agriculture a in textiles andclothing 0 in machinery and transport equipment 0 in chemicals a inother manufacturing 0 Value added in manufacturing

Table 8. Commercial energy 22

Growth of energy production 0 Growth of energy consumptiono Energy consumption per capita 0 Energy imports as percentage ofmerchandise exports

Table 9. Growth of merchandise trade 24

Export values 0 Import values C Growth of exports 0 Growth ofimports 0 Terms of trade

Table 10. Structure of merchandise exports 26

Fuels, minerals, and metals o Other primary commodities u Textilesand clothing ra Machinery and transport equipment o Othermanufactures

Table 11. Structure of merchandise imports 28

Food o Fuels o Other primary commodities El Machinery andtransport equipment o Other manufactures

Table 12. Origin and destination of merchandise exports 30

Industrial market economies 0 East European nonmarket economieso High-income oil exporters o Developing economies

Table 13. Origin and destination of manufactured exports 32

Industrial market economies o East European nonmarket economiesol High-income oil exporters o Developing economies o Value ofmanufactured exports

Table 14. Balance of payments and reserves 34

Current account balance EJ Receipts of workers' remittances El Netdirect private investment o Gross international reserves E m monthsof import coverage

Table 15. Flow of public and publicly guaranteed external capital 36

Gross inflow of public and publicly guaranteed medium- and long-term loans E Repayment of principal E Net inflow of public andpublicly guaranteed medium- and long-term loans

Table 16. External public debt and debt service ratios 38

External public debt outstanding and disbursed E as percentage ofGNP o Interest payments on external public and publiclyguaranteed debt E Debt service as percentage of GNP

Table 17. Terms of public borrowing 40

Commitments o Average interest rate E Average maturity o Averagegrace penod

Table 18. Official development assistance from OECD and OPEC members 42

Amount in dollars E as percentage of donor GNP E in nationalcurrencies E Net bilateral flow to low-income countries

Table 19. Population growth, past and projected, and hypothetical stationary population 44

Past growth of population El Projected population E Hypotheticalsize of stationary population E Assumed year of reaching netreproduction rate of 1 E Year of reaching stationary population

Table 20. Demographic and fertility-related indicators 46

Crude birth rate E Crude death rate o Total fertility rateE Percentage of married women using contraceptives

Table 21. Labor force 48

Population of working age o Labor force in agriculture o in industryo in services 0 Growth of labor force, past and projected

Table 22. Urbanization 50

Urban population as percentage of total population a Growth ofurban population 0 Percentage in largest city 0 in cities of over500,000 persons 0 Number of cities of over 500,000 persons

Table 23. Indicators related to life expectancy 52

Life expectancy a Infant mortality rate r Child death rate

Table 24. Health-related indicators 54

Population per physician 0 per nursing person 0 Daily caloriesupply per capita

Table 25. Education 56

Number enrolled in primary school as percentage of age group 0 insecondary school 0 in higher education 0 Adult literacy

Table 26. Defense and social expenditure 58

Defense expenditure as percentage of GNP 0 as percentage ofcentral government expenditure O Per capita central governmentexpenditure on defense 0 on education 0 on health

Table 27. Income distribution 60

Percentage share of household income, by percentile groups ofhouseholds

Technical notes 62

Bibliography of data sources 73

iii

Figures in the colored bands are sum- Not available

In each table, countnes are listed in their mary measures for groups of countnes () Less than half the unit showngroup in ascending order of income per The letter w after a summary measurecapita The reference numbers indicating indicates that it is a weighted average, All growth rates are In real terms

that order are shown in the alphabetical the letter m, that it is a median value, Figures in italics are for years or penodslist of countries below the letter t, that it is a total. other than those specified

Afghanistan 9 Hong Kong 91 Peru 60

Albania 118 Hungary 119 Philippines 49

Algena 80 India 17 Poland 122

Angola 50 Indonesia 41 Portugal 83

Argentina 84 Iran, Islamic Republic of 75 Romania 120

Australia 107 Iraq 76 Rwanda 16Austria 105 Ireland 99 Saudi Arabia 96Bangladesh 5 Israel 92 Senegal 36Belgium 110 Italy 101 Sierra Leone 27Bemn 25 Ivory Coast 63 Singapore 93

Bhutan 2 Jamaica 62 Somalia 18Bolivia 43 Japan 104 South Africa 86Brazil 81 Jordan 72 Spain 100Bulgana 121 Kampuchea, Democratic 1 Sri Lanka 24Burma 8 Kenya 35 Sudan 32

Burundi 14 Korea, Democratic Republic of 69 Sweden 116Cameroon 56 Korea, Republic of 74 Switzerland 117Canada 108 Kuwait 97 Syrian Arab Republic 71Central Afncan Republic 26 Lao People's Democratic Republic 3 Tanzania 19Chad 4 Lebanon 79 Thailand 48

Chile 85 Lesotho 42 Togo 33China 21 Libena 40 Trnidad and Tobago 94Colombia 66 Libya 95 Tunisia 67Congo, People's Republic of 58 Madagascar 28 Turkey 70Costa Rica 68 Malawi 11 Uganda 13

Cuba 57 Malaysia 77 Union of Soviet SocialistCzechoslovakia 124 Mali 10 Republics 123Denmark 113 Mauritania 37 United Arab Emirates 98Dominican Republic 64 Mexico 82 United Kmgdom 103Ecuador 61 Mongolia 65 United States 112

Egypt, Arab Republic of 46 Morocco 52 Upper Volta 15El Salvador 47 Mozambique 31 Uruguay 88Ethiopia 6 Nepal 7 Venezuela 89Finland 106 Netherlands 109 Viet Nam, SocialistFrance 111 New Zealand 102 Republic of 20

German Democratic Republic 125 Nicaragua 53 Yemen Arab Republic 38Germany, Federal Republic of 114 Niger 29 Yemen, People's DemocraticGhana 34 Nigeria 54 Republic of 39Greece 90 Norway 115 Yugoslavia 87Guatemala 59 Pakistan 30 Zaire 12

Guinea 22 Panama 78 Zambia 45Haiti 23 Paraguay 73 Zimbabwe 55Honduras 44

iv

Introduction

The World Development Indicators, produced as Most of the information used in computing the

a by-product of the World Bank's statistical and indicators was drawn from the data files and pub-

analytical work, provide information on the main lications of the World Bank, the International

features of social and economic development. Over Monetary Fund, and the United Nations and spe-

time, the World Bank has developed standard data cialized agencies.formats for operational use, and its data bank has For ease of reference, ratios and rates of growth

become increasingly geared to the provision of are shown; absolute values are reported only in a

statistical inputs for internal information and de- few instances. Most growth rates were calculated

cision papers The broad range of internationally for two periods: 1960-70 and 1970-81, or 1970-80

comparable statistical information is intended to if data for 1981 were not available. All growth rates

be suitable for cross-economy analysis. are in real terms and were computed, unless noted

Most of the data collected by the World Bank otherwise, by using the least-squares method. Be-

are on its developing member countries. Because cause this method takes all observations in a pe-

comparable data for developed market economies riod into account, the resulting growth rates reflect

are readily available, these are also included in the general trends that are not unduly influenced by

indicators. Data for nonmarket economies, a few exceptional values. Table entries in italics indicate

of which are members of the World Bank, are that they are for years or periods other than those

included if available in a comparable form. specified. All dollar figures are US dollars

Every effort has been made to standardize con- Some of the differences between figures shown

cepts, definitions, coverage, timing, and the eval- this year and last year reflect not only updating

uation of the basic data to ensure the greatest but also revisions to historical series They also

possible degree of comparability. Since the pub- reflect revisions to the estimates of population on

lication of the first World Development Indicators the basis of new information from surveys and the

in 1978, considerable progress has been made, 1980 round of censuses.

through the use of more uniform definitions and The economies included in the World Devel-

concepts, toward making the data more interna- opment Indicators are classified by GNP per cap-

tionally comparable. Although the number of in- ita This classification is useful in distinguishing

dicators included in this edition is greater than in economies at different stages of development. Many

the first edition, it is believed that the quality of of the economies included are also classified by

the data has been substantially improved dominant characteristics-to distinguish oil im-

The indicators in Table 1 give a summary profile porters and exporters and to distinguish market

of economies. The data in other tables fall into the and nonmarket industrial economies The groups

following broad areas: national accounts, agricul- used in the tables are 34 low-income developing

ture, industry, energy, external trade, external debt, economies with a GNP per capita of less than $410

aid flows, other external transactions, demogra- in 1981, 60 middle-income developing economies

phy, labor force, urbanization, social indicators, with a GNP per capita of $410 or more, 4 high-

defense and social expenditure, and income dis- income oil exporters, 19 industrial market econo-

tribution. Two of these tables appear for the first mies, and 8 East European nonmarket economies.

time this year, one on agriculture and food, the Note that because of the paucity of data and the

other on terms of public borrowing. The first is differences in the method for computing national

now included because of the importance of the income, estimates of GNP per capita are available

agricultural sector and food aid in developing only for nonmarket economies that are members

economies; the second, because of growing atten- of the World Bank.

tion to the external obligations of developing coun- The format of this edition generally follows that

tries. used in previous years, but some of the economies

I

have been reclassified to reflect changes in their low-income economies. And because trade in oilincome levels. affects the economic characteristics and perform-

In each group, economies are listed in ascending ance of middle-income economies; summaryorder of income per capita, and that order is used measures are also shown for oil importers and forin all tables. The alphabetical list on the opposite oil exporters. In this year's edition, the large grouppage shows the reference number of each econ- of middle-income economies is also divided intoomy. Countries with populations of less than a lower and upper categories to give greater mean-million are not reported in the tables, largely for ing to the summary measures.lack of comprehensive data. The technical notes The weights used in computing the summaryfor Table 1 show some basic indicators for 34 small measures are described in the technical notes. Thecountries that are members of the United Nations, letter w after a summary measure indicates that itthe World Bank, or both. is a weighted average; the letter m, that it is a

Summary measures-totals, median values, or median value; the letter t, that it is a total. Theweighted averages-were calculated for the econ- median is the middle value of a data set arrangedomy groups only if data were adequate and mean- in order of magnitude. Because the coverage ofingful statistics could be obtained. Because China economies is not uniform for all indicators andand India heavily bias the summary measures for because the variation around central tendenciesall low-income economies, summary measures are can be large, readers should exercise caution inseparately shown for China and India and for other comparing the summary measures for different

cr(up$ of eccnames

The colors on the map show whatgroup a country has been placed in onthe basis of its GNP per capita and,in some mstances, its distinguishingeconomic charactenstics. For example,all low-income countries, those with aGNP per capita of less than $410, arecolored yellow. The groups are thesame as those used in the 27 tablesthat follow, and they include only the125 countres with a population of morethan 1 millionK Low-income economies

_ Mddle-income oil importers_ Middle-income oil exporters_ High-income oil exporters

Industnal market economies_ East European nonmarket economies

D Not included in the Indicators

2

indicators, groups, and years or periods This year's edition again includes five worldReaders should also exercise caution in com- maps. The first map shows country names and

paring indicators across economies. Although the the groups in which economies have been placed.

statistics are drawn from sources generally con- The maps on the following pages show popula-

sidered the most authoritative and reliable, some tion, adult literacy, life expectancy at birth, and

of them, particularly those describing social fea- the share of agriculture in gross domestic producttures and income distribution, are subject to con- (GDP). The Eckert IV projection has been used for

siderable margins of error. In addition, variations these maps because it maintains correct areas for

in national statistical practices mean that the data all countries, though at the cost of some distor-

in certain instances are not strictly comparable. tions in shape, distance, and direction. The maps

The data should thus be construed only as indi- have been prepared exclusively for the conven-

cating trends and characterizing major differences ience of the readers of this book; the denomina-

between economies. tions used, and the boundaries shown, do not

The technical notes should be referred to in any imply on the part of the World Bank and its af-

use of the data. These notes outline the methods, filiates any judgment on the legal status of any

concepts, definitions, and data sources. The bib- territory or any endorsement or acceptance of such

liography gives details of the data sources, which boundaries.contain comprehensive definitions and descrip- The World Development Indicators are pre-

tions of concepts used pared under the supervision of Ramesh Chander.

3

Popukah1on and GMP per capit

= 0-15 million|

15-50 million

_ 50-100 million \Sc g_ More than 100 millon

W Data not available

The colors on the map show the gen- ulation for each of 124 countries, theeral size of a country's population For technical note to that table gives dataexample, countnes with a population for 34 more countnes with a popula-of less than 15 million are colored yel- hon of less than 1 millionlow Note that Table I gives the pop-

In the chart below, the world's pop- The chart at right shows the propor- Populationulation has been arranged by the GNP tions of population and production ac-per capita of the countnes that people counted for by each country group,live in The chart shows, for example, except East European nonmarketthat more than 2 billion people live in economies. (The countrycountnes with a GNP per capita of less groups are those shown inthan $410 the map on the preceding

page and in the 27 tables thatfollow ) The chart shows, forexample, that low-income

East European countnes, those with an av-nonmarket erage GNP per capita of S270,

account for more than halfthe people but les-s than a Production

Industrial market tenth of the production ofgoods and services

High-income oil exporters

Mlddle-income

Low-income

0 1 2

Billions of people

4

Adult literacy

H 0-24 percent25-49 percent

50-74 percent

75-100 percent

D2 Data not available

The adult literacy rate is the percent-age of people over 15 who can readand wnte The map classes countriesby the rates given for individual coun-tries in Table 1 and repeated in Table25 For example, the countries coloredyellow had an adult literacy rate ofless than 25 percent in 1980

The chart at left shows where theworld's illiterate adults live-mostlyin low-income countnes, which ac-count for about half the world's peo- L iterate ra

/ I \ ~~~~~~~ple llhterate

The chart at nght shows how the pro-portion of illiterate and literate adultschanged in developing countnes be-tween 1960 and 1980 The height ofthe cylinders reflects the total numberof adults in developing countries ineach of the two years So, while theproportion of literate adults has in-creased-from 34 percent to 55 per-

_ Low-income cent-the number of literate adults hasMiddle-income increased even more-from 400 mtl-High-income oil exporters lion to 1 billion 1960 1980Industnal market economiesEast European nonmarket economies

5

Lfife expetany

H 0-49 years50-59 years

60-69 years

70-76 years

D Data not available

The map classifies countries by life ex-pectancy at birth-that is, by the num-ber of years a baby bom in 1981 canexpect to hve. For example, life ex-pectancy at birth is less than 50 yearsin countries colored yellow.

YearsThe chart at nght shows how hfe ex-pectancy has increased since 1960 for 1981the vanous country groups. For ex- 0 _ample, hfe expectancy m the low-in- 1960come countries has increased 15 years,from 42 for a baby born m 1960 to 57for one bom in 1981. Table 23 showshow individual countnes have faredin relation to the average for their 60

country group.

50

The chart above shows that the pro-4 portion of infants surviving the first

year of hfe has increased from 84 per-cent in low-income countnes in 1960to 91 percent in 1981. That imnprove-

40 _ _ _ _ ment accounts for 11 of the 15 yearsin the increase in life expectancy inthose countnes, as is shown by theshaded area in the bar for low-income

-. E E countries at left.0

0~~~~

0 ~~~~~~~0

6 i

6

Share of agriculture in GDP

H 0-9 percent

10-9 percent

_ V19 percent l ,20-39 percent 1v

40-66 percent

D Data not available

The value added by a country's agri- example, countries whose shares ofcultural sector divided by the gross agnculture in GDP range from 0 to 24domestic product gives the share of percent are colored yellow The sharesagnculture in GDP In the map coun- say nothing about absolute values oftnes are classified by those shares For production

The chart at nght shows the weightedaverage of agnculture's share in GDP _-lfor each group of countnes For ex- w-icome eample, the weighted average for low-income countnes is 42 percent, thatfor industrial countnes 3 percent. This .l_difference shows that as GNP per cap-ita goes up, the share of agnculture inGDP goes down It is not that the ag-ncultural sector gets smaller, but that -high-incomethe industnal and services sectors get oil exporterslarger.

Industrial market l _l_l

economies

East Europeannonmarket economies

The chart at left shows the range ofagnculture's share in GDP for low-in-

GDP " come countries, from 24 percent to 75percent The figures are taken from

Table 3, which gives data forindividual countnes.

Biggest share Smallest share7

GNP per capitaAverage Life

Area annual Average annual Adult expectancyPopulation (thousands growth rate of inflation0a literacy at birth(millions) of square Dollars (percent) (percent) (percent) (years)Mid-1981 kilometers) 1981 1960-81b 1960-~70c 197G-~8 1d 19800 1981

Low-income economiesChina and IndiaOther low-incomeI Kampuchea, Dem 181 38 382 Bhutan 13 47 80 01 453 Lao, PDR 3 5 237 80 41 434 Chad 45 1,284 110 -2 2 4 6 74 15 435 Bangladesh 90 7 144 140 -0 9 3 7 15 7 26 486 Ethiopia 31 8 1,222 140 1 4 21 4 1 15 407 Nepal 150 141 150 00 77 9 3 19 458 Burma 34 1 677 190 1 3 2.7 10 7 70 549 Afghanistan 163 648 119 50 12 37

10 Mali 69 1,240 190 1 6 50 9 7 10 4511 Malawi 62 118 200 27 24 10 3 25 4512 Zaire 29 8 2,345 210 -0 1 29 9 35 3 58 4913 Uganda 13 0 236 220 -0 6 3 2 41 2 48 4814 Burundi 4 2 28 230 24 28 11 6 25 4515 Upper Volta 63 274 240 11 13 95 5 4516 Rwanda 53 26 250 1 7 131 134 50 4617 India 690 2 3,288 260 14 71 81 36 5218 Somalia 44 638 280 -0 8 45 126 60 4019 Tanzania 19 1 945 280 22 1 8 11 9 79 5220 Viet Nam 55 7 330 87 6321 China 991 3 9,561 300 4 9 69 6722 Guinea 56 246 300 02 1 5 4 6 20 3723 Haiti 51 28 300 05 40 10 0 23 5424 Sri Lanka 150 66 300 25 1 8 13 1 85 6925 Benin 36 113 320 06 19 94 25 5026 Central African Rep 24 623 320 04 4 1 126 39 4327 Sierra Leone 36 72 320 09 12 2 15 3728 Madagascar 90 587 330 -0 5 32 10 6 50 4829 Niger 5 7 1,267 330 -1 6 21 12 2 5 4530 Pakistan 84 5 804 350 28 33 13 1 24 5031 Mozambique 12 5 802 28 4932 Sudan 192 2,506 380 -0 3 3 7 15 9 32 4733 Togo 2 7 57 380 25 1 3 89 18 4734 Ghana 118 239 400 - 13 7 6 36 4 51

Middle-Income economiesOil exportersOil importers

Lower middle-Income

35 Kenya 174 583 420 29 1 6 10 2 50 5636 Senegal 59 196 430 -0 4 1 7 79 10 4437 Mauritania 1 6 1,031 460 1 7 21 90 17 4438 Yemen Arab Rep 73 195 460 5 5 156 21 4339 Yemen, PDR 2 0 333 460 40 4640 Liberia 1 9 ill 520 1 5 1 9 89 25 4541 Indonesia 149 5 1,919 530 41 20 5 62 5442 Lesotho 14 30 540 70 2 7 10 5 52 5243 Bolivia 57 1,099 600 1 9 3 5 23 0 63 5144 Honduras 38 112 600 11 29 91 60 5945 Zambia 58 753 600 -01 76 84 44 5146 Egypt 43 3 1,001 650 35 26 11 1 44 5747 El Salvador 4 7 21 650 15 05 10 8 62 6348 Thailand 480 514 770 4 6 18 100 86 6349 Philippines 49 6 300 790 28 58 13 1 75 6350 Angola 78 1,247 4251 Papua New Guinea 31 462 840 25 4 0 86 32 5152 Morocco 20 9 447 860 24 20 8 2 28 5753 Nicaragua 28 130 860 06 1 8 142 90 5754 Nigeria 87 6 924 870 35 40 14 2 30 4955 Zimbabwe 7 2 391 870 04 13 10 1 69 5556 Cameroon 87 475 880 2 8 4 2 10 6 4857 Cuba 97 115 95 7358 Congo, People's Rep 17 342 1,110 1 0 59 11 8 6059 Guatemala 75 109 1 140 2 6 03 104 6060 Peru 170 1,285 1,170 1 0 104 34 3 80 5861 Ecuador 8 6 284 1,180 43 61 14 1 81 6262 Jamaica 2 2 11 1,180 08 4 0 16 8 90 7163 Ivory Coast 8 5 322 1,200 2 3 28 13 0 35 4764 Dominican Rep 5 6 49 1,260 3 3 21 91 67 62

8

GNP per capita

Average Avrgeanal Aul xeayArea annual Avrganul Aut epcny

Population (thousands growth rate of inflation, literacy at birth(millions) of square Dollars (percent) (percent) - (percent) (years)Mid-1 981 kilometers) 1981 1960-81 b 1960-70c 1 97 0-8 1 d 19800 1981

65 Mongolia 1 7 1,565 6466 Colombia 26 4 1,139 1,380 3 2 11 9 22 4 81 6367 Tunisia 6 5 164 1,420 4 8 3 6 8 2 62 6168 Costa Rica 2 3 51 1,430 3 0 1 9 15 9 90 7369 Korea, Dem Rep 18 7 121 6670 Turkey 45 5 781 1,540 3 5 5 6 32 7 60 6271 Syrian Arab Rep 9 3 185 1,570 3 8 2 6 12 0 58 6572 Jordan 3 4 98 1,620 70 6273 Paraguay 31 407 1,630 3 2 31 12 4 84 66

Upper middle-income74 Korea, Rep of 38 9 98 1,700 6 9 17 5 19 8 93 6675 Iran, Islamic Rep of 40 1 1,648 -0 5 20 1 50 5876 I raq 13 5 435 1 7 5777 Malaysia 14 2 330 1,840 4 3 -03 7 4 60 6578 Panama 1 9 77 1,910 31 1 6 7 6 82 71

79 Lebanon 2 7 10 1 4 14 6 6680 Algeria 19 6 2,382 2,140 3 2 2 7 134 35 568 1 Brazil 120 5 8,512 2,220 51 46 1 42 1 76 6482 Mexico 71 2 1,973 2,250 38 3 5 19 1 8 1 6683 Portugal 98 92 2,520 4 8 30 17 0 78 72

84 Argentina 28 2 2,767 2,560 1 9 21 4 134 2 93 7185 Chile 11 3 757 2,560 0 7 33 0 164 6 6886 South Africa 29 5 1221 2,770 2 2 3 0 12 8 6387 Yugoslavia 22 5 256 2,790 50 12 6 194 85 7188 Uruguay 29 176 2,820 1 6 51 1 60 2 94 71

89 Venezuela 15 4 912 4,220 2 4 1 3 12 5 82 6890 Greece 9 7 132 4,420 54 3 2 14 8 7491 Hong Kong 5 2 1 5,100 69 2 4 18 4 90 7592 Israel 4 0 21 5,160 3 6 6 2 45 5 7393 Singapore 24 1 5,240 7 5 1 1 5 2 83 7294 Trinidad and Tobago 1 2 5 5,670 2 9 3 2 18 7 95 72

High-incomeoil exporters95 Libya 31 1,760 8,450 47 52 17 3 5796 Saudi Arabia 93 2,150 12,600 78 24 3 16 5597 Kuwait 1 5 18 20,900 -04 18 2 60 7098 United Arab Emirates 1 1 84 24,660 56 63

Industrial marketeconomies99 Ireland 3 4 70 5,230 31 5 2 14 2 98 73100 Spain 38 0 505 5,640 4 2 8 2 16 0 74101 Italy 56 2 301 6.960 3 6 4 4 15 7 98 74102 New Zealand 3 3 269 7,700 1 5 3 6 12 9 99 74103 United Kingdom 56 0 245 9,110 2 1 4 1 14 4 99 74

104 Japan 117 6 372 10,080 6 3 51 74 99 77105 Austria 7 6 84 10,210 1 5 3 7 61 99 73106 Ftnland 4 8 337 10,680 3 6 6 0 12 0 100 75107 Australia 14 9 7,687 11,080 2 5 31 11 5 100 74108 Canada 24 2 9,976 11,400 3 3 31 9 3 99 75

109 Netherlands 14 2 41 11,790 2 0 5 4 7 6 99 76110 Belgium 99 31 11,920 -30 3 6 7 3 99 73III France 54 0 547 12,190 3 8 4 2 9 9 99 76112 United States 229 8 9,363 12,820 2 3 2 9 7 2 99 75113 Denmark 5 1 43 13,120 2 6 64 10 0 99 75

114 Germany, Fed Rep 61 7 249 13,450 3 2 3 2 5 0 99 73115 Norway 41 324 14,060 -31 4 4 8 8 99 76116 Sweden 8 3 450 14,870 2 6 4 3 10 0 99 77117 Switzerland 6 5 41 17,430 1 9 4 4 4 8 99 76


118 Albania 2 8 29 70119 Hungary 10 7 93 2,1000 5 0 2 9 99 70120 Romania 22 5 238 2,5400 8 2 -0 2 98 71121 Bulgaria 8 9 ill17122 Poland 35 9 313 98 73

123 USSR 268 0 22,402 100 72124 Czechoslovakia 15 3 128 72125 German Dem Rep 16 7 108 73

a See the technical notes b Because data for the early 1960s are not available, figures in italics are for periods other than that specifiedc Figures in italics are for 1961-70, not 1960-70 d Figures in italics are for 1970-80, niot 1970-81 e Figures in italics are for years other thanthose specified See the technical notes

9

Average annual growth rate (percent)

GDP Agriculture Industry Manufacturing Services

1960- 70 1 970 -8 1 1 1960-7081970-81b 1960-70 19708 1 b 1960-70 1 97 0971 b 1960-70a 1970-81b

Low-lncome economiesChina and IndiaOther low-lncome

1 Kampuchea, Dem 312 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR4 Chad 055 Bangladesh 37 42 27 24 80 90 66 112 42 536 Ethiopia 44 22 22 09 74 1 8 80 28 78 427 Nepal 25 218 Burma 26 48 41 47 28 56 34 46 15 479 Afghanistan 20 39 32 32 28 53

10 Mali 33 46 40 24 5911 Malawi 49 5612 Zaire 34 -02 15 -08 -23 . -0413 Uganda 56 -16 -08 -9.8 -93 -0714 Burundi 44 32 22 85 . 59 3515 Upper Volta 30 36 14 2.9 34 5816 Rwanda 27 5317 India 34 36 19 19 54 44 47 50 46 5218 Somalia 10 39 -06 34 40 4219 Tanzania 60 51 55 22 29 5420 Viet Nam 3_821 China 52 55 16 28 112 83 57 4422 Guinea 35 3023 Haiti 02 34 -06 11 02 71 -01 76 11 3524 SriLanka 46 43 30 30 66 42 63 21 46 5025 Benin 26 3326 Central African Rep 19 16 08 23 54 40 54 -4 3 18 ()27 SierraLeone 43 19 24 -36 37 4528 Madagascar 29 03 03 03 0429 Niger 29 31 33 -30 139 114 () 6930 Pakistan 67 48 49 26 100 55 94 44 70 6131 Mozambique32 Sudan 13 41 23 32 15 6033 Togo 85 32 1 5 62 -104 3234 Ghana 21 -02 00 -22 -1.0 04

Middle-incomrn economiesOil exportersOii Importers

Lowar middle-income

35 Kenya 59 58 42 85 95 6036 Senegal 25 20 29 26 44 41 62 20 17 0937 Mauritania 67 17 14 3.1 14.1 -40 92 46 74 5238 Yemen Arab Rep 87 36 139 12.1 11739 Yemen, PDR40 Liberia 51 13 40 -07 . 56 1441 Indonesia 39 78 27 38 52 112 33 139 48 9542 Lesotho 52 84 43 129 96 9243 Bolivia 52 44 30 29 62 37 54 53 54 5244 Honduras 53 38 57 19 54 49 45 47 48 4645 Zambia 50 04 18 -04 03 1246 Egypt 43 81 29 29 54 76 48 87 47 11847 El Salvador 59 31 30 23 85 33 88 24 65 3348 Thailand 84 72 56 45 119 99 114 103 91 7549 Philippines 51 62 43 4 9 60 84 67 69 52 5350 Angola51 Papua New Guinea 67 1952 Morocco 44 52 47 () 42 58 42 54 44 6453 Nicaragua 73 08 78 27 104 21 114 28 58 -0854 Nigeria 31 45 -04 -04 147 60 91 124 23 7455 Zimbabwe 43 1 856 Cameroon 37 63 39 94 53 6857 Cuba58 Congo,People'sRep 23 51 18 21 74 136 74 -18 11 2259 Guatemala 56 55 43 4.3 78 73 82 59 55 5460 Peru 49 30 37 0.3 5.0 34 57 29 53 3561 Ecuador 8 6 29 12 5 10 8 8 762 Jamaica 44 -12 15 05 48 -36 57 -26 46 ()63 IvoryCoast 80 62 42 47 115 93 116 58 97 5864 Dominican Rep 4 5 63 2.1 3 2 60 7 6 50 61 50 6 7

10


GDP Agriculture Industry Manufacturing Services1960-70,1970-81b 1960-70,1970-81b 1960-70a 1970f81 1960-701 1970-81b 1960-70o 197G-81b

65 Mongolia66 Colombia 51 57 35 47 60 47 57 57 57 6867 Tunisia 47 73 20 41 82 93 78 117 45 7568 CostaRica 65 52 57 22 94 74 106 71 57 5269 Korea, Dem Rep70 Turkey 60 54 25 32 96 61 109 55 69 6271 Syrian Arab Rep 4 6 10 0 82 98 82 10872 Jordan73 Paraguay 42 88 70 110 81 91

Upper middle-income74 Korea, Rep of 86 91 44 30 172 144 176 156 89 8275 Iran, Islamic Rep of 113 4 4 134 12 0 10076 Iraq 61 57 47 59 8377 Malaysia 6 5 7 8 5 2 9 3 111 8 578 Panama 78 46 57 20 104 41 105 27 76 5379 Lebanon 4 9 -5 4 6 3 45 5 0 4 880 Algeria 43 69 01 39 116 76 78 116 -11 6481 Brazil 54 84 52 91 87 8382 Mexico 76 65 45 34 94 74 101 71 73 6683 Portugal 62 44 13 -08 88 44 89 45 59 6084 Argentina 43 19 18 25 58 14 56 07 38 2285 Chile 44 21 31 30 44 07 55 () 46 2986 South Africa 6 3 3 787 Yugoslavia 58 57 3,3 26 62 68 57 71 69 5688 Uruguay 12 31 19 12 11 35 15 43 10 2989 Venezuela 60 45 58 34 46 27 64 53 73 5990 Greece 69 44 35 17 94 45 102 55 71 5291 Hong Kong 10 0 9 9 -3 0 10192 Israel 81 4093 Singapore 88 85 50 17 125 90 130 97 77 8594 Trinidad and Tobago 40 55 -18 40 13 69

High-incomeoil exporters

95 Libya 244 23 105 31 147 17196 Saudi Arabia 106 53 102 65 12297 Kuwait 57 23 71 -22 92 9698 United Arab Emirates

Industrial marketeconomies

99 Ireland 4 2 4 0 09 61 4 3100 Spain 71 32 21 39 60 . 45101 Italy 55 2.9 26 12 66 29 80 38 51 33102 New Zealand 3 6 2 0103 United Kingdom 29 17 22 16 31 08 33 01 28 27104 Japan 104 45 21 02 130 56 136 65 102 42105 Austria 46 36 12 20 54 33 52 34 44 42106 Finlanc 43 53 05 05 52 32 61 35 50 37107 Australia 56 30 20 59 55 40108 Canada 56 38 25 17 63 31 68 34 55 45109 Netherlands 52 2 7 28 3 9 68 20 66 26 51 3 7110 Belgium 47 30 -05 07 55 31 62 30 46 35111 France 55 33 16 05 71 30 78 36 50 42112 UnitedStates 43 29 05 11 46 25 53 31 44 34113 Denmark 4 5 21 01 5 2 5 2 4 6114 Germany, Fed Rep 44 26 1 5 13 4.8 54 2 1 42 25115 Norway 43 45 07 21 55 52 48 15 50 47116 Sweden 44 19 08 -13 62 10 59 08 39 28117 Switzerland 4 3 0 7


118 Albania119 Hungary, 53 49 32 29 63 58 65 59 58 48120 Romaniad 86 91 17 49 128 92121 Bulgaria122 Poland123 USSR124 Czechoslovakia125 German Dem Rep

a Figures in italics are for 1961-70, not 1960-70 b Figures in italics are tor 1970-80, not 1970-81 c Excludes unallocated share of GDPd Based on net material product

Tabe 30 Sthr ir of podu&G

GDP Distribution of gross domestic product (percent)(millions of dollars) Agriculture Industry (Manufacturing) Services

1960' 1981' 1960b 1981c 1960b 1981C 1 9 6 0 b 1981' 1960' 1981'

Low-lncome aconomiasChina and IndiaOther low-Income

1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR4 Chad 180 52 12 4 365 Bangladesh 3,170 11,910 58 54 7 14 5 8 35 326 Ethiopia 900 3,870 65 50 12 16 6 11 23 347 Nepal 410 2,4208 Burma 1,280 5,770 33 47 12 13 8 10 55 409 Afghanistan 1,190 3,230

10 Mali 270 1,120 55 42 10 11 5 6 35 4711 Malawi 170 1,420 58 43 11 20 6 13 31 3712 Zaire 130 5,380 30 32 27 24 13 3 43 4413 Uganda 540 9,390 52 75 12 4 9 4 36 2114 Burundi 190 880 56 16 9 2815 Upper Volta 200 1,080 55 41 16 16 9 12 29 4316 Rwanda 120 1,260 80 46 7 22 1 16 13 3217 India 29,550 142,010 50 37 20 26 14 18 30 3718 Somalia 160 1,230 71 8 3 2119 Tanzania 550 4,350 57 52 11 15 5 9 32 3320 Viet Nam21 China 42,770 264,340 47a 35 33a 46 20d 2022 Guinea 370 1,670 37 33 4 3023 Haiti 270 1,59024 Sri Lanka 1,500 4,120 32 28 20 28 15 16 48 4425 Benin 160 850 55 44 8 13 3 7 37 4326 Central African Rep 110 690 51 37 10 13 4 6 39 5027 Sierra Leone 1,040 31 20 6 4928 Madagascar 540 2,890 37 35 10 14 4 53 5129 Niger 250 1,710 69 30 9 32 4 8 22 3830 Pakistan 3,500 25,160 46 30 16 26 12 17 38 4431 Mozambique32 Sudan 1,160 7,540 38 14 6 4833 Togo 120 880 55 24 16 27 8 7 29 4934 Ghana 1,220 21,260 41 60 10 12 7 49 28

Mlddle-income oconomiesOIl euportarsOll importero

Lowar middle-income

35 Kenya 730 6,960 38 32 18 21 9 13 44 4736 Senegal 610 2,330 24 22 17 26 12 15 59 5237 Mauritania 90 630 44 28 21 24 3 7 35 4838 Yemen Arab Rep 2,770 28 16 . 6 5639 Yemen, PDR 570 13 28 14 5940 Liberia 220 930 36 27 8 3741 Indonesia 8,670 84,960 50 24 25 42 12 25 3442 Lesotho 30 320 31 21 . 5 4843 Bolivia 460 7,900 26 18 25 27 15 14 49 5544 Honduras 300 2,380 37 32 19 25 13 17 44 4345 Zambia 680 3,430 11 18 63 32 4 18 26 5046 Egypt 3,880 23,110 30 21 24 38 20 32 46 4147 El Salvador 570 3,550 32 26 19 20 15 15 49 5448 Thailand 2,550 36,810 40 24 19 28 13 20 41 4849 Philippines 6,960 38,900 26 23 28 37 20 25 46 4050 Angola51 Papua New Guinea 230 2,580 49 13 4 3852 Morocco 2,040 14,780 23 14 27 34 16 18 50 5253 Nicaragua 340 2,590 24 20 21 33 16 26 55 4754 Nigeria 3,150 70,800 63 23 11 37 5 6 26 4055 Zimbabwe 780 6,010 18 18 35 37 17 27 47 4556 Cameroon 550 6,270 27 20 8 5357 Cuba58 Congo, People's Rep 130 1,870 23 9 17 53 10 5 60 3859 Guatemala 1,040 8,66060 Peru 2,410 23,260 18 9 33 41 24 25 49 5061 Ecuador 970 13,430 26 12 20 38 16 11 54 5062 Jamaica 700 2,960 10 8 36 37 15 15 54 5563 Ivory Coast 570 8,670 43 27 14 23 7 12 43 5062 Dominican Rep. 720 6,650 27 18 23 27 17 15 50 55

12

GDP Distribution of gross domestic product (percent)(millions of dollars) Agriculture Industry (Manufacturing), Services

1 9 6 0 b 19810 1960b 19810 19 6 0b 1981c 1 9 6 0 b 1981' 1960b 1981C

65 Mongolia66 Colombia 3,780 32,970 34 27 26 31 17 21 40 4267 Tunisia 770 7,100 24 16 18 37 8 14 58 4768 Costa Rica 510 2,630 26 23 20 28 14 20 54 4969 Korea, Dem Rep70 Turkey . 8,820 53,910 41 23 21 32 13 23 38 4571 Syrian Arab Rep 890 15,240 19 31 26 5072 Jordan 2,550 8 30 14 6273 Paraguay 300 5,260 36 28 20 26 17 17 44 46

Upper middle-Income74 Korea, Rep of 3,810 65,750 37 17 20 39 14 28 43 4475 Iran, Islamic Rep of 4,120 29 33 11 3876 Iraq 1,580 17 52 10 3177 Malaysia 2,290 24,770 36 24 18 37 9 22 46 3978 Panama 420 3,490 23 10 21 21 13 10 56 6979 Lebanon 830 12 20 13 6880 Algeria 2,740 41,830 16 6 35 55 8 11 49 3981 Brazil 14,540 210,660 16 13 35 24 26 27 49 5382 Mexico 12,040 238,960 16 8 29 37 19 22 55 5583 Portugal 2,340 21,290 25 12 36 44 29 35 39 4484 Argentina 12,170 153,330 16 9 38 38 32 25 46 5385 Chile 3,910 32,860 9 7 35 35 21 22 56 5886 South Africa 6,980 74,670 12 7 40 53 21 23 48 4087 Yugoslavia 9,860 63,350 24 12 45 43 36 30 31 4588 Uruguay 1,110 9,790 1,9 8 28 33 21 26 53 5989 Venezuela 7,570 67,800 6 6 22 45 15 72 4990 Greece 3,110 33,390 23 17 26 31 16 20 51 5291 Hong Kong 950 27,220 4 39 27 5792 Israel 2,030 17,440 11 5 32 36 23 26 57 5993 Singapore 700 12,910 4 1 18 41 12 30 78 5894 Trinidad and Tobago 470 6,970 8 2 46 52 24 13 46 46


95 Libya 310 27,400 2 71 3 2796 Saudi Arabia 115,430 1 78 4 2097 Kuwait 24,260 () 71 4 2998 United Arab Emirates 30,070 1 77 4 22

Industrial marketeconomies99 Ireland 1,170 16,590 22 26 52

100 Spain 11,430 185,080 7 36 29 57101 Italy 37,190 348,480 13 6 41 42 31 29 46 53102 New Zealand 3,940 25,010 11 31 23 58103 United Kingdom 71,440 496,580 3 2 43 35 32 21 54 63104 Japan 44,000 1,129,500 13 4 45 43 34 30 42 53105 Austria 6,270 66,240 11 4 46 39 34 37 43 57106 Finland 5,010 48,940 17 7 34 36 23 25 49 57107 Australia 16,370 171,070 12 5 40 28 48t08 Canada 39,930 282,500 5 4 34 32 23 19 61 64109 Netherlands 11,580 140,490 9 4 46 37 34 29 45 59110 Belgium 11,280 96,940 7 2 41 37 30 25 52 62111 France 60,060 568,560 9 4 40 36 29 26 51 60112 United States 505,300 2,893,300 4 3 38 34 29 23 58 63113 Denmark 5,960 58,260 11 4 31 32 21 19 58 64114 Germany, Fed Rep 72,100 686,730 5 2 54 46 41 35 41 52115 Norway 4,630 57,140 9 5 33 41 21 15 58 54116 Sweden 13,950 112,640 7 3 40 31 27 21 53 66117 Switzerland 8,550 94,260


118 Albania119 Hungary' 20,290 20 19 59 46 52 38 21 35120 Romania 48,412 13 60 27121 Bulgaria122 Poland123 USSR124 Czechoslovakia125 German Dem Rep

a Manufacturing is a part of the industrial sector, but its share of GDP is shown separately because it typically is the most dynamic part of the industrialsector b Figures in italics are for 1961, not 1960 c Figures in italics are for 1980, not 1981 d Based on net material producte Excludes unallocated share of GDP

13

Ta le ro GrowthuL ofn cow/su p- uLaL>an inv( LLVw"e.nts


Public Private Grossconsumption consumption domestic investment

1960-70e 1970Q- 1b 1960-70 1970-81 b 1960-70a 1970-8 1b

Low-income economiesChina and IndiaOther low-income

1 Kampuchea, Dem 26 32 032 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR4 Chad 44 -07 235 Bangladesh c c 34 42 11 1 29

6 Ethiopia 47 34 47 34 57 -037 Nepal8 Burma c c 28 42 36 899 Afghanistan c 2 0 -1 0

10 Mali 62 73 28 48 49 35

11 Malawi 46 22 41 55 154 2812 Zaire 85 -02 35 -34 96 7313 Uganda c c 56 -09 75 -16414 Burundi 192 31 32 33 43 16715 Upper Volta 71 35 37

16 Rwanda 11 118 43 32 35 14917 India -02 42 37 32 53 4918 Somalia 3 7 0 4 4 319 Tanzania c c 67 65 98 3720 Viet Nam21 China c c 25 52 98 6022 Guinea23 Haiti c c -10 50 17 9124 Sri Lanka c c 21 2 7 6 6 9 425 Benin 17 24 49 33 42 11026 Central African Rep 2 2 -2 9 3 0 2 4 1 3 - 7 527 Sierra Leone -1 9 3 5 -1 228 Madagascar 30 13 19 -06 54 -1129 Niger 20 26 39 28 30 7330 Pakistan 7 3 4 7 71 53 69 32

31 Mozambique32 Sudan 121 c -16 69 -13 5233 Togo 67 99 76 41 111 9134 Ghana 71 4 7 17 -0 8 -3 1 - 14

Middle-income economiesOil exportersOil Importers

Lower middle-income

35 Kenya 100 92 29 62 103 1936 Senegal -02 59 32 28 1 1 1937 Mauritania () 90 26 32 -20 6438 Yemen Arab Rep 108 100 24639 Yemen, PDR40 Liberia 56 22 07 42 -39 3341 Indonesia 0 9 12 3 41 8 9 4 6 14 042 Lesotho () 154 65 116 20.7 19343 Bolivia 89 66 38 60 96 0944 Honduras . 5 3 71 4 8 41 10 2 8 3

45 Zambia 110 08 68 19 106 -10846 Egypt C C 67 60 31 16247 El Salvador 64 56 61 41 35 2448 Thailand 97 93 70 62 158 7549 Philippines 5 0 6 6 4 7 4 8 8 2 10 1

50 Angola51 PapuaNewGuinea 60 -1 2 57 31 232 -3752 Morocco 44 142 41 43 88 9253 Nicaragua 22 98 76 0,7 109 -1254 Nigeria 100 110 06 63 74 100

55 Zimbabwe56 Cameroon 61 30 2 7 62 93 9257 Cuba58 Congo, People's Rep 54 2.3 10 17 27 8759 Guatemala 4 7 67 4 7 51 79 71

60 Peru 63 56 71 30 10 3161 Ecuador 13 7 75 10 462 Jamaica 8 6 59 30 -1 4 78 -9 663 IvoryCoast 118 101 80 58 127 12164 Dominican Rep 19 22 63 60 114 96

14

Average annual growth rate (percent)Public Private Gross

consumption consumption domestic investment1960-70" 1970-81b 1960-70 1970-81b 1960-70 1970-81b

65 Mongolia66 Colombia 55 52 55 66 45 6667 Tunisia 52 90 32 82 42 10868 Costa Rica 80 59 60 4 2 71 6 769 Korea, Dem Rep70 Turkey 67 - 64 51 37 88 8171 Syrian Arab Rep 16 0 12 1 16 772 Jordan73 Paraguay 69 66 53 78 68 198

Upper middle-income74 Korea, Rep of 55 78 70 71 236 12275 Iran, Islamic Rep of 160 100 12276 Iraq 81 49 3077 Malaysia 7 5 10 2 4 2 7 3 7 5 10 478 Panama 78 52 67 46 124 1079 Lebanon 59 44 6280 Algeria 15 114 23 92 -02 11881 Brazil 37 69 54 87 61 7982 Mexico 88 83 70 60 99 9083 Portugal 7 7 83 55 38 77 2384 Argentina 11 4 8 45 1 1 40 2585 Chile 51 22 37 08 99 3086 South Africa 70 49 62 06 94 3 287 Yugoslavia 06 43 95 58 47 5988 Uruguay 44 39 07 13 -18 10689 Venezuela 63 50 7690 Greece 66 66 71 41 104 1391 Hong Kong 86 99 86 99 69 14192 Israel 138 30 74 53 57 -0493 Singapore 126 63 54 68 205 7294 Trinidad and Tobago c c 48 87 -23 106


95 Libya 156 185 10796 Saudi Arabia c 188 42697 Kuwait 108 131 17598 United Arab Emirates

Industrial marketeconomies99 Ireland 39 56 38 28 90 46

100 Spain 38 52 70 36 113 12101 Italy 41 28 61 28 37 09102 New Zealand 3 6 3 3 3 3 1 9 3 2 -0 6103 United Kingdom 22 23 24 16 51 ()104 Japan 62 45 90 42 146 31105 Austria 33 39 43 36 59 26106 Finland 5 0 51 4 0 2 7 41 0 0107 Australia 71 52 50 30 67 18108 Canada 62 25 49 45 58 41109 Netherlands 28 27 59 33 74 -09110 Belgium 57 48 38 36 60 08111 France 40 32 53 41 77 14112 United States 4 2 20 4 4 3 2 50 1 9113 Denmark 59 40 41 19 59 -18114 Germany, Fed Rep 41 35 46 28 41 13115 Norway 62 41 37 50 50 -03116 Sweden 54 33 35 19 53 -06117 Switzerland 4 8 1 8 4 3 1 4 3 9 -1 0


118 Albania119 Hungary c 45 31 37 78 49120 Romania 11 2 8 2121 Bulgaria122 Poland123 USSR124 Czechoslovakia125 German Dem Rep

a Figures in italics are for 1961-70, not 1960-70 b Figures in italics are for 1970-80, not 1970-81 c Separate figures are not available for publicconsumption, which is therefore included in private consumption

15

Table S. S¢rchire of demdDistribution of gross domestic product (percent)

Exportsof goods

Public Private Gross domestic Gross domestic and nonfactor Resourceconsumption consumption investment saving services balance

1960' 1981 b 19600 198 1 b 19600 19 81 b 19600 1 9 81 b 19600 1 98 1 b 19600 1 9 8 1 b

Low-income economiesChina and IndiaOther low-income1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR4Chad 13 82 11 5 23 -65Bangladesh 6 8 86 90 7 17 8 2 10 7 1 -156 Ethiopia 8 15 81 81 12 10 11 4 9 13 -1 -67Nepal c 92 14 8 -68Burma c c 89 83 12 24 11 17 20 9 -1 -79 Afghanistan c 87 16 13 4 -3

10 Mali 12 26 79 80 14 16 9 -6 12 18 -5 -2211 Malawi 16 10 88 80 10 22 -4 10 21 22 -14 -1212 Zaire 18 16 61 59 12 31 21 25 55 36 9 -813 Uganda 9 c 75 97 11 3 16 3 26 1 5 ()14 Burundi 3 16 92 79 6 19 5 5 13 9 -1 -1415 Upper Volta 10 15 94 96 10 16 -4 -11 9 13 -14 -2716 Rwanda 10 17 82 75 6 23 8 8 12 12 2 -1517India 7 10 79 70 17 23 14 20 5 -3 -318 Somalia 8 86 10 6 13 -419 Tanzania 9 14 72 78 14 22 19 8 31 14 5 -1420 Viet Nam21 China c c 76 72 23 28 24 28 4 9 1 ()22 Guinea 19 67 11 14 34 323 Haiti c c 93 99 9 13 7 1 20 14 -2 -1224 Sri Lanka 13 7 78 81 14 28 9 12 44 31 -5 -1625 Benin 16 13 75 89 15 35 9 -2 12 31 -6 -3726 Central African Rep 19 13 72 90 20 9 9 -3 23 26 -11 -1227 Sierra Leone 11 91 13 -2 17 -1528 Madagascar 20 16 75 77 11 15 5 7 12 13 -6 -829 Niger 9 9 79 76 13 27 12 15 9 22 - 1 -1230 Pakistan 11 11 84 82 12 17 5 7 8 12 -7 -10

31 Mozambique32 Sudan 8 c 80 100 12 13 12 () 16 9 () -1333 Togo 8 17 88 68 11 31 4 15 19 25 -7 -1634 Ghana 10 11 73 85 24 6 17 4 28 4 -7 -2

Middle-4ncome economiesOil exportersOil Importers

Lower middle-Income

35 Kenya 11 21 72 63 20 25 17 16 31 25 -3 -936 Senegal 17 22 68 83 16 17 15 -5 40 29 -1 -2237 Mauritania 25 29 71 62 38 38 4 9 15 49 -34 -2938 Yemen Arab Rep 20 101 44 -21 6 -6539 Yemen, PDR40 Liberia 7 21 58 62 28 18 35 17 39 51 7 -141 Indonesia 12 11 80 66 8 21 8 23 13 28 () 242 Lesotho 17 26 108 163 2 21 -25 -89 12 13 -27 -11043 Bolivia 7 10 86 77 14 13 7 13 13 13 -7 ()44 Honduras 11 14 77 68 14 24 12 18 22 32 -2 -645 Zambia 11 28 48 57 25 23 41 15 56 36 16 -846 Egypt 17 19 71 64 13 30 12 17 20 34 -1 -1347 El Salvador 10 15 79 75 16 12 11 10 20 31 -5 -248 Thailand 10 12 76 65 16 28 14 23 17 25 -2 -549 Philippines 8 8 76 67 16 30 16 25 11 19 () -550 Angola51 Papua New Guinea 28 26 71 63 13 28 1 11 16 38 -12 -1752 Morocco 12 c 77 92 10 23 11 8 24 21 1 -1553 Nicaragua 9 21 79 73 15 24 12 6 24 21 -3 -1854 Nigeria 6 12 87 65 13 29 7 23 15 25 -6 -655 Zimbabwe 11 18 67 67 23 22 22 15 -1 -756 Cameroon 7 71 21 22 32 157 Cuba58 Congo, People's Rep 23 12 98 50 45 32 -21 38 21 62 -66 659 Guatemala 8 8 84 81 10 17 8 11 13 17 -2 -660 Peru 9 13 64 73 25 19 27 14 20 17 2 -561 Ecuador 11 15 78 61 14 26 11 24 16 22 -3 -262 Jamaica 7 21 67 67 30 16 26 12 34 50 -4 -463 IvoryCoast 10 18 73 62 15 27 17 20 37 34 2 -764 Dominican Rep 13 8 68 78 12 24 19 14 24 18 7 -10

16

Distribution of gross domestic product (percent)Exports

of goodsPublic Private Gross domestic Gross domestic and nonfactor Resource

consumption consumption investment saving services balance

19600 1 9 8 1 b 19600 1981b 19600 19 8 1b 19600 1981b 19600 198 1b 19600 19 8 1 b

65 Mongolia66 Colombia 6 8 73 68 21 28 21 24 16 12 () -467 Tunisia 17 15 76 62 17 31 7 23 20 42 -10 -868 Costa Rica 10 15 77 60 18 28 13 25 21 44 -5 -369 Korea, Dem Rep70 Turkey 11 11 76 70 16 25 13 19 3 11 -3 -671 Syrian Arab Rep 22 69 25 9 18 -1572 Jordan 30 86 41 -16 54 -5773 Paraguay 8 7 76 74 17 29 16 19 18 7 -1 -10

Upper middle-income74 Korea, Rep of 15 12 84 66 11 26 1 22 3 39 -10 -475 Iran, Islamic Rep of 10 69 17 21 19 476 Iraq 18 48 20 34 42 1477 Malaysia 11 21 62 53 14 32 27 26 54 53 13 -678 Panama 11 21 78 56 16 29 11 23 31 40 -5 -6

79 Lebanon 10 85 16 5 27 -1180 Algeria 15 16 60 45 42 37 25 39 31 34 -17 281 Brazil 12 c 67 81 22 20 21 19 5 9 -1 -182 Mexico 6 15 76 62 20 25 18 23 10 13 -2 -283 Portugal 11 16 76 77 19 27 12 8 17 27 -7 -19

84 Argentina 9 15 70 62 22 26 21 23 9 7 -1 -385 Chile 9 13 79 75 14 22 12 12 14 18 -2 -1086 SouthAfrica 9 13 64 50 22 29 27 37 30 36 5 887 Yugoslavia 19 15 49 56 37 32 32 29 14 23 -5 -388 Uruguay 9 13 79 75 18 15 12 12 14 15 -6 -3

89 Venezuela 14 14 53 56 21 25 33 30 32 30 12 590 Greece 12 18 77 66 19 25 11 14 9 20 -8 -1191 Hong Kong 7 8 87 68 18 30 6 24 82 111 -12 -692 Israel 18 36 68 59 27 20 14 5 14 43 -13 -1593 Singapore 8 10 95 57 11 42 -3 33 163 212 -14 -994 Trinidad and Tobago 9 c 61 60 28 30 30 40 37 45 2 10

High-Incomeoil exporters

95 Libya 26 26 34 48 60 1496 Saudi Arabia 23 18 26 59 68 3397 Kuwait 15 39 17 46 71 2998 United Arab Emirates 11 17 28 72 78 44


99 Ireland 12 22 77 62 16 30 11 16 32 63 -5 -14100 Spain 7 12 72 70 18 20 21 18 10 17 3 -2101 Italy 13 18 62 63 25 21 25 19 14 27 ( -2102 New Zealand 11 17 68 60 23 25 21 23 22 29 -2 -2103 United Kingdom 17 22 66 58 19 17 17 20 21 28 -2 3

104 Japan 8 10 59 58 33 31 33 32 11 15 () 1105 Austria 13 18 59 56 28 26 28 26 25 42 () ()106 Finland 13 18 58 55 30 28 29 27 23 34 -1 -1107 Australia 10 17 65 60 29 26 25 23 15 15 -3 -3108 Canada 14 20 65 55 23 25 21 25 18 28 -2 ()

109 Netherlands 13 18 62 61 27 18 29 21 48 58 2 3110 Belgium 13 20 69 66 19 18 18 14 33 65 -1 -4111 France 13 16 62 67 23 21 25 17 15 22 2 -4112 United States 17 18 64 64 18 19 19 18 5 10 1 -1113 Denmark 13 28 62 56 26 16 25 16 32 36 -1 ()114 Germany, Fed Rep 14 21 57 56 27 23 29 23 19 30 2 ()115 Norway 13 19 59 47 30 26 28 34 41 48 -2 8116 Sweden 16 30 60 52 25 19 24 18 23 31 -1 -1117 Switzerland 9 13 62 63 29 26 29 24 29 37 () -2


118 Albania119 Hungary c 10 74 61 28 30 26 29 39 -1120 Romania 33 28 ()121 Bulgaria122 Poland123 USSR124 Czechoslovakia125 German Dem Rep

a Figures in italics are for 1961, not 1960 b Figures in italics are for 1980, not 1981 c Separate figures are not available for public consumption,which is therefore included in private consumption

17

TabRe 6. A4ricultre and fValue added Volume of Food aid Fertilizer Average index ofin agriculture cereal imports in cereals consumption food production(millions of (thousands (thousands of (per hectare of per capita

1975 dollars) of metric tons) metric tons) arable land) (1 969--71 = 1 00)1970 19810 1974 1981 19 7 4 b 19 8lb 19700 1980 1979-81

Low-income economies 22,884 t 27,052 t 5,659 t 3,827 t 180 w 560 wChina and India 14,437 t 18,934 t 1,582 t 472 t 230 w 766 wOther low-income 8,447 t 8,1181t 4,077±t 3,355 t 78 w 166 w1 Kampuchea, Dem 223 150 226 133 13 27 452 Bhutan 23 30 0 1 0 11 1073 Lao, PDR 53 50 13 2 4 78 1104 Chad 246 211 50 14 13 14 7 3 965 Bangladesh 9,475 11,100 1,719 1,079 2,130 737 142 463 946 Ethiopia 1,128 1,300 118 207 59 228 4 40 857 Nepal 1,012 1,068 19 12 0 45 30 97 848 Burma 1,479 2,528 26 14 14 0 34 100 1029 Afghanistan 5 965 10 75 24 63 97

10 Mali 260 352 281 102 114 50 29 60 8811 Malawi 221 17 113 () 17 52 141 9612 Zaire 397 497 343 538 () 77 8 13 8713 Uganda 1,926 1,543 37 37 16 57 13 1 8614 Burundi 239 310 7 19 6 12 5 8 10015 Upper Volta 217 262 99 71 0 51 3 40 9416 Rwanda 394 3 16 19 15 3 1 10417 India 29,097 35,407 5,261 1,523 1,582 435 114 309 10318 Somalia 357 42 432 110 330 31 23 6519 Tanzania 842 1,352 431 265 148 237 30 69 9120 Viet Nam 1,854 1,150 6 142 512 407 11221 China 42,900 59,400 9,176 17,411 37 418 1,546 11622 Guinea 520 63 134 49 34 18 2 8723 Haiti 83 233 25 84 4 4 8924 Sri Lanka 841 1,148 951 669 271 226 496 770 14825 Benin 217 8 93 9 11 33 17 9626 Central African Rep 120 152 7 14 1 3 11 5 10227 Sierra Leone 192 231 72 58 10 12 13 10 8128 Madagascar 691 722 114 268 7 26 56 29 9429 Niger 440 322 155 89 75 11 1 8 9330 Pakistan 3,258 4,273 1,274 305 619 277 168 495 10531 Mozambique 62 368 34 155 27 90 7332 Sudan 1,435 1,778 125 305 50 195 31 65 10233 Togo 145 178 6 62 0 4 3 30 9034 Ghana 2,281 2,500 177 256 43 94 9 43 74

MiddIe-Income economies 41,308 t 73.513 t 2,342 t 4,884 t 212 w 457 wOil exporters 17,941 t 34,822±t 145 w 394 wOil importers 23,367 t 38,691t± 249 w 489 w

Lower middle-Income 16,947 27,389 1,582 3,840 170 35735 Kenya 700 1,184 15 534 2 173 224 262 8536 Senegal 491 514 341 458 28 153 20 36 7637 Mauritania 117 146 115 182 48 106 6 108 7738 Yemen Arab Rep 221 390 158 509 0 4 1 35 9639 Yemen, PDR 149 252 38 29 0 98 10240 Liberia 142 201 42 ill 3 26 55 92 9541 Indonesia 7,896 12,168 1,919 1,978 301 382 119 630 11842 Lesotho 34 61 49 95 14 44 17 154 8643 Bolivia 348 488 207 253 22 55 13 16 10244 Honduras 306 390 52 144 31 36 160 139 8045 Zambia 278 351 93 295 1 84 71 157 9246 Egypt 2,683 3,716 3,877 7,287 610 1,865 1,282 2,324 9047 El Salvador 328 396 75 123 4 50 1,048 892 10448 Thailand 3,591 5,666 97 221 0 21 76 162 12949 Philippines 3,682 6,149 817 1,071 89 85 214 337 12250 Angola 149 244 0 25 45 48 8151 Papua New Guinea 336 461 71 155 76 148 9752 Morocco 1,725 1,541 891 2,758 75 120 130 335 8153 Nicaragua 265 324 44 67 3 58 184 358 8754 Nigeria 9,061 8,707 389 2,441 7 0 3 57 9155 Zimbabwe 375 56 21 18 466 655 9256 Cameroon 732 1,125 81 106 4 9 28 51 10157 Cuba 1,622 2,094 1,539 1,653 10658 Congo, People's Rep 93 131 34 56 2 2 112 8 8259 Guatemala 138 186 9 14 224 507 11660 Peru 2,232 2,349 637 1,245 37 116 297 325 8461 Ecuador 628 888 152 317 13 4 123 277 9762 Jamaica 206 227 340 459 1 37 886 661 9063 Ivory Coast 876 1,480 172 619 4 0 71 137 11064 Dominican Rep 667 981 252 427 16 76 354 421 99

18

Value added Volume of Food aid Fertilizer Average index ofin agriculture cereal imports in cereals consumption food production(millions of (thousands (thousands of (per hectare of per capita

1975 dollars) of metric tons) metric tons) arable land) (1 969-71 = 1 00)1970 1981P 1974 1981 19 7 4b 198 1b 19700 1980 1979-81

65 Mongolia 28 173 18 86 9266 Colombia 2,848 4,630 503 694 28 5 310 537 12267 Tunisia 480 899 307 960 1 99 82 135 12468 Costa Rica 338 461 110 177 1 1 1,086 1,500 11069 Korea, Dem Rep 1,108 720 1,484 3,255 134

70 ~Turkey 7,691 10,777 1,276 299 70 9 166 412 11271 Syrian Arab Rep 595 1,484 339 971 47 39 67 220 16372 Jordan 97 171 619 63 84 20 104 7473 Paraguay 419 899 71 68 10 11 58 3311

Upper middle-income 24,361 t 44,124 t 760 1,044 252 w 555wv

74 Korea, Rep of 3,995 5,610 2,679 7,687 234 678 2,466 3,757 12675 Iran, Islamic Rep of 3,739 2,076 3,236 76 359 11276 Iraq 1,172 870 2,275 1 0 35 169 8977 Malaysia 2,049 3,554 1,017 1,244 1 0 436 1,051 13978 Panama 290 345 63 89 3 2 391 533 10279 Lebanon 354 692 21 39 1279 764 10980 Algeria 952 1,464 1,816 3,261 54 29 174 320 8181 Brazil 8,737 14,932 2,485 5,571 31 3 169 678 12582 Mexico 8,501 12,649 2,881 6,602 0 246 517 10683 Portugal 2,242 2,025 1,860 3,942 0 255 411 730 7484 Argentine 3,523 4,313 0 10 24 32 11685 Chile 440 557 1,737 1,392 331 28 317 210 9786 South Africa 127 476 425 779 10487 Yugoslavia 3,655 4,840 992 454 766 1,045 11788 Uruguay 385 404 70 ' 44 31 0 392 424 104

89 Venezuela 1,362 1,918 1,270 2,378 165 642 10490 Greece 2,851 3,521 1,341 685 858 1,342 12391 Hong Kong 183 155 657 801 7192 Israel 1,176 1,700 53 10 1,394 1,987 10393 Singapore 100 123 682 1,258 () 0 2,667 5,500 14894 Trinidad and Tobago 80 65 208 327 640 506 69

High-incomeoil exporters 1,327 t 5,715 t 59 w 378 w95 Libya 126 388 612 942 64 374 14196 Saudi Arabia 331 551 482 4,100 44 35297 Kuwait 20 37 101 386 0 4,40098 United Arab Emirates 132 287 0 2,692

Industriai marketeconomies 65,494 65,420 985 w 1,258 w

99 Ireland 631 598 3,573 6,182 115100 Spain 7,945 9,762 4,675 6,012 595 810 125101 Italy 14,093 15,920 8,100 7,088 962 1,701 112102 New Zealand 92 62 8,875 10,177 107103 United Kingdom 5,386 6,740 7,541 4,366 2,521 2,936 122104 Japan 24,218 24,825 19,557 24,420 3,849 3,721 91105 Austria 1,806 2,097 165 99 2,517 2,491 112106 Finland 3,188 1,338 222 524 1,931 2,039 103107 Australia 4,351 2 8 246 277 117108 Canada 6,743 7,751 1,513 1'393 192 432 109109 Netherlands 3,173 4,721 7,199 5,228 7,165 7,888 116110 Belgium0 1,929 2,204 4,585 6,083 5,686 4,990 109Il1 France 17,077 19,039 654 1,746 2,424 3,008 117112 United States 46,300 53,600 460 188 800 1,116 116113 Denmark 1,641 462 509 2,254 2,364 ill114 Germany, Fed Rep 11,567 13,270 7,164 4,995 4,208 4,714 110115 Norway 1,409 1,040 713 686 2,471 3,010 117116 Sweden 3,133 3,051 301 216 1,639 1,624 117117 Switzerland 1,458 1,199 3,842 4,576 119

East Europeannonmarket economies 18,543 58,774 635 w 1,050 w

118 Albania 48 4 745 1,249 106119 Hungary 1,619 2,240 408 180 1,485 2,624 132120 Romnania 1,381 2,590 0 559 1,165 147121 Bulgaria 649 1,016 1,446 1,984 116122 Poland 4,185 7,218 0 1,715 2,356 96123 USSR 7,755 43,713 437 809 102124 Czechoslovakia 1,296 1,128 2,402 3,347 114125 German Dem Rep 2,821 2,925 3,202 3,252 129

a Figures in italics are for 1980 not 1981 b Figures are for the crop years 1974/75 and 1980/81 c Average for 1969-71 d Includes Luxem-bourg

19

Tablie 70 IndustyDistribution of manufactunng value added (percent, 1975 prices)

Machinery Value addedTextiles and in manufacturing

Food and and transport Other (millions ofagriculture clothing equipment Chemicals manufacturing 1975 dollars)

19808 19808 1980a 19800 19800 1970 19808


1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR4 Chad 37 275 Bangladesh 26 40 4 16 14 647 1,1976 Ethiopia 236 3357 Nepal8 Burma 287 4299 Afghanistan

10 Mali 44 5511 Malawi 50 11 39 5612 Zaire 44 20 10 26 186 16213 Uganda 222 9014 Burundi 23 4315 Upper Volta 67 94

16 Rwanda 58 42 10017 India 13 19 20 13 35 10,202 15,90918 Somalia 4219 Tanzania 190 23720 Viet Nam21 China22 Guinea 4423 Haiti 38 12 1 4924 Sri Lanka 556 67925 Benin 4326 Central African Rep 54 3927 Sierra Leone 25 3428 Madagascar 27 41 2 11 19 295 35329 Niger 54 16530 Pakistan 1,492 2,27031 Mozambique32 Sudan 266 28433 Togo 30 1434 Ghana 31 69 601 490

PIddle-Income economiesOll exportersOil Importers

Lower middle-Income35 Kenya 30 11 12 8 39 165 50136 Senegal 52 14 7 27 276 34837 Mauritania 21 3038 Yemen Arab Rep 25 8339 Yemen, PDR40 Liberia 27 73 25 4141 Indonesia 29 8 7 11 45 1,517 5,54642 Lesotho 5 1243 Bolivia 237 38944 Honduras 46 13 1 7 33 137 21345 Zambia 14 20 12 13 41 319 38146 Egypt 1,835 4,20447 El Salvador 252 32148 Thailand 1,675 4,35549 Philippines 39 11 10 8 32 2,816 5,519

50 Angola51 Papua New Guinea 71 13252 Morocco 32 12 9 9 38 1,138 1,96053 Nicaragua 262 33454 Nigeria 25 18 13 13 31 1,191 3,59855 Zimbabwe 21 18 10 10 41 511 71756 Cameroon 201 34257 Cuba 36 16 17 3158 Congo, People's Rep 114 6559 Guatemala60 Peru 27 14 10 11 38 2,911 4,04861 Ecuador 29 14 10 7 40 322 87262 Jamaica 428 33963 Ivory Coast 398 73264 Dominican Rep 72 4 1 5 18 483 931

20

Distribution of manufactunng value added (percent; 1975 prices)

Machinery Value addedTextiles and in manufacturing

Food and and transport Other (millions ofagriculture clothing equipment Chemicals manufacturing 1975 dollars)

1980g 1980g 19808 19808 19808 1970 1980g65 Mongolia 22 31 5 4266 Colombia 32 15 12 12 29 1,800 3,29367 Tunisia 23 15 9 16 37 222 72768 Costa Rica 261 54069 Korea, Dem Rep70 Turkey 24 12 13 12 39 3,678 6,05671 Syrian Arab Rep 25 31 3 41 575 1,31872 Jordan 19173 Paraguay 31 12 8 4 45 183 398

Upper middle-income74 Korea, Rep of 17 22 17 12 32 2,346 9,84375 Iran, Islamic Rep of 2,60176 Iraq 52277 Malaysia 22 8 17 6 47 941 2,78078 Panama 51 11 2 6 30 252 319

79 Lebanon80 Algeria 1,030 3,03081 Brazil 14 10 28 10 38 18,819 44,73382 Mexico 19 9 19 12 41 14,592 29,08483 Portugal 13 20 20 10 37 3,496 5,905

84 Argentina 12 11 27 13 37 10,693 12,63785 Chile 15 5 16 11 53 1,881 2,10786 South Africa 15 11 16 11 4787 Yugoslavia 15 14 20 8 43 6,579 13,30088 Uruguay 26 23 11 8 32 725 1,034

89 Venezuela 25 7 8 9 51 3,419 5,71890 Greece 20 26 9 9 36 2,540 4,59491 Hong Kong 1,620 4,03092 Israel 13 12 25 8 4293 Singapore 5 4 53 5 33 827 2,32394 Trinidad and Tobago 13 4 9 7 67 404 480


95 Libya 154 63296 Saudi Arabia 3 97 1,726 3,37897 Kuwait 8 17 75 369 91598 United Arab Emirates

Industrial marketeconomies99 Ireland 22 10 12 12' 44

100 Spain 12 15 17 10 46 18,331 33,472101 Italy 10 15 26 9 40102 New Zealand 26 11 15 5 43103 United Kingdom 13 8 34 10 35 58,677 56,530

104 Japan 8 6 33 8 45 118,403 234,036105 Austria 14 9 23 7 47 9,112 13,532106 Finland 12 8 22 8 50 5,636 8,635107 Australia 17 8 22 8 45 20,206108 Canada 14 7 21 8 50 25,748 36,232

109 Netherlands 18 4 26 15 37 18,683 24,672110 Belgium 17 8 28 13 34 14,386 19,650111 France 16 8 32 9 35 75,800 107,805112 United States 11 6 32 12 39 382,200 436,900113 Denmark 23 6 26 7 38 5,858114 Germany, Fed Rep 9 6 35 11 39 149,113 184,741115 Norway 15 4 27 7 47 5,322 6,217116 Sweden 10 3 34 6 47 16,743 18,653117 Switzerland 15 9 21 16 39


118 Albania119 Hungary 10 10 29 10 41 3,244 5,700120 Romania 12 15 33 12 28121 Bulgaria 24 15 15 6 40122 Poland 5 19 32 8 36123 USSR 12 11 28 6 43124 Czechoslovakia 8 9 35 9 39125 German Dem Rep 18 10 32 9 31

a Figures in italics are for 1979, not 1980

21

TaTol &. Canmeird&R1 ~einey

Energy importsAverage annual energy Energy consumption as a percentage

growth rate (percent) per capita (kilograms of merchandiseEnergy production Energy consumption of coal equivalent) exports

1960-74 1974-80 1960-74 1974-80 1960 1980 1960 1980a

Low-income economies 2.9 w 4.1 w 30w 34w 329 w 425 w 11 w 43 wChina and India 28w 3.9 w 28w 32w 384 w 517 wOtherilow-income 54w 90w 58w 62w 60 w 84 w low 43 w1 Kampuchea, Dem -10 3 85 4 29 205 92 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR 7 1 11 4 16 5 16 1704 Chad 8 3 5 6 8 22 235 Bangladesh 13 2 7 4 42 276 Ethiopia 15 3 2 5 19 1 -3 5 9 24 1 1 427 Nepal 21 8 9 4 12 3 4 2 4 13 43S8Burma 4 7 12 1 3 7 5 1 55 87 49 Atghanistan 31 0 -30 10 9 5 1 23 89 12

10 Mali 8 8 9 9 5 1 14 28 1311 Malawi 7 9 4 4 68 2412 Zaire 1 9 13 5 4 9 0 5 96 101 313 Uganda 4 8 -11 9 6 8 -6 9 39 37 514 Burundi 43 0 .4 5 16 1415 Upper Volta 11 6 13 2 5 28 38 5216 Rwanda 5 4 9 5 291 7India 5 3 4 8 5 6 4 7 ill 209 1 1 4318 Somalia 10 1 12 8 1 6 81 4 1219 Tanzania 8 2 17 0 14 4 1 1 41 58 4720 Viet Nam 3 3 8 2 7 8 -0 3 98 13421 China 2 2 3 9 2 1 3 2 560 75122 Guinea 0 8 16 0 1 7 64 83 723 Haiti 12 5 9 1 14 3 34 64 4724 Sri Lanka 9 8 6 1 4 6 2 5 110 155 8 4725 Benin 7 5 1 1 37 64 1626 Central African Rep 13 8 3 7 3 2 6 8 30 46 12 2627 Sierra Leone 14 2 -0 9 29 ill 1 128 Madagascar 7 0 -5 1 7 7 1 4 39 88 929 Niger 17 0 14 4 5 46 6 5530 Pakistan 10 2 7 0 5 8 4 7 132 218 1731 Mozambique 4 1 3 7 5 0 0 8 ill 143 1 132 Sudan 13 3 11 4 -64 52 143 8 3233 Togo 96 3 12 5 20 7 22 142 10 4334 Ghana 2 6 10 6 1 5 100 260 7

Middle-income economies 13 9w 64w 87w 55w 421 w 987 w 9 w 23 wOiliexporters 13 2w -57w 62w 48w 274 w 665 w 5 w 7 wOil importers 10.7 w 69w 98w 4 5w 427 w 1,200 w 13 w 34 w

Lower middle income . .93w 61w 261 w 497 w 22 w

35 Kenya 9 8 9 7 13 1 1.8 144 185 18 6336 Senegal 5 7 11 1 116 255 8 5537 Mauritania 20 0 4 2 18 177 3938 Yemen Arab Rep 13 4 16 5 7 70 59139 Yemen, PDR -11 8 2 8 210 57440 Liberia 23.8 3 1 17 9 1 1 83 458 3 2541 Indonesia 8 2 5 1 4 9 9 3 125 245 3 842 Lesotho43 Bolivia 14 5 -1 6 7 8 7 6 177 450 4 144 Honduras 25 9 15 6 7 8 4 2 149 243 10 2045 Zambia -0 2 1 9 83446 Egypt 7 3 24 5 4 3 11 1 283 591 12 247 El Salvador 5 8 16 5 8 1 6 9 143 356 6 2448 Thailand 25 7 -0 8 5 3 6 3 60 373 12 4449 Philippines 2 4 25 0 8 6 4 6 147 361 9 4150 Angola 38 1 -2 0 10 2 -1 4 86 207 651 Papua New Guinea 10 3 14 4 19 0 4 0 51 344 752 Morocco 2 1 3 9 7 1 6 7 163 356 9 4153 Nicaragua 36 0 3 7 10 7 0 5 176 440 12 4254 Nigeria 37 8 -1 3 10 7 15 0 28 173 7 155 Zimbabwe -1 4 -0 6 1,333 78056 Cameroon 1 7 48 2 4 3 6 8 85 144 7 1457 Cuba 18.6 6 3 3 7 3 2 849 1,38658 Congo, People's Rep 31 0 4 2 46 22 4 120 506 25 359 Guatemala 7 0 10 2 5 9 5 2 167 246 12 2560 Peru 3 9 13 9 6 7 4 2 417 760 4 261 Ecuador 24 6 31 79 12 7 196 666 262 Jamaica -0 2 -0 5 12 5 -3 0 424 1,373 11 4663 Ivory Coast 11 7 30 1 138 53 71 226 5 1164 Dominican Rep 1 1 -4 5 14 0 -0 8 156 516 51

22

Energy importsAverage annual energy Energy consumption as a percentage

growth rate (percent) - per capita (kilograms ot merchandiseEnergy production Energy consumption of coal equivalent) exports

1960-74 1974-80 1960-74 1974-80 1960 1980 1960 1980,

65 Mongolia 968 12 1 7 9 9 1 537 1,44766 Colombia 2 7 0 3 6 5 4 0 494 978 3 1467 Tunisia 47 0 5 8 9 2 8 3 165 639 1 5 3368 Costa Rica 8 6 8 8 9 4 6 0 304 844 7 2469 Korea, Dem Rep 9 0 3 3 9 2 3 5 1,189 2,91870 Turkey 7 0 3 8 9 8 4 9 250 814 16 12671 Syrian Arab Rep 61 4 5 8 10 8 11 8 306 1,021 16 5072 Jordan 8 3 11 6 186 568 79 7373 Paraguay 13 8 9 9 9 0 80 237 41

Upper middle-income 77w 4.5wz 760 w 1,438 w 23 w

74 Korea, Rep of 7 9 2 6 14 3 9 8 208 1,626 70 3875 Iran, Islamic Rep of, 13 6 -20 7 4 6 -2 6 257 1,121 176 I raq 5 2 5 2 4 9 12 1 473 1,268 (77 Malaysia 29 2 23 9 4 0 6 4 239 917 2 1 378 Panama 13 4 39 2 _____ 84 1 8 415 1,017 12579 Lebanon 15 5 -1 2 80 -3 4 537 1,060 6880 Algeria 13 4 28 75 12 3 249 1,188, 14 28 1 Brazil 81 7 5 88 5 9 375 1,098 2 1 5382 Mexico 67 16 8 73 71 713 1,677 3 383 Portugal 4 8 2 9 _____ 69 _____61 460 1,789 17 4884 Argentina 7 5 3 2 54 30 1,057 2,187 14 1485 Chile 4 8 06 54 -0 9 797 1,139 10 2486 South Africa 4 1 10 9 58 48 2,062 2,982 9 (87 Yugoslavia 55 2 7 76 3 6 932 2,509 8 4088 Uruguay 5 2 5 7 28 02 851 1,422 35 4589 Venezuela 08 -5 6 6 5 -1 1 1,521 3,236 1 190 Greece 12 9 88 12 0 4 4 407 2,494 26 4891 Hong Kong 71 71 450 1,463 5 692 Israel 29 6 -496 11 3 2 4 1,204 2,810 17 3893 Singapore 23 1 2 4 498 5,653 17 3694 Trinidad and Tobago 3 7 29 4 2 7 3 1,619 6,194 35 29

High-incomeoiliexporters 9 2w 15w 15 6w 17 2w 1,015 w 6,801 w ow

95 Libya 37 14 8 29 5 238 3,516 83 (96 Saudi Arabia 14 5 3 5 161 23 6 674 5,048 (97 Kuwait 3 2 -62 60 39 10,083 8,599 (98 United Arab Emirates 1 7 55 7 26 4 98 10,097

Industrial marketeconomies 36w 13w 49w 0.8 w 4,257 w 7,093 w 12 w 29 w99 Ireland -0 1 9 0 4 7 3 9 1,892 3,429 17 19

100 Spain 31 4 3 8 8 31 791 2,860 22 63101 Italy 1 8 -0 9 7 9 02 1,273 3,640 18 35102 New Zealand 5 5 2 7 6 0 08 2,637 4,745 7 23103 United Kingdom -07 10 4 1 8 -0 9 4,364 5,257 14 14104 Japan -0 8 3 5 10 1 1 6 1,246 4,478 18 54105 Austria 1 7 03 50 1 7 2.439 5.132 12 22106 Finland 6 3 4 7 10 9 0 8 1,833 6,071 11 32107 Australia 10 1 2 5 5 7 29 3,741 7,247 12 13108 Canada 8 6 -01 5 5 1 8 6,900 13,537 9 11109 Netherlands 14 5 0 9 80 06 2,397 6,918 15 25110 Belgium -67 5 8 4 7 1 0 3,571 7,040 11 19111 France -1 4 2 3 5 4 08 2,552 5,349 16 32112 United States 2 9 0 5 3 7 08 7,981 11,455 8 38113 Denmark -11 0 21 3 5 2 2 0 2,650 5,735 15 26114 Germany, Fed Rep -0 3 -0 3 4 1 -0 1 3,701 6,516 7 22115 Norway 7 2 21 6 5 7 4 0 4,875 11,765 15 16116 Sweden 4 5 51 4 3 09 4,442 8,314 16 26117 Switzerland 4 6 3 2 5 5 0 7 2,709 4,971 10 14

East Europeannonmarket economies 54w 4 1w 53w 4 1w 2,903 w 5,957 w

118 Albania 7 8 1 1 10 8 5 6 318 1,764119 Hungary 31 2 4 51 41 1,629 4,160 13 17120 Romania 5 7 -1 0 76 51 1,445 4,761121 Bulgaria 2 9 3 6 9 8 4 9 1,345 5,927 7122 Poland 3 9 24 41 4 2 3,102 5,970 20123 USSR 6 0 4 8 5 6 4 3 2,816 6,343 4124 Czechoslovakia 1 5 1 4 3 7 2 9 3,773 7,043 19125 German Dem Rep 1 0 2 2 2 5 1 8 4,581 7,500

a Figures in italics are tor 1979, not 1980

23

Ta o9. Growth of mecha n e IadeMerchandise trade Average annual growth rate,(millions of dollars) (percent) Terms of trade

Exports Imports Exports Imports (1975= 100)19 8 1 b 1981b 1960-1970 1970-810 1960-70 1970_81c 1978 1981b

Low-income economiesChina and IndiaOther low-income1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR 9 854 Chad 141 137 59 -72 51 -38 111 1015 Bangladesh 791 2,594 65 -07 71 51 99 796 Ethiopia 374 738 36 -08 62 00 158 697 Nepal 63 1958 Burma 455 373 -116 13 -57 -28 110 1239 Afghanistan 263 484 25 53 08 89 107 112

10 Mali 154 370 29 71 -04 74 110 10211 Malawi 284 359 116 59 76 24 108 8212 Zaire 662 672 -18 -31 55 -119 100 7413 Uganda 317 395 49 -98 62 -91 144 10614 Burundi 71 16715 Upper Volta 75 338 146 73 80 76 106 9816 Rwanda 147 191 158 04 80 107 180 10717 India 8,064 15,001 32 46 -09 32 108 6618 Somalia 200 199 24 67 26 32 109 9819 Tanzania 566 1,140 34 -81 60 -12 121 11320 Viet Nam 153 79121 China 21,560 21,56622 Guinea 428 35123 Haiti 333 58724 Sri Lanka 1,036 1,803 46 -15 -02 14 151 8025 Benin 36 886 50 -70 75 50 101 8426 Central African Rep 136 88 81 19 45 -1 9 116 10427 Sierra Leone 277 238 04 -44 19 -16 112 7328 Madagascar 335 494 54 -25 41 -31 117 8729 Niger 297 449 60 23 4 119 134 106 8830 Pakistan 2,880 5,342 83 30 53 4.0 97 7531 Mozambique 457 774 6.0 -15 0 79 -16 7 84 7732 Sudan 658 1,529 22 -52 06 42 86 8833 Togo 344 597 10 5 15 85 103 97 6334 Ghana 878 1,184 02 -71 -15 -50 193 75

M4iddle-income economiesOil exportersOil Importers

Lower middle-ncome35 Kenya 1,144 1,946 72 -19 65 -18 144 9936 Senegal 416 1,035 12 -14 23 25 97 6837 Mauritania 259 265 50 6 -03 46 32 81 7238 Yemen Arab Rep 39 1,69939 Yemen, PDR 421 1,09640 Liberia 531 448 184 12 29 -15 88 6341 Indonesia 22,259 13,271 34 65 20 11 9 95 15442 Lesotho43 Bolivia 909 825 96 -19 80 70 129 15344 Honduras 760 949 107 42 116 19 102 7545 Zambia 1,044 1,032 23 -02 98 -68 89 6746 Egypt 3,233 8,839 32 04 -09 94 83 8647 El Salvador 792 986 55 07 63 23 129 8048 Thailand 6,918 10,014 52 118 114 49 87 6249 Philippines 5,722 7,946 2 2 7 7 72 26 98 68

50 Angola 1,744 1,640 90 -127 115 02 103 15251 Papua New Guinea 851 1,11652 Morocco 2,242 4,356 25 22 34 54 74 6353 Nicaragua 529 731 97 02 105 -13 113 7654 Nigeria 18,727 18,776 65 05 1 7 17.8 102 19055 Zimbabwe 663 704 81 9456 Cameroon 1079 1,428 70 49 93 69 168 9057 Cuba 1,128 1,897 40 12 54 16 72 6558 Congo, People's Rep 1,040 791 51 168 -10 67 82 9659 Guatemala 1,281 1,774 90 50 71 52 134 7760 Peru 3,255 3,803 20 46 38 05 90 7261 Ecuador 2,562 2,332 29 57 116 93 107 13662 Jamaica 974 1,473 46 -67 81 -65 107 7563 Ivory Coast 2,586 2,434 87 51 97 57 150 7864 Dominican Rep 1,188 1,450 -23 38 100 22 49 49

24

Merchandise trade Average annual growth rate'(millions of dollars) (percent) Terms of trade

Exports Imports Exports Imports (11975= 1 00)198 1b 198 1b 1960-1970 1970-81c 1960-70 1970-81c 1978- 1981b

65 Mongolia66 Colombia 3,190 5.181 22 1 6 25 65 145 12767 Tunisia 2,209 3,924 4 2 4 0 23 92 81 10468 Costa Rica 968 1,198 95 40 100 22 125 8769 Korea,_Dem _Rep__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

70 Turkey 4,703 8,911 1 2 20 95 6771 Syrian Arab Rep 2,103 4,663 33 52 41 12 6 99 13072 Jordan 732 3,149 10 1 212 36 13 9 74 6173 Paraguay 296 506 54 68 76 66 110 72

Upper middle-income74 Korea, Rep of 21,254 26,131 33 4 22 0 20 6 109 105 6775 Iran, Islamic Rep of 10,169 12,634 125 -134 11 6 105 94 21776 I raq 9,372 18,907 54 -21 14 23 6 94 20977 Malaysia 12,884 13,132 58 68 23 71 109 10178 Panama 315 1,540 102 -1 9 105 - 43 93 9379 Lebanon 1,107 3,946 144 1 9 51 3 3 101 8880 Algeria 14,056 11,505 35 1 0 -1 1 12 0 96 1968 1 Brazil 23,172 24,007 50 87 49 29 108 5682 Mexico 20,033 24,168 2 8 153 64 95 92 8983 Portugal 4,147 9,799 9 6 14 284 Argentina 6,304 9,425 3 5 94 04 3 2 77 7 185 Chile 3,952 6,364 07 98 4 8 3 5 88 6 186 South Africa 22,670 21,485 54 72 82 - 1 4 80 7387 Yugoslavia 10,929 15,817 7 7 45 8 8 4 6 104 9988 Uruguay 1,215 1,599 2.2 4 3 - 29 3 6 124 87

89 Venezuela 20,959 10,645 1 1 -70 4 4 9 6 92 21290 Greece 4,292 8,677 10 8 10 8 10 8 4 7 98 8891 Hong Kong 21,737 24,680 12 7 9 7 9 2 121 103 10092 Israel 5,416 7,777 10 8 9 6 8 8 2 2 101 6893 Singapore 20,967 27,608 4 2 12 0 59 9 9 10294 Trinidad and Tobago 3,725 3,115 4 9 -4 9 3 2 -58 96 129

High-incomeoil exporters95 Libya 16,391 15,414 67 5 - 75 15 4 15 7 94 21396 Saudi Arabia 120,240 35,244 11 0 4 5 11 2 33 5 94 20597 Kuwait 16,561 8,042 52 - 94 10 7 16 0 92 21098 United Arab Emirates 20,939 9,549 4 5 5 5 25 6 96 189

Industrial marketeconomles99 Ireland 7,706 10,603 71 8 4 8 3 64 104 90

100 Spain 20,337 33,159 11 5 18 5 99 87101 Italy 75,215 91.022 13 6 6 7 9 7 3 6 101 86102 New Zealand 5,563 5,684 4 6 3 9 2 9 1 7 114 107103 United Kingdom 102,807 101,991 4 8 6 6 50 3 6 107 105

104 Japan 152,016 143,287 17 2 9 0 13 7 3 9 112 79105 Austria 15,845 21,048 9 6 7 3 9 6 6 7 97 88106 Finland 14,015 14,202 6 8 4 8 70 2 5 92 84107 Australia 21,767 23,768 6 5 3 8 7 2 5 2 92 92108 Canada 69,907 66,010 10 0 4 2 91 5 5 93 95109 Netherlands 68,732 65,921 9 9 5 0 9 5 3 5 100 96110 Belgiumd 55,705 62,464 10 9 4 6 10 3 5 3 96 90111 France 100,497 120,924 8 2 6 6 11 0 6 5 101 90112 United States 233,739 273,352 60 6 5 9 8 4 4 95 86113 Denmark 16,317 17,874 71 4 9 8 2 2 5 101 87114 Germany, Fed Rep 176,043 163,934 10 1 5 8 10 0 55 101 86115 Norway 18,220 15,652 91 70 9 7 4 3 92 129116 Sweden 28,630 28,824 7 7 2 2 7 2 4 2 93 87117 Switzerland 27,043 30,696 8 5 4 2 9 0 4 5 108 102

East Euro peannonmar ket economies

118 Albania119 Hungary 8,712 9,128 9 7 8 2 9 1 6 1 98 97120 Romania 12,610 12,458 94 88121 Bulgaria 1,848 2,633 14 4 11 6 12 9 8 7122 Poland 13,182 15,224 -0 3 6 7 -0 4 6 0 101 98123 USSR 79,003 72,960 9 7 5 6 7 1 8 3124 Czechoslovakia 14,876 14,658 6 7 6 4 70 5 125 German Dem Rep 19,858 20,181 8 3 8 6

a See the technical notes b Figures in italics are for 1980, not 1981 c Figures in italics are for 1970-80 not 1970-81 d Includes Luxembourg

25

TabR Gll0. Stmtz Wof merchLL > anifis e3qporL

Percentage share of merchandise exportsMachinery

Fuels, Other andminerals, primary Textiles transport Other

and metals commodities and clothing equipment manufactures

1960, 1980b 19608 1980b 19608 1980b 1960a 1980b 19608 1980b

Low-income economles 9 w 18 w 70 w 37 w 15 w 18 w ()w 4 w 6 w 23wChina and Indla 20 w 30 w 18w 5 w 27wOther low-income 8 w 9 w 83 w 62 w 4 w 21 w w 2 w 5 w 6w

1 Kampuchea, Dem 0 100 0 0 02 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR4 Chad 3 94 0 0 35 Bangladesh (J 34 49 () 176 Ethiopia 0 8 100 92 0 (j 0 () 0 ()7 Nepal () 69 24 0 78 Burma 4 95 0 0 19 Afghanistan () 82 14 3 1

10 Mali 0 96 1 1 211 Malawi () 90 5 4 112 Zaire 42 57 0 0 113 Uganda 8 92 0 0 ()14 Burundi () 99 () ()15 UpperVolta 0 () 100 89 0 2 0 2 () 716 Rwanda17 India 10 7 45 34 35 22 1 7 9 3018 Somalia 0 1 88 98 0 () 8 () 4 119 Tanzania () 10 87 74 0 8 0 1 13 720 Viet Nam21 China 25 28 16 5 2622 Guinea 42 58 0 0 023 Haiti 0 100 0 0 024 SrnLanka () 16 99 65 0 11 0 1 0 725 Benin 10 80 7 () 326 Central Atrican Rep 12 () 86 74 () () 1 () 1 2627 Sierra Leone 15 20 0 0 6528 Madagascar 4 9 90 84 1 2 1 2 4 329 Niger 100 0 0 030 Pakistan 0 7 73 43 23 37 1 2 3 1131 Mozambique 0 100 0 0 032 Sudan 0 1 100 96 0 1 0 2 0 ()33 Togo 3 58 89 32 3 4 0 3 5 334 Ghana 7 83 0 0 10

Middle-lncome economiss 30 w 36 w 59 w 27 w 3 w 9 w 1 w low 7 w 18 wOil exporters 48 w 78 w 48 w 15 w 1 w 2 w (.) w 2 w 3 w 3 wOil Importers 15 w 12 w 68 w 34 w 5 w 13 w 2 w 14 w 10 w 27 w

Lower middle-income 44w 38w 5w 2w 11w

35 Kenya 1 34 87 50 0 1 0 3 12 1236 Senegal 3 39 94 46 1 1 1 3 1 1137 Mauritania 4 69 1 20 638 Yemen Arab Rep () 49 6 25 2039 Yemen, PDR40 Liberia 45 59 55 38 0 () 0 1 0 241 Indonesia 33 76 67 22 0 1 (.) () () 142 Lesotho43 Bolivia 86 11 () 1 244 Honduras 5 7 93 81 0 2 0 () 2 1045 Zambia46 Egypt 4 67 84 22 9 9 () () 3 247 El Salvador 0 5 94 59 3 13 () 3 3 2048 Thailand 7 14 91 57 0 9 0 6 2 1449 Philippines 10 21 86 42 1 6 0 2 3 2950 Angola51 Papua New Guinea 0 46 92 52 0 () 0 () 8 252 Morocco 38 45 54 31 1 10 1 1 6 1353 Nicaragua 3 3 95 83 0 2 0 () 2 1254 Nigeria 8 95 89 4 0 () 0 () 3 155 Zimbabwe 71 25 1 () 356 Cameroon 19 33 77 64 0 1 2 () 2 257 Cuba 2 5 93 90 1 0 () 0 4 558 Congo, People's Rep 7 86 84 7 () () 5 () 4 759 Guatemala 2 6 95 70 1 6 0 1 2 1760 Peru 49 64 50 20 0 6 0 2 1 861 Ecuador 0 56 99 41 0 1 0 1 1 162 Jamaica 50 23 45 14 2 1 0 3 3 5963 IvoryCoast 1 5 98 87 0 3 () 2 1 364 Dominican Rep 6 3 92 73 0 () 0 1 2 23

26

Percentage share of merchandise exportsMachinery

Fuels, Other andminerals, primary Textiles transport Other

and metals commodities and clothing equipment manufactures19600 1980b 1960 1980b 1960a 1980b 19600 1980b 19600 1980b

65 Mongolia66 Colombia 19 3 79 77 0 6 () 2 2 1267 Tunisia 24 56 66 8 1 18 1 2 8 1668 Costa Rica 0 1 95 65 0 5 0 4 5 2569 Korea, Dem Rep70 Turkey 8 8 89 65 0 16 0 3 3 871 Syrian Arab Rep 0 74 81 18 2 4 0 1 17 372 Jordan 0 29 96 35 0 4 0 9 4 2373 Paraguay 0 () 100 88 0 () 0 () 0 12

Upper middle-incom 32 w 23 w 10w 13 w 22 w

74 Korea, Rep of 30 1 56 9 8 29 () 20 6 4175 Iran, Islamic Rep of 88 9 0 0 376 Iraq 97 3 0 0 077 Malaysia 20 35 74 46 () 2 () 11 6 678 Panama 24 67 3 () 679 Lebanan80 Algeria 12 99 81 1 0 () 1 () 6 ()81 Brazil 8 11 89 50 0 4 17 3 1882 Mexico 24 39 64 22 4 3 1 19 7 1783 Portugal 8 7 37 21 18 27 3 13 34 3284 Argentina 1 6 95 71 0 2 () 7 4 1485 Chile 92 59 4 21 0 () 0 1 4 1986 South Africa 29 23 42 23 2 1 4 5 23 4887 Yugoslavia 18 9 45 18 '4 9 15 28 18 3688 Uruguay 1 71 61 21 16 4 8 1889 Venezuela 74 98 26 ( 0 () 0 (j () 290 Greece 9 25 81 28 1 17 1 3 8 2791 Hong Kong 5 2 15 5 45 34 4 19 31 4092 Israel 4 2 35 16 8 8 2 13 51 6193 Singapore 1 28 73 18 5 4 7 26 14 2494 Trinidad and Tobago 82 93 14 2 0 () 0 1 4 4

High-incomeoil exporters 98w (.)w w 1 w 1 u,

95 Libya 100 100 0 () 0 () 0 () 0 ()96 Saudi Arabia 95 99 5 () 0 () 0 () 0 197 Kuwait 89 1 1 3 698 United Arab Emirates

Industrial marketeconomies 11 w 13w 23w 15w 7w Sw 29w 35w 30w 32w

99 Ireland 5 3 67 39 6 8 4 19 18 31100 Spain 21 8 57 20 7 5 2 26 13 41101 Italy 8 7 19 8 17 11 29 33 27 41102 New Zealand () 7 97 72 0 3 () 5 3 13103 United Kingdom 7 18 9 8 8 4 44 35 32 35104 Japan 11 2 10 2 28 4 23 55 28 37105 Austria 26 5 22 12 10 9 16 28 26 46106 Finland 3 8 50 22 1 7 13 18 33 45107 Australia 13 28 79 44 () 1 3 7 5 20108 Canada 33 28 37 23 1 1 8 26 21 22109 Netherlands 15 26 34 23 8 4 18 17 25 30110 Belgiumc 15 15 9 11 12 7 13 22 51 45111 France 9 8 18 18 10 5 25 34 38 35112 United States 10 9 27 23 3 2 35 40 25 26113 Denmark 2 5 63 38 3 5 19 24 13 28114 Germany, Fed Rep 9 7 4 7 4 5 44 45 39 36115 Norway 22 59 34 9 2 1 10 12 32 19116 Sweden 10 9 29 12 1 2 31 40 29 37117 Switzerland 2 5 8 4 12 6 30 33 48 50

East Europeannonmarket econ tes 18 w 13 w 33 w 12 w 3 w 6 w 34 w 40 w 21 w 29 w

118 Albania119 Hungary 6 9 28 25 7 7 38 32 21 27120 Romania121 Bulgaria 3 75 12 6 4122 Poland 20 9 6 36 29123 USSR 24 28 1 21 26124 Czechoslovakia 20 7 11 9 () 5 45 50 25 29125 German Dem Rep

a Figures in italics are for 1961,. not 1960 b Figures in italics are for 1979, not 1980 c Includes Luxembourg

27

TabRe 11. Stcure of mer iiianise mpoPercentage share of merchandise imports

MachineryOther and

primary transport OtherFood Fuels commodities equipment manufactures

19608 1980b 19608 19 8 0 b 1960a 1 9 8 0 b 19600 19 8 0 b 19601 1980b

Low-income economies 22 14 7 14 18 17 26 25 27 30China and India 13 10 23 24 30Other low-Income 24 16 8 21 4 4 21 28 43 31

1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR4 Chad 19 12 4 19 465 Bangladesh 25 11 8 24 326 Ethiopia 8 25 3 28 367 Nepal 4 18 2 32 448 Burma 14 4 9 17 569 Afghanistan 14 7 4 14 61

10 Mali 20 5 4 18 5311 Malawi 8 15 2 34 4112 Zaire13 Uganda 6 8 8 25 5314 Burundi 13 9 3 22 5315 Upper Volta 21 21 4 13 1 3 24 29 50 3416 Rwanda17 India 21 9 6 33 28 10 30 16 15 3218 Somalia 27 19 4 5 0 7 18 33 51 3619 Tanzania 13 21 3 35 2820 Viet Nam21 China 15 0 29 27 2922 Guinea23 Haiti24 Sri Lanka 39 20 7 24 5 3 15 25 34 2825 Benin 17 10 1 18 5426 Central African Rep 15 21 9 2 2 3 26 34 48 4027 Sierra Leone 23 12 5 15 4528 Madagascar 17 9 6 15 3 4 23 34 51 3829 Niger 24 5 4 18 4930 Pakistan 22 13 10 27 2 6 27 25 39 2931 Mozambique32 Sudan 17 26 8 13 3 2 14 29 58 3033 Togo 16 14 6 18 3 1 32 29 43 3834 Ghana 19 5 4 26 46

Middle-Income economiesOil exportersOil Importers

Lower middle-Income35 Kenya 12 8 11 34 8 3 27 28 42 2736 Senegal 30 25 5 25 2 1 19 23 44 2637 Mauritania 5 3 3 39 5038 Yemen Arab Rep 28 7 1 28 3639 Yemen, PDR40 Liberia 16 19 4 28 7 2 34 28 39 2341 Indonesia 23 13 5 16 10 6 17 34 45 3142 Lesotho43 Bolivia 10 1 2 44 4344 Honduras 13 10 9 16 3 2 24 30 51 4245 Zambia46 Egypt 23 32 11 1 16 8 25 27 25 3247 El Salvador 17 18 6 18 6 4 26 13 45 4748 Thailand 10 5 11 30 11 7 25 25 43 3349 Philippines 15 8 10 28 5 5 36 24 34 3550 Angola51 Papua New Guinea 30 5 4 23 3852 Morocco 27 20 8 24 7 10 19 21 39 2553 Nicaragua 9 15 10 20 5 1 22 14 54 5054 Nigeria 14 17 5 2 6 3 24 39 51 3955 Zimbabwe56 Cameroon 20 9 8 12 3 2 17 34 52 4357 Cuba58 Congo, People's Rep 18 27 6 6 1 1 31 26 44 4059 Guatemala 12 8 10 24 7 7 26 22 45 3960 Peru 16 20 5 2 5 5 37 40 37 3361 Ecuador 13 8 3 1 9 4 33 49 42 3862 Jamaica 22 20 8 38 9 3 24 12 37 2763 IvoryCoast 18 15 6 11 2 2 27 35 47 3764 Dominican Rep 17 25 4 22 32

28

Percentage share of merchandise importsMachinery

Other andprimary transport Other

Food Fuels commodities equipment manufactures

19600 19 80b 19600 1 9 8 0b 1960a 19 8 0 b 19600 1 9 8 0b 1960a 198 0b

65 Mongolia66 Colombia 8 12 3 12 15 6 43 38 31 3267 Tunisia 20 14 9 21 4 8 23 23 44 3468 Costa Rica 13 9 6 15 6 4 26 24 49 4869 Korea, Dem Rep70 Turkey 7 4 11 48 16 5 42 18 24 2571 Syrian Arab Rep 24 14 8 25 5 4 15 23 48 3472 Jordan 18 17 3 28 3473 Paraguay 13 24 1 36 26

Upper middle-income74 Korea, Rep of 10 10 7 30 25 17 12 22 46 2175 Iran 14 1 1 23 6176 Iraq77 Malaysia 29 12 16 15 13 6 14 39 28 2878 Panama 15 10 10 31 1 1 22 21 52 3779 Lebanon80 Algeria 26 21 4 2 2 5 14 37 54 3581 Brazil 14 10 19 43 13 6 36 19 18 2282 Mexico 4 8 2 2 10 7 52 50 32 3383 Portugal 15 14 10 24 28 11 26 25 21 2684 Argentina 3 6 13 10 11 7 44 40 29 3785 Chile 14 21 4 27 3486 South Africa 6 5 7 1 9 6 37 52 41 3687 Yugoslavia 1 1 8 5 24 25 12 37 28 22 2888 Uruguay 5 8 24 29 46 7 17 30 8 2689 Venezuela 18 15 1 2 10 5 36 43 35 3590 Greece 11 9 8 23 16 8 44 36 21 2491 Hong Kong 27 12 3 6 16 6 10 22 44 5492 Israel 20 11 7 26 18 6 28 21 27 3693 Singapore 21 9 15 29 38 7 7 29 19 2694 Trinidad and Tobago 16 11 34 38 7 3 18 25 25 23


95 Libya 13 19 5 1 10 2 40 38 32 4096 Saudi Arabia 14 1 2 39 4497 Kuwait 15 1 2 36 4698 United Arab Emirates 11 10 2 38 39


99 Ireland 18 12 12 15 11 5 21 27 38 41100 Spain 16 13 22 39 25 11 22 18 15 19101 Italy 20 13 14 28 31 13 13 21 22 25102 New Zealand 8 6 8 22 16 6 29 30 39 36103 United Kingdom 36 13 11 13 27 11 8 26 18 37104 Japan 17 12 17 50 49 19 9 6 8 13105 Austria 16 6 10 15 20 9 29 29 25 41106 Finland 13 7 10 29 20 7 33 27 24 30107 Australia 6 5 10 14 16 5 31 36 37 40108 Canada 12 8 9 12 12 7 36 46 31 27109 Netherlands 18 15 13 24 14 7 22 20 33 34110 Belgium' 15 11 10 17 26 11 21 22 28 39111 France 25 10 17 27 25 9 14 21 19 33112 United States 24 8 10 33 25 7 10 25 31 27113 Denmark 18 11 12 22 11 8 23 20 36 39114 Germany, Fed Rep 26 12 8 23 28 10 10 19 28 36115 Norway 12 8 9 17 13 8 36 29 30 38116 Sweden 13 7 14 24 13 7 26 27 34 35117 Switzerland 18 8 8 11 13 10 21 24 40 47


118 Albania119 Hungary 8 8 12 16 28 13 28 29 24 34120 Romania121 Bulgaria122 Poland 14 18 11 27 30123 USSR 12 4 18 30 36124 Czechoslovakia 10 19 15 36 20125 German Dem Rep

a Figures in italics are for 1961, not 1960 b Figures in itahcs are for 1979, not 1980 c Includes Luxembourg

29

TabRe 1I2. ORigii and¶ destinaRon of meranis expu]rft

Destination of merchandise exports (percentage of total)

Industrial East Europeanmarket nonmarket High-income Developing

economies economies oil exporters economies

Origin 1960 1981 1960 1961 1960 1981 1960 1981

Lowv-Income economies 51 w 21 w I w 27 wChina and India 39 w 36w )w 25 wOther low-income 66 w 3 w 2 w 29 w

~1 Kampuchea, Denm2 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR 61 0 6 334 Chad 73 44 0 0 0 7 27 495 Bangladesh 34 8 1 576 Ethiopia 69 56 1 1 1 6 8 24 257 Nepal 50 (()508 Burma 23 25 3 1 ()2 74 729 Afghanistan 48 46 28 21 0 3 24 30

lO Mali 93 62 0 1 (()7 371 1Malawi 83 )( 1712 Zaire 89 64 ()1 ()1 1 3513 Uganda 62 78 0 ()0 3 38 1914 Burundi 74 ()0 2615 Upper Volta 4 39 0 ()0 ()96 61

16 Rwanda 61 0 ()3917 India 66 58 7 10 2 6 25 2618 Somalia 85 10 (()76 15 1419 Tanzania 74 51 1 4 0 ()25 4520 Viet Nam 40 9 ()5121lChina 14 46 61 4 ()2 25 4822 Guinea 63 62 8 ()( )19 1823 Haiti 98 97 (()0 ()2 324 Sri Lanka 75 42 3 4 0 6 22 4825 Benin 90 75 2 ()0 (8 25

26 Central African Rep 83 77 0 ()0( 17 2327 Sierra Leone 99 90 0 0 0 ()1 1028 Madagascar 79 75 1 1 0 ()20 2429 Niger 74 64 0 ()0 15 26 2130 Pakistan 56 36 4 4 2 18 38 42

31 Mozambique 29 39 ()0 ()3 71 5832 Sudan 59 48 8 21 4 7 29 2433 Togo 74 52 0 2 0 ()26 4634 Ghana 88 77 7 10 (()5 13

Ml~1ddie-income economies 68 w 7 w ~ )W 25 wOii exporters 68 w 4 w )w 28 wOil Importers 68 w 9 w ()w 23 w

Lowier middle-Incomne35 Kenya 77 50 0 1 ()1 23 4836 Senegal 89 40 0 1 0 I) 1 5937 Mauritania 89 92 0 ()0 )1 1 838 Yemen Arab Rep 46 48 18 3 )1 1 36 3839 Yemen, PDR 42 21 (()2 42 56 37

40 Liberia 100 92 0 2 0 1 ()541 Indonesia 54 74 11 1 ()C)42 2542 Lesotho43 Bolivia 88 46 0 16 0 3 12 3544 Honduras 77 86 0 ()0 ()23 14

45 Zambia 71 1 C)2846 Egypt 26 52 33 9 2 3 39 3647 El Salvador 88 76 0 C)0 C)12 2448 Thailand 47 53 2 5 3 5 48 3749 Philippines 94 75 0 3 C)1 6 21

50 Angola 64 68 2 3 0 1 34 2851 Papua New Guinea 91 )()952 Morocco 74 67 3 10 C)3 23 2053 Nicaragua 91 69 )C)0 C)9 3154 Nigeria 95 85 1 )0 C)4 15

55 Zimbabwe56 Cameroon 93 93 1 ()( )6 757 Cuba 72 19 ()958 Congo, People's Rep 93 81 0 ()0 (7 1959 Guatemala 94 51 0 1 0 2 6 47

60OPeru 84 66 ()4 0 ()16 3061lEcuador 91 60 1 1 0 ()8 3962 Jamaica 96 81 0 5 0 ()4 1463 Ivory Coast 84 70 0 5 0 ()16 2564 Dominican Rep 92 84 0 1 1 C)7 15

30

Destination of merchandise exports (percentage of total)

Industrial East Europeanmarket nonmarket High-income Developing

economies economies oil exporters economies

Origin 1960 1981 1960 1981 1960 1981 1960 1981

65 Mongolia66 Colombia 94 70 1 4 0 () 2667 Tunisia 76 75 3 1 2 4 19 2068 Costa Rica 93 62 ()2 (7 3669 Korea, Dem Rep70 Turkey 71 47 12 7 ()15 17 3171 Syrian Arab Rep 39 60 19 18 1 1 7 31 15

72 Jordan 1 6 1 1 7 26 32 62 55

73 Paraguay 61 47 0 ()0 ()39 53

Upper middle-income74 Korea, Rep of 89 67 0 ()0 10 11 2375 Iran, Islamic Rep ot, 62 55 3 ()1 1 34 4476 I raq 85 4 7 1 ()()1 4 537 7 Malaysia 58 53 7 3 0 1 35 4378 Panama 99 72 0 ()0 1 1 27

79 Lebanon 2 1 10 8 8 32 5 1 39 3 180 Algeria 93 89 0 2 (()7 98 1 Brazii 8 1 54 6 7 ()1 13 3882 Mexico 93 9 1 ) ()0 (7 983 Portugal 56 77 2 2 ()1 42 20

84 Argentina 75 45 5 25 (()20 3085 Chile 9 1 67 ()( )2 9 3 186 South Africa 71 80 1 ()( )28 2087 Yugoslavia 48 31 31 49 1 3 20 1788dUruguay 82 54 7 8 ~ 0 2 11 36

89 Venezuela 62 71 0 () 0 ()38 2990 Greece 65 56 21 8 1 13 13 23

91 Hong Kong 54 60 ( ()1 3 45 3792 Israel 76 68 1 1 0 ()23 3193 Singapore 38 41 4 1 1 7 57 5194 Trinidad and Tobago 80 76 0 ()( )20 24

High-incomeoil exporters 83 w (.) 0 w 17 w

95 Libya 67 86 7 ()0 ()26 14

96 Saudi Arabia 74 72 0 ()0 3 26 2597 Kuwait 51 1 4 4498 United Arab Emirates 91 12 0 ()0 45 9 43

Industrial marketeconomies 67 w 3 w lw 30 w

99 Ireland 96 85 (1()3 4 11

lOO Spain 80 56 2 4 ()5 18 35

101 Italy 65 61 4 3 2 10 29 26102 New Zealand 95 63 1 4 ()2 4 31

103 United Kingdom 57 68 3 2 2 ____ 6 38 24

104 Japan 45 46 2 3 2 7 51 44105 Austria 69 69 13 11 ()3 18 17106 Finland 69 62 19 27 ()1 12 10

107 Australia 75 50 3 4 1 3 21 43

108 Canada 90 84 1 3 ____ 9 12

109 Netherlands 78 81 12 1320 14110 Belgium' 79 83 2 2 1 2 18 13111 France 53 66 3 4 ()4 44 26112 United States 61 55 1 2 1 4 37 39113 Denmark 83 81 4 2 C)2 13 15

114 Germany, Fed Rep 70 72 4 4 1 3 25 21115 Norway 80 88 4 2 (()16 10116 Sweden 79 76 4 4 C)3 17 17117 Switzerland 72 70 3 3 1 4 24 23

East Europeannonmarket economies 19 59 ()22

118 Albania 1 93 0 6119 Hungary 22 27 61 53 ()2 17 18120 Romania 20 29 66 41 ()2 14 28121 Bulgaria 13 36 80 19 C)6 7 39122 Poland 29 63 54 12 C)3 17 22

123 USSR 18 67 51 14 (()31 19124 Czechoslovakia 16 49 67 17 ()3 17 31125 German Dem Rep 19 44 68 30 C 1 13 25

a Includes Luxembourg

31

Table 113. ORigin and desfdaflon of manufactured expoftb

Destination of manufactured exports (percentage of total) Value of___________________________________________________________- manufacturedIndustrial East European exportsmarket nonmarket High-income Devesloping (millions

economies economies oil exporters economies of dollars)Origin 1 962, 1 98 0 b 1 962, 1 9 8 0 b 19620 1 9 80b, 19620 1 9 8 0 b 19620 1 g8Qb

Lowi-income economiesChina and IndiaOther low-income 61 53 1 7 1 6 37 341 Kampuchea, Dem. 30 1 ()70 12 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR 35 65 04 Chad 19 6 75 05 Bangladesh 48 11 ()41 4376 Ethiopia 47 43 2 9 1 6 50 42 2 17 Nepal 73 )()27 298 Burma 58 ()42 39 Afghanistan 96 1 3 9

lO Mali 33 1 66 011 Malawi 19 (()81 3112 Zaire 93 . 0 0 7 1213 Uganda 15 0 0 85 014 Burundi 40 (()60 115 Upper Volta 19 27 )() 81 73 1 1016 Rwanda 90 0 0 10 017 India 56 58 5 1 1 2 8 37 23 630 4,1171 8Somalia 61 48 0 1 4 2 35 49 0 119 Tanzania 93 58 0 () 0 ()7 42 16 8320 Viet Nam 10 90 121 China22 Guinea23 Haiti24 Sri Lanka 63 72 2 () 2 35 26 6 19825 Benin 18 0 0 82 026 Central African Rep 78 69 2 C) 0 () 20 31 3 2927 Sierra Leone 98 0 0 2 2128 Madagascar 87 95 0 () 0 () 13 5 5 2429 Niger 7 0 0 93 130 Pakistan 46 52 C) 8 1 9 53 31 97 1,28531 Mozambique 31 69 332 Sudan 37 46 1 6 3 32 59 16 0 1533 Togo 44 31 0 () 0 () 56 69 1 2034 Ghana 39 11 ()50 12

tVtddle-Income economies 51 56 5 5 1 4 43 35Oil exporters 67 59 5 3 1 2 27 36Oil Importers 48 56 5 5 1 4 46 35

Lower middle-income 53 53 8 3 1 3 38 4135 Kenya 22 12 0 () 2 7 76 81 11 21036 Senegal 76 30 0 C) 0 () 24 70 5 7237 Mauritania 98 2 238 Yemen Arab Rep 59 ()7 34 1139 Yemen, PDR40 Liberia 94 49 )() 6 51 3 2041 Indonesia 52 33 1 () 1 3 46 64 2 53342 Lesotho43 Bolivia 82 71 0 () 0 () 18 29 4 2344 Honduras 1 29 0 () 0 C) 99 71 2 10245 Zambia46 Egypt 23 45 35 38 3 4 39 13 69 33347 El Salvador 1 5 0 () 0 () 99 95 1 1 25548 Thailand 51 56 C) ( ) 5 49 39 21 1,88649 Philippines 91 75 0 ( ) 1 9 24 26 2,14150OAngola 34 4 0 62 2151 Papua New Guinea 97 83 0 2 0 ()3 15 4 1752 Morocco 52 55 2 6 C) 4 46 35 28 56553 Nicaragua 55 5 0 () 0 C) 45 95 2 5754 Nigeria 91 93 C) 1 ) ()9 6 34 13755 Zimbabwe 44 0 0 56 3156 Cameroon 25 78 0 () 0 C) 75 22 4 5057 Cuba 1 0 83 0 0 0 16 100 6 31958 Congo, People's Rep 88 90 0 () 0 () 12 10 14 3959 Guatemala 46 6 0 C) 0 C) 54 94 8 35960OPeru 53 37 0 1 0 C) 47 62 5 55361lEcuador 46 15 0 () 0 () 54 85 2 5762 Jamaica 73 74 0 8 0 1 27 17 20 61163 Ivory Coast 61 35 0 () 0 () 39 65 2 21264 Dominican Rep 98 87 0 () 0 ()2 13 4 166

32

Destination of manufactured exports (percentage of total) manuefacueIndustrial East European exports

market nonmarket High-income Developing (millionseconomies economies oil exporters economies of dollars)

Origin 19620 1 98 0 b 19620 19 8 0 b 19620 1 9 80 b 19620 1980b 19620 1980b

65 Mongolia66 Colombia 57 37 0 1 0 ()43 62 16 80467 Tunisia 64 78 0 2 7 1 29 19 10 80168 Costa Rica 78 15 0 ()0 ()22 85 9 35469 Korea, Denm Rep70 Turkey 73 61 17 8 () 5 10 26 4 78271 Syrian Arab Rep 1 7 13 7 17 1 31 75 39 9 12572 Jordan 12 13 10 ()32 36 46 51 1 20173 Paraguay 84 37 0 ()0 ()16 63 4 34

Upper middle-income 50 56 5 5 1 5 44 34

74 Korea, Rep of 83 64 0 ()0 9 17 27 10 15,72275 Iran, Islamic Rep of 45 1 3 51 4476 1raq 26 ()8 66 277 Malaysia 66 ()2 32 2,46478 Panama 24 1 1 0 () 0 76 88 1 3 179 Lebanon 22 4 14 60 1180 Algeria 50 58 0 36 0 ()50 6 23 4981 I razil 60 42 3 2 0 1 37 55 39 7,77082 Mexico 7 1 82 0 1 0 ()29 17 122 3,38983 Portugal 56 81( 1 () 1 44 17 205 3,32284 Argentina 62 42 3 5 0 ()35 53 39 1,86185 Chile 45 29 0 ()0 2 55 69 20 75886 South Africa 54 69 ()() ( 46 31 317 5,16687 Yugoslavia 31 30 30 49 1 3 38 18 344 6,57088 Uruguay 75 47 13 2 0 ()12 51 7 40489 Venezuela 94 54 0 ()0 ()6 46 158 33090 Greece 52 56 6 5 3 13 39 26 27 2,44191 Hong Kong 63 64 0 ()1 4 36 32 642 18,20892 Israel 66 69 3 ()0 ()31 31 184 4,55193 Singapore 4 47 0 1 2 5 94 47 328 10,45294 Trinidad and Tobago 39 65 0 ()0 ()61 35 13 206

High-incomeoil exporters 13 32 0 0 30 21 57 47

95 Libya 68 3 0 8 0 8 32 81 0 996 Saudi Arabia 64 17 0 () 12 14 24 69 3 70597 Kuwait ( 37 0 ( 35 24 65 39 11 2,12398 United Arab Emirates 76 0 3 21 33

Industrial marketeconomies 63 66 3 3 1 4 33 27

99 Ireland 76 92 0 1 () 1 24 6 134 4,909100 Spain 57 57 1 2 () 5 42 36 205 14,987101 Italy 65 66 5 4 2 8 28 22 3,490 65,797102 New Zealand 90 69 0 1 0 1 10 29 23 1,174103 United Kingdom 58 65 3 2 2 6 37 27 8,947 84,287

104 Japan 45 46 4 3 1 7 50 44 4,340 124,027105 Austria 67 70 18 13 () 1 15 16 931 14,480106 Finland 56 64 31 24 () 1 13 11 608 9,864107 Australia 62 31 () ( ) 1 38 68 263 6,220108 Canada 89 87 () 1 () 1 11 11 1,959 30,595109 Netherlands 78 81 2 2 1 3 19 14 2,443 37,827110 Belgium 83 84 2 2 1 2 14 12 3,257 4,744Ill France 63 68 4 4 () 3 33 25 5,317 81,654112 United Stales 48 55 ) ()1 5 51 40 13,957 147,336113 Denmark 76 82 8 2 () 2 16 14 627 9,252114 Germany, Fed Rep 74 73 4 5 1 3 21 19 11,623 165,447115 Norway 81 74 2 3 () 1 17 22 442 5,931116 Sweden 76 77 6 3 () 3 18 17 1,958 24,332117 Switzerland 74 70 3 4 1 3 22 23 2,005 26,647

East Europeannonmarket economies 19 64 2 1

118 Albania119 Hungary 25 54 1 20 5,709120 Romania121 Bulgaria122 Poland 22 63 2 13 10,336123 USSR124 Czechoslovakia 15 69 1 15 12,554125 German Dem Rep

a Figures in italics are for 1963, not 1962 b Figures in italics are for 1979, not 1980

33

Receipts Gross international reservesCurrent account of workers' Net direct In months

balance remittances private investment Millions of of import(millions of dollars) (millions of dollars) (millions of dollars) dollars - coverage

1970 1981" 1970 1981" 1970 1981" 1970 1981" 19810

Low-income economies 40wChina and India 52 wOther low-income 1.9 w)

1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR4 Chad 2 1 1 2 125 Bangladesh - 60 -1,016 386 160 0 66 Ethiopia -32 -254 11 4 72 370 5 27 Nepal -19 94 262 6 98 Burma -63 -317 98 329 3 99 Afghanistan 50 658

lO Mali -2 -140 6 48 4 1 25 0 611 Malawi -35 -101 10 9 29 54 1 312 Zaire -64 2 42 189 29413 Uganda 20 -161 2 4 3 57 17 0 314 Burundi 15 6615 Upper Volta 9 18 ()36 7516 Rwanda 7 -59 1 2 is 1 8 173 5 917 India -394 4,040 113 6 1,023 8,109 5 418 Somalia -6 -30 7 5 21 38 1 019 Tanzania -36 -533 11 65 19 0 220 Viet Nam21 China 2,152 265 10,096 5 122 Guinea23 Haiti 2 -146 17 123 3 18 4 31 0 624 Sri Lanka -59 -441 3 230 () 49 43 352 1 925 Benin -1 3 7 16 6226 Central Atrican Rep -12 7 ( ()1 21 1 74 2 527 Sierra Leone -16 -143 ()8 8 39 16 0 528 Madagascar 10 10 3729 Niger ()1 19 11030 Pakistan -667 -936 2,056 31 107 194 1,455 2 531 Mozambique32 Sudan -42 -648 366 22 17 0133 Toga 3 1 35 15734 Ghana -68 -209 1 68 13 58 271 2 8

Middle-income economies 31 wOil exporters 33wOil Importers 30w

Lower middle-income 29 w

35 Kenya - 49 -736 10 14 61 220 263 1 236 Senegal -16 5 5 22 2037 Mauritania -5 -148 1 4 1 22 3 166 3 338 Yemen Arab Rep -659 926 40 964 5 039 Yemen,PFOR -4 -137 60 352 59 271 42

40 Liberia -65 7 0141 Indonesia -310 -736 83 133 160 6,248 3042 Lesotho -54 265 43 1143 Bolivia 4 -285 () 2 - 76 60 46 429 3844 Honduras - 64 - 303 2 8 -4 20 107 1 045 Zambia 108 - 649 () -297 515 143 0946 Egypt -148 - 2,135 29 2,181 746 165 1,683 1847 El 6avador 9 -86 1 48 4 6 64 277 3548 Thailand -250 -2,560 478 43 291 912 2,721 2749 Philippines -48 -2,286 798 -29 403 255 2,859 3050 Angola51 Papua New Guinea -567 C)86 478 3452 Morocco -124 -1,839 63 1,013 20 59 141 510 1 053 Nicaragua -40 1 15 4954 Nigeria -368 -5,395 205 47 223 4168 2 155 Zimbabwe -635 7 4 59 327 1 756 Cameroon -30 ()16 81 9057 Cuba58 Congo, People's Rep -460 3 31 9 128 0959 Guatemala -8 -580 24 29 128 80 357 2060 Peru 202 -1,512 ) - 70 267 339 1,764 3661 Ecuador -113 -1,001 89 60 76 797 2 462 Jamaica -153 -337 50 112 161 -12 139 85 0563 Ivory Coast -38 -1,693 6 32 31 48 119 36 0164 Dominican Rep -102 -670 25 166 72 93 32 282 15

34

Receipts Gross international reservesCurrent account of workers' Net direct In months

balance remittances private investment Millions of of import(millions of dollars) (millions of dollars) (millions of dollars) dollars coverage

1970 1981° 1970 19810 1970 19810 1970 19810 1981°

65 Mongolia66 Colombia -293 -1,943 26 124 39 209 207 6,079 106-,67 Tunisia -53 -450 29 357 16 294 60 610 1 868 Costa Rica -74 -372 () 26 46 16 143 1 069 Korea, Dem Rep70 Turkey -44 2,175 273 2,500 58 150 440 2,783 3371 Syrian Arab Rep -69 -511 7 581 57 622 1 372 Jordan -20 -38 16 1,047 143 258 1,511 4073 Paraguay -16 -374 63 4 39 18 820 89

Upper middle-income 33w

74 Korea, Rep of -623 -4,419 33 126 66 59 610 2,802 1 075 Iran, Islamic Rep of -507 25 21776 Iraq 105 24 47277 Malaysia 8 -2,911 5 94 1,317 667 5,024 3 978 Panama -64 -627 67 13 33 45 16 120 0 379 Lebanon 405 5,18280 Algeria -125 249 211 406 45 315 352 5,915 5881 Brazil -837 -11,762 9 35 407 2,317 1,190 7,480 2382 Mexico -1,068 -12,933 123 216 323 2,254 756 4,971 1 483 Portugal -2,574 2,896 156 1,565 9,345 94

84 Argentina -163 -3,973 6 41 11 902 682 5,006 3885 Chile -91 -4,814 -79 376 392 3,890 4 286 South Africa -1,215 -4,151 202 878 318 1,057 4,359 1 887 Yugoslavia -372 -2,291 441 4,050 143 2,335 1 588 Uruguay' -45 -463 () 49 186 1,778 9389 Venezuela -104 3998 () -23 160 1,047 12,719 7590 Greece -402 -2,385 339 1,177 50 520 318 2,554 2491 Hong Kong92 Israel -562 -1,568 21 215 40 -414 452 3,971 3193 Singapore -572 -1,750 93 1,797 1,012 7,549 3094 Trinidad and Tobago -109 357 3 1 83 166 43 3,369 113

High-incomeoil exporters 57w

95 Libya 645 -2,263 139 -1,079 1,596 10,425 6796 Saudi Arabia 71 45,119 () 20 3,376 670 34,051 5497 Kuwait 13,758 () 35 209 5,077 5798 United Arab Emirates 3,472

Industrial marketeconomies 3 8 w

99 Ireland -198 -1,650 32 286 698 2,794 28100 Spain 111 -4,939 469 521 179 1,440 1,851 16,611 49101 Italy 902 -8,430 1,017 2,897 '498 -254 5,547 46,635 5 1102 New Zealand -29 -1,171 186 22 219 258 683 10103 United Kingdom 1,975 12,634 -439 -8,661 2,919 22,803 2 0104 Japan 1,980 5,117 189 -260 -4,728 4,877 37,839 25105 Austria -75 -1,522 13 199 104 90 1,806 13,677 55106 Finland - 239 - 289 34 124 -41 - 124 455 1,988 1 3107 Australia -837 -8,489 785 1,758 1,709 4,824 1 7108 Canada 821 -4,413 566 -8,597 4,733 11,672 1 6109 Netherlands -483 3,159 116 450 -15 -1,822 3,362 26,805 37110 Belgium 717 -5,231 294 1,135 140 1,343 2,947 18,539 36111 France -55 -7,254 251 1,296 248 -2,166 5,199 54,797 40112 United States 2,320 4,185 283 -6,130 12,875 15,237 123,907 41113 Denmark -544 -1,865 () 75 -40 488 3,195 15114 Germany, Fed Rep 850 -7,133 350 2,323 -290 -2,889 13,879 81,554 45115 Norway -242 2,301 24 32 493 813 6,724 31116 Sweden -265 -2,735 6 67 -104 -628 775 6,013 19117 Switzerland 72 2,634 23 167 5,317 47,083 148


118 Albania119 Hungary -898 2 2,463 26120 Romania -832 1,831 15121 Bulgaria122 Poland123 USSR124 Czechoslovakia125 German Dem Rep

a Figures in italics are for 1980, not 1981 b See the technical notes.

35

Tae :150 Ho~w off pubic and pubidy guaanee extemal caip&7iWPublic and publicly guaranteed medium- and long-term loans

(millions of dollars)

RepaymentGross inflow of principal Net inflow

1970 1981 1970 1981 1970 1981

Low-income economiesChina and IndiaOther low-income1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR4 Chad 6 9 2 10 3 -15 Bangladesh 513 52 4616 Ethiopia 27 149 15 24 13 1257 Nepal 1 64 2 2 -2 618 Burma 16 431 18 83 -2 3489 Afghanistan 34 15 19

10 Mali 21 116 () 36 21 11011 Malawi 38 130 3 39 36 9112 Zaire 31 260 28 90 3 17013 Uganda 26 85 4 53 22 3214 Burundi 1 30 () 3 1 2715 Upper Volta 2 44 2 8 () 3616 Rwanda () 26 () 1 () 2517 India 890 1,987 307 647 583 1,34018 Somalia 4 175 () 13 4 16319 Tanzania 50 276 10 73 40 20320 Viet Nam21 China22 Guinea 90 141 10 61 80 8023 Haiti 4 106 4 18 1 8824 Sri Lanka 61 369 27 42 34 32725 Benin 2 172 1 12 1 16026 Central African Rep 2 26 2 5 -1 2127 Sierra Leone 8 64 10 41 -2 2428 Madagascar 265 74 19129 Niger 12 284 1 29 10 25530 Pakistan 484 673 114 331 370 34031 Mozambique32 Sudan 60 540 22 52 39 48933 Togo 5 38 2 21 3 1734 Ghana 40 117 12 51 28 66


Lower middle-income35 Kenya 30 476 15 177 15 29936 Senegal 15 266 5 53 10 17437 Mauritania 4 174 3 36 1 13838 Yemen Arab Rep of 294 49 24539 Yemen, PDR 1 190 32 1 15840 Liberia 7 70 12 11 -4 5941 Indonesia 441 2,356 59 1,001 382 1,35542 Lesotho () 47 () 7 () 3943 Bolivia 54 337 17 100 37 23744 Honduras 29 254 3 37 26 21745 Zambia 351 248 33 187 318 6146 Egypt, Arab Rep of 302 3,487 247 1,570 55 1,91847 El Salvador 8 182 6 17 2 16548 Thailand 51 1,461 23 226 27 1,23549 Philippines 132 1,529 73 367 59 1,16250 Angola51 Papua New Guinea 25 138 20 25 11852 Morocco 163 1,704 36 602 127 1,10353 Nicaragua 44 398 17 91 28 30754 Nigeria 62 1,164 36 361 26 80355 Zimbabwe 330 5 41 -5 28956 Cameroon 28 371 4 85 24 28657 Cuba58 Congo, People's Rep 35 306 6 62 29 24459 Guatemala 37 144 20 20 17 12460 Peru 148 1,469 101 1,367 47 10261 Ecuador 42 952 16 190 26 76262 Jamaica 15 408 6 243 9 16563 Ivory Coast 77 1,168 27 489 50 67964 Dominican Rep 38 151 7 77 31 75

36

Public and publicly guaranteed medium- and long-term loans(millions of dollars)

RepaymentGross inflow of principal Net inflow

1970 1981 1970 1981 1970 198165 Mongolia66 Colombia 252 1,361 78 257 174 1,10467 Tunisia 87 585 45 302 42 28368 Costa Rica 30 603 21 80 9 52369 Korea, Dem Rep70 Turkey 328 1,816 128 510 200 1,30671 SyrianArabRep 59 417 30 303 30 11372 Jordan 14 335 3 101 11 23473 Paraguay 15 162 7 40 8 122

Upper middle-income74 Korea, Rep of 440 6,087 198 1,820 242 4,26675 Iran, Islamic Rep of 940 235 70576 Iraq 63 18 4677 Malaysia 43 1,874 45 138 -1 1,73678 Panama 67 342 24 215 44 12679 Lebanon 12 99 2 40 9 5880 Algeria 292 2,781 33 2,399 259 38281 Brazil 886 8,997 255 3,619 631 5,37882 Mexico 772 13,416 476 3,782 297 9,63483 Portugal 18 1,622 63 606 -45 1,01684 Argentina 487 1,845 342 1,092 146 75385 Chile 397 1,018 163 1,175 234 -15686 South Africa87 Yugoslavia 180 1,181 168 373 12 80888 Uruguay 38 292 47 53 -9 23989 Venezuela 224 2,059 42 1,352 182 70690 Greece 164 1,837 61 612 102 1,22591 Hong Kong 39 155 -11592 Israel 410 2,482 25 1,368 385 1,11593 Singapore 58 169 6 107 52 6294 Trinidad and Tobago 8 88 10 26 -2 62


95 Libya96 Saudi Arabia97 Kuwait98 United Arab Emirates

Industrlal marketeconomies

99 Ireland100 Spain101 Italy102 New Zealand103 United Kingdom104 Japan105 Austria106 Finland107 Australia108 Canada109 Netherlands110 Belgium111 France112 United States113 Denmark114 Germany, Fed Rep115 Norway116 Sweden117 Switzerland


118 Albania119 Hungary120 Romania121 Bulgaria122 Poland123 USSR124 Czechoslovakia125 German Dem Rep

37

External public debtInestpy nsoutstanding and disbursed on external Debt service as percentage of.

Millions of As percentage public debt Exports ofdollars of GNP (millions of dollars) GNP goods and services

1970 1981 1970 1981 1970 1981 1970 1981 1970 1981

Low-income economies w wChina and IndiaOther low-income1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR4 Chad 32 201 119 509 () 2 10 29 395 Bangladesh 3,850 31 2 46 08 696 Ethiopia 169 792 95 187 6 16 12 10 114 767 Nepal 3 234 3 9 5 () 3 0 3 0 2 1 68 Burma 101 1,639 47 287 3 53 09 24 158 2219 Afghanistan 547 58 1 9 2 5

10 Mali 238 738 881 649 () 3 02 08 12 3811 Malawi 122 685 39 1 420 3 49 1 9 54 7 1 24 512 Zaire 311 3,960 176 770 9 122 12 41 4413 Uganda 138 540 105 52 4 2 06 05 26 3914 Burundi 7 154 31 161 () 2 0 3 0 515 UpperVolta 21 296 63 231 () 6 06 11 4016 Rwanda 2 172 9 136 () 2 02 02 13 1517 India 7,940 17,975 149 108 189 378 09 06 20918 Somalia 77 877 244 709 () 4 03 13 21 6119 Tanzania 248 1,476 194 283 6 34 1 2 21 49 7220 Viet Nam21 China22 Guinea 314 1255 517 804 4 22 24 5323 Haiti 40 360 103 229 () 7 10 16 58 6624 Sri Lanka 317 1,585 161 366 12 49 20 21 103 5725 Benin 41 549 16 0 55 2 () 10 0 7 2 2 2 226 Central African Rep 24 213 13 7 315 1 1 1 7 09 4 8 1 527 SierraLeone 59 346 143 310 2 10 29 45 99 24428 Madagascar 1,258 44 6 47 4 329 Niger 32 605 87 367 1 34 06 38 3830 Pakistan 3,059 8,814 30 5 29 2 76 198 1 9 1 8 9 631 Mozambique32 Sudan 319 4,807 15 8 59 3 13 31 1 7 1 0 10 7 5 033 Togo 40 860 160 99 2 1 19 09 4 7 2 934 Ghana 489 979 226 40 12 27 1 1 03 50 91

Middle-lncome economiesOil exportersOil Importers

Lower middle-income35 Kenya 313 2,228 203 344 11 116 17 45 53 17136 Senegal 98 944 116 425 2 41 08 42 2737 Mauritania 27 827 139 1221 () 18 17 80 31 15838 Yemen Arab Rep 1,094 34 3 10 1 8 4 539 Yemen, PDR 1 640 731 5 43 2440 Liberia 158 592 496 637 6 24 55 37 6441 Indonesia 2,443 15,529 271 19 0 24 973 0 9 2.4 6 9 8 242 Lesotho 8 107 7 8 15 0 () 3 0 4 14 2 943 Bolivia 479 2,422 471 319 6 179 23 37 113 27044 Honduras 90 1,223 12 8 471 3 77 0 8 4 4 2 8 12 745 Zambia 623 2,294 370 731 26 106 35 94 59 24046 Egypt 1,644 13,887 238 437 38 496 41 65 287 22647 El Salvador 88 664 8 6 19 0 4 28 0 9 1 3 3 6 3 548 Thailand 324 5,169 49 144 16 395 06 17 34 6749 Philippines 633 7,388 9 0 191 25 507 14 2 3 7 4 9 950 Angola51 Papua New Guinea 36 613 5 8 25 5 1 46 01 2 7 6 952 Morocco 711 7,879 18.0 524 23 631 1 5 82 7.7 30 153 Nicaragua 155 1,975 207 802 7 93 32 75 11054 Nigeria 480 4,652 47 65 20 495 05 12 41 4655 Zimbabwe 233 880 157 138 5 32 06 11 4456 Cameroon 131 2,034 121 287 4 115 08 28 3157 Cuba58 Congo, People's Rep 135 1,105 504 667 3 45 33 65 9259 Guatemala 106 684 57 80 6 30 14 06 74 3360 Peru 856 5,974 126 286 44 528 21 91 116 44961 Ecuador 217 3,392 132 269 7 345 1.4 43 91 17862 Jamaica 154 1,434 115 536 8 109 11 132 25 22563 Ivory Coast 256 4,497 183 544 11 413 28 109 68 22264 Dominican Rep 212 1,260 145 171 4 124 08 27 41 106

38

External public debt Interest payments Debt service as percentage of:outstanding and disbursed on external Db evc spretg f

Millions of As percentage public debt Exports ofdollars of GNP (millions of dollars) GNP goods and services

1970 1981 1970 1981 1970 1981 1970 1981 1970 1981

65 Mongolia66 Colombia 1,293 5,123 188 140 44 408 18 18 119 - 13467 Tunisia 541 3,171 382 380 18 204 45 61 175 13968 Costa Rica 134 2,246 138 926 7 111 29 78 100 15369 Korea, Dem Rep70 Turkey 1,854 13,809 144 234 42 658 13 20 163 15071 Syrian Arab Rep 232 2,337 128 152 6 108 20 27 10 8 12172 Jordan 118 1,419 387 2 81 50 36 5773 Paraguay 112 707 191 126 4 32 14 13 118 98

Upper middle-Income74 Korea, Rep of 1,797 19,964 20 8 321 70 1,777 31 58 194 13175 Iran, Islamic Rep of 2,193 208 85 30 12276 Iraq 274 88 9 09 2277 Malaysia 390 4,627 100 192 21 264 17 17 36 3178 Panama 194 2,368 190 645 7 277 30 134 77 11579 Lebanon 64 246 4 2 1 13 0 280 Algeria 937 14,392 19 3 352 10 1,481 09 9 5 3 2, 24 981 Brazil 3,236 43,821 71 160 133 4,998 09 31 125 31 982 Mexico 3,206 42,716 91 185 216 4,700 20 37 236 28283 Portugal 485 6,313 72 27 7 29 641 1 4 55 13 584 Argentina 1,878 10,506 82 8 7 121 1,058 20 1 3 21 5 18285 Chile 2,066 4,423 25 8 141 78 489 3 0 5 3 18 9 27 286 South Africa87 Yugoslavia 1,198 5,266 88 77 72 435 18 12 84 3588 Uruguay 269 1,312 111 122. 16 121 26 16 216 9589 Venezuela 728 11,352 66 169 40 1,696 07 44 29 12490 Greece 905 5,817 89 154 41 715 10 35 71 12991 Hong Kong 2 309 01 12 37 0892 Israel 2,274 13,868 413 643 13 707 07 96 27 19193 Singapore 152 1,318 79 102 6 122 06 18 06 0894 Trinidad and Tobago 101 659 122 97 6 72 19 14 44 65







a Figures in italics are for 1980, not 1981

39

Average interest Average AverageCommitments rate matunty grace period

(millions of dollars) (percent)- (years) (years)1970 1981 1970 1981 1970 1981 1970 1981

Low-income economies 3,052 t 9,482 t 28w 4 1w 30 w 31 w 8.8 w 7.1 wChina and IndiaOther low-income t t ww w w w w

1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR4 Chad 4 23 48 08 7 50 2 105 Bangladesh 937 2 1 31 86 Ethiopia 21 180 43 43 32 30 7 67 Nepal 17 110 28 14 27 41 6 108 Burma 57 257 43 38 16 25 4 79 Afghanistan 19 1 7 33 810 Mali 30 128 03 23 27 26 1 1 71 1Malawi 13 158 38 66 30 30 6 712 Zaire 247 154 68 68 12 20 3 513 Uganda 12 75 37 58 28 18 7 414 Burundi 1 137 29 26 5 35 2 815 Upper Volta 9 61 23 34 37 27 8 716 Rwanda 9 71 08 12 50 44 1 1 917 India 933 3,469 24 50 35 33 8 7l8 Somalia 2 216 49 4 16 4 419 Tanzania 283 294 12 22 40 33 1 1 720 Viet Nam21 China22 Guinea 158 154 26 38 15 22 6 523 Haiti 5 109 67 53 9 26 1 524 Sri Lanka 79 871 30 52 27 32 5 825 Benin 7 92 18 26 32 38 7 826 Central African Rep 7 19 20 36 36 30 8 727 Sierra Leone 24 66 35 27 27 28 6 628 Madagascar 193 29 25 529 Niger 18 218 12 71 40 17 8 530 Pakistan 935 872 28 42 32 29 12 731 Mozambique32 Sudan 118 315 19 72 16 24 7 633 Togo 3 65 46 36 17 35 4 834 Ghana 41 44 24 24 39 45 10 8

8tiddle-Income economies 10,504 t 84,198 t 61 w 12 5w 16 w 12 w 4 w 4 wOil exporters 4,014 t 35,224 t 61w 12 9w 15wz 11 w 4 w 4 wOil Importers 6,490 t 48,974 6.1 w 12.2 w 17 w 13 w 4 w 4 w

Lowier middle-income

35 Kenya 41 375 30 95 36 22 8 536 Senegal 8 341 44 60 28 22 8 637 Mauritania 7 250 65 27 1 1 20 3 538 Yemen Arab Rep, 9 220 52 22 5 20 3 439 Yemen, PDR 62 86 23 21 29 11 740 Liberia 12 46 53 5.5 19 21 5 541 Indonesia 518 4,916 27 89 34 15 9 442 Lesotho 10 51 08 25 50 2 1 143 Bolivia 10 223 39 12 0 25 10 7 244 Honduras 23 249 41 107 30 19 7 445 Zambia 555 403 42 86 23 18 6 446 Egypt 246 2,381 56 75 14 13 3 347 El Salvador 12 128 47 37 23 24 6 748 Thailand 106 1,641 68 102 19 17 4 549 Philippines 158 2,104 74 11 1 1 1 16 2 550 Angola51 Papua New Guinea 58 147 60 13 8 24 18 8 752 Morocco 182 2,546 46 84 20 10 4 453 Nicaragua 23 504 7.1 61 18 10 4 354 Nigeria 79 4,256 58 137 17 10 5 455 Zimbabwe 1,079 11 3 12 356 Cameroon 41 341 47 64 29 21 8 557 Cuba58 Congo, People's Rep 43 516 30 11 5 17 7 6 259 Guatemala 50 182 52 65 26 24 6 760 Peru 125 1,890 74 12 6 13 12 4 361 Ecuador 78 846 61 12 6 20 13 4 462 Jamaica 24 478 60 9 7 16 15 3 563 Ivory Coast 69 1,397 59 13 4 19 14 5 464 Dominican Rep 20 171 25 60 28 24 5 5

40

Average interest Average AverageCommitments rate maturity grace period

(millions of dollars) (percent) (years) (years)1970 1981 1970 1981 1970 1981 1970 1981

65 Mongolia66 Colombia 362 1,732 59 120 21 13 5 467 Tunisia 141 628 34 83 27 15 6 468 Costa Rica 58 620 56 142 28 6 6 269 Korea, Dem Rep70 Turkey 487 2,011 36 79 19 15 5 471 Syrian Arab Rep 14 142 4 4 4 4 8 17 2 572 Jordan 33 11 3 9 3 1 12 16 5 573 Paraguay 14 346 56 99 25 16 6 4

Upper middle-income t t w w w w w w

74 Korea, Rep of 677 5,153 60 122 19 14 5 475 Iran, Islamic Rep of 1,342 62 12 376 Iraq 28 3 3 11 277 Malaysia 83 1,877 61 14 9 19 12 5 578 Panama 111 327 6 9 14 4 15 13 4 479 Lebanon 7 13 27 11 1 21 13 1 480 Algeria 288 2,600 65 98 10 13 2 481 Brazil 1,362 12,538 71 14 6 14 10 3 382 Mexico 826 13,164 80 15 1 12 8 3 483 Portugal 59 1,407 4 3 14 8 17 9 4 484 Argentina 488 3,638 74 122 12 14 3 585 Chile 343 1,214 69 150 12 11 3 486 South Africa87 Yugoslavia 198 1,834 71 131 17 11 6 488 Uruguay 72 383 79 121 12 16 3 489 Venezuela 198 2,000 82 183 8 7 2 290 Greece 242 1,855 72 133 9 11 4 491 Hong Kong 2 81 12 492 Israel 439 2,778 73 13 6 13 19 5 593 Singapore 69 192 68 11 5 17 9 4 394 Trinidad and Tobago 3 10 75 88 10 8 1 ()







41

GIECD and OPEC membesAmount

1960 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

OECD Millions of US dollars

101 Italy 77 60 147 182 198 376 273 683 666102 New Zealand 14 66 53 55 68 72 68103 United Kingdom 407 472 500 904 1,114 1,465 2,157 1,852 2,193104 Japan 105 244 458 1,148 1,424 2,215 2,685 3,353 3,171105 Austria 10 11 79 108 154 131 178 314

106 Finland 2 7 48 49 55 90 110 135107 Australia 59 119 212 552 400 588 629 667 649108 Canada 75 96 337 880 991 1,060 1,056 1,075 1,189109 Netherlands 35 70 196 608 908 1,074 1,472 1,630 1,510110 Belgium 101 102 120 378 371 536 643 595 575111 France 823 752 971 2,093 2,267 2,705 3,449 4,162 4,177112 United States 2,702 4,023 3,153 4,161 4,682 5,663 4,684 7,138 5,783113 Denmark 5 13 59 205 258 388 461 481 403114 Germany, Fed Rep 223 456 599 1,689 1,717 2,347 3,393 3,567 3,181115 Norway 5 11 37 184 295 355 429 486 467116 Sweden 7 38 117 566 779 783 988 962 916117 Switzerland 4 12 30 104 119 173 213 253 237

Total 4.628 6 480 6,968 13,847 15,733 19,992 22,821 27,264 25,634

OECD As percentage of donor GNP

101 Italy 22 10 16 11 10 14 08 17 19102 New Zealand 23 52 39 34 33 33 29103 United Kingdom 56 .47 41 39 45 46 52 35 44104 Japan 24 27 23 23 .21 23 27 32 28105 Austria 11 07 21 22 27 19 23 48106 Finland 02 06 18 16 16 22 22 28107 Australia 37 53 59 65 42 55 53 48 41108 Canada 19 19 .41 54 50 52 48 .43 43109 Netherlands 31 36 61 75 86 82 98 103 1 08110 Belgium 88 60 46 59 46 55 .57 50 59111 France 1 35 76 66 62 60 57 60 64 73112 United States 53 58 32 27 .25 27 20 27 20113 Denmark 09 13 38 58 60 75 77 74 73114 Germany, Fed Rep 31 40 32 40 33 37 45 44 47115 Norway 11 16 32 66 83 90 93 85 82

116 Sweden 05 19 38 82 99 90 97 79 83117 Switzerland 04 09 15 19 19 20 21 24 24

OECD National currencies

101 Italy (billions of lire) 48 37 92 119 175 319 227 585 757102 New Zealand (millions of dollars) 0 0 13 63 52 52 69 75 82103 United Kingdom (millions of pounds) 145 168 209 447 584 720 970 777 1,149104 Japan (billions of yen) 38 88 164 341 382 466 588 760 699105 Austria (millions of schillings) 0 11 11 80 115 176 153 208 376106 Finland (millions of markkaa) 0 6 29 177 197 226 351 410 583107 Australia (millions ot dollars) 66 133 236 694 457 676 695 788 732108 Canada (millions of dollars) 73 103 352 895 1,054 1,209 1,237 1,257 1,425109 Netherlands (millions of guilders) 132 252 709 1,538 2,229 2,324 2,953 3,241 3,768110 Belgium (millions francs) 5,036 5,063 5,958 13,902 13,298 16,880 18,852 17,400 21,350111 France (millions of francs) 4,036 3,686 5,368 8,971 11,139 12,207 14,667 17,589 22,700112 United States (millions of dollars) 2,702 4,023 3,153 4,161 4,682 5,663 4,684 7,138 5,783113 Denmark (millions of kroner) 34 90 442 1,178 1,549 2,140 2,425 2,711 2,871114 Germany, Fed Rep (millions

of deutsche marks) 930 1,821 2,184 4,155 3,987 4,714 6,219 6,484 7,189115 Norway (millions of kroner) 36 79 264 962 1,570 1,861 2,172 2,400 2,680116 Sweden (millions of kronor) 36 196 607 2,350 3,491 3,638 4,236 4,069 4,638117 Switzerland (millions of francs) 17 52 129 268 286 309 354 424 466

OECD Summary

ODA (billions of US dollars, nominal prices) 463 6 48 6 97 13 85 15 73 19 99 22 82 27 26 25 63ODA as percentage of GNP 0 51 0 49 0.34 0 36 0 33 0 35 0 35 0 38 0 35ODA (billions of US dollars,

constant l978prices) 1361 1662 1515 1798 1808 1999 2075 2272 2136GNP (trillions of US dollars, nominal prices) 0 90 1 30 2 00 3 90 4 70 5 70 6 50 7 20 7 30ODA deflator 0 34 0 39 0 46 0 77 0 87 1 00 1 10 1 20 1 20

42

Amount1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

OPEC Millions of US dollars

54 Nigeria 14 83 64 38 30 42 14975 Iran, Islamic Rep of 593 753 221 278 25 7 15076 Iraq 215 231 61 173 847 829 14380 Algeria 41 54 47 44 272 65 6589 Venezuela 31 108 56 115 109 125 6795 Libya 259 94 113 146 105 282 10596 Saudi Arabia 2,756 3,033 3,138 5,507 4,674 5,944 5,79897 Kuwait 946 532 1,309 991 477 645 68598 United Arab Emirates 1,046 1,021 1,060 891 967 906 799

Qatar 338 195 194 109 280 284 175Total OAPEC 5,601 5,160 5,922 7,861 7,622 8,955 7,770Total OPEC 6,239 6,104 6,263 8,292 7,786 9,129 7,836

OPEC As percentage of donor GNP

54 Nigeria 004 019 013 007 004 005 01775 Iran, Islamic Rep of 113 116 029 037 003 00176 Iraq 1 63 1 44 0 33 0 76 253 213 0 3780 Algeria 027 033 024 018 089 017 01689 Venezuela o11 0 34 015 0 29 022 0 21 01095 Libya 2 29 0 63 0 63 085 045 0 92 0 3796 Saudi Arabia 776 647 533 845 612 509 47797 Kuwait 7 40 364 8 20 5 64 179 2 04 19898 United Arab Emirates 1169 888, 727 627 509 338 288

Qatar 15 59 795 7 76 3 75 603 4 25 2 64Total OAPEC 568 420 4 00 4 78 356 308 299Total OPEC 292 232 203 246 188 174 146

Net bilateral flow to low-income countries

1960 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981

OECD As percentage of donor GNP

101 Italy 003 004 006 001 002 001 000 001102 New Zealand 000 014 004 002 001 001103 UnitedKingdom 022 023 015 011 011 013 014 010104 Japan 012 013 011 008 006 005 008 007105 Austria 006 005 002 001 000 002 002106 Finland 000 000 006 006 004 005 007107 Australia 000 008 009 010 007 004 006 004108 Canada 011 010 022 024 013 016 012 010109 Netherlands 019 008 024 0 24 0 33 027 024 028110 Belgium 027 056 030 031 024 023 026 024111 France 001 012 009 010 007 007 006 007112 United States 022 026 014 008 003 003 002 002113 Denmark 0 00 0 02 010 0 20 0 24 0 28 0 26 0 23114 Germany,Fed Rep 013 014 010 012 007 007 008 007115 Norway 002 004 012 025 030 030 032 026116 Sweden 001 007 012 041 044 034 040 033117 Switzerland 000 002 0 05 010 005 007 006 008

Total 018 020 013 011 007 007 007 007

a Preliminary estimates b See the technical notes c Provisional d Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries e OECD estimates

43

Table 19. Popu¶ation~ grow~th, pasft aund prco~eted, anid hypoftheftical]

Hypothetical AssumedAverage annual growth Projected size of year of Year

of population population stationary reaching of reaching(percent) (millions) population reproduction stationary

1960-70 1970-81 1980-2000 1990 2000 (millions) rate of 1 population

Lowv-Income economiesChina and IndiaOther low-income

1Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan 18 20 23 2 2 5 2040 21553 Lao PDR 18 19 26 4 6 20 2045 21554 Chad 19 20 23 6 7 21 2045 21555 Bangladesh 25 26 29 119 156 430 2035 2145

6 Ethicpia 24 20 25 39 51 171 2050 21557 Nepal 19 26 26 19 24 73 2045 2155

8 Burma 22 22 23 42 52 114 2030 21259 Afghanistan 22 25 24 20 26 82 2045 2155

10 Mali- 25 26 30 9 12 44 2045 2155

1 1Malawi 28 30 34 8 12 51 2045 215512 Zaire 20 30 32 39 54 169 2035 214013 Uganda 30 26 35 18 25 93 2040 214014 Burundi 1 6 22 30 5 7 26 2045 215515 Upper Volta 20 20 29 8 1 1 34 2040 2155

16 Rwanda 26 34 36 7 10 44 2045 214017 India 23 2.1 20 836 1,001 1,838 2020 214018 Somalia 28 28 25 5 7 23 2050 215519 Tanzania 27 34 35 26 36 119 2035 213020 VietlNam 31 28 _____25 70 88 164 2015 2105

21 China 23 1 5 10 1,101 1,198 1,435 2005 204022 Guinea 29 29 28 7 9 30 2040 215523 Haiti 16 17 20 6 7 15 2030 213024 Sri Lanka 24 17 19 18 21 32 2005 209025 Benin 26 27 35 5 7 25 2040 2135

26 Central African Rep 19 23 23 3 4 1 1 2045 215527 Sierra Leone 23 26 29 4 5 20 2040 214028 Madagascar 22 26 31 12 16 54 2040 214029 Niger 34 33 33 8 1 1 41 2045 215530 Pakistan 28 30 30 112 148 411 2035 2150

31 Mozambique 21 42 34 17 24 84 2040 215532 Sudan 21 31 30 25 34 112 2040 213533 Togo 30 25 33 4 5 15 2035 214034 Ghana 23 30 39 17 24 85 2035 2135

Middle-income economiesOil exportersOil Importers ________________________________

Lower middle-Income35 Kenya 32 40 45 26 40 157 2035 213036 Senegal 23 27 30 8 10 36 2045 215537 Mauritania 23 23 27 2 3 8 2040 215538 Yemen Arab Rep 23 30 29 9 12 39 2040 215539 Yemen, PDR 22 25 32 _ ____ 3 4 12 2040 2155

40 Liberia 32 35 35 2 3 13 2035 213041 Indonesia 21 23 20 179 216 400 2020 214042 Lesotho 20 24 29 2 2 7 2035 213043 Bolivia 24 26 24 7 9 22 2035 211044 Honduras 3.1 34 3 1 5 7 17 2030 2090

45 Zambia 26 31 36 8 12 40 2035 214546 Egypt 25 25 21 53 64 117 2020 211547 El Salvador 29 29 28 6 8 16 2020 208048 Thailand 30 25 20 58 69 109 2005 210549 Philippines 30 27 23 62 76 137 2015 2105

50 Angola 21 25 28 10 13 46 2045 215551 Papua New Guinea 22 21 20 4 5 10 2035 212552 Morocco 26 31 35 29 40 113 2030 212053 Nicaragua 26 39 29 4 5 12 2030 210554 Nigeria 25 25 35 119 169 623 2040 2140

55 Zimbabwe 34 32 44 12 18 71 2035 213056 Cameroon 18 22 28 1 1 15 43 2035 213557 Cuba 20 11 12 1 1 12 16 2000 207558 Congo, People's Rep 24 29 35 2 3 9 2030 212059 Guatemala 30 3 1 _____26 10 12 25 2025 2120

60 Peru 29 26 23 21 26 50 2020 211061 Ecuador 30 3 4 2 8 I11 14 32 2025 211562 Jamaica 1 4 1 5 21 3 3 5 2005 206563 Ivory Coast 3.8 50 31 11 15 52 2040 214064 Dominican Rep 2 9 30 2 5 7 9 16 2015 2095

44

Hypothetical AssumedAverage annual growth Projected size of year of Year

of population population stationary reaching of reaching(percent) (millions) population reproduction stationary

1960-70 1970-81 1980-2000 1990 2000 (millions) rate of 1 population

65 Mongolia 30 29 24 2 3 5 2020 211066 Colombia 30 1 9 20 32 38 62 2010 211067 Tunisia 20 23 24 8 10 20 2020 211068 Costa Rica 34 28 21 3 3 5 2005 206569 Korea, Dem Rep 29 26 23 23 28 49 2015 210570 Turkey 25 23 21 56 68 119 2015 211071 Syrian Arab Rep 32 37 40 14 19 48 2020 210572 Jordan 31 35 37 5 7 18 2025 211073 Paraguay 26 26 23 4 5 8 2020 2105

Upper middle-income74 Korea, Rep of 26 i 7 16 45 52 74 2005 209575 Iran, Islamic Rep of 30 31 32 54 72 174 2025 211576 Iraq 32 34 35 19 26 73 2030 212077 Malaysia 29 25 21 17 21 35 2010 210078 Panama 29 ____23 21 2 3 5 2010 219079 Lebanon 2 9 06 20 3 4 7 2010 209580 Algeria 2 4 3 3 3 6 27 38 ill 2030 212081 Brazil 2 8 21 21 147 177 299 2015 211082 Mexico 3 3 31 2 6 91 115 215 2015 210583 Portugal 03 08 09 1 1 12 14 2000 207084 Argentina i 4 1 6 1 0 31 34 45 2010 208085 Chile 21 1 7 15 13 15 22 2010 207086 South Africa 24 28 31 39 52 123 2025 212087 Yugoslavia 1 0 0 9 0 7 24 26 30 2005 207088 Uruguay 1 0 04 09 3 4 5 2010 207589 Venezuela 3 4 34 2 3 19 24 41 2010 209590 Greece 06 09 04 10 10 12 2000 206591 Hong Kong 2 6 2 4 1 2 6 6 8 2000 206092 Israel 3 5 2 6 1 5 5 5 8 2010 208593 Singapore 2 4 1 5 1 2 3 3 4 2000 203594 Trinidad and Tobago 2 1 1 4 1 5 1 2 2 2000 2065

High-incomeoil exporters95 Libya 39 41 3 7 4 6 19 2030 212096 Saudi Arabia 35 45 34 12 18 59 2035 212597 Kuwait 99 63 26 2 2 5 2015 208598 United Arab Emirates 9 3 16 6 2 0 1 2 3 2020 2110

Industrial marketeconomies99 Ireland 04 1 3 0 9 4 4 6 2000 2070100 Spain 1 0 1 1 0 7 41 43 53 2000 2080101 Italy 0 7 04 04 58 60 65 2000 2065102 New Zealand 1 7 1 5 1 0 4 4 5 2000 2070-103 United Kingdom 0 6 01 02 57 59 61 2000 2025104 Japan 1 0 1 1 0 6 124 131 137 2000 2030105 Austria 0 5 01 02 8 8 8 2000 2025106 Finland 04 04 04 5 5 5 2000 2020107 Australia 2 0 1 4 0 7 16 17 20 2000 2055-108 Canada 1 8 1 2 0 8 26 32 28 2000 2030109 Netherlands 1 3 0 8 0 6 15 16 17 2000 2025110 Belgium 0 6 0 2 02 10 10 10 2000 2020111 France 1 1 0 5 0 5 56 59 65 2000 2050112 United States 1 3 1 0 0 6 245 259 289 2000 2040113 Denmark 08 0 3 0 3 5 5 6 2000 2020114 Germany, Fed Rep 09 0 0 0T 62 63 63 2000 2000115 Norway 08 0 5 0 3 4 4 5 2000 2030116 Sweden 0 7 03 01 8 9 9 2000 2000

117 Switzerland 1 5 01 0 3 7 7 7 2000 2025


118 Albania 2 8 2 5 1 9 3 4 6 2005 2060119 Hungary 0 3 04 02 11 11 12 2000 2040120 Romania 0 9 09 0 7 24 25 31 2000 2085121 Bulgaria 0 8 05 04 9 10 11 2000 2080122 Poland 1 0 09 0 7 39 41 49 2000 2080123 USSR 1 2 0 9 0 8 291 312 373 2000 2090124 Czechoslovakia 0 5 0 7 05 16 17 20 2000 2085125 German Dem Rep -01 -0 2 02 17 17 18 2000 2015

a For the assumptions used in the projections, see the technical notes b Excludes countries with populations of less than one million

45

Crude Crude Percentagebirth death change in. Percentage of

rate per rate per Crude Crude Total married womenthousand thousand birth death fertility using contra-population population rate rate rate ceptives'

1960 1981, 1960 19818 1960-81a 1960-81a 1981n 1970 1981


1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan 43 40 26 19 -71 -250 5.73 Lao, PDR 44 43 23 21 -25 -88 644 Chad 45 43 29 22 -55 -245 555 Bangladesh 54 47 28 18 -122 375 63 126 Ethiopia 51 49 28 25 -42 -108 657 Nepal 44 44 26 20 01 - 25 3 64 1 48 Burma 43 39 21 13 -88 -361 559 Afghanistan 50 47 31 26 -66 -162 69 1

10 Mali 50 49 27 22 -25 -193 6511 Malawi 56 56 27 22 () -17 4 7812 Zaire 48 46 24 17 -42 -314 6213 Uganda 50 50 23 18 -01 -201 7014 Burundi 47 46 27 20 -1 2 -239 6515 Upper Volta 49 48 27 22 -1 5 -188 6516 Rwanda 53 54 27 20 -1 3 -265 8317 India 44 35 22 13 -188 -388 48 12 2318 Somalia 48 48 29 24 () -153 6519 Tanzania 47 47 22 15 08 -323 6520 Viet Nam 47 35 21 8 -239 -607 5121 China 39 21 24 8 - 46 2 - 66 7 2922 Guinea 47 49 30 28 54 -87 6523 Haiti 39 35 19 13 -105 -319 47 524 Sri Lanka 36 27 9 6 -24 4 -34 8 35 8 4125 Benin 51 49 27 17 -31 -362 6526 Central African Rep 43 43 28 22 1 5 -22 1 5527 Sierra Leone 47 49 27 27 40 1 5 6528 Madagascar 47 47 27 18 -0 1 - 32 9 6529 Niger 52 51 27 21 -08 -227 7030 Pakistan 51 46 24 16 -11 2 -349 60 631 Mozambique 6532 Sudan 47 47 25 18 02 -251 6733 Togo 51 49 23 16 -29 -301 6534 Ghana 49 49 20 13 -1 7 -342 70 2 4

Middle-income economiesOil exportersOil importers

Lower middle-Income

35 Kenya 55 55 24 13 () -455 80 136 Senegal 48 48 26 21 01 -207 6537 Mauritania 51 45 27 20 -10 4 -24 8 6338 Yemen Arab Rep 50 48 29 23 -25 -21 1 6839 Yemen, PDR 50 48 29 20 -49 -317 7040 Liberia 50 49 21 13 -25 -349 6941 Indonesia 46 35 22 13 -24 4 -41 8 44 3642 Lesotho 42 42 23 16 () -32 1 5843 Bolivia 46 42 22 16 -9 4 -29 0 6044 Honduras 51 44 19 11 -130 -42.3 66 945 Zambia 51 49 24 16 -22 -355 7046 Egypt 44 36 19 12 -17 7 -38 0 48 9 1747 El Salvador 49 40 16 8 -184 -503 56 2048 Thailand 44 30 15 8 -321 -488 39 8 5249 Philippines 47 34 15 7 -274 -501 46 2 4850 Angola 50 49 31 23 -1 5 -269 6551 Papua New Guinea 44 36 23 15 -183 -360 52 352 Morocco 52 46 23 13 -10 6 -46 4 69 1 553 Nicaragua 51 44 19 11 -126 -399 6154 Nigeria 52 50 25 17 -4.5 -34 2 6955 Zimbabwe 55 54 17 13 -1.8 -232 80 1456 Cameroon 43 43 27 17 -0.8 -372 5.857 Cuba 32 18 9 6 -433 -294 2258 Congo, People's Rep 40 43 18 10 62 -440 6059 Guatemala 48 39 18 10 -190 -440 53 7 1860 Peru 46 36 18 11 -20 2 -39 5 5161 Ecuador 47 39 17 9 -155 -448 58 662 Jamaica 39 29 9 6 -267 -326 3.863 Ivory Coast 49 45 27 18 -8 2 -34 0 6864 Dominican Rep 50 36 16 8 -289 -496 46 31

46

Crude Crude Percentagebirth death change in Percentage of

rate per rate per Crude Crude Total married womenthousand thousand birth death fertility using contra-population population rate rate rate ceptives'

1960 1981a 1960 19818 1960-81 1960-818 1981a 1970 198165 Mongolia 41 34 15 7 -163 -506 4966 Colombia 46 30 14 8 -347 -433 37 4667 Tunisia 49 34 21 9 -301 -567 51 10 2168 CostaRice 47 30 10 4 -365 -564 35 6569 Korea, Dem Rep 42 31 13 6 -262 -504 4270 Turkey 43 33 16 9 -235 -409 44 3 3871 Synan Arab Rep 47 47 18 8 1 0 -564 7472 Jordan 47 46 20 9 -19 -550 7373 Paraguay 43 35 13 7 -189 -446 48 16

Upper middle-income74 Korea, Rep of 43 24 13 7 -43 7 -48 5 30 32 5575 Iran, Islamic Rep of 46 43 17 11 -61 -367 60 3 2376 Iraq 49 47 20 12 -48 -389 70 2377 Malaysia 45 31 16 7 -31 0 -53 9 40 7 4278 Panama 41 30 10 5 -262 -464 38 5479 Lebanon 43 30 14 8 - 30 8 -43 5 4 080 Algeria 50 45 23 13 -107 -432 6881 Brazil 43 30 13 8 -28 6 -36 7 4 082 Mexico 45 31 12 7 -32 3 -43 9 5 0 3883 Portugal 24 16 11 10 -333 -91 2384 Argentina 24 20 9 9 -136 06 2885 Chile 37 25 12 7 -316 -395 3086 South Africa 39 39 15 10 0 1 -35 9 5 187 Yugoslavia 24 17 10 9 -304 -113 21 5988 Uruguay 22 20 10 10 -90 -05 2889 Venezuela 46 34 11 6 -255 -51 1 4490 Greece 19 15 7 9 -21 1 286 2391 Hong Kong 35 17 8 5 -450 -339 22 50 8092 Israel 27 24 6 7 -5 8 131 3 393 Singapore 38 17 8 5 -530 -350 1 7 45 7194 Trinidad and Tobago 38 29 7 8 -237 -151 25 44


95 Libya 49 47 19 12 -40 -385 7496 Saudi Arabia 49 45 23 13 -69 -400 7397 Kuwait 44 39 10 5 -131 -536 5998 United Arab Emirates 46 30 19 7 -34 9 -61 6 68


99 Ireland 21 21 12 9 -12 -197 33100 Spain 22 14 9 8 -344 -161 25101 Italy 18 11 10 10 -396 -10 119102 New Zealand 27 16 9 8 -383 -106 21103 United Kingdom 18 13 12 12 -27 8 -0 3 1 7104 Japan 17 13 8 6 -235 -154 1 7 56 61105 Austria 18 13 13 12 -28 6 -2 4 16106 Finland 19 13 9 t 9 -307 06 16 77107 Australia 22 16 9 7 -295 -161 19 66108 Canada 27 16 8 7 -407 -87 19109 Netherlands 21 13 8 8 -40 5 5 9 1 6 59 75110 Belgium 17 13 12 11 -254 78 1 7 76 87111 France 18 15 11 10 -168 96 19 64 79112 United States 24 16 10 9 -338 -84 18 65 68113 Denmark 17 10 10 11 -375 158 17 67114 Germany, Fed Rep 18 10 12 12 -42 3 - 2 5 1 4115 Norway 17 13 9 10 -260 106 18116 Sweden 14 11 10 11 -196 127 1 7117 Switzerland 18 12 10 9 -341 -100 15


118 Albania 43 29 10 6 -336 -412 38119 Hungary 15 13 10 14 -95 324 21 6 28120 Romania 19 18 9 10 -58 11 1 25121 Bulgaria 18 14 8 11 -223 314 21122 Poland 23 19 8 9 -164 122 22 57123 USSR 25 19 7 10 - 24 9 45 1 2 4124 Czechoslovakia 16 16 9 12 -2 5 24 5 2 4 66125 German Dem Rep 17 14 14 14 -142 -22 19

a Figures in italics are for years or periods other than those specified See the technical notes

47

Table 21L Labor ioircePercentage ofpopulation of P Average annual growthworking age Percentage of labor force In of labor force

(1 5-64 years) Agriculture Industry Services (percent)

1960 1981 1960 1980 1960 1980 1960 1980 1960-70 1970-81 1980-2000

Low-income economiesChina and IndiaOther low-income1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan 56 55 95 93 2 2 3 5 1 6 18 2 43 Lao, PDR 56 51 83 75 4 6 13 19 10 07 274 Chad 57 54 95 85 2 7 3 8 1 5 1 8 2 55 Bangladesh 53 55 87 74 3 11 10 15 21 29 30

6 Ethiopia 53 52 88 80 5 7 7 13 2 0 1 6 2 47 Nepal 57 55 95 93 2 2 3 5 1 3 2 3 2 78 Burma 59 55 67 10 23 1 1 14 229 Atghanistan 55 52 85 79 6 8 9 13 19 20 26

10 Mali 54 51 94 73 3 12 3 16 21 20 30

1 1Malawi 52 50 92 86 3 5 5 9 2 4 2 5 3 212 Zaire 53 52 83 75 9 13 8 12 14 23 3113 Uganda 54 52 89 83 4 6 7 11 26 21 3614 Burundi 55 53 90 84 3 5 7 11 12 15 2815 UpperVolta 54 52 92 82 5 13 3 5 16 15 28

16 Rwanda 53 52 95 91 1 2 4 7 22 32 3417 India 54 57 74 69 11 13 15 18 1 7 19 2218 Somalia 54 54 88 82 4 8 8 10 21 30 2019 Tanzania 54 51 89 83 4 6 7 11 21 27 3420 VietNam 54 81 71 5 10 14 19 29 27

21 China 56 60 69 19 1 2 17 18 1622 Guinea 55 53 88 82 6 11 6 7 25 22 2623 Haiti 55 53 80 74 6 7 14 19 06 13 2124 Sri Lanka 54 60 56 54 14 14 30 32 2 1 20 2 225 Benin 53 51 54 46 9 16 37 38 2 1 2 1 2926 Central African Rep 58 55 94 88 2 4 4 8 14 17 2127 SierraLeone 55 53 78 65 12 19 10 16 15 19 2828 Madagascar 55 53 93 90 2 3 5 7 1 7 21 3 029 Niger 53 51 95 91 1 3 4 6 3 0 31 3 430 Pakistan 52 51 61 57 18 20 21 23 19 27 3331 Mozambique 56 53 81 66 8 18 11 16 18 33 3132 Sudan 53 53 86 72 6 10 8 18 2 0 2 7 3 133 Togo 53 51 80 67 8 15 12 18 25 1 7 3134 Ghana 53 51 64 53 14 20 22 27 16 23 39

Middle-lncome economiesOil exportersOil Importers

Lower middle-income

35 Kenya 50 47 86 78 5 10 9 12 27 32 4236 Senegal 54 52 84 76 5 10 11 14 17 20 2637 Mauritania 53 51 91 85 3 5 6 10 1 9 2 0 2 538 YemenArabRep 54 52 83 75 7 11 10 14 16 18 3439 Yemen, PDR 52 52 70 45 15 15 15 40 1 7 18 3 6

40 Liberia 52 51 80 70 10 14 10 16 24 31 3541 Indonesia 56 57 75 55 8 15 17 30 17 25 2042 Lesotho 57 55 93 87 2 4 5 9 1 6 1 9 2 843 Bolivia 55 53 61 50 18 24 21 26 17 23 2944 Honduras 52 50 70 63 11 15 19 23 25 31 3545 Zambia 53 50 79 67 7 11 14 22 21 23 3246 EgYPt 55 57 58 50 12 30 30 20 22 25 2447 El Salvador 52 52 62 50 17 22 21 27 26 28 3548 Thailand 53 56 84 76 4 9 12 15 21 28 2349 Philippines 52 53 61 46 15 17 24 37 21 25 29

50 Angola 55 53 69 59 12 16 19 25 16 20 2951 Papua New Guinea 57 55 89 82 4 8 7 10 17 17 1752 Morocco 53 51 62 52 14 21 24 27 15 31 4253 Nicaragua 50 50 62 39 16 14 22 47 23 38 3954 Nigeria 52 50 71 54 10 19 19 27 18 17 35

55 Zimbabwe 52 50 69 60 11 15 20 25 27 25 4556 Cameroon 57 54 87 83 5 7 8 10 13 15 2857 Cuba 61 61 39 23 22 31 39 46 08 1 7 1 958 Congo, People's Rep 56 52 52 34 17 26 31 40 1 8 2 1 3759 Guatemala 51 54 67 55 14 21 19 25 28 32 29

60 Peru 52 54 52 40 20 18 28 42 21 29 3061 Ecuador 52 52 57 52 19 17 23 31 2 9 3 3 3 562 Jamaica 54 54 39 21 25 25 36 53 04 22 3363 IvoryCoast 54 53 89 79 2 4 9 17 36 43 2964 Dominican Rep 49 53 67 49 12 18 21 33 22 36 33

48

Percentage ofpopulation of Average annual growthworking age Percentage of labor force in of labor force

(1 5-64 years) Agriculture Industry Services (percent)1960 1981 1960 1980 1960 1980 1960 1980 1960-70 1970-81 1980-2000

65 Mongolia 54 54 70 55 13 22 1 7 23 2 1 2 4 3 166 Colombia 50 60 51 26 19 21 29 53 3 0 3 3 2 567 Tunisia 52 56 56 34 18 33 26 33 0 7 3 0 3 268 Cosla Rica 50 59 51 29 19 23 30 48 3 5 3 9 2 869 Korea,Dem Rep 53 56 62 49 23 33 15 18 2 4 2 9 2 9 _70 Turkey 55 57 78 54 1 1 13 1 1 34 1 4 2 0 2 571 Syran Arab Rep 52 49 54 33 19 31 27 36 2 1 3 4 4 772 Jordan 52 51 44 20 26 20 30 60 2 8 3 1 4 373 Paraguay 51 53 56 49 19 19 25 32 2 3 2 9 3 0 __

Upper middle-income

74 Korea, Rep of 54 62 66 34 9 29 25 37 3 1 2 6 2 275 Iran, Islamic Rep ot 51 52 54 39 23 34 23 27 2 7 2 8 3 976lIraq 51 51 53 42 18 26 29 32 2 9 2 9 4 077 Malaysia 51 56 63 50 12 16 25 34 2 8 2 9 3 178 Panama 52 56 51 27 14 18 35 55 3 4 2 4 2_ _ 2679 Lebanon 53 56 38 11 23 27 39 62 21 1 0 2 880 Algeria 52 49 67 25 12 25 21 50 05 36 4 781 Brazil 54 55 52 30 15 24 33 46 2 7 1 0 3082 Mexico 51 52 55 36 20 26 25 39 28 32 3 583 Portugal 63 63 44 28 29 35 27 37 04 06 09 __

84 Argentina 64 63 20 13 32 28 44 59 1 3 1 4 1 185 Chile 57 62 31 19 20 19 50 61 1 4 20 2 286 South Atrica 55 55 32 30 30 29 .38 41 30 2 9 3 287 Yugoslavia 63 67 63 29 18 35 19 36 06 06 0788 Uruguay 64 63 21 1 1 30 32 50 57 08 02 1 1___89 Venezuela 51 55 35 18 22 27 43 55 28 40 3i190 Greece 65 64 56 37 20 28 24 35 0 0 08 0591lHong Kong 56 66 8 3 52 57 40 40 3 3 3 7 1 292 Israel 59 58 14 7 35 36 51 57 3 6 2 5 2 093 Singapore 55 66 8 2 23 39 69 59 2 8 2 7 1 3

-94 Trinidad and Tobago 53 63 22 16 34 36 44 49 2 5 2 6 2 1High-income

oil exporters95 Libya 53 51 53 19 17 28 30 53 36 37 3996 Saudi Arabia 54 52 71 61 10 14 19 25 3 3 4 4 3 597 Kuwait 63 52 1 2 34 34 65 64 70 4 5 2 898 United Arab Emirates

Industrial marketeconomies99 Ireland 58 59 36 18 25 37 39 44 0 0 1 1 1 5

lOO Spain 64 63 42 14 31 40 27 45 02 1 1 0 9101 Italy 66 65 31 11 40 45 30 44 - 01 0 6 0 4102 New Zealand 58 64 15 9 37 35 49 56 2 2 21 1 2103 Uniteo Kingdom 65 64 4 2 48 42 48 56 0 6 04 0 3104 Japan 64 68 33 12 30 39 37 49 1 9 1 3 0 8105 Austria 66 65 24 9 46 37 30 55 -0 7 0 9 0 5106 Finland 62 68 36 11 31 35 33 54 04 0 9 0 5107 Australta 61 65 11 6 40 33 49 62 2 6 1 8 1 0108 Canada 59 67 13 5 34 29 52 66 2 5 2 0 1 0

loNetherlands 61 67 11 6 42 45 47 49 1 6 1 4 0 7110 Belgium 65 66 8 3 48 41 44 56 0 3 0 7 03ili France 62 64 22 8 39 39 39 53 0 7 1 1 0 7112 United States 60 66 7 2 36 32 57 66 1 8 1 9 0 9113 Denmark 64 65 18 7 37 35 45 58 1 1 06 05114 Germany, Fed Rep 68 67 14 4 48 46 38 50 02 0 8 01115 Norway 63 63 20 7 37 37 44 57 05 0 7 0 7116 Sweden 66 64 14 5 45 34 41 61 1 0 0 3 04117 Switzerland 66 67 11 5 50 46 38 49 2 0 0 3 0 3

East Europeannonmar ket economies

118 Albania 54 58 71 61 18 25 11 14 2 3 2 8 2 4119 Hungary 66 65 38 15 35 53 27 32 0 5 03 0 1120 Romania 64 64 67 29 15 36 18 35 0 9 0 6 0 7121 Bulgaria 66 66 56 37 25 39 19 24 07 0 3 0 2122 Poland 61 66 48 31 29 39 23 30 1 7 1 4 0 8123 USSR 63 66 42 14 29 45 29 41 0 7 1 2 0 6124 Czechoslovakia 64 64 26 11 46 48 28 41 08 0 7 0 7125 German Dem Rep 65 64 18 10 48 50 34 40 -0 2 05 03

49

TaibRe 22. Urkar&alioPercentage of urban population Number of

Urban population In cities cities

As percentage Average annual of over of overof total growth rate In largest 500,000 500,000

population (percent) city persons persons

1960 1981, 1960-70 1970-81a 1960 1980 1960 1980 1960 1980

Low-income economIesChina and IndIaOther low-income1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan 2 4 4 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 03 Lao,PDR 8 14 3 7 5.2 69 48 0 0 0 04 Chad 7 19 6 7 6 5 39 0 0 0 05 Bangladesh 5 12 6 3 6 4 20 30 20 51 1 3

6 Ethiopia 6 14 6 5 5 4 30 37 0 37 0 17 Nepal 3 5 4 2 5 0 41 27 0 0 0 08 Burma 19 28 4 0 4 2 23 23 23 23 1 29 Afghanistan B 16 5 4 5 8 33 17 0 17 0 1

10 Mali 1 1 19 5 4 4 6 32 24 0 0 0 0

li1Malawi 4 10 6 6 7 0 19 0 0 0 012 Zaire 16 36 5 2 7 5 14 28 14 38 1 213 Uganda 5 9 7 8 3 4 38 52 0 52 0 114 Burundi 2 2 1 6 2 6 0 0 0 015 Upper Volta 5 1 1 5 7 6 0 41 0 0 0 0

16 Rwanda 2 4 5 4 6 4 0 0 0 0 01 7India 18 23 3 3 3 4 7 6 26 39 1 1 3618 Somalia 1 7 31 5 7 7 5 34 0 0 0 019 Tanzania 5 1 2 6 3 8 6 34 50 0 50 0 120 Viet Nam 15 19 5 3 3 3 32 21 32 50 1 4

21lChina 18 21 6 42 73 38 7822 Guinea 10 20 6 2 6 0 37 80 0 80 0 123 Haiti 16 28 4 0 4 7 42 56 0 56 0 124 SriLanka 18 27 4 3 3 6 28 16 0 16 0 125 Benin 10 15 5 4 4 1 63 0 63 0 1

26 Central African Rep 23 29 40 36 0 0 0 027 Sierra Leone 13 22 5 2 3 8 37 47 0 0 0 028 Madagascar 1 1 19 5 0 5 2 44 36 0 36 0 129 Niger 6 13 7 0 7 2 31 0 0 0 030 Pakistan 22 29 4 0 4 3 20 21 33 51 2 7

31 Mozambique 4 9 6 5 8 2 75 83 0 83 0 132 Sudan 10 26 6 7 7 1 30 31 0 31 0 133 Togo 10 21 5 9 6 6 60 0 0 0 034 Ghana 23 37 4 6 5 1 25 35 0 48 0 2

Milddle-incomeOil exportersOil Importers

Lower middle-income35 Kenya 7 15 6 4 7 3 40 57 0 57 0 136 Senegal 23 34 4 9 3 7 53 65 0 65 0 137 Mauritania 3 24 15 2 7 9 39 0 0 0 038 Yemen Arab Rep 3 1 1 8 0 8 2 25 0 0 0 039 Yemen, PDR 28 37 3 5 3 8 61 49 0 0 0 0-

40 Liberia 20 34 5 6 4 9 6 0 0 041 Indonesia 15 21 3 6 4 0 20 23 34 50 3 942 Lesotho 2 12 7 5 16 2 0 0 0 043 Bolivia 24 34 3 9 4 1 47 44 0 44 0 144 Honduras 23 36 5 4 5 5 31 33 0 0 0 0

45 Zambia 23 44 5 4 6 6 35 0 35 046 Egypt 38 44 3 6 3 2 38 39 53 53 2 247 El Salvador 38 41 3 2 3 4 26 22 0 0 0 048 Thailand 13 15 3 5 3 4 65 69 65 69 1 149 Philippines 30 37 3 8 3 7 27 30 27 34 1 2

50 Angola 10 22 5 7 5 8 44 64 0 64 0 51 Papua New Guinea 3 19 15 2 8 2 25 0 0 0 052 Morocco 29 41 4 2 4 6 16 26 16 50 1 453 Nicaragua 41 54 4 0 4 7 41 47 0 47 0 154 Nigeria 13 21 4 7 4 8 13 17 22 58 2 9

55 Zimbabwe 13 24 6 4 7 1 40 50 0 50 0 56 Cameroon 14 36 S 6 7 4 26 21 0 21 0 157 Cuba SS 66 2 9 1 9 32 38 38 32 1 158 Congo, People's Rep 30 46 5 0 4 4 77 56 0 0 0 059 Guatemala 33 39 3 8 3 9 41 36 41 36 1 160OPeru 46 65 5 0 4i1 38 39 38 44 1 261lEcuador 34 45 4 4 4 6 31 29 0 51 0 262 Jamaica 34 42 2 4 2 6 77 66 0 66 0 163 Ivory Coast 19 41 73 83 27 34 0 34 0 164 Dominican Rep 30 52 5 6 53 50 54 0 54 0 1

s0

Percentage of urban population Number ofUrban population In cities cities

As percentage Average annual of over of overof total growth rate In largest 500,000 500,000

population (percent) city persons persons1960 1981, 1960-70 1970-81o 1960 1980 1960 1980 1960 1980

65 Mongolta 36 51 5 2 4 0 53 52 0 0 0 066 Colombia 48 71 5 2 4 3 17 26 28 51 3 467 Tunisia 36 52 3 8 3 9 40 30 40 30 1 168 Costa Rica 37 44 4 2 3 6 67 64 0 64 0 169 Korea, Dem Rep 40 60 5 1 4_ 43 15 12 15 19 1 270 Tu rkey 30 48 5 1 4 4 18 24 32 42 3 471 Syrian Arab Rep 37 51 4 8 5 1 35 33 35 55 1 272 Jordan 43 57 4 5 4 7 31 37 0 37 0 173 Paraguay 36 40 2 9 3 9 44 44 0 44 0 1

Upper middle-income74 Korea, Rep of 28 56 6 4 4 6 35 41 61 77 3 775 Iran, Islamic Rep of 34 51 4 9 5 0 26 28 26 47 1 676 I raq 43 72 6 2 5 3 35 55 35 70 1 377 Malaysia 25 30 3 5 3 3 1 9 27 0 27 0 178 Panama 4 1 55 4 4 3 6 6 1 66 0 66 0 179 Lebanon 44 77 62 2 8 64 79 64 79 1 180 Algeria 30 44 3 5 56 27 12 27 12 1 18 1 Brazil 46 69 4 7 3 9 14 15 35 52 6 1482 Mexico 5 1 67 4 7 4 2 28 32 36 48 3 783 Portugal 23 3 1 1 8 24 47 44 47 44 1 184 Argeniina 74 83 20 2 0 46 45 54 60 3 585 Chile 68 8 1 3 1 2 3 38 44 38 44 1 186 South Africa 47 50 2 6 31 16 13 44 53 4 787 Yugoslavia 28 43 3 2 29 11 10 11 23 1 388 Uruguay 80 84 1 3 06 56 52 56 52 1 189 Venezuela 67 84 4 7 4 2 26 26 26 44 1 490 Greece 43 63 2 6 2 5 51 57 51 70 1 291 fHong Kong 89 90 2 6 2 5 100 100 100 100 1 192 Israel 77 89 4 3 3 1 46 35 46 35 1 193 Singapore 100 100 2 4 1 5 100 100 100 100 1 194 Trinidad and Tobago 22 21 1 8 1 3 0 0 0 0


95 Libya 23 54 80 81 57 64 0 64 0 196 Saudi Arabia 30 68 84 74 15 18 0 33 0 297 Kuwait 72 89 10 0 75 75 30 0 0 0 098 United Arab Emirates 40 73 12 7 16 6

Industrial marketeconomies99 Ireland 46 58 1 6 2 5 51 48 51 48 1 1

lOO Spain 57 75 2 6 2 2 13 17 37 44 5 6101 Italy 59 70 1 5 1 1 13 17 46 52 7 9102 New Zealand 76 85 2 4 1 9 25 30 0 30 0 1

-103 United Kingdom 86 91 09 03 24 20 61 55 15 17104 Japan 62 79 24 20 18 22 35 42 5 9105 Austria 50 55 09 0 6 51 39 51 39 1 1106 Finland 38 63 3 2 24 28 27 0 27 0 1107 Australia 81 89 25 2 0 26 24 62 68 4 5lo8 Canada 69 80 2 7 1 7 14 18 31 62 2 91o9 Netherlands 80 76 1 0 06 9 9 27 24 3 3110 Belgium 66 73 1 2 04 17 14 28 24 2 2111 France 62 78 24 1 4 25 23 34 34 4 6112 United Slates 70 77 1 8 1 5 13 12 61 77 40 65113 Denmark 74 85 1 6 08 40 32 40 32 1 1114 Germany, Fed Rep 77 85 1 4 05 20 18 48 45 11 11liS Norway 32 53 3 5 27 50 32 50 32 1 1116 Sweden 73 88 1 8 1 0 15 15 15 35 1 3117 Switzerland 51 59 2 2 1 0 19 22 19 22 1 1


118 Albania 31 37 3 8 34 27 25 0 0 0 0119 Hungary 40 55 1 7 21 45 37 45 37 1 1120 Romania 32 50 34 28 22 17 22 17 1 1121 Bulgaria 39 65 3 8 2 4 23 18 23 18 1 1122 Poland 48 57 1 8 1 7 17 15 41 47 5 8123 USSR 49 63 2 7 4 7 6 4 21 33 25 50124 Czechoslovakia 47 64 21 1 9 17 12 17 12 1 1125 German Dem Rep 72 77 0 1 02 9 9 14 17 2 3

a Figures in italics are for years or periods other than those specified

51

TJflRe 23. H1n&tJcaitlrs reated~ fcD 1JiJF e e mcy

Life expectancy Infantat birth mortality rate Child death rate(years) (aged 0-1) (aged 1-4)

1960 1981 1960 1981P 1960 19810

Low-income economiesChina and IndiaOther low-income1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan 38 45 195 148 33 223 Lao, PDR 40 43 155 126 24 184 Chad 35 43 195 146 46 325 Bangladesh 37 47 159 135 25 20

6 Ethiopia 36 39 175 145 40 317 Nepal 38 45 195 148 33 228 Burma 44 54 158 98 25 129 Afghanistan 33 37 233 205 41 35

10 Mali 37 45 195 152 46 33

11 Malawi 37 44 207 169 49 3812 Zaire 40 49 150 110 33 2113 Uganda 41 48 139 96 29 1714 Burundi 37 45 150 120 33 2415 Upper Volta 36 45 252 208 63 50

16 Rwanda 37 46 147 137 32 2917 India 43 52 165 121 26 1718 Somalia 35 39 175 145 40 3119 Tanzania 42 52 152 101 33 1920 Viet Nam 43 63 157 97 25 12

21 China 41 67 165 71 26 722 Guinea 35 37 208 163 50 3623 Haiti 44 54 182 112 47 1724 SriLanka 62 69 71 43 7 325 Benin 37 50 206 152 49 33

26 Central African Rep 35 43 195 146 46 3227 Sierra Leone 37 37 234 205 57 4928 Madagascar 37 48 109 69 21 1129 Niger 37 45 191 143 45 3130 Pakistan 43 s0 162 123 25 17

31 Mozambique 160 113 36 2232 Sudan 40 47 168 122 40 2133 Togo 42 51 182 107 42 2034 Ghana 45 55 143 101 31 19

Middle-Income economiesOil exportersOil Importers

Lower middle-income

35 Kenya 41 56 138 85 29 1536 Senegal 37 44 182 145 42 3137 Mauritania 37 44 185 141 43 3038 Yemen Arab Rep 36 43 212 190 60 5039 Yemen, PDR 36 46 209 143 59 29

40 Liberia 44 54 194 152 46 3341 Indonesia 41 54 150 105 23 1442 Lesotho 42 52 144 113 31 2243 Bolivia 43 51 167 129 40 2344 Honduras 46 59 145 86 30 9

45 Zambia 40 51 151 104 33 2046 Egypt 46 57 128 101 34 1347 El Salvador 51 63 136 42 26 248 Thailand 52 63 103 53 13 449 Philippines 53 63 106 53 14 4

50 Angola 33 42 208 152 50 3351 Papua New Guinea 41 51 165 102 26 1352 Morocco 47 57 161 104 37 1553 Nicaragua 47 57 144 88 30 1054 Nigeria 39 49 183 133 42 28

55 Zimbabwe 49 55 118 72 23 11

56 Cameroon 37 50 162 106 36 2057 Cuba 63 73 66 19 8 2

58 Congo, People's Rep 48 60 171 127 39 2659 Guatemala 48 60 92 66 10 5

60OPeru 47 58 163 85 38 961 Ecuador 51 62 140 80 28 862 Jamaica 64 71 52 16 363 Ivory Coast 37 46 173 125 39 2564 Dominican Rep 51 62 119 66 20 5

52

Life expectancy Infantat birth mortality rate Child death rate(years) (aged 0-1) (aged 1-4)

1960 1981 1960 1981, 1960 1981165 Mongolia 52 64 109 53 14 466 Colombia 53 63 93 55 11 467 Tunisia 48 61 159 88 36 968 Costa Rica 62 73 83 27 8 169 Korea, Dem Rep 54 66 78 33 9 270 Turkey 51 62 190 119 50 2071 Syrian Arab Rep 50 65 132 60 25 472 Jordan 47 62 136 67 26 573 Paraguay 56 66 86 46 9 2

Upper middle-Income74 Korea, Rep of 54 66 78 33 9 275 Iran, Islamic Rep of 50 58 163 105 26 1476 1raq 46 57 139 76 28 777 Malaysia 53 65 72 30 7 278 Panama 62 7 1 68 2 1 5 179 Lebanon 58 66 68 40 5 280 Algeria 47 56 165 114 39 188 1 Brazil 55 64 118 75 19 782 Mexico 57 66 9 1 54 10 483 Portugal 63 72 78 26 8 184 Argentina 65 7 1 6 1 44 4 285 Chile 57 68 114 42 18 286 South Africa 53 62 135 94 28 1787 Yugoslavia 63 71 88 31 10 288 Uruguay 68 71 50 39 3 ______2

89 Venezuela 57 68 85 40 9 290 Greece 69 74 40 18 3 191 Hong Kong 67 75 42 13 3 192 Israel 69 73 32 14 2 193 Singapore 64 72 36 12 2 (94 Trinidad and Tobago 64 72 54 26 4 1

High-incomeoil exporters95 Libya 47 57 158 97 36 1296 Saudi Arabia 43 55 185 ill 48 1797 Kuwait 60 70 89 33 10 198 United Arab Emirates 47 63 135 52 26 3


99 Ireland 70 73 29 11 2 C100 Spain 68 74 44 10 3 (101 Italy 69 74 44 14 3 1102 New Zealand 72 74 -23 12 1 (103 United Kingdom 71 74 23 12 1 C104 Japan 68 77 30 7 2 (105 Austria 69 73 38 13 3 1106 Finland 68 75 21 8 1 (107 Australia 71 74 20 10 1I(108 Canada 71 75 27 10 1 (109 Netherlands 73 76 18 8 i (110 Belgium 70 73 31 12 2 1Ill France 70 76 27 10 2 (112 United States 70 74 26 12 1 ()113 Denmark 72 75 22 8 1 (114 Germany, Fed Rep 70 73 34 13 2 1115 Norway 73 76 19 18 1 (116 Sweden 73 77 17 7 1 (117 Switzerland 71 76 21 9 1 (


118 Albania 62 70 83 9119 Hungary 68 71 48 21 4 1120 Romania 65 71 76 29 8 2121 Bulgaria 69 73 45 20 3 1122 Poland 67 73 56 21 3 1123 USSR 68 72 33 2 -

124 Czechoslovakia 70 72 24 17 1 1-125 German Dem Rep 69 73 39 12 3 1

a Figures in italics are for years other than that specified

53

T abRe 24. Heusalth-eRtd indic asom

Daily per capitaPopulation per: calorie supply

As percentagePhysician, Nursing person, Total of requirement

1960 1980 1960 1980 1980 1980

Low-Income economiesChina and IndiaOther low-income1 Kampuchea, Dem 35,440 4,010 2,053 882 Bhutan 903 Lao, PDR 54,140 68,040 4,980 3,040 1,829 974 Chad 72,190 47,530 5,780 3,850 1,768 745 Bangladesh 10,940 24,450 1,960 846 Ethiopia 100,470 58,490 14,920 18,070 1,735 767 Nepal 73,800 30,060 33,420 1,977 868 Burma 15,560 4,860 8,540 4,950 2,272 1089 Afghanistan 28,700 16,730 19,590 25,990 1,775 73

10 Mali 67,050 22,130 4,900 2,380 1,871 8511 Malawi 35,250 47,490 12,940 3,830 2,099 9412 Zaire 79,620 14,780 3,510 1,920 2,180 9413 Uganda 14,060 25,410 9,430 3,960 1,845 7914 Burundi 96,570 45,020 4,530 6,180 2,112 9615 Upper Volta 81,650 48,510 4,090 4,950 1,791 9516 Rwanda 143,290 31,510 11,620 9,840 2,364 8817 India 4,850 3,640 10,980 5,380 1,880 8718 Somalia 36,570 17,970 4,810 2,930 2,455 7919 Tanzania 18,220 17,560 11,890 2,390 2,051 8320 Viet Nam 4,190 2,930 1,977 9021 China 8,330 1,920 4,020 1,890 2,558 10622 Guinea 26,900 16,630 3,260 2,490 2,071 7723 Haiti 9,230 8,200 4,020 2,490 1,620 9624 Sri Lanka 4,490 7,170 4,170 1,340 2,238 10225 Benin 23,030 17,050 2,700 1,670 2,292 10326 Central African Rep 49,610 27,050 3,280 1,760 2,198 9427 Sierra Leone 19,580 16,220 2,830 1,890 1,808 10128 Madagascar 8,900 10,170 3,110 3,660 2,466 10929 Niger 82,170 38,790 8,460 4,650 2,327 9230 Pakistan 5,400 3,480 38,110 5,820 2,184 10631 Mozambique 20,390 39,110 4,720 5,600 2,170 7032 Sudan 33,420 8,800 3,030 1,410 2,447 10133 Togo 47,060 18,100 5,340 1,430 2,101 9534 Ghana 21,600 7,630 5,430 780 1,995 87

Middle-income economiesoil extportersoil Importers

Lower middle-Income

35 Kenya 10,690 10,500 2,270 550 2,078 8836 Senegal 24,540 13,940 2,840 1,400 2,406 10037 Mauritania 40,420 13,670 5,400 1,980 1,848 10238 Yemen Arab Rep 130,090 13,320 4,980 2,712 7639 Yemen, POR 13,290 7,390 850 2,122 8440 Liberia 12,600 9,280 1,410 1,810 2,225 12341 Indonesia 46,780 11,530 4,510 2,300 2,315 11042 Lesotho 23,490 18,640 6,540 14,900 2,444 10743 Bolivia 3,830 1,850 3,070 2,084 8744 Honduras 12,620 3,120 700 2,171 9645 Zambia 9,540 7,820 9,920 1,770 2,094 9146 Egypt 2,550 970 1,930 1,500 2,972 11747 El Salvador 5,260 3,040 870 2,031 9948 Thailand 7,950 7,180 4,860 2,420 2,308 10449 Philippines 6,940 7,970 1,440 6,000 2,275 11650 Angola 14,910 6,650 2,232 8351 Papua New Guinea 14,390 13,590 2,450 960 2,164 9052 Morocco 9,410 19,340 8,270 2,628 11053 Nicaragua 2,690 2,140 1,250 550 2,070 10254 Nigeria 73,710 12,550 4,040 3,010 2,595 9155 Zimbabwe 4,790 7,230 1,000 1,310 1,990 7856 Cameroon 48,110 13,670 3,280 1,910 2,439 10557 Cuba 1,060 700 950 360 2,723 12258 Congo, People's Rep 16,100 5,510 1,300 790 2,277 9459 Guatemala 4,420 8,600 9,040 1,620 2,045 9360 Peru 1,910 1,390 2,210 970 2,057 9961 Ecuador 2,670 1,620 2,360 2,181 8862 Jamaica 2,590 2,830 420 630 2,624 11963 Ivory Coast 29,190 21,040 2,920 1,590 2,746 11264 Dominican Rep 8,220 1,980 105

54

Daily per capitaPopulation per: calorie supply

Physician, ~~~~~~~~~~~~As percentagePhysician ~~~~~Nursing person, Total of requirement

1960 1980 1960 1980 1980 198065 Mongolia 1,070 450 300 240 2,681 ill66 Colombia 2,640 1,970 4,220 1,250 2,605 10567 Tunisia 10,030 3,690 890 2,789 11668 Costa Rica 2,700 1,470 710 1,860 2,766 11669 Korea, Oem Rep 440 3,073 12670 Turkey 2,800 1,630 16,310 1,130 2,965 12271 Syrian Arab Rep 4,630 2,310 10,840 1,440 2,909 11772 Jordan 5,800 1,890 1,930 1,310 2,355 9673 Paraguay 1,810 1,800 1,380 1,160 2,912 126

Upper middie-income74 Korea, Rep of 3,540 1,690 3,250 380 2,957 12875 Iran, Islamic Rep of 4,060 6,090 8,090 2,520 2,018 8176 I raq 5,270 1,790 3,030 2,140 2,677 ill77 Malaysia 7,020 7,640 1,790 870 2,625 12178 Panama 2,730 1,130 3,460 420 2,163 10379 Lebanon 1,210 530 2,080 720 2,476 10080 Algeria 5,530 2,650 740 2,433 1018 1 Brazil 2,600 1,700 2,810 820 2,447 10982 Mexico 1,830 1,260 3,650 1,420 2,791 121_83 Portugal 1,250 550 1,420 660 3,159 12684 Argentina 740 530 750 3,494 12585 Chile 1,780 1,920 640 450 2,790 11486 South Africa 2,180 480 2,778 11887 Yugoslavia 1,620 680 630 280 3,565 140-88 Uruguay 960 540 800 190 2,896 11089 Venezuela 1,510 950 2,840 370 2,525 11290 Greece 800 420 800 600 3,685 14791 Hong Kong 3,060 1,220 2,880 790 2,898 12892 Israel 400 370 360 130 3,020 11893 Singapore 2,360 1,150 650 320 3,158 134-94 Trinidad and Tobago 2,370 1,490 760 410 2,744 113

High-Incomeoil exporters95 Libya 6,580 730 1320 400 3,459 14796 Saudi Arabia 16,370 1,640 5,850 1,150 2,895 12097 Kuwait 1210 590 270 18098 United Arab Emirates 900 340

Industrial marketeconomies 99 Ireland 950 760 190 120 3,718 148100 Spain 850 460 1,290 330 3,361 135101 Italy 640 340 1,330 330 3,662 150102 New Zealand 850 670 130 3,685 126103 United Kingdom 1,020 650 210 140 3,306 132104 Japan 930 780 310 240 2,912 124105 Austria 550 400 440 230 3,579 135106 Finland 1,570 530 170 100 3,196 118107 Australia 750 560 120 3,159 117108 Canada 910 550 290 90 3,369 127109 Netherlands 900 540 130 3,514 131110 Belgium 780 400 450 120 3,916 160111 France 930 610 530 170 3,391 134112 United Slates 750 520 340 400 3,658 139113 Denmark 810 480 220 210 3,566 133114 Germany, Fed Rep 670 450 370 170 3,561 133115 Norway 900 520 330 90 3,315 124116 Sweden 1,050 490 100 60 3,202 119117 Switzerland 740 410 350 160 3,551 133


118 Albania 3,620 960 530 320 2,664 110119 Hungary 720 400 330 150 3,535 134120 Romania 790 680 420 270 3,337 126121 Bulgaria 710 410 550 190 3,646 146122 Poland 1,070 570 460 240 3,521 13412_3 USSR 560 280 340 210 3,372 132124 Czechoslovakia 620 360 230 130 3,477 141125 German Dem Rep 1,180 520 3,780 144

a Figures in italics are for years other than those specified See the technical notes

55

Taibke 25. EdcaitfialM

Number Numberenrolled in enrolled insecondary higher education Adult

Number enrolled in pnmary school school as as percentage literacyas percentage of age group percentage of of population rate

Total Male Female age group aged 20-24 (percent)

1960 1980 1960 1980 1960 1980 1960 1980 1960 1979 1960 1980

Low-income economiesChina and IndiaOther low-income1IKampuchea, Oem 64 82 46 3 ()312Bhutan 3 1 1 15 7 3 1 (3Lao, PDR 25 96 34 104 16 88 1 17 ) () 28 414Chad 17 35 29 51 4 19 3 () 6 155Bangladesh 47 62 66 76 26 47 8 15 1 3 22 26

6Ethiopia 7 43 1 1 56 3 30 1 1 () I - 157Nepal 10 91 19 126 1 53 6 21 1 3 9 198Burma 56 84 61 87 52 81 10 20 1 4 60 709 Afghanistan 9 30 15 49 2 10 1 10 () 2 8 12lO Mali 10 27 14 35 6 20 1 9 1 2 10

1 1Malawi 59 70 49 1 4 ( 2512 Zaire 60 90 88 104 32 75 3 23 () 1 31 5813 Uganda 49 50 65 58 32 42 3 5 () 1 25 4814 Burundi 18 28 27 34 9 22 1 3 () 1 14 25iS Upper Volta 8 19 12 24 5 14 1 3 () 2 516 Rwanda 49 70 68 74 30 67 2 2 () 16 5017 India 61 76 80 90 40 61 20 28 3 9 28 36l8 Somalia 9 41 13 53 5 29 1 6 () 1 2 6019 Tanzania 25 104 33 110 18 98 2 4 () 10 7920 Viet Nam 116 124 109 48 3 - 8721 China 109 110 119 100 21 37 1 6922 Guinea 30 33 44 44 16 22 2 16 5 7 2023 Haiti 46 64 50 69 42 59 4 12 () 1 15 2324 Sri Lanka 95 100 100 103 90 97 27 51 1 3 31 8525 Benin 27 62 38 84 15 39 2 16 1 5 25

26 Central African Rep 32 70 53 92 12 49 1 10 1 7 3927 Sierra Leone 23 39 30 45 15 30 2 12 () 1 7 1528 Madagascar 52 100 58 45 4 12 () 3 5029 Niger 5 23 7 29 3 17 6 ()1 530 Pakistan 30 57 46 81 13 30 11 15 1 2 15 2431 Mozambique 48 93 60 107 36 79 2 6 () 8 2832 Sudan 25 51 35 60 14 43 3 16 () 2 13 3233 Togo 44 116 63 144 24 89 2 33 2 10 1834 Ghana 38 69 52 77 25 60 5 36 () 1 27

M1iddle-income economiesOil exportersOil Importers

Lotwer middle-income

35 Kenya 47 108 64 114 30 101 2 18 () 1 20 5036 Senegal 27 44 36 53 17 35 3 10 1 3 6 1037 Mauritania 8 33 13 43 3 23 10 () 5 1738 Yemen Arab Rep. 8 47 14 82 12 5 1 3 2139 Yemen,PDR 13 72 20 93 5 51 5 28 2 40

40 Liberia 31 66 45 82 18 50 2 20 2 9 2541 Indonesia 71 112 86 119 58 104 6 28 1 39 6242 Lesotho 83 104 63 84 102 123 3 17 () 2 5243 Bolivia 64 84 78 90 50 78 12 36 4 39 6344 Honduras 67 89 68 92 67 85 8 21 1 8 45 60

45 Zambia 42 95 51 101 34 89 2 17 2 29 4446 Egypt 66 76 80 89 52 63 16 52 5 15 26 4447 ElSalvador 80 74 82 74 77 74 13 23 1 8 49 6248 Thailand 83 96 88 85 79 80 13 29 2 13 68 8649 Philippines 95 110 98 111 93 108 26 63 13 25 72 75

50OAngola 21 28 13 2() )51 Papua New Guinea 32 62 59 70 7 54 1 12 29 3252 Morocco 47 82 67 95 27 58 5 26 1 4 14 2853 Nicaragua 66 100 65 97 66 103 7 43 1 9 9054 Nigeria 36 98 46 94 27 70 4 16 () 2 15 30

55 Zimbabwe 96 115 107 118 86 113 6 13 ( () 39 4456 Cameroon 65 104 87 113 43 94 2 18 1 1957 Cuba 109 112 109 116 109 109 14 71 3 20 9558 Congo, People's Rep 78 156 103 163 53 148 4 69 1 5 1659 Guatemala 45 69 50 74 39 63 7 16 2 9 32

60 Peru 83 112 95 116 71 108 15 56 4 16 61 8061 Ecuador 83 107 87 109 79 105 12 40 3 35 68 8162 Jamaica 92 99 92 98 93 100 45 57 2 82 9063 Ivory Coast 46 76 68 92 24 60 2 17 () 2 5 3564 Dominican Rep 98 106 99 105 98 107 7 32 1 10 65 67

56

Number Numberenrolled in enrolled insecondary higher education Adult

Number enrolled in primary school school as as percentage literacyas percentage of age group percentage of of population rate

Total Male Female age group aged 20-24 (percent)1960 1980 1960 1980 1960 1980 1960 1980 1960 1979 1960 1980

65 Mongolia 79 105 79 107 78 102 51 89 8 9 9566 Colombia 77 128 77 127 77 130 12 46 2 1 1 63 8167 Tunisia 66 103 88 118 43 88 12 27 1 5 16 6268 Costa Rica 96 108 97 109 95 106 21 48 5 26 9069 Korea, Dem Rep 116 118 11470 Turkey 75 101 90 110 58 93 14 37 3 6 38 6071 Syrian Arab Rep 65 100 89 112 39 87 16 46 4 15 30 5872 Jordan 77 102 94 106 59 99 25 74 1 27 32 7073 Paraguay 98 102 105 106 90 98 1 1 26 2 7 75 84

Upper middle-Incomne74 Korea, Rep of 94 107 99 108 89 105 27 85 5 14 71 9375 Iran, Islamic Rep of 41 101 56 121 27 80 12 44 1 5 16 5076 I raq 65 116 94 122 36 110 1 9 57 2 9 1 877 Malaysia 96 92 108 94 83 9 1 1 9 53 1 3 53 6078 Panama 96 113 98 115 94 111 29 65 5 23 73 8279 Lebanon 102 118 105 99 19 58 6 3580 Algeria 46 95 55 108 37 8 1 8 33 () 5 10 358 1 Brazil 95 93 97 93 93 93 11 32 2 12 6 1 7682 Mexico 80 120 82 123 77 116 11 37 3 15 65 8183 Portugal 118 120 116 55 4 11 63 7884 Argentina 98 116 98 116 99 116 23 56 11 23 9 1 9385 Chile 109 117 I11 118 107 116 24 55 4 12 8486 South Africa 89 94 85 15 3 5787 Yugoslavia ill 99 113 100 108 98 58 83 9 23 77 8588 Uruguay 111 105 111 107 111 104 37 60 8 16 9489 Venezuela 100 104 100 104 100 104 21 39 4 21 63 8290 Greece 102 103 104 104 101 103 37 81 4 17 8091 Hong Kong 87 109 93 111 79 107 20 62 4 10 70 9092 Israel 98 96 99 95 97 97 48 71 10 26 8493 Singapore 111 107 121 108 101 105 32 55 6 8 8394 Trinidad and Tobago 88 94 89 93 87 95 24 56 1 93 95

High-income oil exporters95 Libya 59 123 92 128 24 119 9 67 1 6 2296 Saudi Arabia 12 64 22 77 2 51 2 30 () 7 3 1697 Kuwait 117 96 131 98 102 93 37 75 12 47 6098 United Arab Emirates 116 117 115 52 () 3 56

Industrial marketeconomies99 Ireland 110 102 107 101 112 102 35 93 9 19 97 98100 Spain 110 109 106 109 116 110 23 87 4 22 87101 Italy 111 102 112 102 109 101 34 73 7 27 91 98102 New Zealand 108 105 110 105 106 104 73 81 13 25 99103 United Kingdom 92 104 92 104 92 105 66 82 9 20 99104 Japan 103 101 103 101 102 101 74 91 10 30 98 99105 Austria 105 98 106 99 104 98 50 74 8 23 99 99106 Finland 97 83 199 83 95 83 74 90 7 21 99 100107 Australia 103 110 103 110 103 110 51 86 13 26 100108 Canada 107 100 108 100 105 100 46 89 16 36 99109 Netherlands 105 101 105 100 104 102 58 94 13 30 99110 Belgium 109 101 ill 101 108 101 69 89 9 24 99111 France 144 112 98 112 143 111 46 85 10 25 99112 United States 118 98 86 97 32 55 98 99113 Denmark 103 98 103 97 103 98 65 87 10 29 99114 Germany, Fed Rep 133 132 134 53 6 26 99115 Norway 100 100 100 99 100 100 57 94 7 25 99116 Sweden 96 97 95 97 96 97 55 86 9 37 99117 Switzerland 118 86 118 86 118 87 26 55 7 17 99


118 Albania 94 108 102 111 86 105 20 63 5 6119 Hungary 101 97 103 97 100 97 23 40 7 13 97 99120 Romania 98 101 101 101 95 101 24 75 5 1 1 89 98121 Bulgaria 93 97 94 97 92 96 55 86 11 17 91122 Poland 109 100 110 100 107 99 50 77 9 18 95 98123 USSR 100 106 100 97 100 97 49 101 11 21 99 100124 Czechoslovakia 93 91 93 91 93 92 25 44 11 16 95125 German Dem Rep 112 96 111 95 113 97 39 88 16 30

a Figures in italics are for years other than those specified See the technical notes

57

Tal 26. Defins andH social expndiure

Defense expenditureas percentage of Central government expenditure

Central government per capita (1975 dollars)GNP expenditure Defense Education Health

1972a 19808 1972a 1980b 1972a 1980b 19728 1980 b 19728 1980b

Low-income economies 36w 27w 19 5 w 19 2 w 5 w 5 w 3 w 1 w 1 w 1 zvChina and IndiaOther low-income 36w 25w 195w 189w 5w 7w 3w 3w 1 w 1 w

1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR4 Chad 45 24 6 3 15 Bangladesh 05 51 () 1 ()6 Ethiopia 20 143 2 2 17 Nepal 06 09 71 66 1 1 1 2 () 16 Burma 63 35 316 242 7 5 3 2 1 19 Afghanistan

lO Mali 29 174 3 5 1

ll Malawi 06 37 32 128 1 5 4 4 1 212 Zaire13 Uganda 51 04 232 137 16 1 10 2 4 ()14 Burundi 20 103 2 6 115 Upper Volta 13 25 115 169 1 4 3 4 1 116 Rwanda 30 16 256 124 4 2 3 3 1 117 India 28 194 4 () ()18 Somalia 62 233 7 2 219 Tanzania 23 90 11 9 245 4 16 5 8 2 420 Viet Nam21 China 4 6 159 10 1022 Guinea23 Haiti24 SriLanka 13 41 4 12 625 Benin26 Central African Rep27 Sierra Leone 09 32 2 6 228 Madagascar 08 36 2 5 229 Niger 10 38 2 8 230 Pakistan 66 50 399 306 10 10 () 1 (.) ()31 Mozambique32 Sudan 35 26 23 0 132 8 7 3 5 2 133 Togo 25 70 7 13 634 Ghana 16 05 80 38 8 2 20 11 6 3

Middle-income economies 31 w 3.0 w 13 9 w 14 2 7w 26 w 28 w 20 w 27 w 8 w 10 wOll exporters 3 0 w 21 w 17.5 zt 10 8 w 33 w 23 w 25 w 32 w 8 w 9 wOil Importers 31 w 34w 12 5 w 16 8 zv 23 w 32 w 17 w 22 w 9 w 11 w

Lowermiddle-Income 32w 38w 12.7 w 156w 15w 18w 15w 16w 4 w 5w

35 Kenya 13 44 60 164 3 11 11 13 4 536 Senegal37 Mauritania 126 294 36 13 338 Yemen Arab Rep 106 332 21 8 339 Yemen, PDR40 Liberia 17 58 6 13 641 Indonesia 34 13 5 10 6 242 Lesotho43 Bolivia 15 20 161 166 7 10 13 19 4 544 Honduras 19 24 124 114 7 9 13 15 6 7

45 Zambia 33 17 13 946 Egypt 30 74 14 19 647 El Salvador 08 1 6 66 86 4 7 11 15 6 748 Thailand 35 38 195 206 11 17 11 16 249 Philippines 15 18 101 14 6 5 7 7 7 1 2

50 Angola51 Papua New Guinea 1 6 4 5 7 27 1452 Morocco 28 61 123 179 13 36 21 35 5 753 Nicaragua 19 34 123 110 12 16 16 17 4 2154 Nigeria 52 40 2 20 2 255 Zimbabwe56 Cameroon 15 91 7 9 457 Cuba58 Congo, People's Rep59 Guatemala 11 13 11 0 99 3 8 5 11 2 960 Peru 25 25 148 125 23 23 35 20 10 861 Ecuador 20 1 9 169 125 11 14 20 37 3 862 Jamaica63 Ivory Coast 13 39 8 33 864 Dominican Rep 15 19 U5 103 11 15 18 20 15 13

58

Defense expenditureas percentage of Central government expenditure

Central government per capita (1975 dollars)GNP expenditure Defense Education Health

1972 1 9 8 0 b 19720 1980b 19720 1 9 8 0b 1972a 19 8 0 b 19720 1980b

65 Mongolia66 Colombia67 Tunisia 1 1 39 48 120 7 36 46 50 11 2168 CostaRica 05 07 26 26 5 7 48 71 6 1569 Korea, Dem Rep70 Turkey 34 38 154 153 27 36 32 34 6 971 Syrian Arab Rep 10 9 17 3 37 2 47 7 64 144 19 15 2 372 Jordan 131 25 5 74 28 1273 Paraguay 18 10 138 117 9 9 8 10 2 3

Upper middle-income 3 1 w 26w 14 3 zv 13 6 w 36 w 42 w 25 up 42 w 15w 17w

74 Korea, Rep of 4 9 6 6 25 8 34 3 22 49 14 25 1 275 Iran, Islamic Rep of 7 4 24 1 150 104 78 45 77 16 2376 Iraq77 Malaysia 5 1 4 0 18 5 16 6 33 38 42 50 12 1578 Panama 60 5879 Lebanon80 Algeria81 Brazil 1 4 0 7 8 3 4 3 13 10 11 15 10 2082 Mexico 06 04 49 23 8 7 27 55 8 783 Portugal84 Argentina 10 23 90 118 18 36 19 27 7 585 Chile 24 6,1 4 9 586 South Africa87 Yugoslavia 41 45 205 486 54 81 6688 Uruguay 14 26 56 116 16 41 28 31 5 1789 Venezuela 21 12 97 59 41 28 73 95 27 4190 Greece 78 146 90 54 4491 Hong Kong92 Israel 176 312 398 398 620 1103 141 261 55 9893 Singapore 60 55 353 249 126 192 56 112 28 5394 Trinidad and Tobago 08 2 5 23 107 58


95 Libya96 Saudi Arabia97 Kuwait 27 29 84 122 314 366 559 276 206 15498 United Arab Emirates 62 24 5 47 5 1119 296 200

Industrial marketeconomies 50w 36 w 213 w 12 2 w 281 w 254 w 77 w 11 w 141 w 240w

99 Ireland100 Spain 13 13 65 52. 34 41 43 64 5 7101 Italy 20 16 63 34 70 66 178 164 150 246102 New Zealand 1 7 1 9 5 8 51 70 83 203 237 180 248103 United Kingdom 55 46 167 145 217 246 34 45 158 217104 Japan105 Austria 1 0 1 2 30 31 47 71 160 229 156 302106 Finland 15 17 61 56 80 107 203 280 140 199107 Australia 28 23 145 94 188 170 55 152 108 182108 Canada 18 77 136 68 118109 Netherlands 31 55 208 495 447110 Belgium 26 28 66 54 157 206 364 551 34 63111 France 28 73 208 258 431112 United States 63 49 322 21 2 453 392 45 49 120 193113 Denmark 23 70 169 377 231114 Germany, Fed Rep 30 27 124 96 200 225 24 22 281 463115 Norway 34 94 201 206 255116 Sweden 36 32 122 75 283 288 335 460 81 87117 Switzerland 20 20 151 102 184 189 51 62 122 215


118 Albania119 Hungary120 Romania 2 0 6 2 3 7121 Bulgaria122 Poland123 USSR124 Czechoslovakia125 German Dem Rep

a Figures in italics are for 1973, not 1972 b Figures in italics are for 1979, not 1980

59

Taibe 270 lnicme disbibuaion

Percentage share of household income, by percentile groups of households8

Lowest Second Third Fourth Highest HighestYear 20 percent quintile quintile quintile 20 percent 10 percent


1 Kampuchea, Dem2 Bhutan3 Lao, PDR4 Chad5 Bangladesh 1973-74 69 113 161 235 422 274

6 Ethiopia7 Nepal 1976-77 4 6 80 117 165 592 4658 Burma9 Afghanistan

10 Mali11 Malawi 1967-68 104 111 131 148 506 40112 Zaire13 Uganda14 Burundi15 Upper Volta16 Rwanda17 India 1975-76 70 92 139 205 494 33618 Somalia19 Tanzania 1969 58 102 139 197 504 35620 Viet Nam21 China22 Guinea23 Haiti24 SriLanka 1969-70 75 117 157 217 434 28225 Benin26 Central African Rep27 Sierra Leone 1967-69 56 95 12 8 196 52 5 37 828 Madagascar29 Niger30 Pakistan31 Mozambique32 Sudan 1967-78 40 89 166 207 498 34633 Togo34 Ghana


Lower middle-income

35 Kenya 1974 26 65 115 192 604 45836 Senegal37 Mauritania38 Yemen Arab Rep39 Yemen, PDR40 Liberia41 Indonesia 1976 6 6 78 12 6 23 6 494 34 042 Lesotho43 Bolivia44 Honduras45 Zambia46 Egypt47 El Salvador48 Thailand 1975-76 56 96 139 21,1 498 34 149 Philippines 1970-71 52 90 12 8 19 0 54 0 38 5

50 Angola51 Papua New Guinea52 Morocco53 Nicaragua54 Nigeria55 Zimbabwe56 Cameroon57 Cuba58 Congo, People's Rep59 Guatemala60 Peru 1972 19 51 110 210 610 42961 Ecuador62 Jamaica63 Ivory Coast64 Dominican Rep

60

Percentage share of household income, by percentile groups of households,

Lowest Second Third Fourth Highest HighestYear 20 percent quintile quintile quintile 20 percent 10 percent

65 Mongolia66 Colombia67 Tunisia68 CostaRica 1971 33 87 133 199 548 39569 Korea, Dem Rep70 Turkey 1973 35 80 125 195 565 40771 Syrian Arab Rep72 Jordan73 Paraguay

Upper middle-income74 Korea Rep of 1976 5 7 112 154 224 453 27 575 Iran, Islamic Rep ot76 Iraq77 Malaysia 1973 3 5 7 7 12 4 20 3 56 1 39 878 Panama 1970 2 0 5 2 11 0 20 0 61 8 44 2

79 Lebanon80 Algeria81 Brazil 1972 20 50 94 170 666 50682 Mexico 1977 2 9 70 12 0 20 4 57 7 40 683 Portugal84 Argentina 1970 44 97 141 215 503 35285 Chile 1968 44 90 138 214 514 34886 South Atrica87 Yugoslavia 1978 66 121 187 239 387 22988 Uruguay89 Venezuela 1970 30 73 129 228 340 35790 Greece91 Hong Kong 1980 54 108 152 216 470 31392 Israel93 Singapore94 Trinidad and Tobago 1975-76 4 2 9 1 139 228 500 31 8

Hligh-incomeoil exporters95 Libya96 Saudi Arabia97 Kuwait98 United Arab Emirates


99 Ireland100 Spain 1974 60 118 169 23 1 422 267101 Italy 1977 62 113 159 227 439 28 1102 New Zealand103 United Kingdom 1979 7 3 12 4 17 7 234 39 2 23 8

104 Japan 1969 7 9 131 16 8' 212 41 0 27 2105 Austria106 Finland 1977 68 128 18 7 249 368 212107 Australia 1966-67 6 6 13 5 17 8 23 4 38 8 23 7108 Canada 1977 38 107 179 256 420 269

109 Netheriands 1977 8 1 13 7 17 9 23 3 37 0 22 1110 Belgium111 France 1975 53 11 1 160 21 8 458 305112 UnitedStates 1972 45 107 173 247 428 266113 Denmark 1976 7 4 12 6 18 3 24 2 37 5 22 4

114 Germany, Fed Rep 1974 69 110 154 219 448 288115 Norway 1970 63 129 188 247 373 222116 Sweden 1979 72 128 174 254 372 212117 Switzerland



a These estimates should be treated with caution See the technical notes

61

This edition of the World Development Indicators The GNP per capita figures were calculated ac-provides economic indicators for periods of years cording to the World Bank Atlas method, underand social indicators for selected years in a form which the conversion of GNP proceeds in the fol-suitable for comparing economies and groups of lowing manner. The first step is to convert theeconomies. Although the statistics and measures GNP series in constant market prices and nationalhave been carefully selected to provide a compre- currency units to one measured in constant av-hensive picture of development, readers are urged erage 1979-81 prices. This is done by multiplyingto exercise care in interpreting them. This is par- the original constant price series by the weighted-ticularly true of comparing indicators across average domestic GNP deflator for the base periodeconomies, because statistical methods, coverage, (that is, by the ratio of total GNP in current pricespractices, and definitions differ widely. The sta- to total GNP in constant prices for the 1979-81tistical systems in many developing economies still period). The second step is to convert the seriesare weak, and this affects the availability and re- measured in constant average 1979-81 prices inliability of the data, the more so for countries that national currency to one in US dollars by dividingare not members of the World Bank. that series by the weighted-average exchange rate

All growth rates shown are in real terms and, for the base period. The weighted-average ex-unless otherwise noted, have been computed by change rate is the ratio of the sum of GNP inusing the least-squares method. The least-squares current prices to the sum of the GNP divided bygrowth rate, r, is calculated by regressing the an- the annual average exchange rate in national cur-nual values of the variable in the relevant period rency per US dollar for 1979, 1980, and 1981. Theusing the logarithmic form: Log X, = a + bt + e, third step is to convert the series measured inwhere X, is the variable, t is time, e, is the error constant average 1979-81 US dollars to one meas-term, and b is the slope coefficient. Then r is equal ured in current US dollars by multiplying that se-to [antilog b] - 1, the least-squares estimate of ries by the implicit US GNP deflator for 1979-81.the growth rate. This procedure was followed for most economies.

The GNP per capita figures were obtamned by di-viding GNP at market pnces in US dollars by thepopulation in mid-1981. The use of the three-year

Table 1. Basic indicators base period is intended to smooth the impact offluctuations in prices and exchange rates. Because

The estimates of population for mid-1981 are pri- the base period is changed every year, the permarily based on data from the UN Population Di- capita estimates presented in the various editionsvision. In many cases the data take into account of the World Development Indicators are not com-the results of recent population censuses. The data parable.on area are from the FAO Production Yearbook 1980. Because of problems associated with the avail-

Gross national product (GNP) measures the total ability of data and the determination of exchangedomestic and foreign output claimed by residents. rates, information on GNP per capita is shownIt comprises gross domestic product (see the note only for East European nonmarket economies thatfor Table 2) and factor incomes (such as invest- are members of the World Bank. The World Bankment income and workers' remittances) accruing has a research project under way to estimate GNPto residents from abroad, less the income earned per capita for nonmarket economies that are notin the domestic economy accruing to persons members. But until a broadly acceptable methodabroad. It is calculated without making deductions is prepared, figures will not be shown for the GNPfor depreciation. per capita of such economies.

62

For Romania the GNP per capita figure has been gross domestic product (GDP) deflator, which iscderived, following the World Bank Atlas method, calculated by dividing, for each year of the period,by using adjusted official Romanian national ac- the value of GDP in current market prices by thecounts data and converting them into US dollars value of GDP in constant market prices, both inat the effective exchange rate for foreign trade national currency This measure of inflation hastransactions in convertible currencies. For Hun- limitations, especially for the oil-producing coun-gary the GNP per capita figure has been derived tries in the light of sharp increases in oil prices.by applying the Atlas method to official GNP es- It is used as an indicator of inflation because it istimates with the official commercial exchange rate. the most broadly based deflator, showing annualSeveral factors may influence the level and com-parability of these estimates with those of othercountries. The World Bank is also aware of otherestimates that have been made for Hungary. these Gross domestic product per capita c'omputed convention-

estimats havebeen deived b using ethods ally and computed by using the ICP method, selected coun-

that attempt to account for taxes, subsidies, wage tre,17ai-id price distortions, and other possible distor- ~~~~~~~Inidex of GDP' per capitaand price distortions, and other possiuse distor- ~~~~~~(United States = 100)

tions introduced through the exchange rate; they Ititternatioinal

cover a range of different results. USdlas dollars cani- GDP per capita atThe use of official exchange rates to convert na- coniverted at purchasing.pouwr- panty exchantge rate

official exchange parity exchange as percentage of thattional currency figures to US dollars does not ac- Coantry rate rate' at affictal rate

curately measure the relative purchasing power of Africacurrencies. In particular, differences between de- Kenya 3 4 6 6 195veloping and industrial economies in their real Malawi 1 9 4 9 255income, measured by their GNP per capita in UfS Zambia 6 9 10 3 149dollars, are likely to be exaggerated. The reason Asia

is that exchange rates are based on prices of in- India 2 0 6 6 322ternationally traded goods and services and may Iran, Islamic Rep of 22 1 37 7 1 71bear little relation to the prices of goods and serv- Japan 62 3 68 4 1 10ices that do not enter international trade but that Korea, Rep of 8 1 20 7 254

Malaysia 10 9 21 5 198make up the bulk of the national product of most Pakistan 2 6 8 2 312developing economies. Philippines 5 2 13 2 251

The inadequacy of the exchange rate has been Sri Lanka 2 6 9 3 365demonstrated by the UN International Compari- Synan Arab Rep 10 0 25 0 250soni Project, which has developed reliable meas- Taad50 1 6

ures of real GNP on an internationally comparable Europescale (see Irving Kravis and others, A System of Austna 69 8 69.6 100International Corn arisons of Grs Product and Pur- Belgium 87 8 77 7 88p rosDenmark 104 5 82 4 79chasing Power [Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univer- France 89 6 81 9 91sity Press, 1975]; Kravis and others, International Germany, Fed Rep 94 7 83 0 88Comparisons of Real Product and Purchasing Power Hungary 29 6 49 6 168[1978]; and Kravis and others, World Product and Ireland 37 2 42 5 114Inco)me: International Comparisons of Real GDP [19821). Italy 47.9 53 8 112

Luxembourg 90 2 82 0 91This project has already covered 34 countries and Netherlands 84 5 75 2 89will ultimately cover about 75. The World Bank, Poland 36 0 50 1 139the United Nations, and several other interna- Romania 24 3 33 3 137tiorial and regional agencies are engaged in data Spain 41 0 55 9 136gathering and research on appropriate ways of United Kingdom 57 6 63 9 illextending purchasing power comparisons to all Yugoslavia 23 2 36 1 156the countries of the world. Until such coverage is Latin Americacomiprehensive, however, exchange rates remain and Caribbeant

Brazil 16 0 25 2 158the only available means of converting GNP from Colombia 7 9 22 4 283national currencies to US dollars for purposes of Jamaica 19 6 24 0 123comparison. Mexico 20 4 34 7 170

The table on this page gives examples of the Uruguay 18 2 39 6 217differences between gross domestic product per a An international dollar has the same purchasing power over totalcapita as conventionally computed and as com- GDP as a US dollar

Source Kravis and others, "World Product and Income Internationalputed using the ICP method. Companions of Real Gross Product (Baltimore Johns Hopkins Uni-The average annual inflation rate is the implicit versity Press, 1982)

63

price movements for all goods and services pro- Life expectancy at birth indicates the number ofduced in an economy. years newborn children would live if subject to

The adult literacy rate is the percentage of persons the mortality risks prevailing for the cross-sectionaged 15 and over who can read and write. These of populahon at the time of their birth. Data arerates are based primarily on information from the from the UN Population Division, supplementedUN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organi- by World Bank estimateszation (UNESCO), supplemented by World Bank The table on this page shows basic indicatorsdata. Because such data are normally gathered in for 34 countries that have a population of less thanlarge-scale demographic surveys and censuses, they a million and are members of the United Nations,often are not available for the most recent year. the World Bank, or both. For most of these coun-For some countries the estimates are for years other tries, comprehensive data are not available.than, but generally not more than two years dis- The weighted averages in Table 1 are weightedtant from, those specified. Thus the series are not by population.comparable for all countries.

Basic indicators for UN/World Bank members with a population of less than 1 million

GNP per capita

Area Average Azwerae annual Adult Life ex-(thousands antiial rate o' nflation' literacy pectancy

Populationl of square growlth (prce?ll) rate at birth(iniztions) kilo- Dollars (percenti (prcellt) (years)

UNlWorld Bank nmember Mlid-1981 meters) 1981 1960- 80b 1960-70 1970-811 1981A 1981d

Equatonal Guinea 0 3 28 180 3 7 . . 48

Guinea-Bissau 0 8 36 190 . 7 2 28 37Maldives 0 2 ( ) 4 1 0 14 0 82 47

Comoros 0 4 2 320 0 7 3 4 118 48

Cape Verde 0 3 4 340 112 61

Vanuatu 0 1 15 350 0 4Gambia, The 0 6 11 370 2 5 2 2 10.7 15 42

Sao Tome and Pnncipe 0 1 1 370 0 0 8 8Djibouti 0 4 22 480 . 12 6 10 45

St. Vincent and the Grenadtnes 0 1 () 630 0 3 4 0 14 0

Western Samoa 0 2 3 68

Solomon Islands 0 2 28 640 1 3 3.0 6 8

Guyana 0 8 215 720 18 2 4 9 9 70

Dominica 01 1 750 -10 3 8 16 9Swaziland 0 6 17 760 5 5 2 2 11 5 65 54

Grenada 0 1 () 850 1 7 3 4 14 1 . 69

St Lucia 01 1 970 3 4 3 6 115

Botswana 0 9 600 1,010 7.9 2 4 11 6 35 57

Belhze 01 23 1,080 3 0 3 4 8.7

Mauntius 0 9 2 1,270 21 2 2 15.0 85 65

Antigua and Barbuda 01 () I,550 -0 2 31 11 7

Seychelles 0.1 ( ) 1,800 2 9 .. 66

Fiji 06 18 2,000 33 25 125 75 72

Sunname 04 163 3,030 51 27 91 65 69

Barbados 03 () 3,500 49 23 13 9 99 71

Malta 04 () 3,600 81 15 46 . 72

Bahamas 0 2 14 3,620 -02 3.4 69 93 69

Cyprus 06 9 3,740 63 13 59 89 73

Gabon 0.7 268 3,810 49 54 19 5 48

Oman 09 300 5,920 8 3 24 27 2 49

Bahrain 0 4 1 8,960 67

Iceland 0 2 103 12,860 3 3 12 2 36 8 77

Luxembourg 0.4 3 15,910 41 ' 7 6 9 100 74

Qatar 02 11 27,720 26 2 6 58

a See the technical notes b Because data for the early 1960s are not available, figures in italics are for periods other than that specifiedc Figures in italics are for 1970-80, not 1970-81 d Figures in italics are for years other than that specified See the technical notes

64

Tables 2 and 3. Growth and structure of fense and security is regarded as consumption ex-production penditure.

Private consumption is the market value of all goodsMost of the definitions used are those of the UN and services purchased or received as income inSystem of National Accounlts, kind by households and nonprofit institutions. It

Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the total includes imputed rent for owner-occupied dwell-final output of goods and services produced by an ingseconomy-that is, by residents and nonresidents, Gross domestic tnvestment consists of the outlaysregardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign for additions to the fixed assets of the economy,claims. It is calculated without making deductions plus changes in the net value of inventories.for depreciation. For most countries, GDP by in- Gross domestic saving shows the amount of grossdustrial origin is measured at factor cost, but for domestic investment financed from domestic out-some countries without complete national ac- put. Comprising public and private saving, it iscounts series at factor cost, market price series gross domestic investment plus the net exports ofwere used. GDP at factor cost is equal to GDP at goods and nonfactor services.market prices, less indirect taxes net of subsidies. Exports of goods and nonfactor services represent theThe figures for GDP are dollar values converted value of all goods and nonfactor services sold tofrom domestic currency by using the average an- the rest of the world, they include merchandise,nual exchange rate for the year in question that freight, insurance, travel, and other nonfactoris, they were not calculated by using the World services The value of factor services, such as in-Bank Atlas method described in the note for Table vestment income and workers' remittances from1 Because of these differences in concept and in abroad, is excluded.method of conversion, the figures in these tables The resource balance is the difference betweenare not comparable with the GNP-based numbers exports and imports of goods and nonfactor serv-in Table 1. The GDP figures nevertheless show the ices.relative size of different economies. National accounts series in domestic currency

As in Table 1, data are shown only for East units were used to compute the indicators in theseEuropean nonmarket economies that are members tables The growth rates in Table 4 were calculatedof the World Bank. from constant price series; the shares of GDP in

The agricultural sector comprises agriculture, for- Table 5, from current pnce seriesestry, hunting, and fishing The industrial sector The summary measures in Table 5 are weightedcompnses mming, manufacturing, construction, and by GDP in current dollars for the years in question.electricity, water, and gas. All other branches ofeconomic activity are categorized as services.

National accounts series in domestic currencyunits were used to compute the indicators in these Table 6. Agriculture and foodtables The growth rates in Table 2 were calculated

fromcontantprie seies theshaes o GD in The figures for value added In agriculture are fromthe World Bank's national accounts series in na-

Table 3, from current price series. tional currencies, converted to 1975 dollarsThe average growth rates for the summary For cereal iiports and food aid, food is measured

measures in Table 2 are weighted by country GDP o grain equivalents and defoed as comprisimg allin 1970 dollars. The average sectoral shares in Table igrain uiaentsad defndas comprisnal

cereals under the Revised Standard International3 are weighted by GDP in current dollars for the Trade Classification (SITC) Groups 041-046.

years in question. Fertilizer consumption is measured in relation to

arable land, defined as comprising arable land andland under permanent crops, including land under

Tables 4 and 5. Growth of consumption and temporary crops (double-cropped areas are countedinvestment; Structure of demand once), temporary meadows for mowing or pas-

tures, land under market or kitchen gardens, andGDP is defined in the note for Table 2 land temporarily fallow or lying idle.

IPublic consumption (or general government con- The figures on food and fertilizer are from thesumption) includes all current expenditure for Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). frompurchases of goods and services by all levels of computer tapes for Production Yearbook 1981, Tradegovernment Capital expenditure on national de- Yearbook 1981, and Fertilizer Yearbook 1981; and from

65

Food Aid Bulletin, October 1980 and January 1983. those of energy consumption per capita, by popula-In some instances data are for 1974 because they tion in 1974.provide the earliest available information. Energy Imports refer to the dollar value of energy

The index of food production per capita shows the imports-SITC (Revised) Section 3-and are ex-average annual quantity of food produced per cap- pressed as a percentage of earnings from mer-

ita in 1979-81 in relation to that in 1969-71. The chandise exports. The summary measures are

estimates were derived from those of the FAO, weighted by merchandise exports in current dol-which are calculated by dividing indices of the lars.quantity of food production by indices of total Because data on energy imports do not permit

populaton. For this index, food is defined as com- a distinction between petroleum imports for fuelprising cereals, starchy roots, sugar cane, sugar and for use in the petrochemicals industry, these

beet, pulses, edible oils, nuts, fruits, vegetables, percentages may be overestimates of the depend-

livestock, and livestock products. Quantities of food ence on imported energy.production are measured net of animal feed, seedsfor use in agriculture, and food lost in processsing

and distribution. Table 9. Growth of merchandise trade

The statistics on merchandise trade are from UN

Table 7. Industry pubhcations and the UN trade data system, sup-plemented by statistics from the UN Conference

The percentage distribution of value added among on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the In-

manufacturing industries was calculated from data ternational Monetary Fund (IMF), and in a fewobtained from the UN Industrial Development Or- cases World Bank country documentation.ganization (UNIDO), with the base values ex- Merchandise exports and imports cover, with some

pressed in 1975 dollars. exceptions, all international changes in ownershipThe classification of manufacturing industries is of goods passing across customs borders. Exports

in accord with the UN International Standard In- are valued f.o.b. (free on board), imports c.i.f.

dustrial Classification of All Economic Activities (cost, insurance, and freight), unless otherwise(ISIC). Food and agriculture comprise ISIC Major specified in the foregoing sources. These values

Groups 311, 313, and 314; textiles and clothing 321- are in dollars at prevailing exchange rates. Note

24; machinery and transport equipment 382-84; and that they do not include trade in services and arechemicals 351 and 352. Other manufacturing com- thus different from the trade figures in Part I of

prises ISIC Major Division 3, less all of the above. this year's World Development Report.The figures for value added in manufacturing are The growth rates of merchandise exports and imports

from the World Bank's national accounts series in are in real terms and are calculated from quantumnational currencies, converted to 1975 dollars. (volume) indices of exports and imports. For most

developing economies these indices are from theUNCTAD Handbook of International Trade and De-

Table 8. Commercial energy velopment Statistics and supplementary data thatshow revisions. For industrial economies the in-

The data on energy generally are from UN sources. dices are from the UN Yearbook of International Trade

They refer to commercial forms of primary energy: Statistics and UN Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. The

petroleum and natural gas liquids, natural gas, summary measures are median values. Note againsolid fuels (coal, lignite, and so on), and primary that these values do not include trade in services

electricity (nuclear, geothermal, and hydroelectric and are thus different from the trade figures in

power)-all converted into coal equivalents. The Part I of this year's World Development Report.

use of firewood and other traditional fuels, though The terms of trade, or the net barter terms of

substantial in some developing countries, is not trade, are calculated as the ratio of a country's

taken into account because reliable and compre- index of export unit values to that of import unit

hensive data are not available. values. The terms-of-trade index numbers shown

The summary measures of growth rates of en- for 1978 and 1981, with 1975 = 100, thus indicateergy production are weighted by volumes of pro- changes in export prices in relation to import prices.

duction in 1974; those of growth rates of energy Note in this year's edition that data are given for

consumption, by volumes of consumption in 1974; 1978 rather than 1960. The unit value indices are

66

from the same sources cited above for the growth tistics on the value of trade in current dollars fromrates of exports and imports. the UN and the IMF. Unallocated exports are dis-

tributed among the economy groups in proportionto their respective shares of allocable trade. Indus-

Tables 10 and 11. Structure of merchandise trial market economies also include Gibraltar, Ice-trade land, and Luxembourg; high-income oil exporters also

include Qatar. The summary measures are weightedThe shares in these tables are denved from trade by merchandise exports in current dollars.values in current dollars reported in UN trade tapesand the UN Yearbook of International Trade Statistics,supplemented by other regular statistical publi- Table 13. Origin and destination ofcations of the UN and the IMF. manufactured exports

Merchandise exports and tmports are defined in thenote for Table 9. The data in this table are from the United Nations

In the categorization of exports in Table 10, fuels, and are among those used to compute special Tableminerals, and metals are the commodities in SITC B in the UN Yearbook of International Trade Statistics.(Revised) Section 3, Divisions 27 and 28, and the Manufactured goods are the commodities in SITCnonferrous metals of Division 68. Other primary (Revised) Sections 5 through 9 (chemicals and re-commodities comprise SITC Sections 0, 1, 2, and 4 lated products, manufactured articles, and ma-(food and live animals, beverages and tobacco, chinery and transport equipment) excluding Di-inedible crude matenals, oils, fats, and waxes) less vision 68 (nonferrous metals).Divisions 27 and 28 (minerals, crude fertilizers, The economy groups are the same as those inand metalliferous ores). Textiles and clothing rep- Table 12 The summary measures are weighted byresent SITC Divisions 65 and 84 (textiles, yarns, manufactured exports in current dollars.fabrics, and clothing). Machinery and transport equip-ment are the commodities in SITC Section 7. Othermanufactures, calculated as the residual from the Table 14. Balance of payments and reservestotal value of manufactured exports, represent SITCSections 5 to 9 less Section 7 and Divisions 65, 68, The current account balance is the difference betweenand 84. (i) exports of goods and services plus inflows of

In the categorization of imports in Table 11, food unrequited official and private transfers and (ii)commodities are those in SITC (Revised) Sections imports of goods and services plus unrequited0, 1, and 4 and in Division 22 (food and live an- transfers to the rest of the world. The current ac-imals, beverages and tobacco, oils, and fats). Fuels count estimates are from IMF data files.are the commodities in SITC Section 3 (mineral Net direct private investment is the net amountfuels, lubricants, and related materials). Other prz- invested or reinvested by nonresidents in enter-mary commodities compnse SITC Section 2 (crude prises in which they or other nonresidents exercisematenals excluding fuels), less Division 22 (oil- significant managerial control. Including equityseeds and nuts) plus Division 68 (nonferrous mel- capital, reinvested earnings, and other capital, theseals). Machinery and transport equipment are the com- net figures also take into account the value of di-modities in SITC Section 7. Other manufactures, rect investment abroad by residents of the re-calculated as the residual from the total value of porting country. IMF data files were used in com-manufactured imports, represent SITC Sections 5 piling these estimates.to 9 less Section 7 and Division 68. Workers' remittances cover remittances of income

The summary measures in Table 10 are weighted by migrants who are employed or expected to beby merchandise exports in current dollars; those employed for more than a year in their new econ-in Table 11, by merchandise imports in current omy, where they are considered residents.dollars. Gross international reserves comprise holdings of

gold, special drawing rights (SDRs), the reserveposition of IMF members in the Fund, and hold-

Table 12. Origin and destination of merchandise ings of foreign exchange under the control of mon-exports etary authorities. The gold component of these

reserves is valued throughout at year-end LondonMerchandise exports are defined in the note for Table prices: that is, $37.37 an ounce in 1970 and $397.509. All trade shares in this table are based on sta- an ounce in 1981. The data on holdings of inter-

67

national reserves are from IMF data files. The re- in foreign currencies, goods, or services; they in-serve levels for 1970 and 1981 refer to the end of clude commitment charges on undisbursed debtthe year indicated and are in current dollars at if information on those charges was available.prevailing exchange rates. The reserve holdings at Debt service is the sum of interest payments andthe end of 1981 are also expressed in the number repayments of principal on external public andof months of imports of goods and services they publicly guaranteed debt. The ratio of debt servicecould pay for, with imports at the average level to exports of goods and services is one of severalfor 1980 or 1981. The summary measures are rules of thumb commonly used to assess the abilityweighted by imports of goods and services in cur- to service debt. The average ratios of debt servicerent dollars. to GNP for the economy groups are weighted by

GNP in current dollars. The average ratios of debtservice to exports of goods and services are

Table 15. Flow of public and publicly weighted by exports of goods and services in cur-guaranteed external capital rent dollars.

The data on debt in this and successive tables arefrom the World Bank Debt Reporting System. That Table 17. Terms of public borrowingsystem is concerned solely with developing econo-mies and does not collect data on external debt Commitments refer to the public and publicly guar-for other groups of borrowers. Nor are compre- anteed loans for which contracts were signed inhensive comparable data available from other the year specified.sources. Interest rates, maturities, and grace periods are av-

Data on the gross inflow and repayment of principal erages weighted by the amounts of loans. Interest(amortization) are for public and publicly guar- is the major charge levied on a loan and is usuallyanteed medium- and long-term loans. The net in- computed on the amount of principal drawn andflow is the gross inflow less the repayment of prin- outstanding. The maturity of a loan is the intervalcipal. between the agreement date, when a loan agree-

Public loans are an obligation of a public debtor, ment is signed or bonds are issued, and the dateincluding the national government, its agencies, of final repayment of principal. The grace periodand autonomous public bodies. Publicly guaran- is the interval between the agreement date andteed loans are external obligations of private debt- the date of the first principal repayment.ors that are guaranteed for repayment by a public The summary measures in this table are weightedentity. by the amounts of loans.

The data in this table and in successive tableson debt do not cover unguaranteed private debt,which for some borrowers is substantial; the debt Table 18. Official development assistance fromcontracted for purchases of military equipment is OECD and OPEC membersalso excluded because it usually is not reported.

Official development assistance (ODA) consists of netdisbursements of loans and grants made at conces-

Table 16. External public debt and debt service sional financial terms by official agencies of theratios members of the Development Assistance Com-

mittee (DAC) of the Organisation for EconomicExternal public debt outstanding and disbursed repre- Co-operation and Development (OECD) andsents the amount of public and publicly guaran- members of the Organization of Petroleum Ex-teed loans that has been disbursed, net of repay- porting Countries (OPEC) with the objective ofments of principal and write-offs at year-end. In promoting economic development and welfare. Itestimating external public debt as a percentage of includes the value of technical cooperation andGNP, GNP was converted from national curren- assistance. All data shown were supplied by thecies to dollars at the average official exchange rate OECD.for the year in question. The summary measures Amounts shown are net disbursements to de-are weighted by GNP in current dollars. veloping countries and multilateral institutions. The

Interest payments are those on the disbursed and disbursements to multilateral institutions are nowoutstanding public and publicly guaranteed debt reported for all DAC members on the basis of the

68

date of issue of notes; some DAC members pre- ment level: at this rate childbearing women, onviously reported on the basis of the date of en- the average, bear only enough daughters to re-cashment. Net bilateral flows to low-income countries place themselves in the population. A populationexclude unallocated bilateral flows and all dis- continues to grow after replacement-level fertilitybursements to multilateral institutions. has been reached because its past higher birth

The nominal values shown in the summary for rates will have produced an age distribution withODA from OECD countries were converted into a relatively high proportion of women in, or still1978 prices using the dollar GNP deflator. This to enter, the reproductive ages. The time taken

deflator is based on price increases in OECD coun- for a country's population to become stationarytries (excluding Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Tur- after reaching replacement-level fertility thus de-key) measured in dollars. It takes into account the pends on its age structure and previous fertility

parity changes between the dollar and national patternscurrencies. For example, when the dollar depre- A stationary population is one in which age- and

ciates, price increases measured in national cur- sex-specific mortality rates have not changed over

rencies have to be adjusted upward by the amount a long period, while age-specific fertility rates haveof the depreciation to obtain price increases in simultaneously remained at replacement level

dollars. (NRR= 1). In such a population, the birth rate is

The table, in addition to showing totals for OPEC, constant and equal to the death rate, the age struc-shows totals for the Organization of Arab Petro- ture also is constant, and the growth rate is zero.

leum Exporting Countries (OAPEC). The donor To make the projections, assumptions about fu-

rnembers of OAPEC are Algena, Iraq, Kuwait, Li- ture mortality rates were made in terms of femalebya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emir- life expectancy at birth (that is, the number ofates. ODA data for OPEC and OAPEC were also years a newborn girl would live if subject to the

obtained from the OECD. mortality risks prevailing for the cross-section ofpopulation at the time of her birth) Economieswere first divided according to whether their pri-

Table 19. Population growth, past and mary-school enrollment ratio for females was aboveprojected, and hypothetical stationary or below 70 percent. In each group a set of annualpopulation increments in female life expectancy was assumed,

depending on the female life expectancy in 1975-

The growth rates of population are period averages 80. For a given life expectancy at birth, the annualcalculated from midyear populations The sum- increments during the projection period are larger

mary measures are weighted by population in 1970. in economies having a higher primary-school en-The protections of population for 1990 and 2000, rollment ratio in 1975-80 and a life expectancy of

and to the year in which it will eventually become up to 60 years. At higher life expectancies, thestationary, were made for each economy sepa- increments are the same.rately. Starting with information on total popula- To project the fertility rates, the first step was

tion by age and sex, fertility rates, and mortality to estimate the year in which fertility would reach

rates in the base year 1980, these parameters were replacement level. These estimates are speculativeprojected at five-year intervals on the basis of gen- and are based on information on trends in crude

eralized assumptions until the population became birth rates (defined in the note for Table 20), totalstationary. The base-year estimates are from up- fertility rates (also defined in the note for Table

dated computer printouts of UN, World Population 20), female life expectancy at birth, and the per-

Trends and Prospects by Country, 1950-2025, and from formance of family planning programs. For mostthe World Bank, the Population Council, the US economies it was assumed that the total fertilityBureau of Census, and recent national censuses. rate would decline between 1980 and the year of

The net reproduction rate (NRR) indicates the reaching a net reproduction rate of 1, after whichnumber of daughters that a newborn girl will bear fertility would remain at replacement level. For

during her lifetime, assuming fixed age-specific sub-Saharan Africa, total fertility rates were as-fertility rates and a fixed set of mortality rates. sumed to remain constant until 1990-95 and then

The NRR thus measures the extent to which a to decline until replacement level was reached. Incohort of newborn girls will reproduce themselves several industrial economies, fertility is already be-under given schedules of fertility and mortality. low replacement level Because a population will

An NRR of 1 indicates that fertility is at replace- not remain stationary if its net reproduction rate

69

is other than 1, it was necessary to assume that All summary measures are weighted by popu-fertlity rates in these economies would regain relation.placement levels in order to make estimates of thehypothetical stationary population for them. Forthe sake of consistency with the other estimates, Table 21. Labor forcethe total fertility rates in the industral economies

were assumed to increase to replacement level by T pe paged of Theg nge referse onula-2000 and then to remain constant. hon aged 1564. The estmates are based on the

For all the projections, it was assumed that in- population estimates of the World Bank for 1981ternational migration would have no effect. and previous years. The summary measures are

The estimates of the hypothetical size of the weighted by population.stationary population, the assumed year of reach- The labor force comprises economically activeing replacement-level fertility, and the year of persons age 10 years and over, including the armed

reaching a stationary population are speculative. forces and the unemployed, but excluding house-They should not be regarded as predictions. They are wives, students, and other economically inactiveincluded to provide a summary indication of the groups. Agriculture, industry, and services are de-long-run implications of recent trends on the basis fined in the same manner as in Table 2. The es-of highly stylized assumptions. A fuller descrip- timates of the sectoral distribution of the laborhon of the methods and assumptions used to cal- force are from International Labour Office (ILO),

culate the estimates is available from the Popula- Labour Force Estimates and Projections, 1950-2000, andtion, Health, and Nutrition Department of the from the World Bank. The summary measures areWorld Bank. weighted by labor force.

The labor force growth rates were derived from theBank's population projections and ILO data on

Table 20. Demographic and fertility-related age-specific activity rates, from the source citedindicators above. The summary measures for 1960-70 and

The crude birth and death rates indicate the number 1970-81 are weighted by labor force in 1970; thoseOf live births and deaths per thousand population for 1980-2000, by estimates of labor force in 1980.

of lve brthsand eath perthouand opultion The application of ILO activity rates to the Bank'sin a year. They are from the same sources men- latest population estimates may be inappropriatetioned in the note for Table 19. Percentage changes for someleconoestin whc t e havepbeeniim-

are ompued fom nrouded ata for some economies in which there have been im-are computed from unrounded data. portant changes in unemployment and under-

The total fertility rate represents the number of poyment in interntonadnterna migr-children that would be born per woman, if she ion, or in both. The labor force projections forwere to live to the end of her childbearing years 198n,2000 sothu be treatedo wit caution.and bear children at each age in accord with pre-vailing age-specific fertility rates. The rates givenare from the same sources mentioned in the note Table 22. Urbanizationfor Table 19.

The percentage of married women using contracep- The data on urban population as a percentage of totaltives refers only to married women of childbearing population are from the UN (Patterns of Urban andage (15-44 years). These data are mainly derived Rural Population Growth, Population Studies, no.from Dorothy Nortman and Ellen Hofstatter, Pop- 68, 1980), supplemented by data from the Worldulation and Family Planning Programs. A Factbook (New Bank and from various issues of the UN Demo-York: Population Council, various issues); Doro- graphic Yearbook.thy Nortman, "Changing Contraceptive Patterns The growth rates of urban population were calcu-A Global Perspective," Population Bulletin, vol. 32, lated from the World Bank's population estimates;no. 3 (Washington, D.C.: Population Reference the estimates of urban population shares were cal-Bureau, August 1977); Office of Population, Family culated from the sources cited above.Planning Service Statistics, Annual Report 1976 Data on urban agglomeration are also from the(Washington, D.C.. US Agency for International United Nations.Development); and publications of the World Fer- Because the estimates in this table are based ontility Survey. The data refer to a variety of years, different national definitions of what is "urban,"generally not more than two years distant from cross-country comparisons should be interpretedthose specified. with caution.

70

The summary measures for urban population as tion The daily calorie requiremenit per capita refers toa percentage of total population are weighted by the calories needed to sustain a person at normalpopulation; the other summary measures in this levels of activity and health, taking into accounttable are weighted by urban population age and sex distributions, average body weights,

and environmental temperatures. Both sets of es-timates are from the Food and Agriculture Organ-ization.

Table 23. Indicators related to life expectancy The summary measures in this table are weighted

Life expectancy at birth is defined in the note for by population.Table 1.

The infant mortality rate is the number of infantswho die before reaching one year of age, per thou- Table 25. Educationsand live births in a given year. The data are froma variety of sources-including different issues of The data n this table refer to a variety of years,the UN Demographic Yearbook and UN, "Infant generally not more than two years distant from

Mortllt. WrldEstmats an Prlecion, 15(} those specified, and are mostly from UNESCO.Mortality. World Estimates and Projections, 1950- The data on number enrolled in primary school refer2025," Population Bulletin of the United Nations, no. esdata on m ale, an femarollment14 (1982)-and from the World Bank to estimates of total, male, and female enrollment

The child death rate is the number of deaths of of students of all ages in prmary school; they arechilldren aged 1-4 per thousand children in the expressed as percentages of the total, male, orsame age group in a given year. Estimates were female populations of primary-school age to givebased on the data on infant mortality and on the -gross primary enrollment ratios. Although pri-relation between the infant mortality rate and the mary-school age is generally considered to be 6-child death rate implicit in the appropriate Coale- 11 years, the differences in country practices inDemeny Model life tables; see Ansley J. Coale and the ages and duration of schooling are reflectedPaul Demeny, Regional Model Life Tables and Stable in the ratios given. For countries with universalPopulations (Princeton, N.J.. Princeton University pnmary education, the gross enrollment ratios mayPress, 1966) The summary measures in this table exceed 100 percent because some pupils are beloware weighted by population or above the official primary-school age.

The data on numnber enrolled in secondary schoolwere calculated in the same manner, with second-ary-school age generally considered to be 12-17

Table 24. Health-related indicators years.The data on number enrolled in higher education are

The estimates of population per physician and nursing from UNESCO.person were derived from World Health Organi- The adult literacy rate is defined in the note forzation (WHO) data, some of which have been re- Table 1.vised to reflect new information. They also take The summary measures in this table are weightedinto account revised estimates of population. bytpopulation.Nursing persons include graduate, practical, as-sistant, and auxiliary nurses, the inclusion of aux-iliary nurses enables a better estimation of the Table 26. Defense and social expenditureavailability of nursing care. Because definitions ofnursing personnel vary-and because the data Data on the central government transactions areshown are for a variety of years, generally not from the IMF Government Finance Statistics Yearbook,more than two years distant from those speci- IMF data files, and World Bank country docu-fied-the data for these two indicators are not mentation. These transactions include current andstrictly comparable. The daily calorie supply per capita capital (development) expenditure. The inade-was calculated by dividing the calorie equivalent quate statistical coverage of state, provincial, andof the food supplies in an economy by the pop- local governments and the nonavailability of dataulation. Food supplies comprise domestic produc- for these lower levels of government has dictatedtion, imports less exports, and changes in stocks; the use only of central government data. This maythey exclude animal feed, seeds for use in agri- seriously understate or distort the statistical por-culture, and food lost in processing and distnbu- trayal of the allocation of resources for various

71

purposes, especially m large countries where lower lars. The other summary measures in this tablelevels of government have considerable autonomy are weighted by population.and are responsible for many social services.

Central government expenditure comprnses the ex-penditure by all government offices, departments, Table 27. Income distributionestablishments, and other bodies that are agenciesor mstruments of the central authority of a coun- The data in this table refer to the distrbution oftry. It does not necessarily comprise all public ex- total disposable household income accruing to per-penditure. centile groups of households ranked by total

Defense expenditure comprises all expenditure, household income. The distributions cover ruralwhether by defense or other departments, for the and urban areas and refer to different years be-maintenance of military forces, including the pur- tween 1966 and 1981.chase of military supplies and equipment, con- The estimates for developing economies in Asiastruction, recruiting, and training. Also fallng under and Africa are from the results of a joint projectthis category is expenditure for strengthening the of the World Bank and the International Labourpublic services to meet wartime emergencies, for Office (ILO). Those for Turkey, Hong Kong, Ma-training civil defense personnel, and for foreign laysia, and the Republic of Korea are from datamilitary aid and contributions to military organi- gathered by the World Bank from national sourceszations and alliances but not adjusted. The estimates for Sri Lanka are

Education expenditure comprises public expend- from the results of a joint project of the Worlditure for the provision, management, inspection, Bank and the Economic and Social Commissionand support of preprimary, primary, and second- for Asia and the Pacific. The estimates for Latinary schools; of universities and colleges; and of American countries other than Mexico come fromvocational, technical, and other training institu- the results of two joint projects of the World Bank,tions by central governments. Also included is ex- one with the ILO, the other with the Economicpenditure on the general administration and reg- Commission for Latin America. Those for Mexicoulation of the education system; on research into are the results from the 1977 Household Budgetits objectives, organization, administration, and Survey.methods; and on such subsidiary services as trans- Data for industrial market economies other thanport, school meals, and medical and dental serv- the Netherlands are from Malcolm Sawyer, Incomeices in schools. Distribution in OECD Countries (OECD Occasional

Health expenditure covers public expenditure on Studies, July 1976); the joint project of the ILOhospitals, medical and dental centers, and clinics and the World Bank; and the UN Statistical Office,with a major medical component; on national health A Survey of National Sources of Income Distributionand medical insurance schemes; and on family Statistics (Statistical Papers, Series M, no. 72, 1981).planning and preventive care. Also included is Data for the Netherlands are from that country'sexpenditure on the general administration and statistical office.regulation of relevant government departments, Because the collection of data on income distri-hospitals and clinics, health and sanitation, and bution has not been systematically organized andnational health and medical insurance schemes. integrated with the official statistical system in many

It must be emphasized that the data presented, countries, estimates were typically derived fromespecially those for education and health, are not surveys designed for other purposes, most oftencomparable for a number of reasons. In many consumer expenditure surveys, which also collecteconomies private health and education services some information on income. These surveys useare substantial; in others public services represent a variety of income concepts and sample designs.the major component of total expenditures but Furthermore, the coverage of many of these sur-may be financed by lower levels of government. veys is too limited to provide reliable nationwideGreat caution should therefore be exercised in us- estimates of income distribution. Thus, althoughing the data for cross-economy comparisons. the estimates shown are considered the best avail-

The summary measures for defense expenditure able, they do not avoid all these problems andas a percentage of GNP are weighted by GNP in should be interpreted with extreme caution.current dollars; those for defense expenditure as The scope of the indicator is similarly limited.a percentage of central government expenditure, Because households vary in size, a distribution inby central government expenditure in current dol- which households are ranked according to per

72

capita household income, not according to their capita household income exists, however, for onlytotal household income, is superior for many pur- a few countries The World Bank Living Standardsposes. The distinction is important because house- Measurement Study is developing procedures andholds with low per capita incomes frequently are applications that can assist countries in improvinglarge households, whose total income may be rel- their collection and analysis of data on incomeatively high. Information on the distribution of per distribution.

73

National A System of National Accounts New York UN Department of International Economic and Socialaccounts and Affairs, 1968.economic Statistical Yearbook New York: UN Department of International Economic and Social Affairs,indicators various issues.

World Bank Atlas, 1983. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1983.

World Bank data files

FAO and UNIDO data files.

National sources.

Energy World Energy Supplies. UN Statistical Papers, Sernes J, various numbers New York: UNDepartment of International Economic and Social Affairs, varnous years.

Trade Direction of Trade. Washington, D.C.: IMF, various issues.

International Financial Statistics. Washington, D.C.: IMF, various issues

Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics. New York: UN Conference onTrade and Development, various issues

Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. New York: UN Department of International Economic andSocial Affairs, various issues.

Yearbook of International Trade Statistics. New York: Department of International Economicand Social Affairs, various issues.

United Nations trade tapes.

Balance of Balance of Payments Manual. 4th ed Washington, D.C : IMF, 1977.payments, International Monetary Fund balance-of-payments data files.capital flows Development Co-operationi. Paris. OECD, various annual issuesand debt World Bank Debt Reporting System.

Population World Population Trends and Prospects by Country, 1950-2000 Sumznary Report of the 1978Assessment. New York UN Department of International Economic and Social Affairs,1979.

United Nations population tapes.

World Population. 1977. Washington, D.C.: US Bureau of the Census, International StatisticalPrograms Center, 1978

World Bank Atlas, 1983. Washington, D C.: World Bank, 1983.

World Bank data files.

Labor force Labour Force Estimates and Projections, 1950-2000. 2nd ed. Geneva: ILO, 1977.International Labour Office tapes.

World Bank data files.

Social Demographic Yearbook. New York: UN Department of International Economic and Socialindicators Affairs, various issues.

Statistical Yearbook New York. UN Department of International Economic and Social Affairs,various issues.

Statistical Yearbook. Paris: UNESCO, various issues.World Health Statistics Annual. Geneva: WHO, various issues.

World Health Statistics Report. Special Issue on Water and Sanitation, vol. 29, no. 10.Geneva: WHO, 1976

Government Finance Statistics Yearbook, Vol IV, 1980. Washington, D.C IMF, 1980World Bank data files

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World Bank Document...2003/06/30 · Life expectancy a Infant mortality rate r Child death rate Table 24. Health-related indicators 54 Population per physician 0 per nursing person

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