Worksheets Students are to read Pages 163 to 178 in their Echoes textbook and complete the handout of Definitions, Identify and Q&A Worksheet on Roman.

Worksheets

• Students are to read

Pages 163 to 178 in their Echoes textbook and complete the handout of Definitions, Identify and Q&A

• Worksheet on Roman Vocabulary

Geography Of Ancient Rome

• Intro Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lij59497MBs

Italian Peninsula100 Miles Wide700 Miles LongIt looks like a high-It looks like a high-

heeled boot with heeled boot with thethe

toe aimed at Sicily.toe aimed at Sicily.

Tyrrhenian Sea

Adriatic Sea

Mediterranean Sea was the ancient world’s highway for trade, communications and invasion

Apennines Range-runs from the northto the south of Italy

Po Valley-low land betweenthe Alps and theApennines

Geography

• How did the geography aid the growth of Rome?– Mild Climate– Fertile Soil– Water for agriculture– Assess to the Mediterranean on Tiber River– 7 Hills afforded protection from attack

Romulus & Remus:

Legendary twin brothers who founded Rome

• The ancient Romans loved to hear the story of Romulus and Remus. In their eyes, this story explained why Rome had the right to rule. 

• According to the legend, Romulus and Remus justified their right to rule because their mother was a princess and their father was the war god Mars. 

The legend of Romulus and Remus .....• Rhea was married to Mars, the Roman god of war. Rhea had twin sons. She

loved her boys, but there were plots afoot by other gods and goddesses to harm her father, herself, her husband, and her children. To protect the boys, she set them adrift on the river, hoping someone would find them. Who would not love such beautiful boys?

• Sure enough, first they were found by a she-wolf who fed them. Then a shepherd and his wife adopted the boys. 

• As the twins grew older, they decided they did not want to take care of sheep. They wanted to be kings. They decided to build a city on the shores of the Tiber. They both wanted to be the only king. They quarreled. In a fit of rage, Romulus picked up a rock, killed his brother, and made himself king. 

• That’s how Rome started.

• Video Clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wA1D9wd29jI

Worksheets

• Students are to complete the worksheet on the Foundations of Rome

• Students are to complete the worksheet on the Romulus & Remus

The EtruscansVideo Clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7H2wqYFRh34

TheThe

LandLand

of theof the

EtruscansEtruscans

TheThe

LandLand

of theof the

EtruscansEtruscans

The Etruscans• Nearly 3000 years ago, a tribe of people called the Latins

(People from central Europe who migrated to Italy)lived in a small village on the Tiber River. This village grew to become the famous city of Rome.  

• Around 900 BCE, a mysterious group of people arrived on the Italian peninsula. Nobody knows where they come from, but archaeologists believe they probably arrived from Asia Minor.  These were the Etruscans.

• The Etruscans must have known the Greeks. Their alphabet was based on the Greek alphabet. Their gods looked like humans, just like the Greek gods. But the Etruscans were not Greeks. From the artifacts they left behind, scientists are fairly certain that in the Etruscan culture, women and men were fairly equal in status. That was certainly not the Greek way of life. 

• The Etruscans organized their towns into city-states, each ruled by a king. The city-states worked together in a league - the Etruscan League. The league began to trade with people in the east and people along the African coastline. Their trade routes included the tiny village on the Tiber River. Even in very early times, Rome was a busy place. The early Romans (the Latins) learned a great deal from the Etruscan traders.  

• While the Etruscans were building their own civilization, the city of Rome grew more powerful. Soon, Rome was a center of trade and commerce. Some of Rome's early kings were Etruscans. 

The Etruscans

The Etruscans

• Why were the Etruscans important in the history of Rome?

– They contributed many gifts in the areas of architecture, engineering, metal working & farming.

– They taught the Romans how to do the following:• Construct buildings with arches• Build aqueducts to carry water• Make better weapons• The art of warfare• To drain marshes for expansion• Grow grapes for wine-making• Grow olive trees for olive oil

Etruscan Writing TabletEtruscan Writing TabletEtruscan Writing TabletEtruscan Writing Tablet

Etruscan CemeteryEtruscan CemeteryEtruscan CemeteryEtruscan Cemetery

Etruscan Etruscan FuneralFuneral& Tomb& Tomb

Etruscan Etruscan FuneralFuneral& Tomb& Tomb

Etruscan Etruscan Tomb Tomb Wall &Wall &

Tomb FrescoTomb Fresco

Etruscan Etruscan Tomb Tomb Wall &Wall &

Tomb FrescoTomb Fresco

T H E A F T E R L I F E

http://www.italyfarmhousesrental.com/etruscan/cerveteri.htm http://www.maghar.hu/etruszk/kep/CerveteriBanditacchiaKurg%E1n.jpg

Interior of an Etruscan Interior of an Etruscan TombTomb

Interior of an Etruscan Interior of an Etruscan TombTomb

Sarcophagus of an Sarcophagus of an Etruscan CoupleEtruscan Couple

Sarcophagus of an Sarcophagus of an Etruscan CoupleEtruscan Couple

Etruscans• They ruled Rome and all of

Italy with Kings (monarchy)

• These rulers came from a family called Tarquin

• There were rivalries within the family

• 509 B.C.E. Tarquin the Proud murdered the king and declared himself tyrant.

• Tarquin the Proud was overthrown by the Romans, who set up a Republic.

Worksheets

• Go over answers to Etruscan worksheet

Brainpop:

Roman Republic

The Republic• Republic = Form of government in which elected

representatives of the people govern.• Under the Republic, two (2) elected consuls shared the head of

government. Consuls were members of the Senate, who had been elected to serve for a one year term in the position of Consul, the highest position in government under the Republic. The consuls most important power was that they controlled the army. They had Imperium power. Each consul had the power to veto (means I forbid) the other, therefore, they both had to agree before acting. In times of crisis, the senate replaced the consuls with a dictator for 6 months. The dictator could make decisions, but could not change laws.

• Consul = Roman official & lawmaker chosen from the patrician class

• Imperium = Supreme Authority in ancient Rome• Veto = Power to stop an act of government officials• A dictator = Ruler with absolute power

The Republic

• Roman Legislature:– Senate– Assembly of Centuries– Assembly of Tribes

The Republic

• The Senate was composed of leaders from the patricians, the noble and wealthy families of ancient Rome. They were the law makers. They controlled spending. Members of the Senate were not elected. They were chosen by the Consuls. Once chosen, they served for life. There were 300 seats in the Senate. When a seat opened, a new Senator was selected by the current Consuls. 

• Patricians = The patricians were the upper class, the nobility and wealthy land owners.

The Republic

• The Assembly was composed of all the plebeian citizens of Rome, the common man. The Assembly did not have a building. It was the right of the common man to assemble in the Forum and vote. 

• Plebeians = The plebeians were the lower class. They were the common people that included everyone in ancient Rome (except for the nobility, the patricians) from well-to-do tradesmen all the way down to the very poor.

• Forum = Religious & Government center of Rome

The Republic

• Assembly of Centuries– Made up of patricians– Directed military matters

• Assembly of Tribes– Composed of Plebeians who represented the 35 tribes into

which Rome was divided.– Tribunes = Roman officials in the Assembly of Tribes, elected by

Plebeians. 10 Tribunes a year. They could veto any act or measure of the Senate, the assemblies or government officials

The Republic

• In the beginning, the Assembly had very limited power. They could vote for or suggest laws, but the Senate could block their decisions. The Assembly could vote to declare war, but again, the Senate could override them. 

• However, the Assembly had one power that was very impressive - it was the Assembly who voted each year on which two members of the Senate would serve as Consuls. As a noble, if you wanted to rise to the level of Consul, the highest position in government under the Republic, you needed to gain the support of the plebeian class. Since it was the Consuls who filled empty seats in the Senate, if the Assembly chose their Consuls well, they could slowly gain power in government by putting people in charge who were sympathetic to their needs.

The Republic

• Some members of the Assembly became quite powerful in government in their own right. Some tradesmen were very wealthy. There is an old expression - money talks - which means the rich seem to be heard more easily than the poor. 

• In ancient Rome, certainly money talked, but so did those who had the power of speech. The Romans loved a great orator. When the Assembly met, down at the Forum, many speeches were going on at the same time. One speaker might say, "Rome's roads need repair!" Another speaker might say, "We need to stop crime in the streets." If you wanted your speech to have an impact, it did not matter how rich or poor you were. What mattered was how persuasive you were as a speaker.  

• Praetors = Judges that interpreted the law.• Censors = counted the people and determined the taxes

The 12 TablesSet of laws carved in bronze and placed in the

Forum.

• Although many things changed, and much improved, women, children, and slaves were still not citizens of Rome. They had no voice in government. Only adult free Roman men were citizens.

• But, things did improve under the Republic. About 50 years after the Roman Republic was formed, the leaders of the Republic wrote down many of the old laws, to make sure everyone understood them. History refers to this group of laws as "The Twelve Tables" because the written laws were organized into 12 sections. 

• These laws talked about property, crime, family, theft, marriage and inheritance. It does not really matter what they said, although the laws did try to be fair. What matters is that these laws were written down. They were engraved on tablets of metal and put on display at the Forum in the city of Rome, so that everyone could see them. 

• Each law applied to every Roman citizen, be he rich or poor. That was a huge change for the better! 

• The major legal divisions were civil law and criminal law.

Some laws in the 12 Tables

• If you are called to go to court, you must go. If you don’t show up, you can be taken to court by force.  

• If you need a witness to testify and he will not show up, you can go once every three days and shout in front of his house.

• Should a tree on a neighbor's farm be bend crooked by the wind and lean over your farm, you may take legal action for removal of that tree.

• If it's your tree, it’s your fruit, even if it falls on another man’s land.  

• A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the Tarpeian Rock.

• No person shall hold meetings by night in the city.

• A dead man shall not be buried or burned within the city.

• Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians. (As time went on, this law was changed. When the tables were first written, this was the law.)

The Forum

• The Forum was the main marketplace and business center, where the ancient Romans went to do their banking, trading, shopping, and marketing. It was also a place for public speaking. 

• The ancient Romans were great orators. The job of their orators was not to argue, but to argue persuasively!  

• The Forum was also used for festivals and religious ceremonies.

Worksheets

• Students are complete the worksheet Government-The Republic

• There were many thousands of Roman gods, and the gods lived everywhere - in trees, under a bush, by the side of the road, in a burrow, in a flower, in a stream, under the bed, and perhaps in the stove in your house.  In ancient Rome, everything had a spirit in charge of it.

• Temples: There were impressive temples all over the Roman Empire.  Every day, the ancient Romans brought offerings of meat and other items to at least one nearby temple, and usually more than one temple. 

• Household Gods: Each home had a personal household god that kept things running smoothly at home. Some ancient Romans kept a whole room of their house for a grand display to honor their household god. Others had a small display somewhere in the kitchen. Whenever the ancient Romans prepared a meal, they ate it in honor of the household god. 

• New Gods: Not all of the gods that the ancient Romans worshiped were originally Roman gods. The Romans did a lot of traveling as they expanded  their empire. Each time the Romans heard a myth about a god or goddess or spirit or deity from the people they met (and conquered), if they liked it, they adopted it and made it their own. When they heard about the Greek gods - they adopted them all! The Roman changed many of the Greek god names to Roman names. Zeus became Jupiter. Hera was renamed Juno. But the Romans left their personalities intact, along with their position, and all of the myths and legends. 

Worksheets

• Students are to complete the following worksheets while going through the next 2 slides.– Roman Gods &

Goddess

Gods & Goddesses

• Apollo = god of the sun, light and music

• Ceres = was the goddess of Harvest

• Cupid = was the god of love.  He had a bow and arrow to shoot people and make them fall in love.

• Minerva = was the goddess of wisdom.

• Pluto = was lord of the dead

• Bacchus = was the god of wine, life, hospitality, and wild things

• Janus = The two headed god, with one face looking at the future and

the other looking at the historical past

Gods & Goddesses• Jupiter = was the most powerful of the gods.  Should he have to bring

order, he would hurl a thunderbolt

• Neptune = the lord of the sea, was the brother of Jupiter

• Mars = was the god of war

• Venus = was the goddess of love and beauty

• Juno = Was Jupiter’s wife and the goddess of marriage, children, and the home

• Mercury = the messenger of the gods

Growth • A province was a geographic

area outside of Italy, ruled by Rome. Provinces were countries or regions that Rome had conquered.

• Rome had many provinces. Each was valuable to Rome. Rome's provinces provided manpower, taxes, food and other resources. They also acted as a barrier between Rome and lands controlled by barbarians.

• The provinces were connected to Rome by a series of Roman roads. All roads led to Rome.

Roads• There is an old expression, "All

roads lead to Rome." In ancient Rome, Rome was the heart of the empire. Each time a new city was conquered, a road was built from that city back to Rome. 

• Roads were built in straight lines. Many had gutters. Along the side of road, the Romans built road signs called milestones. Milestones did not give any information about other towns in the area. Milestones told how far it was back to Rome. 

Growth • Faced Danger:

– The Gauls (now France & Belgium) crossed the Alps

– Brenner Pass is named after their leader and it is one of the most important links between Italy & the rest of Europe.

• Sicily:– Became Rome’s

breadbasket as it supplied thousands of tons of grain

The Punic Wars

Video Clip: Hannibal• War elephantshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gbPIyCuGTA&NR=1&feature=fvwpHannibalPart 1• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVEFBq6RDec&NR=1Part 2• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPyObHDiFl8&NR=1Part 3• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3BblQ1xEzE&NR=1Part 4• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjh-wJFHWPk&NR=1Part 5• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUMltxcpQKw&NR=1Part 6• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekd8H_Fh6dA&NR=1Part 7• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGQBPLYkkSs&NR=1Part 8• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfFPgyAQjek&NR=1Part 9• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DNjsSCKmZE&NR=1Part 10• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnIGavnhKIU&NR=1

Punic Wars• A long time ago, when Rome was a Republic, a big fight broke out

between Rome and Carthage. Carthage was an ancient city-state in North Africa, about 300 miles from Rome. Carthage and Rome had never liked each other, but they had, for the most part, left each other alone in the past. Both cities were busy building empires of their own. Carthage had grown into a huge empire.  Carthage had a strong army, a strong navy, and a strong government. 

First Punic War• One day, Rome took a good look at how big Carthage was getting.

The problem, as Rome saw it, was that Carthage controlled three islands off the coast of Italy. That was too close for comfort. Rome decided that Carthage needed to join the Republic. Carthage disagreed. Carthage and Rome fought for 20 years. This was the first Punic War. Nobody won. After 20 years of fighting, all they had accomplished was to kill a lot of people and to cause a lot of hatred. 

• To end the fighting, Carthage offered Rome a deal. Carthage said: “If you’ll go away and leave us alone, we’ll give you the island of Sicily.” Rome took the deal. They also took Sardinia and Corsica, the other two islands off the coast of Italy. 

• Carthage was furious. But they were tired of fighting Rome. Carthage decided to fight Spain instead, and make up the land they had lost there. The general took his army and his nine-year-old son, Hannibal, and left for Spain. Before he left home, he made his son swear that as soon as he was old enough, Hannibal would fight the Romans and make them pay for all the lives they had cost. Hannibal promised. That was the beginning of the legend of Hannibal, military genius.

Hannibal• Over the next several years, while fighting in Spain, Hannibal learned

to be a strong leader. His Dad and his men had taught him well. But mostly, he was naturally tricky. Hannibal won most of his battles by coming up with clever ideas. 

• One time, while fighting at sea, Hannibal had his men dump barrels full of live snakes onto the deck of an enemy ship. The enemy had not expected Hannibal to do that. They weren’t prepared to fight snakes. Hannibal won that battle easily.

• A few years after his Dad died, the soldiers in Spain chose him to be their new general. He was only 26 years old at the time. Hannibal did not hesitate. He took the job, married a Spanish princess, and started wars with several cities in Spain. His plan was to conquer all of Spain.

The Second Punic War

• One of the cities he attacked happened to be good friends with Rome. Rome decided to lend a hand. But Rome did not send help to Spain. They declared war on Carthage, Hannibal’s hometown and the center of the Carthage Empire.

• That was fine with Hannibal. He had never forgotten the promise he had made to his father. He had orders from Carthage to fight Rome. He needed to take Rome by surprise. He decided to attack Rome from the north. Rome would never expect that.  Hannibal’s plan was to march 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 cavalry, and 37 elephants from Spain, through Gaul, over the Alps, into Italy, and then take Rome by force. 

The Second Punic War

• His plan did not work as expected. The route was more rugged that he had expected. He lost nearly all his elephants and half his men on the trip. He expected people in Northern Italy to help him. They did help him by leaving him alone, but they would not join his army. Carthage did not have a strong navy to use to send supplies. 

• Hannibal came up with a new plan. Instead of marching on Rome, he drove Rome crazy by attacking smaller outposts and stealing food and weapons, food intended for Rome. Hannibal and his men stayed on the Italian peninsula for 15 years, causing trouble where he could.

The Second Punic WarBattle at Zama

• In 203 BCE, Rome had had it with Hannibal. They couldn’t catch him, so they attacked Carthage instead. Carthage, in a panic, called Hannibal home. Before Hannibal could arrive, Carthage had agreed to peace terms with Rome.

• Terms:

– Carthage would leave Spain, Gaul, and Italy – Carthage would reduce their navy to 20 warships – Carthage had to pay 5000 talents (the money of the time) in war

damages

• Once Hannibal arrived home, the leaders in Carthage changed their minds. They decided not to honor their peace terms. Rome was furious. They sent an army to Carthage. Hannibal’s army lost, but Hannibal managed to get away. If possible, Rome was even more furious. Carthage had not kept their promise. Again. Rome still did not have their hands on Hannibal. 

The Second Punic War

• This time, the peace terms were more severe. Terms:– Carthage would leave Spain, Gaul, and Italy – Carthage would reduce their navy to 10 warships – Carthage had to pay 10000 talents (the money of the time) in war damages, in 50 equal

annual payments, over the next 50 years.

• Carthage called it quits. They left Spain. They left Gaul. They left Italy. They reduced their navy. They paid the talents they owed each year, promptly. The 2nd Punic War was finally over.  Rome completely destroyed Carthage and sold the people into slavery. Carthage became a Roman province.

• That did not stop Hannibal, though. Hannibal spent the rest of his life fighting the growing power of ancient Rome. The Romans never stopped looking for him. In spite of all their best efforts, the Romans did not catch up with Hannibal until he was 64 years old! Even then, they didn’t get him. He chose to die by swallowing the poison he kept in his ring.

• Hannibal still ranks as one of the most magnificent military minds in history and one of the world’s greatest generals.

The Punic Wars

• What Role did the Punic Wars play in the history of the Republic?– Gave Rome control of the Western

Mediterranean, including Spain– Opened the way for Roman conquest of the

Eastern Mediterranean

Eastern Expansion and its Consequences

• Rome attacked Cornith in 146 B.C.E and plundered the city.– When they took the wealth and treasures of

this city, they began a love of luxury in their own city.

• Rome established colonies where there was no existing population. After the construction of the first paved road, The Appian Way, colonies were planted throughout the Italian peninsula.

The Gracchus Brothers

• Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus were patrician brothers who supported land redistribution

• Tiberius believed that Rome’s basic problem was the condition of its farmers and landless plebeians, including soldiers.

• He tried to persuade the Senate to give land to the landless, but the Senate had him put to death.

• Gaius took up his brother’s cause, but ended up killing himself because of the Senate.

• Video Clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OJ-d3nHRBh4&feature=related

Citizenship in Italy

• A full Roman citizen was protected in Roman civil law

• A child born to a Roman citizen was also a Roman citizen if the father had the legal right to marry the mother

• They enjoyed favourable tax status and were exempted from paying tribute to Italy

• Any slave freed by a Roman citizen was himself automatically a Roman citizen.

Worksheets

History 10 AssignmentPaying Tribute

• Prepare an obituary for Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus.

• An obituary tries to concisely capture the personality and major achievements of the deceased.

• In the obituary, be sure to assess the role of the Gracchus brothers in bringing about change in the Roman Republic.

• This must be typed!